Circuit Operation

The application is designed and program through LabVIEW software. The general idea of the application
is mainly based on a conventional PCM system. It takes Analog information signal as the input then
process by a filter and Analog-to-Digital converter. The digital code is stored to a disc file for storage or
medium. The stored digital code in the disc file is read in the receiver then decoded by Digital-to-analog
converter then filtered to recover the original analog information.

In the transmitter VI the analog information signal is generated by Simulate signal VI, it functions as the
input signal for the system. The amplitude and frequency of the analog signal vary on the set value,
however the PCM system created is designed to a maximum of 4-bit encoding, wherein 1-bit is for the
sign bit and the remaining 3-bit is for the magnitude and therefore the maximum amplitude that the
PCM design can maintain is up to ±7V. A sampling frequency is set to 100Hz in the simulate signal VI
which generates a 100 sample points when the signal undergo sampling. The information signal is fed to
the low pass filter which function is to band limit and remove the unwanted frequency, the filter set to a
cut-off frequency of 400Hz. The output of the filter is sampled with a sampling frequency of 100Hz, in an
ideal sampling which results to a 100 sample points. In the quantization the sampled points are
quantized with 1V resolution, the polarity of the sample is separated from the magnitude for the
encoding in the program designed. the quantized value is processed by encoder in which the polarity is
encoded in which a logic 1 is for a positive polarity and logic 0 for negative, with the use of “greater
than” operator in LabView in which if the quantized value is greater than negative one an output of logic
1 will result and otherwise a logic 0. For the magnitude of the quantized value, it is encoded to its binary
equivalent using LabVIEW “for loop” with “number to Boolean” and “Boolean to 0,1” function, resulting
to a binary equivalent at the output. Combining the decoded polarity and magnitude this result to the
encoded binary output. With disc write VI it writes the encoded value to a disc file which is a Notepad
file in a TDMS format used in LabVIEW read and write file function, which can store the data for
decoding or reading in the receiver section.

For the receiver section, the VI program takes the data that is stored in the file in which an encoded
information signal is written. With the Disc Read VI, it reads the disc file and take it for decoding. In the
decoder of the created program, the polarity bit is separated with the magnitude bit from the received
data. The polarity bit is decoded with a +1V for a logic 1 and -1V for a logic 0, in the program the polarity
bit is compared by an “Equal” function to a constant 1 in which if the polarity bit is equal to 1 a +1 will be
produce in the output otherwise a -1. For the magnitude bit, the binary is converted to its decimal
equivalent, vice versa of the encoding in the transmitter. In the program design a “4-bit binary to
decimal” is used to perform magnitude decoding. The decoded polarity and magnitude are multiplied
resulting to the quantized value in the transmitter ideally if there is no noise interference in the
transmission, then labeled as the recovered voltage. The decoded value is filtered to a low pas filter with
a lower cutoff frequency of 10Hz, this result to the filtered waveform which will be taken as the output
of the PCM receiver as the demodulated signal heading to its destination.