Differences and Reliability between Video Analysis and Electrogoniometer Method:

This study determines and compare the wrist angles and converts the angles from video
analysis to the electro goniometers. Usage of video analysis method is done through
assessments and the wrist angles get often influenced by the factors including parallax and
complex angles. To determine the suitability of the measurement’s method, limitations of
each method should be given. To estimate the worker tasks from three camera views,
participants performed the frame-by-frame wrist and forearm posture. For the assessment of
working postures, ergonomists and other professionals require accurate tools. To assess the
upper extremity joints with corresponding injury risk scores, the posture assessment tools like
rapid upper limb assessments are used. The joint posture remains a challenge as they have
undergone quick and accurate estimation and by live worker observation and digital video
recording, the assessment of workplace posture could be done and they also offer the benefits
of measurements through posture and load. Playback of digital video performs detailed
posture analysis and the risk severity is assessed through peak joint postures.
The automotive assembly tasks are recorded with the performance of multiple workers
through digital video from three different angles. Three different views were used to measure
which included top, side and oblique view. Using the custom written software for wrist
selection, the estimation was done after a week of participants performed the wrist angle.
Comparison to electro goniometer data was done for each frame of video to estimate the wrist
angles in three different planes of motion. The wrist posture for each plane of motion was
estimated from finite number of posture bins and for the selection of posture there wasn’t any
time restrictions. No backtracking or adjustment of previous frames was allowed after the
selection of posture. Each video clip presented the video frames in an order and it was
randomized for every experimental session.
Three to six postures of selection bins were used with different bin ranges for the wrist
motion which involves the estimation of wrist joint angles of human. Digital video using an
optical trigger was secured across the right wrist and data was recorded through an electro
goniometer. To record right wrist extension and radioulnar deviation along with the midline
of the wrist the meter was fixed. To match the digital video sample rate the data of the meter
were down sampled and the frames were assigned to the wrist posture selection bins to
initiate the direct comparison between video analysis and electro goniometer. The pair wise
participant comparisons between data collection and angle measurement method are
presented for percent agreement and scores are presented through specific experimental
results and no significant differences are showed between days. Overall moderate for
extension and radioulnar deviation across participants for digital video wrist angle was
estimated. The different camera views are assessed to estimate the pronation of inter and
intra-ratter agreement of humans.
A set of wrist intensive automotive assembly line tasks are performed to evaluate the
agreement between the video analysis and electro goniometer measures. In view for
extension and top view, the percentage agreement between the participants was the highest.
Wrist posture estimates the significant impact for all video analysis through the camera view,
the highest level of agreement is obtained through the side view. Work estimating the wrist
posture associated with the previous work describes the level of agreement. Small magnitude
wrist movement has been suggested to the higher agreement of primary challenges while
compared to other joints extreme wrist deviation have higher agreement than movements
closer to the posture of neutral. A desired plane of motion could be a strategy to improve
overall agreement for optimizing camera view on estimating the postures as they showed
clear differences between the camera view. To improve accuracy and agreement for posture
to compare the real time analysis the frame-by-frame analysis is used which afford the
participants for greater analysis. The pair wise percent agreement scores were similar across
the three planes of motion.
Responding to an Unexpected In-Flight Event through Information Processing:

This study investigates about responding to an unexpected in-flight event. Sometimes, pilot
responds to the emergency events incorrect manner which also led to the accident of those
flights. There are also many examples available for those instances. The cause of the
accidents is due to inflight and pilot’s failure.
Human’s response to a video or tactile stimulus in an unexpected manner and it is known as
startle reflex. The acute stress leads the pilot to an increased heartbeat with abnormal blood
pressure which act as a main reason for the accidents. It is due to the cognitive impairment
along with the startle. In most of the startle involved cases, there is an interruption of high
intensity stimuli.
