Science Reviewer Big Bang

 The universe is everything, from the tiniest particles to the largest galaxies, to the very
existence of space, time and life.
 The origin of the universe is the origin of everything.
 Scientific theories and creation myths from around the world have tried to explain its
mysterious genesis.
-ex Ancient Egyptian Creation Myth: sky goddess arching over gods of earth and air
 Big Bang Theory – the most accepted theory/explanation
-states that the universe began as a hot and infinitely dense point
-only a few millimeters wide, it is similar to a supercharged black hole
-about 13.7 billion years ago, this tiny singularity violently exploded.
-it is from this explosion that all Matter, Energy, Time and Space were created.
 Two major stages of the Universe’s evolution: Radiation Era and Matter Era

Radiation Era
 Named for the dominance of radiation after the Big Bang
 This era is made of smaller stages called epochs that occurred within the universe’s years
Epoch Time after Temperature Description
BigBang
1. Planck immediate 1040K -No matter, only energy and the ancestor to the 4
Epoch forces of nature
Superforce: Gravity, Strong Nuclear, Weak, and
Electromagnetic
-ended when gravity split away from the superforce
2. Grand -43 36 -grand unified theory (Strong Nuclear,Weak,
10 10 K
Unification seconds Electromagnetic)
Epoch - ended when “strong” broke away
3. Inflationary -36 33 -the universe expanded rapidly
10 10 K
Epoch seconds -instantly grew from the size of an atom to a
grapefruit
-universe was piping hot with quarks, electrons and
other particles like antiquarks
4. -32 20 -the last two forces (electromagnetic and weak)
10 10 K
Electroweak seconds finally split off
Epoch
5. Quark -12 16 -all of the universe elements were present but too
10 10 K
Epoch seconds hot and dense for subatomic particles to form
6. Hadron -6 10 -the universe cooled down enough for quarks to
10 10 K
Epoch seconds bind together and form proton and neutron
7.Lepton 1 second 12 -radiation era last 2 stages
10 K
Epoch -protons and neutrons fused and created a nuclei
8. Nuclear 100 9
10 K -created the helium, first chemical element in the
Epoch seconds universe

Matter Era
 The universe’s new ability to form elements, the building block of matters.
 Defined by the presence and predominance of matter in the universe
 3 epochs that spans billions of years includes the present day
Epoch Time after Temperature Description
Big Bang
1. Atomic 50000 3,000K -the universe temperature cooled down enough
Epoch years for electrons to attached to nuclei for the first time
called recombination, formed hydrogen (2nd)
2. Galactic 200 - hydrogen and helium atoms dotted the universe
Epoch million with atomic clouds
years - within the clouds small pockets of gas had
enough gravity to cause atoms to collect
- clusters of atom formed the seedlings of galaxy
3. Stellar 3 billion -stars began to form inside the galaxies
Epoch years -latest and current stage of the universe
 The formation of stars caused a tremendous ripple effect and helped shape the
universe.
 Heat within the stars helped caused the conversion of helium and hydrogen into almost
all the remaining elements in the universe.
 Those elements became the building blocks for planets, moons, life, everything we see
today.
 This ecosystem of everything was only possible because of the many stages in the
development of the universe.
 While countless questions about the origin of the universe remain, It’s only a matter of
time for some long saught answers to emerge.