MachayaHi

ghSchoolFRSNot
es4047

I
NDI
GENOUSRELI
GION

CONCEPTOFGOD

-
Thebel
iefi
ntheexi
stenceofGodi
spr
eval
entamongTr
adi
ti
onal
ist
sinmanyAf
ri
can
soci
eti
esi
ncl
udi
ngZi
mbabwe.

-
TheSupr
emeBei
ng“
isnost
rangerandhel
oomsl
argei
ntheconsci
ousnessoft
he
peopl
e.

-
Thenot
ionsofandbel
ief
saboutGodasar
eexpr
essedi
nhi
snames,at
tr
ibut
es,
act
ivi
ti
esandt
hrought
hewor
shi
p
Di
scusst
heconceptofGod{
anyf
ivepoi
nts}
1Al
lpower
ful
-
Godi
stheonet
owhom absol
utepowerandmi
ghtar
eat
tr
ibut
ed.
-
TheAf
ri
canGodi
s“aGodofPower
…theul
ti
mat
esour
ceofal
lpower
”
-
In,
manyAf
ri
canRel
igi
ons,
theomni
pot
enceofGodhasf
ar-
reachi
ngi
mpl
icat
ions.
-
Iti
sseenast
hesour
ceandt
hebasi
suponwhi
chot
herat
tr
ibut
esandact
ivi
ti
esof
God
ar
edi
scussed.
-
Iti
sbecauseofGod’
somni
pot
encet
hathecanbepr
esent
ever
ywher
e;t
hathei
sal
l-
knowi
ng;al
l-
seei
ng;andcancar
ryouthi
sact
ivi
ti
esashechooses.
-
God’
sover
ri
dingpowersur
passest
hatofanybei
ng,
nat
ural
or
super
nat
ural
.
-Godi
swhohei
s,andcandowhathechoosesbecauseofhi
somni
pot
ence.
-
Hei
sconsi
der
edt
heul
ti
mat
ecauseofaper
son’
sfor
tunesormi
sfor
tunesi
nli
feand
deat
h,t
he
det
ermi
neroft
henumberofchi
ldr
enbor
ninahousehol
dandofal
l
event
s.
-
Int
hatr
egar
d,ul
ti
mat
eresponsi
bil
it
yforever
ythi
ngt
hat
happensf
rom bi
rt
hunt
ildeat
hisat
tr
ibut
edt
oGod.
-
However
,thi
sdoesnotmeant
hatGodi
shel
dresponsi
blef
ort
heper
pet
rat
ionofevi
l
orf
or
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unf
ort
unat
ehappeni
ngsi
tsi
mpl
yinf
erst
hatGodhasal
lowedt
hesesi
tuat
ionst
ooccur
.

2Al
lpr
esant
-
Godi
sever
ywher
e.
-Hei
sheonewhom youmeetever
ywher
e
-
Hei
snotonl
ythe“
Preexi
stedOne”
,butt
heonewhosepr
esenceper
vadest
heear
th.
I
ngener
al,
theTr
adi
ti
onal
ist
sbel
ievet
hatGodmani
fest
shi
msel
ftot
hem dur
ingt
imes
ofwor
shi
pandr
eli
giousgat
her
ings.
-
God’
spr
esencei
sst
rongl
yassumedatal
lmaj
orsacr
if
ices.
-
Theomni
presenceofGodi
sal
soconnect
edwi
thnat
uraloccur
rencessuchast
hunder
andl
ight
ning.

3Al
lknowi
ng
- Godhasal
lwi
sdom andknowl
edge
andt
hateveni
fwemayknowsomet
hings,
iti
sonl
yGodwhoknowsal
l.
-
Nooneel
se,
apar
tfr
om God,
i
swor
thyof
,ori
sgi
ven,
theat
tr
ibut
eofOmni
sci
ence.
-
Oft
eni
tisbecauseofouri
mper
fectandi
ncompl
eteknowl
edget
hatweaf
fi
rm God’
s
omni
sci
ence.
-
Ther
eisacommonvi
ewi
nWestAf
ri
cawhi
chmayhaveor
igi
nat
edf
rom Ni
ger
iat
hat
says:“
Nooneknowst
omor
row.
”Youcanmakeyourpl
ansaheadbutf
rom ahuman
poi
ntofvi
ewyoucannott
ellexact
lyhowt
hingswi
llt
urnout
;int
hef
inalanal
ysi
sonl
y
Godknows.

4Al
l-
Seei
ng
-
Godnotonl
yknows,
heal
sosees,
fornot
hingi
shi
ddenf
rom hi
m.
-
Gseesever
ythi
ngbecausehel
ivesabove.
-
Godseeswhat
everwedo.
-Thi
s conceptechoes t
he Af
ri
can bel
ieft
hat
,”wr
ong-
doer
s cannotescape t
he
j
udgmentofGod”
.

5Rul
er
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-
TheconceptofGodt
heCr
eat
orast
hesupr
emer
uleroft
hewor
ldi
spr
eval
enti
nAf
ri
ca.
-I
nindi
genousr
eli
gion,t
henot
ionofsover
eignt
yisofpar
ti
cul
arsi
gni
fi
cancei
nthe
peopl
es’
att
it
udet
owar
dsGod.
Amongt
her
eli
gionsi
nAf
ri
ca,God’
srol
easr
uleri
sofcour
seunder
stoodt
obe
anal
ogoust
othatofachi
ef.
-
Asachi
ef,
Godi
sal
wayst
houghtofasonewi
thi
mmenseaut
hor
it
yandwi
sdom,
and
asonewhoper
for
mst
hef
unct
ionsofaj
udge,
andmai
ntai
nsj
ust
iceandequi
ty.
-
Iti
sbyt
hechi
ef’
saut
hor
it
ythatt
hepeopl
einhi
sjur
isdi
cti
onar
eabl
etocar
ryont
hei
r
day-
to-
dayaf
fai
rsormai
ntai
nthei
rrespect
iveposi
ti
on.
-
Assuch,
theTr
adi
ti
onal
ist
sfi
ndi
tdi
ff
icul
ttoconcei
veofsoci
all
if
eandmai
ntai
ndai
ly
l
ivi
ngwi
thoutt
hechi
ef.
Youcanconsi
derCr
eat
or(musi
ki)Heal
er(
mur
api
)et
c
ANCESTRALSPI
RITS

-I
nmostAf
ri
cancul
tur
es,
theancest
orsar
eofcent
rali
mpor
tance
i
nthel
ivesofmosti
ndi
genoust
radi
ti
onal
ist
s.
-
Tot
aket
heancest
orsawayf
rom t
hem i
stodest
royt
hei
rroot
sint
hepast
,thei
r
cul
tur
e,t
hei
rdi
gni
tyandt
hei
runder
standi
ngofcommuni
onsanct
orum.

Cat
egor
iesofAncest
ors
•Ancest
orsofadi
rectgeneal
ogyofapar
ti
cul
arf
ami
lyorgr
oupoff
ami
li
es.
•Ancest
orswhower
ecommuni
tyher
oeswhosememor
ieshavecomedowni
nhi
stor
y
ast
hedef
ender
soft
hei
rcommuni
ty,
andoft
hei
ret
hni
cgr
oup.
•Ancest
ors associ
ated wi
th pr
ofessi
onalexper
ti
se ,
smi
ths,hunt
ers,and sacr
ed
speci
ali
sts.

TheRol
e/Funct
ionsoft
heAncest
ors
-
Theancest
orsar
ecl
osel
yinvol
vedi
nthel
if
eoft
heTr
adi
ti
onal
ist
sbymani
fest
ing
i
nter
esti
nthewel
far
eoft
hecommuni
ti
est
owhi
cht
heybel
onged,
andst
il
lbel
ong.
-Notonl
ydot
heybel
ongt
othei
rrespect
ivecommuni
ti
es,
theyal
soor
dert
hel
ivest
hat
ar
eledt
her
e.
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-
Event
houghspat
ial
lyt
heyar
epr
imar
il
yassoci
atedwi
tht
hei
rgr
aves,
becauseoft
hei
r
spi
ri
tualchar
act
eri
sti
c,t
heyar
ecapabl
eoff
oll
owi
ngt
hei
rchi
ldr
enwher
evert
heygo,
whi
chmakesi
tpossi
blet
ocal
lont
hem ever
ywher
eandf
rom anywher
eint
hewor
ld.
-
Notonl
yar
etheyever
-pr
esent
,theyar
eal
soconver
santwi
thever
ythi
ngt
hatgoeson
i
nthecommuni
ty.
-
Alt
hought
hedeadar
ephysi
cal
lyr
emovedf
rom t
hem,t
het
radi
ti
onal
ist
sbel
ievet
hat
t
heycont
inuet
owat
choverandi
nfl
uencet
hem.
-
Peopl
ebr
ingt
hei
rpr
obl
emst
otheancest
ors,andent
reatt
hem t
oint
ercedewi
thGod
ont
hei
rbehal
f,t
obr
inggoodf
ort
uneandabet
terl
if
etot
hem,
andsoon.
-
TheAncest
orsar
eint
ermedi
ari
esbet
weent
hel
ivi
ngandGod(
19,
wit
hchar
act
eri
sti
cs
si
mil
art
othoseofhumanki
nd,butwi
thasuper
iorpower
,andasuper
nat
uralabi
li
tyt
o
hel
pthel
ivi
ng.
-
Theyspeakt
opeopl
eindr
eamsandi
nst
rangeevent
sfori
nst
ance,“
ift
hef
ir
stgl
ass
ofwi
newasspi
lt
.
-
Prayer
sar
erel
ayedt
hrought
hest
ream ofAncest
orsunt
ilt
heyevent
ual
lyr
eachGod.
-
Theyar
eaddr
essed i
nidi
omat
icexpr
essi
onsofsur
pri
se,wonder
,ori
n-abi
l
ityt
o
under
standt
hehappeni
ng.

CONCEPTOFMEDI
UMSHI
P
-
Ther
ear
efi
vecat
egor
iesofmedi
um i
nwhi
cht
heShonabel
ieves.
1.Thet
ri
balSpi
ri
t(mhondor
o).
-
Thi
sist
hespi
ri
toft
hewhol
ecl
anoft
het
ri
be.
-
The Shona bel
ieves t
hatt
hese spi
ri
ts br
ings r
ain and ar
eresponsi
blef
ort
he
pr
oduct
ionofgoodcr
ops.
-
Theyar
eal
sor
esponsi
blei
ngi
vingt
hedeci
sionast
owhoshal
lsucceedt
othe
chi
eft
ainshi
p.

2.Ancest
ralSpi
ri
ts(
Vadzi
mu)
.
-Theancest
ralspi
ri
tshel
psandpr
otect
sthei
ndi
vidualuni
tsoft
hecl
an.
-
Theycoul
dbet
hespi
ri
toft
hemot
her
,fat
her
,gr
andmot
herorgr
andf
ather
.

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3.TheAl
ienSpi
ri
t.
-
Thi
scoul
dbet
hespi
ri
tofaf
orei
gnerwhodi
dnotr
ecei
vepr
operbur
ial
.
-
Thespi
ri
tneedst
ober
emember
edt
hroughpr
ayerandr
it
ualcer
emoni
es.
-Thet
alenti
nthi
sspi
ri
tincl
udehunt
ing.
4.Tr
adi
ti
onalHeal
er(
N’anga)
.
-Thi
sisaspeci
alspi
ri
tofheal
ing.
-
Thi
stypeofspi
ri
tremai
nsi
nthef
ami
lywhent
heor
igi
nalN’
angadi
es.
-
Iti
sregar
dedasagoodspi
ri
tinATRbecauseofi
tsr
oleegcanconsul
ttheancest
ors.
Met
hodusedbyt
radi
ti
onalheal
ers.
1.Kupf
ungai
dza
2.Useofher
bs
3.Kut
emer
a.
4.UseofUsher
s
5.Useofmaf
utaEhwai
.
6.Kut
spi
ka.
5.Theevi
lspi
ri
toft
hewi
tch
-
Thi
smaybei
nher
it
edf
rom t
hegr
eatgr
andmot
herwhowasawi
tch.
-
Wheneverawomanr
eject
sthi
sspi
ri
t,shemayencount
ert
hepr
obl
em ofl
osi
ngachi
ld
whenevershei
spr
egnant
.

Rol
eofMedi
umsi
ntheLi
ber
ati
onSt
ruggl
e.

 Pr
epar
ingandmobi
li
zingpeopl
eforwar

 I
nspi
ri
ngpeopl
etof
ightegNehandaamdKaguvi

 Co-
ordi
nat
ingmi
li
tar
yst
rat
egy.

 Gi
vingmedi
cinet
ofi
ght
ers.