Many research has been conducted to avoid such instances; it also created an opportunity to
explore the effect of pilot’s performance on startle. Results of those experiments also led to
unexpected standard operating procedures. They found two different approaches with varied
stimulus reaction in both the operations. This is due to the impairment in the performance of
the pilot and also individual variations are identified in the startle. Researchers have also
confirmed that startle causes the abnormal flight events and performances. But some of the
researches lack the evidence caused due to the startle. The investigation is based on the
expected versus the unexpected stall events. The distraction by the ex-perimeter and galvanic
skin responses are the unexpected and expected stall event performed by the pilot. Still, there
are many other examples. Based on the three abnormal events the effectivity of airline pilot
training is investigated. They are engine failure, wind shear, aerodynamic stall. Some of the
pilots were unable to recognize the event as they were tested with the unexpected stall events
also the results led to the startle. There were also some flaws in the methodologies followed
to identify the events. In that test, personal skills of the pilots are not assessed as they would
have faced the real-life emergency. Other than these tests, researches thought of practising
some other to carry forward the investigation. So, they brought the eye tracking analysis
which helps them to track the fixation durations and their positions. They could also record it
so that it would be helpful for them to strategies. The measurement of pupil dilation is done
through the eye tracking and also the common eye movement patterns are found. The
collected data of the eye tracking are investigated to check whether there is a common
information strategy between the pilots. This also helps the upcoming pilots to be prepared
for their unexpected stall events during their training period.
Many people are recruited through advertising on social media and institutions. They were
also provided with certain amount for their participation. The Microsoft simulators are used
to test the pilots. Flat panel monitor was used to display the instruments which contained both
primary and multifunctional. The PFD and MFD are analysed through the eye tracking device
and software. Heart rate and gaze point dilations are evaluated through the plethysmograph.
A software was used to record the data of the flights using universal inter-process
communication.
The test is conducted 1.5 hrs for each session and completes the survey. The session starts
with the pilot being seated in front of the simulator and their ears are attached to the
plethysmograph and a camera was positioned. A discussion takes place with the pilot before
every flight regarding their purpose, route, and relevant maps. They were asked to inform
their ex-perimeter before every flight and it’s also repeated. To standardize their practise,
there will be a presentation of engine failure flight events it is all done in a realistic manner
with no warning.
At result, the data screening is done for each analysis and then it is examined. The outliers
were identified and they are also retained in case of plausible values. The transformation of
data is done if they are not normally distributed. The total number of flight hours and heart
rate was also not significant.
Better Understanding of In-Vehicle Auditory Warnings and Background Noise:
This study describes the effectiveness of three types of in-vehicles auditory warning with
different noise conditions in their backgrounds. There are three types of warning to be
associated they are visual, auditory and tactile warning. The individual’s visual field should
be located in visual warning. People could hear and understand the message through auditory
warning while tactile warning could not take the advantage of written or speech. The auditory
interfaces could make use of the speakers which are present internally for delivering the
warning also the auditory interfaces should explore their potential. Usage of the auditory
alerts helps driver to concentrate more on the road. The auditory warning not only helps the
driver with detection and response time but also provides warning during the period of
emergency and annoyance. There is a consistent effect of the audio for the temporal
parameters of sound such as speed and rhythm. The evaluation is conducted between two
pedestrians for their brake behaviour. There wasn’t any indication high emergency warning
with less brake time. Instead, it showed higher emergency warnings with higher annoyance.
Researches have been carried through auditory displays in different environment and found
that they spent most of their time on road with GPS augmented auditory cues. The auditory
interface could be augmented with the different types of auditory cues but they mainly
focused on text-to-speech, speech-based ear cons and auditory icons. In TTS, they read text
in synthesized voice and the GPS device often communicates with the street names. The
auditory icon represents the symbolic or nomic level based on their icon. It should also be
noted that the efficiency of auditory menus can be increased by the spear cons. The
relationship between the signal and referent could be conveyed through the auditory cues
effectively.
