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B. Habitat and Niche

9.1 Community and Ecosystem

Ecology à Study of interactions among organisms as well as the interaction between organisms
and their surroundings.
Habitat

A. Ecosystem Living place of an organism

Niche

Role of an organism in an ecosystem which includes its behaviour

and interactions with biotic and abiotic components.

Species niche Ecological niche

The way a species interacts with Role of the species in its
Species Population
biotic and abiotic components within surroundings
Group of similar A group of organisms of its surroundings
organisms, able to the same __________
interbreed and produce and living in the same
fertile offspring. habitat.

- Feeds on nuts, berries, - Lives in the forest

nsects, small animals - Helps disperse seeds from
Community Ecosystem
- Drinks water from the river one place to another
Organisms from different _____________ Few _________________ living in the
living in the same habitat whilst interacting same habitat, interacting with one
with one another (pond community, mangrove another and non-living components.
community) Niche of a black bear
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Abiotic component

C. Biotic and Abiotic Components pH value Temperature

• Most live in neutral or almost neutral • Most live between 20⁰C – 40⁰C
environment • Animals living in tundra (-14⁰C)
• Importance : Soil fertility and survival of • Animals living in desert (about 45⁰C)
Main components of ecosystem aquatic organisms.
• Pineapple plants (Acidic soil), Coconut tree
(alkaline soil)

Light intensity Microclimate

Biotic Abiotic
• High light intensity: Taller plants in tropical • Refers to climate condition of a small area
rainforests. which is different from the surrounding
• Lower light intensity : Coniferous forests area
Organisms which interact with • Physical and chemical
are found, ferns, moss, earthworms • Example : beneath rocks, beneath forest
other organisms characteristics of non-living
canopy
elements.
• Influences the distribution
of organisms in a habitat Air humidity Topography
• Quantity of water vapour in the air
• Higher air humidity, more organisms • It’s the physical characteristics on Earth
surface (altitude, gradient, aspect)

1. The higher the altitude, the lower the

relative humidity, the atmospheric
pressure and oxygen content. Plants n
higher altitudes are smaller in size

2. Steeper areas (easily eroded by water

movement) à Shrubs with small and
ü Producer ü pH value
pointed leaves.
ü Consumer ü Temperature
ü Decomposer ü Light intensity
ü Air humidity
ü Topography
ü Microclimate

3. Aspect refers to direction of wind blow &

exposure to sunlight. Slope facing the sea
and/or facing the sun is denser.
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D. Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Nutrition E. Biotic Component (Trophic levels)

Position of organisms according

Way of an organism obtain nutrients and energy from to flow of energy in a food chain
Nutrition food for life processes. Source of energy

Autotrophic

• Uses CO2 and light energy to synthesise • Does not use light energy to synthesise
organic compounds (Photosynthesis) organic compounds.
• Oxidises inorganic
substances (HS, NH3) Producer
untuk to obtain energy.
àAutotrophs
• Example:
Nitrobacter sp. àPhotosyntesis

Primary consumers

àHerbivores

• Food ingested, digested and
absorbed into the body.
• Example : Humans, bears
Heterotrophic
Secondary consumers
• Obtains nutrients from • Absorbs nutrients from àCarnivores or
dead and decaying organic the hosts. omnivores
substances. • Example: flea, tapeworm
Tertiary consumers
• Food digested outside the
body and absorbed into àCarnivores
the body.
• Example : Decaying fungi
and bacteria

Decomposers

à Decompose dead and decaying organisms

à Produces CO2 and ammonia.

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F. Ecological pyramids

Energy Flow in Food Chain Pyramid of numbers Pyramid of Biomass

1. Organisms interact with one another in the form of a feeding relationship.

2. Starts with producer and ends with secondary consumer/tertiary consumer.
3. In a food chain, energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next.

à Shows the total biomass per unit of all

à Shows the no. of organisms in each trophic
4. Only 10% of the energy is transferred to the next trophic level. level.
5. 90% of the energy is lost to the surroundings through r_________________, à Ascending the pyramid, the number of
e_________________, d_________________________ and life processes. organisms _______________.
organisms in every trophic level
à Uses dry mass.
à Ascending the pyramid, the amount of
biomass per unit area decreases.
àCan also exist in an inverted position.

Pyramid of energy

Food web

1. Consists of several food chain.

One organism can be placed in

different trophic level

à 10% is transferred to the next trophic level. 90% lost as heat, via excretion, defecation and
life processes.
àLowest trophic level has the most energy.
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G. Interaksi antara Komponen Biosis

Example of inverted pyramid

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Explain the following interactions Mangrove Ecosystem

1. Mangrove area à Estuaries (a place where sea and river meets)

2. Examples of biotic components in mangrove area :-

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Adaptation of Mangrove Trees Colonisation and Succession

Colonisation Succession

Process where plants (pioneer species) Process where dominant species replace
conquer an uninhabited area, breed and other species gradually. These dominant
form colonies in that area species are known as successor.

è Colonisation and succession brings about ecosystem changes from an empty land.

No. Part Adaptation

1 Leaves à Has thick cuticle, sunken stomata to reduce transpiration rate,

à Succulent leaves to store water.
à Have hydathode to eliminate excess salt.
à Mature leaves fall off when salt concentration is too high.

2 Pneumatophore à Have lenticels for gaseous exchange

roots
(Avicnennia sp,
Sonneratia sp.)

3. Prop roots à Hold soil firmly to overcome strong wind

(Rhizophora sp.) and waves.