 Heal
ingt
hewounded.

 Seeki
ngf
orf
orei
gnassi
stance.

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 Pr
ovi
dingf
ood

 Pr
ovi
dingl
ogi
sti
csneededdur
ingt
heupr
isi
ng.

 Theyco-
ordi
nat
edt
hewar
.

TOTEMSANDI
NDI
GENOUSI
DENTI
TIES.

Def
ini
ngTot
em

-
Iti
saspi
ri
tbei
ng,sacr
edobj
ect
,orsymbolt
hatser
vesasanembl
em ofagr
oupof
peopl
e,suchasf
ami
ly,
clan,
li
neageort
ri
be.

-Canal
sobedef
inedasanyani
mal
,pl
antorot
herobj
ect
,nat
uralorsuper
nat
ural
whi
chpr
ovi
desdeepl
ysymbol
icmeani
ngf
oraper
son/soci
algr
oup.

-Tot
emi
sm i
sanaspectofr
eli
giousbel
iefcent
eredupont
hevener
ati
onofsacr
ed
obj
ect
scal
ledt
otems.

I
mpor
tanceoft
otems

-I
ntr
adi
ti
onalAf
ri
cancul
tur
e,ki
nshi
pist
wo-
prol
ongedandcan beest
abl
ishedei
ther
bybl
oodl
ineort
otem.

-
Theconceptofusi
ngt
otemsdemonst
rat
est
hecl
oser
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenhumans,
ani
mal
sandt
hel
ivedenvi
ronment
.

-Tot
emsar
easour
ceoff
ami
lypr
ideandar
eabouti
dent
it
y.

-Tot
emshaveal
sobeendescr
ibedasat
radi
ti
onalenvi
ronmentconser
vat
ionmet
hod
besi
desbei
ngki
nshi
p.

-Tot
emsi
dent
if
iest
hedi
ff
erentcl
ans.

-
.Tot
emsbui
ldupsomer
elat
ionshi
psandal
low i
nter
mar
ri
agebet
weenpeopl
eof
di
ver
set
otems.

-Tot
emsar
eimpor
tantbecauset
heyar
eusedonspeci
fi
coccasi
onst
orespecteach
ot
her
.

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BELI
EFSI
NLI
FEAFTERDEATH.

-
Ther
ear
esever
almyt
hs/
stor
iesaboutt
heor
igi
nofdeat
h.
-
Int
hesest
ori
es,
Goddi
dnoti
ntendf
orhumanki
ndt
odi
e,hegavet
odi
ff
erentani
mal
s
pr
event
ivesofdeat
htot
akehumans,
ineachst
oryt
heappoi
ntedani
maldi
dnotgett
o
humanki
ndont
imeasr
esul
tdeat
hcamei
ntot
hewor
ld.
-
Tradi
ti
onal
ist
sconsi
derdeat
hasi
nevi
tabl
e.
-
Iti
stheul
ti
mat
eendofever
ycr
eat
edbei
ng.
-
Ther
efor
e,l
if
emustbespentwi
sel
yandr
espect
ful
ly.
-
Deat
hisf
ear
edbecausei
tphysi
cal
lysnat
chesaper
sonf
rom hi
s/hercommuni
ty.
-
Thedeceasedi
sdepr
ivedf
rom aphysi
calcommunall
if
eandact
ivi
ty.
-
Adeat
h,i
tisgener
all
ybel
ievedt
hatt
hespi
ri
tleavest
hebodyandassumesaspi
ri
t
exi
stence,
andt
hebur
iedbodydecaysi
nthegr
ave.
The“
gooddead”spi
ri
tcont
inuest
obegood.Undert
hiscat
egor
yfal
ltheancest
orsand
t
hosewhodi
dnotper
for
m her
oicact
stoat
tai
nancest
orshi
pbutdi
dleadadecentand
pr
aisewor
thyl
if
e.
-The“
baddead”spi
ri
tisbel
ievedt
obecomeevi
landmaybecomeaghostandt
aunt
t
hel
ivi
ng.
-
FormostTr
adi
ti
onal
ist
s,t
hegr
aveappear
stobe,t
hesealofever
ythi
ng,eveni
fa
per
sonsur
vivesandcont
inuest
oexi
sti
nthenextwor
ld.
-I
nrel
igi
onsofAf
ri
ca,
li
fedoesnotendwi
thdeat
h,butcont
inuesi
nanot
herr
eal
m.
-
Tradi
ti
onal
ist
sbel
ievet
hatt
hosewhoar
edeadar
enevergonebutar
ethet
hickeni
ng
shadow,
woodt
hatgr
oans,
andar
eint
hef
ir
ethati
sdr
ying,
for
estandi
nthehouse.
-Deadpeopl
ear
ebel
ievedt
obeofhel
ptot
hef
ami
lyandt
hecommuni
tyi
nti
mesof
t
roubl
eandcanal
socauset
roubl
eifcer
tai
nri
tual
sar
enotper
for
medwel
l.
Ri
tual
sassoci
atedwi
tht
hebel
iefi
nli
feaf
terdeat
h
-
Ini
ndi
genousr
eli
gion,t
her
ear
equi
teanumberofr
it
ual
sthatwer
e/ar
eper
for
med
sur
roundi
ngdeat
h.
-Thoser
it
ual
swer
etof
aci
li
tat
ethepassageoft
hedeadper
sonbet
weent
hiswor
ld
andt
henextone.
Rei
ncar
nat
ion

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-
Itr
efer
stot
hesoulofadeadper
sonbei
ngr
ebor
nint
hebodyofanot
her
Tr
ansmi
grat
ion
-
Itr
efer
stot
hechangi
ngofaper
soni
ntoanani
mal
.
Ri
tualPur
if
icat
ion
-
Iti
sdonebymostr
eli
gionsandser
vesast
hemai
naspectoft
hei
rbel
ief
s.
-
Afr
icansbel
ievet
hatanyoneoranyt
hingt
hatcamei
ncont
actwi
tht
hedeadi
suncl
ean.
KUROVAGUVACEREMONY/
MAGADZI
RO

{
SETTLI
NGTHEDECEASED'
SSPI
RIT}

Thecer
emonyi
sknownbydi
ff
erentnames amongt
heShonasub-
cul
tur
algr
oupse.
g
kar
anga-
magadzi
ro,
kugadzi
ra mudzi
mu, Zezur
u-kur
ova guva (
to beat t
he
gr
ave)
,kor
ekor
ekut
ambamudzi
mu,
kut
oramudzi
muorbona.

-
however
,thecer
emonygener
all
yisper
for
meddur
ingt
hesameseasonoft
heyeart
o
ser
veacommonf
unct
ion.

-
Somer
it
esmaydi
ff
erher
eandt
her
ebutt
hef
unct
ionof r
it
uali
sthesamei
.e.t
o
i
nvi
tet
hespi
ri
toft
hedeceasedi
ntot
hef
ami
ly.

-
Thecer
emonyi
sdi
rect
lyl
inkedt
othebur
ialcer
emonyduet
othef
actt
hatwhen t
he
bur
ialcer
emonyi
sbei
ngconduct
ed i
tisdonei
n ant
ici
pat
ion ofper
for
ming t
he
kur
ovaguvai
nthenearf
utur
e.

-I
ttakespl
aceayearaf
terbur
ial

-
TheShonabel
ieft
hatt
hebodywi
llhavet
ocompl
etel
ydecompose.
however
,ther
ear
e
i
nst
anceswher
eitcant
akepl
acei
mmedi
atel
yaf
terbur
ial
.

-
Thi
swoul
dbeduet
osomedi
ff
icul
ti
essur
roundi
ngt
hecondi
ti
onoft
hedeceased'
s
spi
ri
t.

-
Whenaper
sondi
est
heShonabebel
ievest
hatt
hespi
ri
toft
hedeceasedwonder
sin
t
hewi
lder
nessawai
ti
ngt
hekur
ovaguvacer
emony.

-
Post-
bur
ialper
iodt
hespi
ri
tisconsi
der
eddanger
ousandcanbemani
pul
atedbyevi
l
spi
ri
ts.

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LYANDRELI
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-
Mushamut
ema-t
her
eisadar
kcl
oudt
hatwonder
sint
hef
ami
ly.

-
Ther
it
ualcanal
sobehel
daf
termor
ethanoneyeari
nsomecasesaf
ter30t
o40
year
sduet
osever
alf
act
ors.

1.I
npoorf
ami
li
est
hiswasmai
nlyduet
olackofl
ivest
ockespeci
all
ycat
tl
eort
he
scar
cit
yofgr
aint
obr
ewbeerandf
oodt
ofeedpeopl
eatt
hecer
emony.

2. Somet
imest
her
ewer
edr
ought
swhi
ch woul
dfor
cepeopl
eto postponet
he
cer
emony.

3.Theper
sonmi
ghthavedi
edi
nadi
stantpl
ace

4r
it
ual
sar
eper
for
medaccor
dingt
ospi
ri
tual
i
tyhencet
heyhavet
owai
tunt
ilt
he
seni
or‘
skur
ovaguvahasbeendone.

5.Fami
lyconf
li
ctsi
nsomeoft
hem hel
dtodowi
tht
hedecease'
sweal
thandwi
dow.

6.I
nmoder
ndayst
hei
mpactofwest
ernr
eli
gious(
Chr
ist
iani
ty)

-
Thecer
emonywashel
ddur
ingt
hedr
yseason(
August
)dr
yseason=r
eli
giousand
soci
alact
ivi
ti
es.

I
twasseenaf
terhar
vestt
hatf
oodwi
llt
her
efor
ebepl
ent
if
ul.

-
Ther
ewer
ecer
tai
ntaboost
hatwer
esupposedt
ober
espect
edbet
weent
hebur
ialand
t
hekur
ovaguvacer
emonybyt
hemember
soft
hef
ami
lye.
g.Thechi
ldr
enwer
enot
supposedt
omar
ry

-
Thespi
ri
tshoul
dbet
her
etobl
esst
hei
rmar
ri
ages

-
Theyal
sowant
edt
opr
eventshockt
othei
ncomi
ngofnewmember
sint
hef
ami
ly.

-
Youwer
enotsupposedt
otemperwi
tht
heest
ateoft
hedeceasedsi
ncei
twi
llhavet
o
wai
tthei
nher
it
ancecer
emonywhi
chi
shel
daf
tert
heKUROVAGUVAcer
emonyand
t
hismi
ghti
ncl
udet
hewi
dow.

-
thewi
dowher
sel
fwasnott
omar
ryori
ndul
gei
nsexualr
elat
ionsunt
ilaf
tert
hekur
ova
guvaandnhakacer
emony.

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LYANDRELI
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-
ifawi
doworwi
dowerdeci
dedt
omar
rybef
orekur
ovaguvacer
emonyt
hat
'svi
olat
ion
whi
chr
efer
redt
oas"
kupi
saGuva'

PROCEDURESTOBETAKENI
NTHEKUROVAGUVACEREMONY

-
Ther
it
ual
sdi
ff
erf
rom pl
acet
opl
aceandr
egi
ont
oregi
on.

-Theyconsul
tan'
angat
ofi
ndoutt
hepr
ocedur
etheyshoul
dtake.

-Consul
ti
ngan'
angai
sdonet
omakesur
ethatt
her
it
ualwi
llbeper
for
medi
naway
t
hati
saccept
abl
etot
hespi
ri
t.

-
From t
hisst
ageal
lthest
epswi
llbedone wi
thamul
tat
ionwi
tht
hedeceased'
sspi
ri
t.

-
ther
it
ualshoul
dhavet
heappr
ovaloft
hef
ami
lyspi
ri
ts.

-
ifonewant
stomar
ryt
her
eshoul
dbeconsul
tat
ion.

-
Mil
letbeerwi
llbebr
ewedby el
der
ly woman who ar
ebeyond chi
ldbear
ing st
age
wi
thnosexualr
elat
ions(
kupedzaUr
a)

-
shewi
llbehel
pedbyt
hesmal
lboysandgi
rl
s(pr
epubescentboysandgi
rl
s)

-
member
soft
hef
ami
lyar
eadvi
sed nott
o haveconf
li
ctwhen pr
epar
ing f
ort
he
cer
emony.

-
Ont
heeveni
ngbef
oret
hecer
emonyt
hebeeri
sconcent
rat
edt
othespi
ri
toft
he
deceasedbyt
heel
destmemberoft
hef
ami
ly.

-
Theconcent
rat
ionmar
ksanal
lni
ghtcel
ebr
ati
ont
hati
nvol
vessi
ngi
nganddanci
ngi
n
honouroft
hespi
ri
t.

