20 Photosynthesis

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6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.1 Roles of photosynthesis in ecosystems

20.1 Roles of photosynthesis

in ecosystems
plants algae

autotrophs
make their own food
by photosynthesis

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6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.1 Roles of photosynthesis in ecosystems 20
6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.1 Roles of photosynthesis in ecosystems

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis

photosynthesis chemical energy

light
stored in
energy
CO2 light energy carbohydrates carbohydrates
+ +
chlorophyll Significance:
water O2
• Providing the basic food source in ecosystems
• Maintaining energy flow in ecosystems
• Maintaining oxygen and carbon dioxide
balance
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6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.1 Roles of photosynthesis in ecosystems 20
6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.1 Roles of photosynthesis in ecosystems

1 Providing the basic food source in 1 Providing the basic food source in
ecosystems ecosystems
On a grassland…

autotroph;
food source
grass rabbit fox
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Photosynthesis
in humans20.1 Roles of photosynthesis in ecosystems 20
6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.1 Roles of photosynthesis in ecosystems

1 Providing the basic food source in 1 Providing the basic food source in
ecosystems ecosystems
In a forest…

autotroph;
food source
tree caterpillar small bird eagle
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6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.1 Roles of photosynthesis in ecosystems 20
6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.1 Roles of photosynthesis in ecosystems

1 Providing the basic food source in 1 Providing the basic food source in
ecosystems ecosystems
In the sea…

autotroph;
food source
algae krill whale
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6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.1 Roles of photosynthesis in ecosystems 20
6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.1 Roles of photosynthesis in ecosystems

2 Maintaining energy flow in 3 Maintaining oxygen and carbon

ecosystems lost as heat
(due to respiration)
lost as heat
(due to respiration)
dioxide balance
photosynthesis consumed
by plants photosynthesis releases
chemical energy chemical energy
during
in producers in form in consumers
light energy (e.g. plants) of food CO2 in O2 in
from sun atmosphere atmosphere
decomposers
releases consumed
respiration during
lost as heat
(due to respiration)

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6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis 20
6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis

20.2 Requirements for A Detecting for products of

photosynthesis photosynthesis

CO2 glucose
How do we know + +
if a certain factor water O2
is required for
photosynthesis?

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6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis 20
6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis

1 Detecting the release of oxygen 20.1

Practical 20.1

Detection of oxygen produced in

photosynthesis test tube
Procedure
CO2 released
glucoseas a
+ by-product
+ 1 dilute sodium
hydrogencarbonate
water O2 solution (碳酸氫鈉溶液)
filter funnel
tested with a Hydrilla
glowing splint plasticine
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Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis 20
6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis

20.1 20.1
2 Expose to bright light for at least 24 hours. 3 Remove the test tube and stopper it
gas collected under water.

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Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis 20
6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis

20.1 20.1
4 Results and discussion
What do you observe in the funnel holding
Hydrilla?
glowing splint The Hydilla gives out gas bubbles.

gas collected

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Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis 20
6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis

20.1 20.1
Results and discussion Results and discussion
What happens to the glowing splint? What do the results show?
The glowing splint relights. The gas released from Hydrilla contains
oxygen.

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6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis 20
6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis

2 Detecting the presence of starch 20.2

Practical 20.2

Detection of starch produced in

photosynthesis by iodine test
Procedure
CO2 glucose
+ + 1
quickly plant exposed
water O
built 2into to bright light for pick a
starch several hours leaf
tested by iodine test
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Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis 20
6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis

20.2 20.2
2 3 Turn off the Bunsen burner.

boil the leaf for

a minute to
destroy cell put boiled leaf into
membranes alcohol
allows chemicals to get into alcohol
leaf cells in later steps
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Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis 20
6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis

20.2 20.2
3 4
hot alcohol
removes put the
put the tube chlorophyll decolourized
into hot water alcohol leaf into
hot water hot water hot water to
remove
alcohol and
insulating mat soften it
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Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis 20
6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis

20.2 20.2
5 Results and discussion
Any colour change
in the leaf? What do you observe?
iodine solution The iodine solution turns blue-black all
over the leaf.
white tile

decolourized leaf
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Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis 20
6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis

20.2 B Investigating the requirements

Results and discussion for photosynthesis
What does the result show?
Starch is present in the whole leaf.
Light

CO2 Chlorophyll

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Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis 20
6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis

Destarching (脫澱粉)
Two set-ups in each practical: • to remove any starch that is present in
experimental set-up control set-up the leaves before the investigation
includes the factor does not include → ensure that the starch detected is
to be tested the factor to be
made during the investigation
tested

How to do?