Background noises are considered to further refine the in-vehicle interfaces. In a simulated
task, the noise led the auditory warnings to slower response also the response time can be
influenced by manipulating the temporal parameters. While manipulating the sound through
physical actions, they found that perceived emergency is also influenced through background
noises. Hearing the sound by an individual could be predicted through the loudness relative to
background noise. The increased disturbance or annoyance, startle response is developed by
performing this approach. If the background noise is discarded, there would be a lacking on
auditory perception. The communication between user and system should be supported for
the increased potential of auditory cues. The researches have done only in the quiet
environment but this time it was decided to conduct the experiment in various background
noise conditions that drivers encounter during their routine drive.
They used a mixed factor design method as a within subject’s factor and details are included
in the subsection. Evaluation of different warnings are done in the noisy environment and the
result exhibit the relationship with each other. There is a fluctuation in efficiency of warning
between different noise conditions also windows-down and talk-radio noise affects the
accuracy of spear con warning types. It was also observed that there wasn’t any permanent
dependence on background noise and warning group and it was hard to recognise in terms of
frequency or content. The noise conditions produced different patterns for the recognition of
the warnings. There was a decrease in accuracy of windows-down noise compared to others.
When compared with the baseline, there wasn’t any problem with the recognition of auditory
icons.
The result states that the recognition of warnings is based on the combinations warning
content and sound environment. Safer auditory interfaces are produced by the considerations
of background noises. These systems are common in machinery, automobiles or another
working environment. The talk radio noise with multiple speech stream is due to the reduced
recognition of spear cons. Recognition of warning in different environment and implementing
the samples to auditory environment are the addition investigation that should be done
through the research.
Does Using Multiple Computer Monitors for Office Tasks Affects User Experience:

This study compares the impact on health and performance on usage of multiple computers
monitor instead of single monitor. Nowadays, to increase the productivity and to create more
work space multiple monitors are used. The experience of single monitor usage is compared
with the multiple monitors with systematic reviewed literature. To create the evidence-based
monitor guidelines, they could use the review of systematic procedures such as OSHA. It was
registered with PROSPERO which is an international database of prospectively registered
systematic reviews and it was guided by PRISMA. Biomechanical exposures and discomforts
are the outcomes involved in the study also the study setting and designs are extracted by the
reviewers and necessary consultations are made if there are any discomfort. With the
included studies, they conducted the assessment on risk based on different criteria. They
identified the quality of the product based on the specific value and the level of evidence was
classified for the outcome measures. The quality, quantity, consistency and rank for the level
of evidence was calculated using the algorithm. They also found the most and least preferred
monitors using strong evidence. The usage of multiple monitors cause increased neck rotation
was found by the studies and there is an increase in angular rotation of neck with multiple
monitors. The assessment of neck rotation was done through multimedia video task analysis
and resulted in lower load constants with usage of single monitors. Varying results were
found in the study of sternocleidomastoid. One study state that, there is an increase in EMG
and activity of eye muscle while using dual monitors. Multiple monitors have limited
evidence related to their discomfort and only one study state, multiple monitors cause neck,
upper back discomfort, trunk flexion and eye strains. They also mention that configurations
of dual and single monitors have no differences between them.
With the usage of multiple monitors, the efficiency is increased and better performance is
produced and there is also a reduction in gap between the software users. While comparing
the single and multiple monitors there wasn’t any reduction in the task time also there wasn’t
any differences between the two and three monitor configurations but there is an increase in
productivity when compared to the single monitors and they result in time saving. The
monitor configuration helps to assess at how much rate the participant is influenced with the
desktop. It also results in multiple tasking and lesser mouse clicks while using multiple
monitors.
Copy/pasting, referencing while preparing the documents are the most common tasks
performed with the usage of multiple monitors and complexity of the tasks are varied at such
instance, there is a requirement of three or four windows. Single versus multiple computer
monitors are assessed with the experience of different users and it reported the performance
outcome and biomechanical exposure. Non neural neck postures are caused due to multiple
monitors and it affects the normal neck activity. There is a vary in result between the
efficiency of multiple monitors and the results could be influenced by some factors such as
placements and tasks performed. The impact of multiple monitors produces an unclear view
of the impact on biomechanical exposure with mixed muscle activity. Previous studies
assessed only about the neck rotation and future study should assess the neck flexion and the
combination of two movements together.