-
Musi
cisi
mpor
tantbecausei
tenabl
escommuni
ti
esbet
weent
hel
ivi
ngandt
hedead
per
son.

-
Thenextmor
ningi
nvol
vesr
it
eofi
nvi
ti
ngt
hespi
ri
tfr
om t
hegr
ave.

-
Thi
sri
tevar
iesf
rom ar
eat
oar
ea

-
Insomear
east
heyr
emoveoneort
wost
onesand-
--
--
-ofpor
ri
dgeandbeerar
e
pour
edont
hef
rontoft
hegr
avet
oinvi
tet
hespi
ri
t.
FAMI
LYANDRELI
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-
Theel
dermemberoft
he f
ami
ly whowi
llbe l
eadi
ng wi
llspeak t
othe deceases
aski
ngt
hespi
ri
ttoacceptt
hei
nvi
tat
iont
ocomehome.

-
aft
ert
hist
heent
our
ager
etur
nhomet
odanceandf
east

-
somet
imest
hespi
ri
tissymbol
izi
ngbr
oughthome.

-Fort
heShangwet
heyt
ieabl
ackcl
othar
oundt
heneckofa-
--
--
-ont
he-
--
-bef
oret
he
cer
emonyandt
ake t
hegoodout
side-
thehomest
eadandappr
opr
iat
efunct
ioni
ngwi
ll
addr
esst
hespi
ri
tthatt
heyar
ebr
ingi
nghomeandsacr
if
icedt
hef
oll
owi
ngday.

-
Amongt
heShonapeopl
eofNor
thE.Zi
mbabweabr
anchi
scutf
rom acer
emoni
alt
ree
andt
hesever
edendi
scover
edt
oavoi
dthespi
ri
tfr
om escapi
ng.

-Thebr
anchi
sdr
oppedt
othehomest
eadmaki
ngf
ragmentr
estt
other
estt
hespi
ri
t.

-
Thespi
ri
tiscool
edbypour
ingbeeri
ntoabr
anch.

-
Thebr
anchi
sti
edt
othewal
loft
hehouseoft
hef
ami
lyhead.

-
Amongt
heKor
ekor
eapat
hwayi
smadebet
weent
hegr
aveandt
hehomest
eadt
o
pr
ovi
det
hespi
ri
tint
oar
oadt
otr
avelasi
trej
oinst
hef
ami
ly.

-
amongt
he-
--
-ther
eisneedt
ogott
hegr
aveear
lyi
nthemor
ning t
hespi
ri
tisi
nvi
ted
bymember
soft
hef
ami
ly bypour
ingwat
eront
hebackofagoat addr
essi
ngt
he
spi
ri
toft
hedeceasedt
ocomehome.

-i
fthespi
ri
taccept
sthei
nvi
tat
iont
hegoatwoul
dshakei
tsbodyvi
gor
ousl
y.

-
Thegoati
ssl
aught
eredandt
hemeati
sroast
edandeat
enwi
thoutsal
t.

SI
GNI
FICANCEOFTHECEREMONY

1.I
tbr
ingshopeandconf
idencei
ntot
hef
ami
lyconsi
der
ingt
heunpr
edi
ctabi
li
tyof
t
hespi
ri
toft
hedeceased.

2.I
tmar
kst
heendofmour
ningi
nthehomest
eadwhi
chi
sref
err oasmusha
edt
mut
ema

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LYANDRELI
GIOUSSTUDI
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Thewi
dowwi
llnol
ongervei
lherheadwi
thbl
ackcl
othorweart
hesymbol
icbl
ack
dr
essofmour
ning-r
etur
ntomour
ning.

3.I
tresol
vespr
obl
emsandt
ensi
onscausedbydeat
hby….
.thespi
ri
toft
he
deceasedamongt
hef
ami
ly'
sspi
ri
tguar
dians.Thel
ivi
ngandt
hedeadwoul
d
haver
est
rengt
henedt
hei
rcowar
dicer
elat
ionshi
p.

4.I
tal
lowsoneoft
hemosti
mpor
tantr
it
ual
sinShonacul
tur
etot
akepl
acei
.e.
i
nher
it
ancecer
emony"
NHAKA"

5.t
hecer
emonycel
ebr
atesshonar
eli
giouspr
act
icesandcommuni
ti
esandr
e
uni
test
hepeopl
etot
hef
undament
alt
radi
ti
onoft
hei
rcul
tur
e

6.i
tst
rengt
hensr
elat
ionshi
p-t
iesasbot
hcl
oseanddi
stantr
elat
ivesconver
geat
onepl
acef
oracommonpur
pose.Soi
treaf
fi
rmssoci
alt
ies.

CHANGE-t
hecer
emonyhasbeenr
epl
acedbymemor
ialser
vice-
Chr
ist
iani
ty.

TheI
nher
it
anceCer
emony.
-
Bef
oret
heKur
ovaGuvar
it
uali
sconduct
ed,i
tiscust
omar
yamongt
heShonat
o
di
str
ibut
eal
ltheper
sonalbel
ongi
ngsoft
hedeceaseswhi
chhadbeenseal
edaf
tert
he
f
uner
al.
-
Ift
hedeceasedi
sawoman,bl
anket
s,pot
sandpl
atesar
etakenbyt
hosef
rom her
mat
ernalhomeandi
fit
’samant
hingsi
ncl
udi
nghi
swi
feorwi
vesar
einher
it
edby
t
hosef
rom hi
shome.
-Thewi
feorwi
vest
obei
nher
it
edhavet
opasst
hrought
heKudar
ikat
svi
mbor
it
eto
pr
ovet
hatt
heydi
dnotcommi
tantactofadul
ter
ysi
ncet
hei
rhusband’
sdeat
h.
-
Thewi
fe/
wivesmaychoosewhom she/
theywantt
oinher
it
-
Att
imesshe/
theymaychoosenott
obei
nher
it
edbutmaygi
vet
her
esponsi
bil
it
yof
l
ooki
ngaf
tert
hef
ami
lyt
ohi
sel
destson.
-
Insomecasesshe/
theymaychooset
ogoandst
aywi
thher
/thei
rpar
ent
s.
Ri
tualofowner
.

FAMI
LYANDRELI
GIOUSSTUDI
ESNOTES ORDI
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-
Aft
eracer
tai
nper
iodoft
ime,
atmostannual
ly,
ther
it
ualofownerr
it
uali
sper
for
med.
-I
tmi
ght
ybei
nthef
aceofcal
ami
tyusual
lyami
sfor
tunel
ikecompl
exi
ll
nessoreven
deat
hint
hef
ami
ly.
-
Ther
it
uali
sknownasbeeroft
heancest
ors(
dor
oranasekur
u).
-
Theannualr
it
eofowneri
snor
mal
lyaddr
essedt
othedeceasesheadofanext
ended
f
ami
ly.

Ri
tualofappeasement
.
-
Angr
yspi
ri
tsar
ethemostf
ormi
dabl
ephenomenoni
nthei
rrel
igi
ousexper
iences.
-
Theyar
eknownt
oat
tackhar
shl
yorsuddenl
yleadi
ngt
odeat
hint
hef
ami
ly.
-
Insuchcases,
ancest
ralspi
ri
tswoul
dbeknownt
ohavewi
thr
ewt
hei
rpr
otect
ionf
rom
t
hef
ami
ly.
-
Theavengi
ngspi
ri
ts(
Ngozi
)woul
dbecausi
nghavoci
nthef
ami
ly.
-
Insuchcases,
thedi
vineri
sconsul
ted.
-Thepaymentknownaskur
ipangoziwoul
dbepai
dinf
orm ofmoney,cat
tl
eandat
t
imeswi
fe(
vir
gingi
rl
).
-
Pr
e-Bur
ialRi
tes-
Rit
ual
sbef
oreBur
ial
s
-
Thi
sri
tual
stendt
odi
ff
erf
rom ar
eat
oar
ea,
clant
ocl
an.
-
Accor
dingt
oMFCBour
dion,
mostot
heser
it
esar
ecommoni
nmostShonapeopl
e.
1.Kupet
aRi
tual
.
-
Thi
sisf
oundamongt
heShonabel
ief
s.
-
Thi
siswher
ebysomeonehasper
sivedt
obenearhi
s/herdeat
hismovedout
side
hi
s/herhomest
ead.
-
Thepl
acecoul
dbeofhi
s/herson,soni
n-l
aw orsomecl
oser
elat
iveawayf
rom
chi
ldr
enandot
her
sint
hevi
ll
age.
-Ver
ycl
osepeopl
ewi
llbeawar
eofhi
s/herwher
eabout
sandwi
llbet
heonl
ypeopl
eto
vi
sit
.
2.Kur
idzaMher
e(Chema)
.
-
Whenaper
sondi
esever
yfami
lymemberoft
hedeceasedi
snot
if
ied.
-I
tisbel
ievedt
hati
fthef
ami
lymemberi
snotnot
if
ied,he/
sheexper
iencesmyst
ical
mi
sfor
tuneegget
ti
nghi
tbyacar
,get
ti
ngt
ir
edet
c,
FAMI
LYANDRELI
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3.Kubat
aMaoko.
-Peopl
ear
oundt
henei
ghbour
hood/
communi
tygoest
othef
uner
alt
oshow t
hei
r
sympat
hy.
-Theybr
ingwi
tht
hem chema/
tokenofsympat
hy.

4.Kugezamuf
i/washi
ngr
it
ual
.
-I
tisbel
ievedt
hatt
hedeceasedhast
obecl
eanbef
oreembar
kingt
hej
our
ney.
-
Theper
soni
swashedt
obecomecl
ean.
-Thenephew,
niece(
Muzukur
u)oft
hedeceasedort
hesahwi
rabat
hst
hem.

FAMI
LYRELATI
ONS

-
Iti
s wi
thi
nthe f
ami
ly envi
ronmentt
hatan i
ndi
vidual
’
s physi
cal
,emot
ionaland
psychol
ogi
caldevel
opmentoccur
s.
-I
tisf
rom ourf
ami
lyt
hatwel
ear
nuncondi
ti
onall
ove,
weunder
standr
ightf
rom wr
ong,
andwegai
nempat
hy,
respectandsel
f-
regul
ati
on.
-
Thesequal
it
iesenabl
eust
oengageposi
ti
vel
yatschool
,atwor
kandi
nsoci
etyi
n
gener
al.
-
The f
ami
ly envi
ronmenti
n whi
ch chi
ldr
en gr
ow up has been consi
der
ed a key
pr
edi
ctorof
t
hei
rfut
ureout
comes.
-
Stabl
efunct
ionalf
ami
li
escont
ri
but
etoyout
hsoci
alempower
mentbypr
ovi
dingmany
oft
hef
act
orst
hatpr
otectyoungpeopl
efr
om engagi
ngi
nri
skysexualbehavi
our
,dr
ug
useandabuse,
del
inquency,
andot
herant
i-
soci
albehavi
our
.
-
Negat
ivef
ami
lyexper
ience,poorchi
ld-
par
entat
tachment
;achaot
ic,dysf
unct
ional
,
abusi
ve,negl
ect
ful
,ori
mpover
ished f
ami
lyenvi
ronmentmaydi
rect
lyori
ndi
rect
ly
hamperyout
h’ssoci
alandeconomi
cempower
ment
.
-
Fami
li
escont
ri
but
etot
heeconomi
cempower
mentoft
hei
rmember
sbypl
ayi
nga
“
rol
e ofi
nsur
erofl
astr
esor
t,pr
ovi
ding ai
d and sol
ace when al
lel
se f
ail
s and
pr
event
ingt
empor
aryset
backsf
rom becomi
ngper
manent
”.
-
InAf
ri
ca,
asi
nmanyot
herdevel
opi
ngr
egi
ons(
seef
orexampl
e,t
heext
endedf
ami
lyi
s

FAMI
LYANDRELI
GIOUSSTUDI
ESNOTES ORDI
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al
ongest
abl
ishedi
nst
it
uti
onwhi
chpr
ovi
desi
tsmember
swi
thsophi
sti
cat
edsoci
al
secur
it
ysyst
em,aneconomi
csuppor
ttomeett
hei
rbasi
cneedsf
orf
ood,shel
ter
,and
cl
othi
ng,and a wi
deci
rcl
eofr
elat
iveson whom t
ofal
lbacki
nti
mesofcr
isi
s,
unempl
oyment
,si
ckness,
pover
ty,
oldge,
andber
eavement
.
-
Thef
ami
ly’
saf
fect
iver
oleofnur
tur
ingandsuppor
ti
ngi
tsi
ndi
vidualmember
sincl
udes
pr
omot
ingandsaf
eguar
dingt
heheal
thofchi
ldr
enaswel
lasi
nst
il
li
ngmor
aland
soci
alval
uesi
nthem,wi
tht
heover
allgoalbei
ngt
oensur
ethatt
henextgener
ati
oni
s
pr
oduct
iveandsoci
all
yresponsi
ble.
-
Chi
ldr
en'
sgr
owi
ngcompet
enceanddevel
opmenti
slar
gel
yinf
luencedbyf
ami
lyl
if
e
andf
ami
lyr
elat
ionshi
ps.Chi
ldr
en'
swel
l-
bei
ngcont
inuest
odependont
hequal
it
yof
f
ami
lyi
nter
act
ions.