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Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis 20
6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis

Destarching (脫澱粉) 20.3

Simulation 20.3

• put the plant in the dark for at least Investigation of the need for light in
24 hours photosynthesis
starch in leaves Procedure
breaks 1 Destarch a plant.
down to
glucose

as energy combines
with fructose to dark environment
source form sucrose
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Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis 20
6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis

20.3 20.3
2 3 attach the black papers
to both sides of a leaf
black paper

punch a hole
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Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis 20
6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis

20.3 20.3 Which part is

4 Draw a sketch of the leaf to show which 4 • experimental set-up?
part of the leaf is masked and which is not. • control set-up?

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Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis 20
6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis

20.3 20.3
4 exposed parts 5 Expose to bright light for about 5 hours.
(experimental set-up)
masked part with light
(control set-up)
no light

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Photosynthesis
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Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis

20.3 20.3
6 Draw another sketch to show the result. Results and discussion
What is the result of the iodine test?
exposed blue-black
parts
test for starch brown
masked
pick part
Result of the
iodine test
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Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis 20
6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis

20.3 20.3
Results and discussion Results and discussion
What is the result of the iodine test? What does the result show?
The exposed part of the leaf turns blue-black Starch is not present in the masked part.
but the masked part does not.
What can we conclude?
Light is required for photosynthesis.

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Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis 20
6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis

20.4 20.4
Simulation 20.4

Investigation of the need for carbon 2 absorb CO2

dioxide in photosynthesis potassium
Procedure hydroxide pellet
1 Destarch a plant. A B

dark environment destarched plant

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Photosynthesis
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6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis

20.4 Which one is 20.4

• experimental set-up?
2 2
• control set-up?

A B A B

experimental set-up control set-up

with CO2 no CO2

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Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis 20
6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis

20.4 20.4
Expose to bright
3 light for about 4 Test leaves A and B for starch.
5 hours

A B A B

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Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis 20
6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis

20.4 20.4
Results and discussion Results and discussion
What do you observe? What do the results show?
Leaf A turns blue-black in the iodine test but Starch is present in leaf A but absent in leaf B.
leaf B does not.
What can we conclude?
Carbon dioxide is required for photosynthesis.

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Photosynthesis
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6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis

Need for chlorophyll 20.5

• study using plants with variegated leaves Practical 20.5 Simulation 20.5

Investigation of the need for chlorophyll in

(斑葉)
photosynthesis
Procedure
1 Destarch a variegated
plant.
Coleus (洋紫蘇)
non-green part
(chlorophyll absent) dark environment
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Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis 20
6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis

20.5 20.5
1 1

non-green part
(control set-up)
no chlorophyll
Which part is
• experimental set-up? green part
• control set-up? (experimental set-up) with chlorophyll
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Photosynthesis
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6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis

20.5 20.5
2 Expose to bright light for about 5 hours. 3 Draw a sketch of a leaf to show the
colour pattern.
pick

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6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis

20.5 20.5
4 Carry out iodine test. Draw another Results and discussion
sketch to show the result. What is the result of the iodine test?
green
blue-black
iodine solution
non-green brown

Colour pattern Result of the

of the leaf iodine test
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Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis 20
6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis

20.5 20.5
Results and discussion Results and discussion
What is the result of the iodine test? What do the results show?
The green parts of the leaf turn but the non- Starch is present only in the green parts
green parts do not. which contain chlorophyll.
What can we conclude?
Chlorophyll is required for photosynthesis.

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Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis 20
6 Nutrition
Photosynthesis
in humans20.2 Requirements for photosynthesis

Need for chlorophyll Need for water

CO2 glucose
• chlorophyll is a green pigment which
+ +
captures light energy
water O2
needed for photosynthesis too
sunlight green light reflected
• but it is difficult to carry out investigations
into it, because…
→ without water, the plant cannot carry out
many vital processes that support life
red and blue light absorbed
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