BEHAVIOR

CHANGE
 MODULE CONTENT

COURSE TITLE: Values Education and Business Ethics

MODULE TITLE Behavior Change

NOMINAL DURATION: 3 hours

SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this module you MUST be able to:

1. Identify the foundation of behavior and behavior change

2. Enumerate the Stages of Change Model or Transtheoretical Model

TOPIC:
1. Behavior
2. Behavior Change

ASSESSMENT METHOD/S:
1. Lecture/Discussion
2. Modular approach
3. Individual exercises

REFERENCE/S:
https://www.zeepedia.com/read.php?foundations_of_human_behavior_attitud
es_personality_emotional_intelligence_human_resource_development&b=32&c=
2

https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-
Modules/SB/BehavioralChangeTheories/BehavioralChangeTheories_print.html

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VAL 111 Revision # 02
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 Information Sheet VAL 111-4
Behavior Change

Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:

1. Identify the foundation of behavior and behavior change

2. Enumerate the Stages of Change Model or Transtheoretical Model

You might be aware of the fact that people differ in their attitudes and
behavior. For instance, you interact daily with people who have different types
of personalities. And haven't you seen family members or friends behave in
ways that prompted you to wonder: Why did they do that? Effective human
beings need to understand behavior and this handout introduces several
psychological factors that influence behavior.

One of the biggest challenges in understanding human behavior is that it

addresses issues that aren't obvious.

Like an iceberg, behavior has a small visible dimension

and a much larger hidden portion. What we see when we
look at people is their visible aspects: actions, attitudes,
speech, acts, dress, language used, gait, etc. But under
the surface are other elements that we need to
understand - elements that influence how people behave
the way they do and how they work. As we shall see,
behavior provides us with considerable insights into
these important, but hidden, aspects of human beings.

1. Attitude - Attitudes are evaluative statements - either favorable or

unfavorable - concerning objects, people, or events. They reflect how an
individual feels about something. When a person says, "I like my job," he
or she is expressing an attitude about work. To better understand the
concept of attitudes, we should look at an attitude as made up of three
components: cognition, affect, and behavior. The cognitive component of
an attitude is made up of the beliefs, opinions, knowledge, or information
held by a person. The belief that "discrimination is wrong" illustrates
cognition. The affective component of an attitude is the emotional or
feeling part of an attitude. Using our earlier example, this component
would be reflected by the statement, "I don't like Ali because he
discriminates against women". Finally, affect can lead to behavioral
outcomes. The behavioral component of an attitude refers to an intention
to behave in a certain way toward someone or something. To continue
our example, I might choose to avoid Ali because of my feelings about
him. Looking at attitudes as being made up of three components -
cognition, affect, and behavior - helps show the complexity of attitudes.
But for the sake of clarity, keep in mind that the term attitude usually
refers only to the affective component.

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2. Personality - Some people are quiet and passive; others are loud and
aggressive. When we describe people using terms such as quiet, passive,
loud, aggressive, ambitious, extroverted, loyal, tense, or sociable, we're
categorizing them in terms of personality traits. An individual's
personality is the unique combination of the psychological traits we use
to describe that person.
3. Emotional Intelligence - Research into the area of emotional
intelligence has offered some new insights into personality. Emotional
intelligence (EI) is an assortment of non-cognitive skills, capabilities, and
competencies that influence a person's ability to succeed in coping with
environmental demands and pressures. It's composed of five dimensions:

 Self-awareness: The ability to be aware of what you're feeling

 Self-management: The ability to manage one's own emotions and
impulses
 Self-motivation: The ability to persist in the face of setbacks and
failures
 Empathy: The ability to sense how others are feeling
 Social skills: The ability to handle the emotions of others

STAGES OF CHANGE MODEL

One of the best-known approaches to change is

the Stages of Change or Transtheoretical Model,
introduced in the late 1970s by researchers James
Prochaska and Carlo DiClemente. They were studying
ways to help people quit smoking. The Stages of
Change model has been found to be an effective aid in
understanding how people go through a change in
behavior. Watch these videos for a detailed
explanation.