-
Chi
ldr
enoft
odayar
egr
owi
ngupi
navar
iet
yofhousehol
dsanddi
ff
erentf
ami
ly
syst
ems.Anumberoft
hesedi
ff
erentf
ami
li
esi
ncl
udes,

- chi
ldhami
li
es

- Lar
gef
ami
li
es

- Si
ngl
epar
entf
ami
li
es

- Bl
endedf
ami
li
esAdopt
ivepar
entf
ami
li
es

- Gr
andpar
entf
ami
l
ies

-
Fami
lyt
ypepl
aysani
ntegr
alr
olei
nchi
ldr
en'
sdevel
opment
.Fami
lyt
heor
iesout
li
ne
t
hei
nter
act
ionswhi
choccurbet
weenf
ami
lymember
s.

1.Onl
ychi
ldf
ami
li
es

-
Manycoupl
esar
enowchoosi
ngt
ohavechi
ldr
enwhowi
llneverhaveanysi
bli
ngs.

-Li
ter
atur
esuggest
sthatt
hesechi
ldr
enar
eof
tenvi
ewedasbei
ngspoi
lt
,sel
fi
sh,
lonel
y
andmal
adj
ust
ed,
however
,resear
chdoesnotagr
eewi
tht
hisnegat
ivevi
ew.

-
Onl
y chi
ldr
en appear t
o be br
ight and successf
ul,sel
f-
conf
ident
,sel
f-
rel
iant
,

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r
esour
cef
ulandpopul
arwi
thot
herchi
ldr
en.

-Amaj
orr
easonf
ort
hismaybet
hatonl
ychi
ldr
enhavesomewhatcl
oserr
elat
ionshi
ps
wi
thpar
ent
s,whoexer
tmor
epr
essur
eformast
eryandaccompl
ishment
.

-Onl
ychi
ldr
enof
tenhavemor
epr
essur
epl
acedupont
hem bypar
ent
stoexceli
n
t
asksandhaveof
tenhi
ghexpect
ati
onsf
orschoolandspor
ti
ngr
esul
tspl
acedupon
t
hem.

-
Onl
ychi
ldr
enmi
ssoutont
hegr
owi
ngandl
ear
ningandf
ormsofsoci
ali
sat
ionwhi
ch
comeswi
thhavi
ngsi
bli
ngs.

-
Onl
ychi
ldr
enhavet
headvant
ageofnothavi
ngt
ofi
ghtf
ort
hei
rpar
ent
sat
tent
ionand
mayhavet
heoppor
tuni
tyofmor
eone-
on-
onei
nter
act
ions.

2.Lar
gef
ami
li
es

-
Chi
ldr
enofl
argef
ami
l
iesobvi
ousl
yexper
iencedi
ff
erentcondi
ti
onsf
rom t
hosei
n
smal
leroronechi
ldf
ami
li
es.Chi
ldr
eni
nlar
gerf
ami
li
eshavet
headvant
ageofhavi
ng
r
elat
ionshi
pswi
thsi
bli
ngs.

- These r
elat
ionshi
ps and i
nter
act
ions gi
ves t
hem t
he oppor
tuni
tyt
o have
compani
onshi
p,emot
ionalsuppor
tandassi
stancewhi
let
heyar
egr
owi
ngup.

-
Chi
ldr
eni
nlar
gerf
ami
l
iesof
tenexper
iencedegr
eesofr
ival
ryandmayneedt
ofi
ght
f
orpar
ent
sat
tent
ion.

-
Theposi
ti
vei
nter
act
ionst
hatoccurbet
weensi
bli
ngscont
ri
but
etoper
spect
ivet
aki
ng,
mor
almat
uri
ty,
andcompet
encei
nrel
ati
ngt
oot
herchi
ldr
en.

3. Si
ngl
epar
entf
ami
li
es

-
Thenumberofone-
par
entf
ami
li
eshavebecomemor
ecommoni
nrecentyear
s.

-Ther
ear
eanumberofvar
iet
iesofone-
par
entf
ami
li
es;t
hoser
esul
ti
ngf
rom di
vor
ce,
par
ent
swhonever
-mar
ri
ed,aswel
lasawi
dowedpar
ent
.Insi
ngl
epar
entf
ami
li
est
he
ot
herpar
entnotl
ivi
ngwi
tht
hef
ami
lymayhavel
it
tl
eornoi
nvol
vementi
nthechi
ld'
s
l
if
eormaybehi
ghl
yinvol
ved.

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Si
ngl
edi
vor
cedpar
entf
ami
li
es

-
Thel
argestper
cent
ageofsi
ngl
e-par
entf
ami
li
esar
eheaded bydi
vor
ced f
emal
e
par
ent
s.

-Theassumpt
ionhasbeenmadet
hatt
het
raumaf
rom di
vor
cei
sli
kel
ytor
esul
tin
poor
ly soci
ali
sed,cogni
ti
vel
y def
ici
entchi
ldr
en who exper
ience poorpar
ent
-chi
ld
r
elat
ionshi
ps.

-I
nmanysi
tuat
ionst
hismaybet
hecasebutnor
elat
ionshi
pcanbegener
ali
sed.

Never
-mar
ri
edsi
ngl
epar
entf
ami
li
es

-
Iti
sbel
ievedt
hatacul
tur
alshi
ftt
owar
dsl
atermar
ri
agehascont
ri
but
edt
oar
isei
n
never
-mar
ri
edmot
her
hood.

-
Ithasbeent
houghtt
hatchi
ldr
eni
ntheseki
ndsoff
ami
li
esar
eshi
eldedf
rom mar
it
al
st
ri
fe;chi
ldr
enofnever
-mar
ri
edmot
her
sshow sl
ight
lybet
teracademi
cper
for
mance
andemot
ionaladj
ust
ment
sthandochi
ldr
enofdi
vor
cedorr
emar
ri
edmot
her
s.

-
Butt
heydonotdoaswel
laschi
ldr
eni
nfi
rstmar
ri
agef
ami
li
escompar
edwi
th
chi
ldr
enoft
wopar
entr
ear
edf
ami
li
es.

-
Alt
hough compar
ed wi
th chi
ldr
en oft
wo par
entf
ami
li
es,t
hese chi
ldr
en may
exper
iencel
essat
tent
ion,di
ff
icul
ti
esi
nint
eract
ionswi
th ot
herchi
ldr
en,al
acki
n
schoolper
for
manceand behavi
our
sassoci
ated wi
tht
hel
ackofa mal
epar
ent
al
i
nfl
uence.

4.Bl
endedf
ami
li
es

-
Thebl
endedf
ami
lyi
sonei
nwhi
chei
therpar
entbr
ingswi
tht
hem chi
ldr
enf
rom a
pr
evi
ousmar
ri
age

-
Forsomechi
ldr
en,t
hisexpandedf
ami
lynet
wor
kisaposi
ti
vet
urnofevent
sthat
br
ingswi
thi
tgr
eat
eradul
tat
tent
ion,
butf
ormost
,itpr
esent
sdi
ff
icul
tadj
ust
ment
s.

-I
tiscl
eart
hatt
her
ear
emanydi
ff
icul
ti
esi
naccept
ingast
ep-
par
enti
ntot
hef
ami
ly,
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LYANDRELI
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especi
all
yonewhomayhavedi
ff
erentchi
ldr
ear
ingpr
act
ices,f
rom whi
cht
hechi
ldi
s
usedt
o.

-Resear
chhasf
oundt
hatchi
ldr
enofr
emar
ri
agear
eli
kel
ytoexper
iencedi
ff
icul
tyi
n
accept
ingt
hemar
ri
age.

-
Thi
sext
endsf
rom somechi
ldr
enhavi
ngt
o-dealwi
tht
hel
ossofapr
imar
ypar
entt
o
accept
anceofanewone.

-
Otherf
eel
ings exper
ienced may i
ncl
ude di
vided l
oyal
ti
es,conf
usi
on i
nter
ms of
bel
ongi
ng,conf
usi
on due t
o member
shi
pint
wo househol
ds and unr
easonabl
e
expect
ati
onsduet
o t
hewhol
eadj
ust
mentpr
ocess.Buthow wel
lchi
ldr
enadapti
s
r
elat
edt
otheover
allqual
it
yoff
ami
lyf
unct
ioni
ng.

5.Gr
andpar
entr
ear
edf
ami
li
es

-
The numberofgr
andpar
ent
srear
ing gr
andchi
ldr
en has i
ncr
eased overt
he past
decade.

-
Usual
ly,gr
andpar
ent
sst
epi
nbecauseofsubst
anceabuse,emot
ionalpr
obl
ems,or
physi
cali
ll
nesspr
event
sthechi
l
d'spar
ent
s,mostof
tent
hemot
her
,fr
om engagi
ngi
n
compet
entchi
ldr
ear
ing.

-Thi
ssi
tuat
ioncancauseal
otofemot
ionaldi
str
essf
orbot
hthechi
ld,adj
ust
ingt
oa
new si
tuat
ionandf
ort
hegr
andpar
ent
swhohavebeensuddenl
ypl
acedi
ntoachi
ld-
r
ear
ingsi
tuat
ion.

-
Chi
ldr
eni
nthi
senvi
ronmentusual
lyr
ecei
veal
otofl
oveandal
soexper
iencet
he
r
equi
redpar
ent
algui
dance.

6.Ext
endedFami
ly

-
Theext
endedf
ami
lyst
ruct
ureconsi
stsoft
woormor
eadul
tswhoar
erel
ated,ei
ther
bybl
oodormar
ri
age,
li
vingi
nthesamehome.

-
Thi
sfami
lyi
ncl
udesmanyr
elat
ivesl
ivi
ngt
oget
herandwor
kingt
owar
dcommongoal
s,

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LYANDRELI
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suchasr
aisi
ngt
hechi
ldr
enandkeepi
ngupwi
tht
hehousehol
ddut
ies.

-
Manyext
endedf
ami
li
esi
ncl
udecousi
ns,aunt
soruncl
esandgr
andpar
ent
sli
ving
t
oget
her
.

-Thi
stypeoff
ami
lyst
ruct
uremayf
orm duet
ofi
nanci
aldi
ff
icul
ti
esorbecauseol
der
r
elat
ivesar
eunabl
etocar
efort
hemsel
vesal
one.

-
Ext
endedf
ami
li
esar
ebecomi
ngi
ncr
easi
ngl
ycommonal
lovert
hewor
ld.

RI
TESOFPASSAGE

-
Iti
sacel
ebr
ati
onoft
hepassagewhi
choccur
swhenani
ndi
viduall
eavesonegr
oupt
o
ent
eranot
her
.Iti
nvol
vesasi
gni
fi
cantchangeofst
atusi
nsoci
ety.

-
From t
heanci
entt
imes,
Afr
icansoci
eti
eshavemar
kedt
het
ransi
ti
onsoft
hel
if
ecycl
e,
f
rom bi
rt
htodeat
h,wi
thr
it
esofpassage.

-Cer
emoni
es t
hatmar
kthe st
ages ofl
if
e pr
ovi
de cl
eardef
ini
ti
on ofsoci
ety’
s
expect
ati
onsoft
hei
ndi
vidualandt
heygi
vehi
m/herasenseofi
dent
it
yandbel
ongi
ng.

-
Ther
it
esofpassagepr
ovi
det
heAf
ri
canwi
tht
hef
oundat
ionofhi
sorherbei
ng
i
dent
it
ythati
ssexuali
dent
it
yandt
her
olesofgenderi
dent
it
y.

-
Mal
esar
epr
epar
edf
ort
hei
rresponsi
bil
it
iesi
nthecommuni
tyasmenandf
emal
es
pr
epar
edf
ort
hei
rresponsi
bil
it
yint
henat
ionaswomenwi
thnoconf
usi
on

-
Rit
esofpassagehavet
hreephases:separ
ati
on,
li
minal
it
y,andi
ncor
por
ati
on.

1.Separ
ati
on

-
Int
hef
ir
stphase,
peopl
ewi
thdr
awf
rom t
hei
rcur
rentst
atusandpr
epar
etomovef
rom
onepl
aceorst
atust
oanot
her
.