Based on the task performed, monitor configurations should be taken into account and the
placement of monitors varies according to the primary and secondary requirement of the
monitors. When the muscle activity and head rotations are compared, the biomechanical
difference influences the position of secondary monitor to its right or left. The success of a
monitor configuration was influenced by the task and resulted in the improved performance.
There was a reduction in time requirement with the usage of multiple computers. For a
complex task, the usage of multiple monitor configuration results in improved efficiency. The
efficiency of multiple monitors is converted into better time saving option and influence the
result.
Force Anticipation and Its Potential Implications on Feedforward and Feedback
Human Motor Control:
This study investigates the effect of human force with the combinations of diverse and actual
loading weights. To plan the force to exert the human motor control rely on workload for the
operations like pushing an object within a particular time period. At such task based on the
learning process, they depend on the anticipated resistive forces. In the presence of external
distribution to achieve fast and stable motion, human make use of anticipatory and
compensatory strategies. In short time duration, they could also make use of feedforward
dominant control in emergency situations like acute decision making. Appropriate framework
is designed for evaluating the particular design which integrates feedforward and feedback
controllers with the available environment. Reduction in the effect of delays helps the internal
models to deliver faster response. Sensory feedback loops operate through compensatory
strategies which enables the corrective response and disturbance adaptability. In order to
prevent the objects from slipping out of hands through external disturbance, humans usually
adjust their grip for object manipulation. They also change the anticipation of the grasping
phase, in order to reach the grasp motions with the well-recognized effect of conflicting
visual and haptic. The force anticipation is also limited to grip load with the information
stating through the study that feedforward dominant motions are not suitable for the possible
overshoot. This is because during a reaching task it contains a combination of acceleration
and deceleration for grasping manipulation but it doesn’t require during the pushing task. It is
more relevant to driving and other working environment for force anticipation during the
pushing tasks. The effect of anticipatory behaviour is investigated through their
characteristics with the load uncertainty of the objects and assumption is made with the
performance and accuracy of the pushing task with both feedforward feedback control. A test
instrument which is allowed for performance overshoot was used to understand the effect of
anticipatory behaviour and dominant controls and it provide a better control on the influence
of internal models.
In human motor control, the predictive model plays a major role for the existence of
anticipatory behaviour and it also examined the nature and anticipatory in various scenarios.
Using the precision grip on the handle, a task was performed to pull open the drawer and its
motion, grip and forces were recorded and it was noted that there was an increase in grip
force as the mechanical stop was approached by the drawer. To avoid the slipping of the
handle in case of emergent impact force, there was an occurrence in anticipatory behaviour
also other studies observed similar behaviour. According to the expectation of objects weight,
humans predictively scaled their lift grip for the manipulation task of lifting objects of
different weights. Also, the expected object was derived based on their mechanical properties
or prior experience depending on their internal models. With different anticipation of the
workload, the study compared the human motion and forces in the pushing tasks since it
doesn’t require any deceleration to manage position control and pushing only the overshoots
which produced the unique behaviours. The phase of responses required several features that
depends more or less on the anticipation of the workload and it was dominated by the
feedforward or feedback control for the pushing task it was dominated by the feedback
control as the load was heavy.
The time delay of the feedback control in the presence of perturbations the findings are
consistent and the report of visual and auditory feedback were slower when compared to the
force and tactile feedback. The workload was underestimated even in case of the correct
formation for the heavy workload task and the trials were less than the appropriate weight. To
overcome the perceived resistance and to begin the plate motion of handling and loading, the
second force pulse has to be greater than the feedback control. Based on the iterative learning
towards the minimization of task errors in motion, it tends to be a challenge for the design
engineers because of the traditional control algorithms. Even the recently described
controllers have the same control that optimizes the control parameters to minimize task
errors.