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 PRE-CONTEMPLATION

CHARACTERISTICS STRATEGIES
 Denial  Rethink your behavior
 Ignorance of the problem  Analyze yourself and your actions
 Assess risks of current behavior
The earliest stage of change is known as pre-contemplation. During the
pre-contemplation stage, people are not considering a change. People in this
stage are often described as "in denial," because they claim that their behavior
is not a problem. In some cases, people in this stage do not understand that
their behavior is damaging, or they are under-informed about the
consequences of their actions. If you are in this stage, you may feel resigned to
your current state or believe that you have no control over your behavior. If you
are in this stage, begin by asking yourself some questions. Have you ever tried
to change this behavior in the past? How do you recognize that you have a
problem?

CONTEMPLATION

CHARACTERISTICS STRATEGIES
 Ambivalence  Weigh pros and cons of behavior
 Conflicted emotions change
 Confirm readiness and ability to
change
 Identify barriers to change

During this stage, people become more and more aware of the potential
benefits of making a change, but the costs tend to stand out even more. This
conflict creates a strong sense of ambivalence about changing. Because of this
uncertainty, the contemplation stage of change can last months or even years.
Many people never make it past the contemplation phase. You may view
change as a process of giving something up rather than a means of gaining
emotional, mental, or physical benefits. If you are contemplating a behavior
change, there are some important questions to ask yourself: Why do you want
to change? Is there anything preventing you from changing? What are some
things that could help you make this change?

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 PREPARATION

CHARACTERISTICS STRATEGIES
 Experimenting with small  Write down your goals
changes  Prepare a plan of action
 Collecting information about  Make a list of motivating
change statements

During the preparation stage, you might begin making small changes to
prepare for a larger life change. For example, if losing weight is your goal, you
might switch to lower-fat foods. If your goal is to quit smoking, you might
switch brands or smoke less each day. You might also take some sort of direct
action such as consulting a therapist, joining a health club, or reading self-help
books.

If you are in the preparation stage, there are some steps you can take to
improve your chances of successfully making a lasting life change. Gather as
much information as you can about ways to change your behavior. Prepare a
list of motivating statements. Write down your goals. Find resources such as
support groups, counselors, or friends who can offer advice and
encouragement.

ACTION

CHARACTERISTICS STRATEGIES
 Direct action toward a goal  Reward your successes
 Seek out social support
During the fourth stage of change, people begin taking direct action in order
to accomplish their goals. Oftentimes, resolutions fail because the previous
steps have not been given enough thought or time.

For example, many people make a New Year's resolution to lose weight and
immediately start a new exercise regimen, embark on a healthier diet, and cut
back on snacks. These definitive steps are vital to success, but these efforts are
often abandoned in a matter of weeks because the previous steps have been
overlooked.

If you are currently taking action towards achieving a goal, congratulate and
reward yourself for any positive steps you take. Reinforcement and support are
extremely important in helping maintain positive steps toward change. Take
the time to periodically review your motivations, resources, and progress in
order to refresh your commitment and belief in your abilities.

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Date Revised:
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 MAINTENANCE

CHARACTERISTICS STRATEGIES
 Maintenance of the new behavior  Develop coping strategies for
 Avoiding temptation temptation
 Remember to reward yourself

The maintenance phase of the Stages of Change model involves successfully

avoiding former behaviors and keeping up new behaviors.2If you are trying to
maintain a new behavior, look for ways to avoid temptation. Try replacing old
habits with more positive actions. Reward yourself when you are able to
successfully avoid a relapse. If you do falter, don’t be too hard on yourself or
give up. Instead, remind yourself that it was just a minor setback.
As you will learn in the next stage, relapses are common and are a part of the
process of making a lifelong change. During this stage, people become more
assured that they will be able to continue their change.

RELAPSE

CHARACTERISTICS STRATEGIES
 Disappointment  Identify triggers that lead to
 Frustration relapse
 Feelings of failure  Recognize barriers to success
 Reaffirm your goal and
commitment to change

In any behavior change, relapses are a common occurrence. When you go

through a relapse, you might experience feelings of failure, disappointment,
and frustration.

The key to success is to not let these setbacks undermine your self-confidence.
If you lapse back to an old behavior, take a hard look at why it happened. What
triggered the relapse? What can you do to avoid these triggers in the future?
While relapses can be difficult, the best solution is to start again with the
preparation, action, or maintenance stages of behavior change.

Hotel and Restaurant Date Developed:

Bulacan
Services June 2020
Polytechnic Page 7 of 7
Date Revised:
College
Values Education and July 2020
Business Ethics Document No. Developed by:
VAL 111 Revision # 02
90-VAL 11 Juddie Marrisse Bonifacio