-
The f
ir
st phase (
of separ
ati
on) compr
ises symbol
ic behavi
or si
gni
fyi
ng t
he
det
achmentoft
hei
ndi
vidualorgr
oupf
rom anear
li
erf
ixedpoi
nti
nthesoci
alst
ruct
ure.

-
Ther
eisof
tenadet
achmentor"
cut
ti
ngaway"f
rom t
hef
ormersel
fint
hisphase,
whi
chi
ssi
gni
fi
edi
nsymbol
icact
ionsandr
it
ual
s.

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2.Li
minal
it
y

-
Thet
ransi
ti
on(
li
minal
)phasei
stheper
iodbet
weenst
ates,dur
ingwhi
chonehasl
eft
onepl
aceorst
atebuthasnotyetent
eredorj
oinedt
henext
.

-
Theat
tr
ibut
esof
 l
imi
nal
it
y orofl
imi
nal
 t
hreshol
dpeopl
ear
enecessar
il
yambi
guous.

3.I
ncor
por
ati
on

-
Int
het
hir
dphase(
reaggr
egat
ionori
ncor
por
ati
on)
,thepassagei
sconsummat
edby
t
her
it
ualsubj
ect
.

-
Havi
ngcompl
etedt
her
it
eandassumedt
hei
rnewi
dent
it
y,oner
e-ent
erssoci
etywi
th
one'
snewst
atus.

-
Re-
incor
por
ati
oni
schar
act
eri
zedbyel
abor
ater
it
ual
sandcer
emoni
es,l
ikedebut
ant
bal
l
sandcol
legegr
aduat
ion,andbyout
war
dsymbol
sofnew t
ies:t
hus,
i
nri
tesof
i
ncor
por
ati
ont
her
eiswi
despr
eaduseoft
he'
sacr
edbond'
,the'
sacr
edcor
d',t
heknot
,
andofanal
ogousf
ormssuchast
hebel
t,t
her
ing,
thebr
acel
etandt
hecr
own.

I
nit
iat
ion.

-
Amongr
it
esofpassage,
ini
ti
ati
onwasofpar
ti
cul
ari
mpor
tance.

-
Thepr
ocessanddet
ail
sofi
nit
iat
iondi
ff
eramongsoci
eti
es.

-Ast
heyent
ert
headul
twor
lddur
ingt
hei
rteenageyear
s,Af
ri
canyoungst
ersunder
go
avar
iet
yofi
nit
iat
ionr
it
ual
s.

-Theser
it
espr
ovi
dei
ndi
vidual
swi
thi
nst
ruct
ionsaboutwhatwi
llbeexpect
edoft
hem
dur
ingt
henextphaseoft
hei
rli
ves.

-
Duet
oini
ti
ati
on,
onebecameanadul
tint
hesoci
ateandwasgi
vennewt
askst
oful
fi
ll
onbehal
foft
hecommuni
ty.

-I
nal
lini
ti
ati
oncer
emoni
es,asel
ectgr
oupofel
der
stakeschar
geoft
hesequenceof
r
it
ualevent
s.

-Tobegi
nthei
rtr
aini
ng,
ini
ti
atesof
tenent
eraspeci
alpl
ace,
asacr
edf
orestorar
it
ual
ly

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bui
lthouse.

-
Iti
sther
ethatt
heyl
oset
hei
rchi
ldhoodi
dent
it
iesandgai
nthei
radul
tsel
ves.

-
Aft
ert
heper
iodofi
nst
ruct
ion,
thei
nit
iat
esunder
goanencount
eroror
dealt
hatmar
ks
t
hecl
imaxoft
hei
rini
ti
ati
onandt
hebegi
nni
ngoft
hei
rnewl
ives.

-
Onewoul
dmar
ry,per
per
tuat
eli
fet
hroughpr
ocr
eat
ionandasaconsequenceofhope
t
obeandancest
orandt
obenamedaf
ter
.

MARRI
AGEI
NSTI
TUTI
ON

-Mar
ri
agei
sref
err
edt
oasasoci
all
yorr
it
ual
l
yrecogni
seduni
onbet
weenspouses
t
hatest
abl
ishesr
ight
sandobl
igat
ionsbet
weent
hem,
bet
weent
hem andt
hei
rchi
ldr
en
andbet
weent
hem andt
hei
rin-
laws.

-
InmostAf
ri
cancul
tur
es,
mar
ri
agesar
ebel
ievedt
ocomef
rom God.
-
Int
heTr
adi
ti
onal
istwor
ldvi
ew,i
tisbel
ievedt
hatGodmakesmar
ri
ages,whet
her
pr
ear
rangedorot
her
wise,
happen.
-BecauseGodcr
eat
edmar
ri
age,anddi
rect
speopl
etot
hei
rri
ght
fulpar
tner
s,i
tis
bel
ievedt
hathei
sal
sot
heonewhosust
ainsmar
ri
ages.
-
Thus,atal
lweddi
ngsGodi
sent
reat
edf
orhi
sbl
essi
ng,andf
ort
hecr
eat
ionofa
peacef
ulandst
abl
e
home.
-
Ini
ndi
genousr
eli
gion,mar
ri
ageenhanceshar
monyi
nthesoci
etybecausei
tinvol
ves
notonl
ythel
ivi
ngbutal
sot
hespi
ri
tualbei
ngs,
especi
all
ytheancest
ors.

TypesofMar
ri
ages.

-
Thet
ypeandf
unct
ionofmar
ri
agevar
yfr
om cul
tur
etocul
tur
e,andcanchangeover
t
ime.

-
Ingener
alt
heyar
etwot
ypesofmar
ri
ageswhi
char
etheci
vilandr
eli
gious.

1.Pol
ygamyi
nZi
mbabwe
FAMI
LYANDRELI
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-I
tinvol
vesmar
ri
agewi
thmor
ethanonewi
fe.

-
Pol
ygamyi
swi
del
yaccept
edamongdi
ff
erentsoci
eti
eswor
ldwi
de.

-
Thi
stypeofmar
ri
agehasbeenpr
esenti
nthewhol
ehi
stor
yofAf
ri
cal
ikenoot
her
cont
inenti
nthewor
ld.

-Oneoft
her
easonswhyt
hishashappenedi
sbecauset
heAf
ri
cansoci
eti
eshave
managedt
oseet
hatchi
ldr
enwer
eaf
orm ofweal
thandt
hiswayaf
ami
lywi
thmor
e
chi
ldr
enwasconsi
der
edt
obemor
epower
ful
.

-Pol
ygamyi
nAf
ri
cawasconsi
der
edt
obepar
toft
heywayonecoul
dbui
ldanempi
re.

-Onl
yaf
tert
hecol
oni
aler
ainAf
ri
ca,
pol
ygamyhasst
art
edt
obeper
cei
vedasat
aboo.

2.Monogamy.

-
Int
heChr
ist
iansoci
ety,a“
onemen-
onewomen”modelf
ort
heChr
ist
ianmar
ri
agei
s
advocat
edf
or.

-
Fort
hepastsever
alyear
s,Chr
ist
iani
tyhascont
inuedt
oinsi
stonmonogamysent
ialof
mar
ri
age

DI
VORCEI
NINDI
GENOUSRELI
GION

-
Ther
ateofdi
vor
cehasi
ncr
easedsi
gni
fi
cant
lyespeci
all
ydur
ingt
hepastsever
al
decadesgl
obal
lyandpar
ti
cul
arl
yinAf
ri
ca.
-
Divor
cer
esul
tsi
ncr
isi
sforf
ami
l
ymember
s.
-
Foradul
ts,
divor
cesi
gni
fi
est
hel
ossofani
nti
mat
erel
ati
onshi
pthatal
sobr
ought
secur
it
yandsuppor
t.
I
tal
sosi
gni
fi
esal
ossofhopesanddr
eamsaswel
lasf
eel
ingsoff
ail
ure.
Al
thought
her
emayber
eli
efovert
hedi
vor
ce,
bei
ngal
oneal
sobr
ingsf
ear
,anxi
ety,
l
onel
iness,
andgui
lt
,especi
all
yift
her
ear
echi
ldr
eni
nvol
ved.
-
Ther
ampantoccur
renceofdi
vor
cei
nAf
ri
canhomesi
sfoundt
ohavesoci
o-economi
c
andpol
it
ical
eff
ecti
nthesoci
ety.
-
Discour
agi
ngsoci
ocul
tur
alf
act
orsand/
orcondi
ti
onst
hati
nfl
uencedi
vor
ceand/
or
separ
ati
onhavel
ongbeenmat
ter
sofconcer
ntospousesi
nAf
ri
ca.

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-
Divor
ceaf
fect
stheover
alldevel
opmentofwomen.
-
Fori
nst
ance,a di
vor
ced woman suf
fer
s di
scr
imi
nat
ion because she i
s nei
ther
accept
edi
nhermat
ri
moni
alnormat
ernalhome.
-
However
,someact
ionsagai
nstdi
vor
cedwomenar
edonei
not
hert
ohumi
li
atet
hem
f
orbr
ingi
ngshameanddi
shonourt
othei
rmat
ernalf
ami
li
es.

-i
ndi
genousmar
ri
agei
nst
it
uti
onsr
efl
ectt
heknowl
edge,exper
iencesandl
evelof
devel
opmentoft
hel
ocalpeopl
e.
-
Eachsoci
etyhasi
tsownpecul
iaract
ionsand/
orbehavi
ourt
hatsi
gnaldi
vor
ce.
-
Inf
idel
it
y,i
nfer
ti
li
ty,l
azi
nessandunhygi
eni
cbehavi
ourar
esomeoft
hemaj
orcauses
ofdi
vor
cei
nmanyAf
ri
cansoci
eti
esandwomenwi
tht
heseat
tr
ibut
esar
eusual
ly
r
etur
nedt
othei
rpar
ent
s.
-I
nAf
ri
ca,
iti
sbel
ievedt
hatt
heval
ueat
tachedt
ochi
ldr
en,
bar
rennessi
sof
ten
consi
der
edani
mpor
tantcauseofmar
ri
agei
nst
abi
li
tyi
nmanyAf
ri
canpopul
ati
ons.

ROLEOFWOMENI
NINDI
GENOUSRELI
GION
-
Att
hecor
eofmosti
ndi
genousr
eli
gionsi
sadeepr
espectf
ort
heear
thwhi
chi
s
expr
essedi
nri
tual
sandpr
act
icest
hatf
ost
ersust
ainabi
li
ty.

-
Nat
urei
sof
tenr
egar
dedasasacr
edent
it
ythatcompr
isesofal
lthepeopl
eand
bei
ngsi
ftheear
th.

-Ahol
ist
icvi
sionoft
hecommuni
tyandt
heendeavorofmai
ntai
ningandt
ransmi
tt
ing
t
heser
it
ual
sandpr
act
icesi
scommonl
yent
rust
edt
ofemal
erel
igi
ousspeci
ali
sts.

-
Womenar
eref
err
edt
oasanomal
ouscr
eat
ures,i
nti
mat
elyassoci
atedwi
tht
hewel
l-
bei
ngofsoci
etyt
hought
hei
rli
fe-
givi
ngat
tr
ibut
es.

-Tr
adi
ti
onalAf
ri
canr
eli
giousi
deol
ogy,t
her
efor
e,st
ressest
hedomest
icor
ient
ati
onof
women’
sli
ves,af
fi
rmi
ngt
hei
rrepr
oduct
iver
olewhi
ledi
stai
ningot
heraspect
soft
hei
r
sexual
it
y.

-
InAf
ri
cansoci
eti
es,t
hecent
ralcommunalcul
tsmaybeaddr
essedt
oadi
ver
sear
ray
ofspi
ri
tualbei
ngswhi
char
eroyalancest
ralspi
ri
ts,
dei
ti
es,
her
oesorf
ert
il
it
yspi
ri
ts.
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-
InAf
ri
cansoci
eti
es,f
emal
esf
requent
lyhavei
mpor
tantr
olesi
nper
sonalr
it
ual
sof
st
atust
ransf
ormat
ionassoci
atedwi
thbi
rt
h,puber
tyanddeat
h.

-Fr
om t
heper
spect
iveofwomen’
sri
tualandsecul
arr
oles,t
hemosti
mpor
tantst
atus
t
ransf
ormi
ngr
it
ual
sar
econcer
nedwi
tht
het
ransf
ormat
ionofagi
rli
ntoanubi
le
mai
den.

-Suchr
it
ual
soccuri
nmanyAf
ri
cansoci
eti
esandwhenevert
heyoccur
,thepr
inci
pal
of
fi
ciant
sandpar
ti
cipant
sar
ewomen.