4. Buttress roots à Increases surface area to provide support

(Bruguiera sp.) on soft muddy soil

5. Seeds à Plant is viviparous. Seeds germinate and

grow while still on parent plant.
à Allows seedling to anchor to muddy soil
and not uprooted by waves
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Colonisation and Succession in Mangrove Swamps

Coastal zone

Pioneer species : ____________________ and Protection

• As natural barrier to lessen impact of strong
________________________
waves and wind.
• As protection site for small animals
• Protection for migratory birds.
Method of change:

1. Wide roots and

_______________________ trap mud
and organic matter.
2. Soil becomes higher and denser.
Fishery resource
Forestry Resource • Fish, shrimps, crabs,
Middle zone
sea snails as source
• Wood to build boats, Importance of
Sucessor : _______________________ of income
fish traps, building Mangrove
frames, handicrafts • Area is conducive
Ecosystem for fish rearing in
• Source of fuel
Method of change: floating cages and
(charcoal)
breeding commercial
1. _______________ roots trap mud and species
twigs.
2. Soil becomes higher and denser due to
faster sedimentation

Source of food and medicine.

Inland zone
• Avicennia sp.
Successor : _______________________ • Fruits and nuts --> As vegetable.
Method of change: • Flower --> Source of honey

1. ____________ roots trap more mud and

• Sonneratia sp.
silt.
• Fruit --> Production of drinks
2. Soil becomes more compact.
3. Coastal zone slowly changes into land
• Bruguiera sp.
• Bark --> Treat diarrhoea

• Nypa sp.
Successor : Land plants (Nypa fructicans,
• Fruit --> Edible, used in vinegar and nira production.
Pandanus sp.
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Mud sedimentation process gradually extend the land out towards the sea.
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9.2 Population Ecology Population distribution patterns

1. Branch of ecology that studies the interations of population with its surroundings.
2. Population distribution shows how organisms of the same species are spread out in a habitat.
3. Factors affecting distribution :-

Plants Animals

• Temperature • Temperature
• Water • Water
• Sunlight • Breeding site
• Soil pH • Food supply
• Mineral salt content

Question CLUMPED UNIFORM RANDOM

1. How does different temperature affect distribution of a plant population? (4m) • Form separate groups.
• Caused by uneven
distribution of resources
in an area.
• Distributed all over an • Distributed in a free
area pattern.
• Distribution where every • Involves species that have
individual competes for little interaction among
limited resources in an individuals.
area. •

State the type of distribution of the following organisms

2. How does different mineral salt content affect distribution of a plant population? (4m)

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Estimation of Organism Population Size A. Quadrat Sampling Technique

Population size Quadrat

- Number of organism in a 1. Square frame.
population
2. Made of wood, metal or plastic.
Population ecology 3. Divided into few parts of same size.
4. Quadrat size depends on organism size,
Population density
area of study and distribution and density
- Number of individuals per unit
of plants being studied.
area of habitat
5. Example, for school field = Quadrat 1m x
1m is used.
6. Quadrat can estimate

i. Frequency

How is population size estimated??

𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑥 100%
1. Random sampling technique to represent a larger area and difficult to obtain data. 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑
2. Sample is taken to estimate abundance and distribution pattern of certain organisms.
3. Two techniques :-

i. Quadrat sampling technique ii. Density

à To estimate population size of plants
and inactive animals or move slowly.
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑠
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡

ii. Capture-mark-release-recapture
technique. iii. Percentage coverage
à To estimate population size of free-
moving organisms. 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑠
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑥 100%
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡
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B. Capture-Mark-Release-Recapture Technique

Question

Diagram shows species distribution of flower X at Taman Aman. Quadrat used is 1m x 1m..

Capture animals randomly

Record no. of animals captured 𝑃 𝑥 𝑄

𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 =
𝑅

Mark animals using nail polish, paint or Key :

Indian ink.
P : No. of animals in first capture

Q: No. of animals in second capture

Release marked animals into same area
R: No. of marked animals in second capture
of study.

a. Construct a table to record

After certain period of time, conduct
i. No. of species in each quadrat
second capture randomly in the same
ii. Total no. of species study area
iii. Species frequency
iv. Species density
Record no. of marked and unmarked
animals captured.
Ensure the marks doesn’t get lost easily, does not injure
or harm animals and not easily seen by predators

Assumptions when conducting this technique?

1. The marked animals a free to mix around with unmarked animals

2. All captures are random
3. Population size is stable during whole experiment
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Investigating the effect of abiotic component of population size of Pleurococcus sp.

Question

Table shows the result of animal X estimation in a jungle at Baling, Kedah.

Quadrat Number of animal X

Marked Unmarked

First 30 -
Second 7 20

Estimate the population size of animal X.

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Answer:

- Population distribution (percentage coverage) of Pleurococcus sp. in Quadrat P is

___________________

- Population distribution (percentage coverage) of Pleurococcus sp. in Quadrat Q is

____________________

- One factor that affects population distribution is ________________. Pleurococcus sp. cannot
live in high temperatures. Therefore, the population size at quadrat P is ____________ due to
the presence of shade. In quadrat Q, there is direct heat from sunlight onto the rock causing
rock surface temperature to be _______________. This can ____________ the enzyme of
Pleurococcus sp.

- Second factor which affects population distribution is _______________________.

Pleurococcus sp. requires moderate light intensity. This is shown by the higher population size at
quadrat P. Quadrat Q is exposed to _______________ light intensity.

- Third factor is __________________ of air. Quadrat P has ____________air humidity

compared to Q. Lower air humidity increases ________________ and decreases the rate of
_______________ in Pleurococcus sp.

- ____________temperature and light intensity coupled with ___________ air humidity can
cause dehydration in organisms. Therefore, abiotic factors in Quadrat P is more optimum for
Pleurococcus sp. to undergo photosynthesis.
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