-Thesymbol
ism oft
heser
it
ual
svi
vidl
ypor
trayst
heessent
ialcul
tur
almeani
ngof
mat
urewomanhood.

-Bot
hrel
igi
ousi
deol
ogyandf
emal
epuber
tyr
it
ual
sst
ressest
heconcept
sassoci
ated
wi
thf
ert
il
it
yandf
emi
ninesexual
i
ty.

-Fer
ti
li
tyandvi
tal
it
yofhumani
tyandi
tswor
ldr
epr
esenti
mpor
tantr
eli
giousgoal
s.

-Suchgoal
sreaf
fi
rm women’
sdomest
icandi
nfer
ioror
ient
ati
onsi
nsoci
ety.

ConceptofUnhu/
Ubunt
u

Def
ineUnhu

I
tist
hepr
ocessualment
alandphysi
caldi
sposi
ti
onsofani
ndi
vidualchar
act
eri
sedby
humi
li
ty, ki
ndness, cour
tesy, war
mth, empat
hy, under
standi
ng, r
espect
ful
ness,
f
ri
endl
iness,
responsi
blenessandconsi
der
ati
onwhi
chmani
festi
tsel
famongstot
her
s,
i
nthemanneronet
alks,
wal
ks,
behaves,
dressesandi
nter
act
swi
thr
elat
ivesandnon-
r
elat
ivesal
ike.

-
TheShonabel
ievet
hatt
her
eisani
mper
sonal
,omni
pot
entorpr
inci
palCr
eat
or,cal
led
Muwar
i,Musi
kavanhu,
oraSpi
ri
twhi
chcr
eat
esgoodandbad

I
mpor
tanceofexer
cisi
ngUnhu

I
. I
texpr
essest
heAf
ri
candi
gni
ty,humani
ty,r
eci
proci
tyandshar
edr
elat
ions
f
oundi
ntheAf
ri
cancul
tur
e.

I
I. I
tbui
ldsasol
idcul
tur
einwhi
chcommuni
ti
esvi
ewj
ust
iceandsol
idar
it
yas
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f
undament
alf
ort
hei
rsur
vival
.

I
II
. I
tsuppor
tst
hevi
ewt
hatpeopl
edonotl
ivei
nisol
ati
on.

I
V. I
tpr
oducesposi
ti
veAf
ri
cans.

V. I
thel
psAf
ri
canst
obeuni
ted

VI
. I
tpr
oducesawel
lcul
tur
edci
ti
zenwhogr
owsr
esponsi
bly

VI
I. I
tpr
omot
esonenessi
nAf
ri
ca.

At
tr
ibut
esofUnhu

a)Compassi
on

b)Reci
proci
ty

c)Di
gni
ty

d)Humani
ty

e)Mut
ualI
nter
est

f
) Oneness

g)Tol
erence

h)Respect

i
)Int
egr
it
y

j
) Humi
li
ty

Nor
msandVal
ues

Whatar
eNor
ms?

-
Thesear
einf
ormalst
andar
dsofbehavi
ourwhi
char
efor
medasar
esul
tofr
elat
ions.

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Whatar
eval
ues?

-
Thesear
est
andar
dsandst
atement
swhi
chaddr
esst
hemostout
standi
ngi
ssuesso
t
hatt
heobj
ect
ivesoft
heor
gani
sat
ioncanbeachi
eved.

-
Val
uesar
emeantt
obr
ingsuccess.

Exampl
esofschoolnor
msandval
ues

-
Theschool
’
sposi
ti
vecl
imat
eisanchor
edi
nit
sschoolnor
ms.

-
Thesenor
msi
ncl
udesr
espect
,responsi
bil
it
yandr
igor

1.Tr
ust

2.Shar
ing

3.Respect

4.Responsi
bil
it
y

I
mpor
tanceofnor
msandval
uesatschool
s

1.Humanval
uesf
ormt
hebasi
sofchar
act
erandper
sonal
it
y

2.Thehel
pschi
ldr
ent
oknowt
hedi
ff
erencebet
weenr
ightandwr
ong.

3.Enabl
echi
ldr
ent
ober
esponsi
bleoft
hei
ract
ions.

4.Enabl
eschi
ldr
ent
omakegoodchoi
cesoff
ri
ends

5.Enabl
eschi
ldr
ent
oli
vet
rut
hful
ly

6.Enabl
eschi
ldr
ent
obedi
sci
pli
nedal
lthet
ime.

Nor
msandval
uesathome

1.Respect

-
Thesehel
pst
ogui
debehavi
ourathomeaswel
lasensur
ingt
hesuccessoft
hef
ami
ly

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-
Athome,
chi
ldr
enar
etaughtt
orespectel
der
sincl
udi
ngbr
other
s,si
ster
s,par
ent
s,
r
elat
ivesandnei
ghbour
s

2.Cour
tesy

-
Athomechi
ldr
enar
etaughtt
obepol
it
eandhaveaposi
ti
veat
ti
tude

-Chi
ldr
enar
etaughtnotbei
ll
-manner
edandr
ude.

3.Di
sci
pli
ne

-
Chi
ldr
enar
etaughtt
obewel
ldi
sci
pli
nedt
hati
sobeyi
ngr
ulesandr
egul
ati
ons.

4.Honest
y

-
Athome,
chi
ldr
enar
etaughtandexpect
edt
obehonestwi
tht
hemsel
vesandot
her
s.

-
Theyar
etaughtnott
ost
eal
.

Nor
msandval
uesatt
hewor
kpl
ace

-
Theyar
eimpor
tantast
heyensur
ethecont
inuedsur
vivaloft
heor
gani
sat
ion.

1.Team Wor
k

-
Member
soft
heor
gani
sat
ionshoul
dwor
kasat
eam.

-
Foror
gani
sat
ionalgoal
stobeachi
evedt
her
eisneedf
ormember
s’combi
ned
ef
for
t.

2.Account
abi
li
ty.

-
Member
soft
heor
gani
sat
ionshoul
ddot
hei
rdut
ieswel
landbeanswer
abl
efort
hei
act
ions.

3.Punct
ual
it
y.
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-
Empl
oyeesneedt
obeconsci
ousaboutt
ime.

-
Theyshoul
dcomet
owor
kear
lyandknockof
fatt
heexpect
edt
ime.

4.Respect

-
Ever
yonei
ntheor
gani
sat
ionneedst
oobser
vehi
erar
chyandaut
hor
it
yinor
dert
o
ef
fect
ivel
yissueor
der
s.

-Fort
heor
gani
sat
ionalgoal
stobeef
fect
ivel
yachi
evedt
her
eisneedf
orsubor
dinat
es
t
ofol
lowt
hei
rseni
or’
sor
der
sandr
espectt
hem.

5.Tr
anspar
ency

-
Empl
oyeesshoul
dal
lowi
nspect
ionoft
hei
ract
ionsatanygi
venper
iod.

6.Pr
oduct
ivi
ty

-
Asenseofpr
oduct
ivi
tyshoul
dri
ngabel
linever
yone’
smi
nd.

-Wi
thoutpr
oduct
ivi
ty,
theor
gani
sat
ioni
shopel
ess.

I
ndi
genousRel
igi
onandEnvi
ronment

-
Int
hecont
empor
aryAf
ri
canwor
ld,
ther
eisadi
chot
omybet
weenwhati
ssecul
arand
whati
srel
igi
ous.
 

-
Peopl
e’
svi
ewoft
heuni
ver
sehaschanged.
 

-Thewor
ldi
snol
ongervi
ewedi
nther
eli
gioussensebutr
atheri
tisl
ookedatas
somet
hingt
obet
otal
lyexpl
oit
edf
ort
hebenef
itoft
hehumanbei
ng.
 

-
Nat
urenowi
svi
ewedi
nter
msofexpl
oit
ati
onofnat
ural
resour
ces.

-
Afr
icansi
nthecont
empor
aryt
imeshoul
dbor
rowal
eaff
rom t
radi
ti
onalAf
ri
ca.
 

-
Theyshoul
duseAf
ri
cancul
tur
alher
it
agei
npr
eser
vat
ionandr
ehabi
li
tat
ionoft
he
envi
ronmentt
hathasbeendest
royedanddegr
adedbysel
fi
sheconomi
cmot
ivesof
f
ewpeopl
e.

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-
Int
radi
ti
onalAf
ri
cansoci
eti
es,
manypeopl
ebel
i
evedt
hatt
reesandf
orest
swer
ethe
mani
fest
ati
onoft
hepoweroft
heSupr
emeBei
ng.Theysawt
heset
hingsasi
deal
pl
acest
omeetGod.

-
Tradi
ti
onalAf
ri
cansoci
eti
eshadmanyshr
ines,
whi
chwer
eassoci
atedwi
thbi
gtr
ees
suchasf
igt
reesandbaobabs.

-
Theset
reest
oget
herwi
tht
heveget
ati
onar
oundwer
epr
eser
vedassacr
edpl
acesf
or
wor
shi
p.

-
Tradi
ti
onalt
rees,
shr
ubs,
grassandf
orest
sasval
uabl
egi
ft
sfr
om God.

-
Theyr
espect
edbi
gtr
eesespeci
all
ymũgumo(
fi
gtr
ee)asapl
acet
omeetGod.

-
Thus,
sacr
if
icesandof
fer
ingswer
edoneundert
hemũgumot
ree.

-
Unt
ilt
oday,
iti
sat
aboot
ocutamũgumot
reebecausei
tisasacr
edt
ree.

-
TheAf
ri
cansdi
dnotat
tachmuchi
mpor
tancet
otr
eesandher
bsj
ustf
orspi
ri
tual
pur
poses,
butal
sobecauset
rees,
her
bsandpl
ant
singener
alwer
eusef
uli
nenhanci
ng
humanl
if
e.

-
Apar
tfr
om bei
ngsymbol
sofGod’
spr
esenceamongpeopl
e,t
reeswer
eseenas
medi
cinet
omanandani
mal
s.

-
Trees,
leaves,
root
sandgr
assespr
ovi
dedher
balmedi
cinest
ohumanbei
ngsandt
o
wi
ldaswel
lasdomest
icani
mal
s.

-
Inor
dert
opr
eser
vet
rees,
shr
ubs,
grassandveget
ati
oni
ngener
al,
sever
alst
rong
t
aboosagai
nstcut
ti
ngcer
tai
nusef
ulandsacr
edt
reesordest
royi
ngt
heveget
ati
on
wer
efor
mul
ated.
 

-
Saf
eguar
dingoft
hepl
ant
swasamat
terofconcer
n.

-
Itwashel
dthati
fonecutsomeoft
heset
rees,
heorshemi
ghtbl
eedt
odeat
h.

-
Ther
efor
e,becauseoft
hei
mpor
tanceoft
rees,
shr
ubsandveget
ati
on,
ashavi
ng
r
eli
gious,
physi
cal
,andcul
tur
alval
ues,
itwasamor
alobl
igat
iont
opr
eser
vet
hem i
n
t
radi
ti
onalAf
ri
cansoci
eti
es.
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LYANDRELI
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Landandwat
er

-
Fort
radi
ti
onalAf
ri
cans,
landandwat
erwer
epr
eci
ousgi
ft
sfr
om Godt
heCr
eat
or.

-
Afr
icanshaveast
rongconnect
ionwi
tht
hel
andnotonl
yasaneconomi
cresour
ce,
butasahome,
apl
aceofsacr
if
iceandof
fer
ings.

-
Whent
radi
ti
onalAf
ri
canpeopl
est
ruggl
edorf
oughtf
orl
and,
wer
enotsi
mpl
y
st
ruggl
ingorf
ight
ingf
ori
teconomi
cal
lybutf
orsoci
al,
mor
alandr
eli
giousmot
ives.

-
AmongAf
ri
cans,
“landi
sasi
gnofi
dent
it
y”.

-
Godgavei
ttot
heancest
orssot
hathemayusei
tforhi
swel
l-
bei
ngandf
ort
he
communi
ty’
swel
l-
bei
ng.

-
Thati
swhyt
hepl
acent
aisbur
iedi
ntot
hesoi
ltoconnectt
henewbor
nwi
thGodand
ancest
ors.Nobodyi
sal
lowedt
opl
aywi
thl
and.
”

-
Asl
andwasst
rongl
yconnect
edt
oli
fe,
thent
radi
ti
onalAf
ri
canpeopl
ehadmor
al
r
esponsi
bil
it
ytot
akecar
eofi
t.

-Landboundpeopl
etoget
heri
nonecommuni
ty.

-
It
sabsencet
hreat
enedt
oteart
hem apar
t.

-
Thi
swasbecausef
ormanyAf
ri
cans,
landwascommunalpr
oper
ty.

-Landbel
ongedt
othecommuni
tyandGodal
lot
edi
ttot
hecommuni
tyt
hrough
ancest
ors.

-Landwasr
espect
edbecausei
tpr
oducedpl
ant
s,whi
chsust
ainshumanl
if
e.

-
AsaGodgi
vengi
ft
,Tr
adi
ti
onalAf
ri
cansat
tachedgr
eatval
uet
oland.

-I
thadr
eli
gioussi
gni
fi
canceandt
her
efor
esacr
ed.

JUDAI
SM

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ROLESOFPROPHETS

1.MESSENGERSOFYAHWEH

-
Theaut
hor
it
yenj
oyedbypr
ophet
samongt
hei
rpeopl
edependednat
ural
lyont
hef
act
t
hatt
heywer
ebear
ersoft
hedi
vinewor
d.

-
Theywer
ecommi
ssi
onedbyGodandunder
stoodt
hemsel
vesasmessenger
sof
Yahwehhencet
heyusedt
hepr
ophet
icf
ormul
a‘Thussayst
heLor
d’.

-
Thust
heywer
epr
imar
il
yspokesper
sonsf
orGodt
ohi
speopl
e,denounci
ngt
hem of
t
hei
rsi
ns,pl
easi
ngwi
tht
hem t
orepentt
oGod,encour
agi
ngt
hem t
ofol
lowt
hewi
llof
Godi
nal
lphasesoft
hei
rli
fe.
.

-
Isr
ael
it
epr
ophet
swer
espokesper
sonsf
ormonot
hei
sti
cYahwi
sm.

-
Keyf
eat
uresofYahwi
sm t
hatf
ormedt
hecor
eofpr
ophet
sar
emonot
hei
sti
c,et
hical
andj
udgment
aldi
mensi
onsofYahwi
sm t
hatst
oodatt
hecent
eroft
hemessageof
eachoft
heanci
entI
srael
it
epr
ophet
s.

-
Theset
hreehadnopar
all
elsi
ntheANEpr
ophecy,i
.e.t
heywer
eessent
ial
lyuni
que
andmadeI
srael
it
epr
ophecyuni
que.

-
Theapodei
ti
claw asexempl
if
ied i
ntheDecal
oguei
sthebasi
sofmonot
hei
sti
c
Yahwi
sm.

‘
youshal
lhavenoot
hergodsbef
oreme…’
(Exodus20:
3).

-
Theapodei
ti
clawi
sbel
ievedt
obeaut
hent
ict
oIsr
ael
.

-
Ifpr
ophet
s wer
e spokesper
sons ofmonot
hei
sti
c Yahwi
sm,t
hen basi
cal
lyt
hey
i
nter
pret
edt
heapodi
cti
clawst
hatwer
eatt
hecent
reofYahwi
sm whi
chi
mpl
iest
hat
t
hepr
ophet
sspokeandr
epr
esent
edt
hatwhi
chwasuni
quet
oIsr
ael
.

2.I
NTERCESSORS

-
Thi
sissomebodywhopl
eadsonbehal
fofpeopl
etoYahweh,
e.g.Gen20:
7,Amos7:
1-

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6.

-
Thei
nter
cessor
yrol
eisexpr
essedi
nthet
ell
sofEl
ij
ahwhohel
pedonet
hewi
dowsof
Zar
ephat
htodi
scoveri
nherhouseoi
landmi
lkt
okeepher
sel
fandhersont
il
lthenext
goodr
ains.

3.CULTI
CFUNCTI
ONARI
ES

-Pr
ophet
swer
ecul
ti
cof
fi
cehol
der
sthough wecannotdenyt
hatpr
ophet
swer
e
somehowl
inkedt
othecul
ti
cpat
ter
n.

-
They wer
e chi
efr
epr
esent
ati
ves oft
he heavenl
y counci
l,di
vinel
y appoi
nted t
o
pr
ocl
aimt
hewor
dofGodt
othepeopl
e.

-
Theysoughtnor
oyaloreccl
esi
ast
icalf
avour
s,si
ncet
hei
rli
veswer
ecompl
etel
y
di
rect
edanddeci
mat
edbyt
hedi
vinesuzer
ain.

4.COVENANTMEDI
ATORS.

-
Covenanti
nvol
vesamut
ualagr
eementent
eredi
ntobyt
woi
ndi
vidual
s,orbyt
wo
gr
oupsorani
ndi
vidual
andagr
oup.

-
Theef
fectwast
hatpeacepr
evai
ledbet
weent
het
wopar
ti
esi
nvol
ved.I
nthi
scaset
he
covenantwasbet
weenYahwehandI
srael
.

-
Her
eYahwehwasunder
stoodt
obeact
ivel
yatwor
kwi
thI
sraelt
ogui
dehi
speopl
ein
t
hepat
hoft
rut
handf
idel
it
ytot
hecovenant
.

-
Tomai
ntai
nmut
ualunder
standi
ngbet
weent
heset
wopar
ti
es,Yahwehel
ect
edt
he
pr
ophet
sascovenantmedi
ator
s.

5.SOCI
ALREFORMERS-
CALLI
NGFORSOCI
ALJUSTI
CE.

-
Prophet
swer
espeaki
ngonbehal
foft
hel
esspr
ivi
legedi
nsoci
etyandbecomet
he
mout
hpi
ecesoft
hosewhohadnopowert
ost
andf
ort
hei
rri
ght
s.

-
Int
imesofi
ll
-t
reat
mentandi
njust
icesuchpr
ophet
sst
oodf
ort
heor
dinar
ypeopl
ewho

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hadnopowert
oconf
rontl
eader
sandki
ngsi
nsoci
ety,f
orexampl
eEl
ij
ahandNabot
h,
Nat
hanandDavi
d.

-
Thepoorwer
edepr
ivedofl
andandweal
th,
widows,
thef
ather
lessandt
heweakcoul
d
notpr
otectt
hemsel
ves.

-
Prophet
sdi
rect
edt
hei
rmessagest
oleader
sorof
fi
cial
sofi
nst
it
uti
onsi
nsoci
etywho
hadpowerandaut
hor
it
yint
hesoci
all
if
eofJudahandI
srael
.(1Ki
ngs21,
Amos5:
7-10,
I
sai
ah1:
21-
26.

-
Issuesofweal
th,pur
sui
tofi
tandpossessi
onofi
twer
eal
soaddr
essedbypr
ophet
s
becauset
heywer
esour
cesofcor
rupt
ion.

-
Amos’message-r
ichwoul
dbui
ldhewnst
onehouses,l
argevi
neyar
de.
t.
c.t
hemost
vul
ner
abl
einsoci
etywer
eoppr
essedl
iket
hewi
dowsandophans-t
hatwasvi
olat
ionof
j
ust
ice.

Hencemessageofj
udgmentt
otheI
srael
it
eswasar
esul
tofi
njust
ice

6.ADJUDI
CATEI
NTER-
TRI
BALDI
SPUTES

-
Bef
oret
hemonar
chypr
ophet
swoul
datt
ri
balcent
resadj
udi
cat
eint
er-
tr
ibaldi
sput
es.

-
Sot
hedesi
gnat
ionofal
eaderoft
het
ri
besi
nti
meofdanger
,of
fi
ciat
eatt
hecer
emony
ofcovenant
.–

Aboveal
lthi
ngst
hel
eaderwast
her
etomai
ntai
nthecat
egor
icall
awoft
hecovenanti
n
t
hel
if
eoft
het
ri
bes.

7.POLI
TICALADVI
SORS

-
Whenki
ngshi
pwasest
abl
ishedi
nIsr
aelmuchoft
her
esponsi
bil
it
yoft
hef
ormer
covenantr
epr
esent
ati
veswasassumedbyt
heki
ng.

-
Howevert
heki
ngwasnotper
mit
tedt
obecomet
heof
fi
cialspokesper
sonoft
hedei
ty.

-Ther
efor
epr
ophecywasest
abl
ishedt
ocheckandbal
ancet
hepower
soft
heki
ngs.

-
Prophet
swer
einvol
vedi
nanoi
nti
nganddet
hroni
ngofki
ngs.

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-
Wheneveraki
ngi
sent
hronedanddet
hronedpr
ophet
sar
einvol
ved.

-
Her
epr
ophet
sar
eseent
obepl
ayi
ngal
eadi
ngr
olei
nthef
ormat
ionoft
heki
ngdom.
Soatt
imespr
ophet
sar
eregar
dedasr
evol
uti
onar
ies.

-
Forr
eli
giousandsoci
alchangest
obef
ull
yaddr
essedt
her
ewasneedt
oremove
pol
it
icall
eader
sthear
gumentbei
ngt
hatr
eli
giousandpol
it
icalpr
act
iceswhi
chwer
ea
br
eacht
otheSi
naicovenantwer
ebei
ngpr
omot
edbyt
hepol
it
icall
eader
shi
phence
t
her
ewasneedt
oremovet
hem t
opr
omot
egenui
ner
efor
m backt
othest
ipul
ati
onsof
t
heSi
naicovenant
.

-
Thusi
tisnotsur
pri
singt
onot
ethatwheneveraki
ngi
sent
hronedordet
hroned,a
pr
opheti
sbei
ngi
nvol
vede.
g.El
ishaanoi
ntedJehuwhi
let
heOmr
ideswer
est
il
lin
powerandJehu’
srevol
uti
onl
eadt
osomer
eli
giousandpol
it
icalchange.

-
Wheneverpr
ophecyi
nter
venedi
nthesemat
ter
s,i
twasnotf
oranyot
herr
easonbut
f
orspi
ri
tualr
easons.

-
Theywer
e notagai
nstmonar
chi
calr
egi
me,agai
nstdecl
ine ofI
srael
it
elaw and
cust
om,
agai
nstencr
ochmat
esoft
hemagnet
s,agai
nstapost
asyandagai
nst

-
oppr
essi
onoft
hehumbl
ecl
assofI
srael
.

-
Inf
actt
heywer
eagai
nstt
hei
nst
it
uti
onoft
heki
ngswhi
chwer
efai
li
ngt
oadequat
ely
expr
essl
oyal
tyt
oGod.

-
Pol
it
icsandr
eli
gionwer
eint
erwovenandsi
ncepr
ophet
sdi
dnotl
ivei
nivor
ytower
separ
atedf
rom t
hel
ivesoft
hei
rsoci
etyt
heywer
enotpuppet
sint
hehandsofan
ar
bit
rar
ydei
ty.

-
Godusedpr
ophet
sasspokesper
sonswi
thoutvi
olat
ingt
hei
rownper
sonal
it
ieshence
t
heywer
enothol
lowt
ubes.

-
Sot
heyr
eaf
fi
rm Yahweh’
ssover
eignst
ayi
nthepol
it
icalspher
einwhi
chI
sraell
ived.

-
Thi
smadeal
toget
heraheadoncol
li
sionwi
tht
heef
fectwhi
chwasmadet
ofur
ther
I
srael
’
spol
it
icalsecur
it
yespeci
all
ywi
thdi
plomacyandpol
icyofmi
li
tar
yar
mament
.

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-
Atonepoi
ntwef
ind pr
ophet
sgi
ving or
acl
est
o at
tackshowi
ng har
moni
ousco-
oper
ati
onbet
weenpr
ophet
sandmi
li
tar
yleader
shi
p.

-
Prophet
sneart
hePhi
li
sti
neGar
ri
soni
nacl
eari
ndi
cat
iont
hatpr
ophet
swer
epol
i
tical
.

-
Ther
ear
ether
etoi
nci
teI
srael
it
est
oengagei
nhol
ywaragai
nstt
hePhi
li
sti
neenemy.

8.COURTOFFI
CIALS

-
Prophet
swer
econsul
tedwhengr
eatevent
swer
eimpendi
ngmost
lybef
oreanddur
ing
war
se.
g.AhabandJehoshaphatt
ri
edt
oensur
evi
ctor
yovert
heAr
ameansatGi
lead.
Jehoshaphatwi
shedt
oheart
hewor
dofYahwehandsummoned400pr
ophet
s(1
Ki
ngs22)
.

-
Thuswhenent
eri
nguponi
mpor
tantunder
taki
ngt
heki
ngconst
ant
lyappl
iedt
othe
pr
ophet
sfort
hewor
dfr
om Gode.
g.Davi
dhadNat
hanashi
scour
tpr
ophet
,Rehoboam
hadShemai
ah,
andJer
oboam hadAhi
jah.

-
Howeveri
tis notal
ways t
he case t
hatpr
ophet
s wer
efort
he ki
ngs.Pr
ophet
’s
i
ndependenceoft
heki
ngmi
ghtmakehi
m andsensort
heki
ng’
sact
ion,e.
g.Ahab
hat
edMi
cai
ah(
1Ki
ngs22:
8).

EARLI
ESTFORMS/
MANI
FESTATI
ONSOFPROPHECYI
NISRAEL

FORMSAPPROVEDI
NTHEBI
BLE

1.
DREAMS

-
Iti
saneventt
hati
sseenbyani
ndi
vidualwhenhe/
shei
sasl
eep.

-
Godcanvi
sitaper
soni
nadr
eam andspeakwi
thhi
m,f
orexampl
ethepr
ophet
iccal
l
ofSamuel
wasmadepossi
blet
hroughdr
eam (
1Samuel3:
1ff
).

-
InDeut
eronomy13:
1ff‘
i
fapr
ophethasar
isenamongyouoradr
eamerofdr
eams…’
cl
ear
lypoi
ntst
otheexi
stenceoft
hisaspecti
nAnci
entI
srael
.

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-I
tshoul
d be not
ed t
hatdr
eams r
ecei
ved by non-
Isr
ael
it
es needed a Hebr
ew
i
nter
pret
er,
forexampl
eJoseph(
Genesi
s41:
25-
33)wascal
ledf
rom pr
isont
oint
erpr
et
Phar
aoh’
sdr
eam.

-
Dani
elal
soi
nter
pret
edki
ngNebuchadnezzar
’sdr
eam (
Dani
el2:
24-
45)
.

2.LOTS(
URI
M ANDTHUMMI
N)

-
Thesewer
ecastt
odet
ectagui
lt
yper
son.

-
InJoshua7:
14-
19Joshuadi
scover
edbyl
otst
heper
sonwhohadof
fendedGodby
t
aki
ngspoi
lsf
rom t
hedoomedci
tyofJer
icho.

-
Achanwascaughtandwasst
onedt
odeat
hint
heval
leyofAchor
.

-
Lot
swer
epr
obabl
yputi
nabasi
nandr
api
dlyr
otat
ed.

-
The answerwas gi
ven by a l
otwhi
ch l
eaptf
ir
st.t
his met
hod was somet
imes
di
vinat
ory,
e.g.t
heusageofsacr
edst
ones(
uri
m andt
humi
n)i
ntheOl
dTest
ament
.

-
Uri
m andt
hummi
nwer
efoundi
nsi
deanephod.I
tseemsaccor
dingt
o1Samuel2:
18
and2Samuel6:
14,t
heephodwassomeki
ndofadr
essl
ikeanapr
on(
ast
hewor
d
‘
gir
ded’
maysuggest
).

-
Howeveri
n1Samuel23:
6,9and30:
7anephodwassomeki
ndofsymbol
icvest
ment
t
hatwaskepti
nasanct
uar
yandwoul
dbecar
ri
edal
ongbyt
hepr
iestorpr
ophetdur
ing
mi
li
tar
yexpedi
ti
ons.

-
Theur
im andt
hummi
nwer
epar
toft
hisvest
ment
.

-
Themai
npur
poseoft
hispr
act
icei
stodet
ermi
net
hewi
lloft
hedei
tyordei
ti
eson
whatcour
seofact
iont
otake.Theobj
ect
swer
erel
igi
ousl
ysymbol
ic.

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-
Useofsacr
edst
onesi
sfoundi
n1Samuel14:
41-
43.Saulusedt
hesest
onest
odet
ect
t
hegui
lt
yact
ionofJonat
han.

-
Theseobj
ect
scanbecompar
edt
ohakat
a(cast
ingl
ots)i
nZi
mbabwe.

-
Theseobj
ect
sneedsomeonewhoi
sar
eli
giousof
fi
cial
.

-
Thedi
ff
erencei
sthati
nIsr
aelt
heephodi
nwhi
cht
hel
otsar
efoundwassomeki
ndof
dr
esswher
easi
nZi
mbabwel
otsar
eei
therbonesordr
iedt
reebucksorshel
lsofsnai
ls
orseacr
eat
uresorevenst
ones.

-
Justl
ikehakat
aur
im andt
hummi
n(t
wosi
desofpar
tofanephodt
hatwer
emar
ked
di
ff
erent
ly)wer
eusedt
odet
ermi
neort
omani
festt
hedi
vinewi
lli
nter
msofyesorno,
t
hisoneandnott
hatone.

-
Thesymbol
icnat
ureandt
hef
actt
hatt
heephodwaskeptatasanct
uar
y,i
t’
smost
pr
obabl
etohavebeenapr
iest
lyobj
ectusedt
oper
for
m pr
iest
lydut
ies.

-
Howeverdet
ermi
ningandi
nter
pret
ingt
hewi
llofGodwer
eusual
lypr
ophet
icf
unct
ions.
Sol
otsi
nthi
scasef
alli
nther
eal
m ofapr
ophet
.

3.VI
SION

-
Iti
sanappear
anceseenbyani
ndi
vidualwhi
chi
sinaccessi
blet
oever
ybodyel
se.

-
Thevi
sionmaybeseenwhenonei
sinecst
acy.

-Aper
sonmayseeei
thersymbolwhi
char
eint
erpr
etedorr
ealexper
ience.

-
It
emst
hatmayappeari
navi
sionmaydependont
hepr
ophet
’sper
sonalbackgr
ound,
f
orexampl
eifI
sai
ahwasor
igi
nal
lyapr
iesti
tisunder
standabl
ethatheexper
ienceda
vi
sioni
nthet
empl
e.

-
IfAmoswasaf
armer
,thei
mager
ydr
awni
nhi
svi
sioni
nvol
vespest
s.

FAMI
LYANDRELI
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-
Visi
onsar
eoneofGod’
smet
hodsofdi
viner
evel
ati
on(
Number
s12:
6)

4.
ECSTACY

-
Accor
dingt
oB.
W Ander
son,ecst
acyi
sanexper
ienceofbei
ngover
comewi
than
emot
ionsopower
fult
hatsel
fcont
rolorr
easonmaybesuspended.

-
Itdoesnotar
isef
rom mer
eemot
ionalr
apt
urebutf
rom t
hespi
ri
t(r
uah)ofYahweh
whi
chf
all
suponaper
son.

-
Itt
akescont
roloft
hesel
fandmakesoneani
nst
rumentofdi
vinewi
ll
.Insuchast
ate
unusualt
hingshappen,egEl
ij
ahover
tookt
hechar
iotofAhab(
1Ki
ngs18)
,Saul
st
ri
ppedof
fcl
othesandl
aynaked(
1Samuel19:
19-
24)
.

-
Itt
ransf
ormsapr
opheti
.emadehi
m anot
herman(
1Samuel10:
6).

Judai
sm andLand

-
Concer
ningsust
ainabi
li
tyofnat
uralenvi
ronment
s:t
hisi
sani
ssueaddr
essedby
t
he 
Tor
ah—buti
tisnotj
ustaJewi
shi
ssue,
butani
ssuef
oral
lofhumani
ty.

-
TheTor
aht
eachest
hatt
hehumanbei
ngi
smeantt
obeast
ewar
dofpl
anetEar
th,
“to
wor
kitandt
opr
otecti
t.
”Wear
etol
dthatever
ythi
ng 
Gdcr
eat
ed,
“Hesawt
hati
twas
good.
”“Thewor
ldandal
lthati
sini
tisGd’
s.”Youcan'
tgetacl
ear
ermessaget
hant
hat
.

-
TheBi
blepr
ovi
desenvi
ronment
all
egi
slat
ion.

-
TheJewi
shnat
ioni
n I
srael
 
fel
tanet
ernalbondt
otheLandofI
srael
,andt
her
efor
ea
r
esponsi
bil
it
ytopr
otectt
hei
renvi
ronment
.

-
Thi
sser
vesasapr
ecedentf
orhumani
tyt
oday,
aswebegi
ntor
eal
izet
hathumani
ty
asawhol
ehasanet
ernalbondt
othemostbeaut
if
ulpl
anetwehaveyett
odi
scover
,
pl
anetEar
th.

Someoft
heenvi
ronment
all
egi
slat
ionoft
heTor
ah:

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LYANDRELI
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1.Aci
tymusthaveagr
eenbel
tsur
roundi
ngi
t,t
husl
imi
ti
ngur
banspr
awl
.
2.Af
rui
ttr
eecannotbedest
royedwhenset
ti
ngsi
eget
oaci
ty.Ourt
radi
ti
on
ext
endedt
hist
oincl
udeanywant
ondest
ruct
ionofnat
uret
hatcoul
dbeavoi
ded.
3.Ther
abbi
ssever
elyl
imi
tedt
hegr
azi
ngofgoat
sandsheepi
npar
tsofI
srael
wher
etheycausedenvi
ronment
aldamage.I
tiswel
lknownt
odayt
hatmuchof
t
hedeser
tint
heMi
ddl
eandNearEastwascausedbyt
hegr
azi
ngoft
hese
ani
mal
s.
4.Ki
ng 
Sol
omon 
appoi
ntedami
nist
ert
oli
mitt
hehar
vest
ingofwoodi
nthef
orest
s
ofI
srael
.
5.TheMi
shnahdeal
swi
thl
awsofwat
erandai
rpol
lut
ion,
li
mit
ingt
her
ight
sof
bot
hrur
alandci
vicr
esi
dent
s.

-
Jewi
sht
radi
ti
ont
eachesust
ocar
eforourpl
aneti
nor
dert
opr
eser
vet
hatwhi
ch
Godhascr
eat
ed.

-
Psal
m 24not
es,
"Theear
thi
stheLor
d'sandt
hef
ull
nesst
her
eof
,"adr
amat
ic
asser
ti
onofGod'
sowner
shi
poft
hel
and.I

-
tfol
lows,
then,
thatanyactt
hatdamagesourear
thi
sanof
fenseagai
nstt
he
pr
oper
tyofGod.TheJewi
shconceptof
 balt
ashchi
t,"
donotdest
roy,
"for
bids
needl
essdest
ruct
ion.

-
Judai
sm emphasi
zesourneedt
opr
eser
veournat
uralr
esour
cesandgener
atenew
onesf
orf
utur
egener
ati
ons.

-
TheTor
ah(
theFi
veBooksofMoses)openswi
thacl
earst
atementaboutGod'
s
r
elat
ionshi
ptot
heEar
th-"
Int
hebegi
nni
ngofGod'
scr
eat
ingt
heheavensandt
he
ear
th.
..
"Thef
ormat
ionoft
heEar
thi
samat
terofDi
vineconcer
n,andt
her
efor
ethe
pr
eser
vat
ionoft
hatEar
thmustal
sobeamat
terofDi
vineconcer
n.

-
Ther
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenGodandt
hel
andi
scont
inuousandl
ongerl
ast
ingt
hanany
r
elat
ionshi
pwemayhavewi
thi
t.

-Thusi
nLevi
ti
cusGodi
nfor
msust
hatnol
andcanbesol
dfor
ever“
fort
hel
andi
s
Mi
ne-youar
ebutst
ranger
sresi
dentwi
thMe”
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Judai
sm onWeal
thandPover
ty

-
Judai
sm i
sgener
all
ysuppor
ti
veoft
hepur
sui
tofweal
th,
asl
ongasi
tiscombi
ned
wi
thgener
osi
tyt
othepoorandl
essf
ort
unat
e.

-
TheBookofGenesi
srel
ateshowAbr
aham,
Isaac,
Jacob,
andJosephamassedand
admi
nist
eredweal
th.

-
TheBookofPr
over
bsseemst
olaudhar
dwor
kandmat
eri
alpr
oduct
ivi
ty,
andJobi
s
r
ewar
dedbyGodf
orhi
str
avai
lswi
tht
wicehi
sor
igi
nal
for
tune.

-
Thi
sposi
ti
veval
uat
ionofmat
eri
alweal
thshoul
dber
eadagai
nstot
herbi
bli
calver
ses
whi
chdemonst
rat
eamar
kedconcer
nfort
hepl
ightoft
hepoorandot
hergr
oupson
t
hemar
ginsofsoci
ety,
incl
udi
ngsl
aves,
orphans,
andwi
dows.

-
Thecondemnat
ionofweal
thpur
suedwi
thoutconcer
nfort
hegoodoft
hecommuni
ty
andt
hewi
dersoci
etyi
sat
hemeofr
abbi
nicl
aw(
hal
akha)
.

-
Wit
htheadvanceofi
ndust
ri
ali
zat
ionandwi
despr
eadpover
tyandsoci
ali
nequal
it
yin
t
heni
net
eent
hcent
ury,
manyJewi
shi
ntel
lect
ual
sandl
aborl
eader
stookupsoci
ali
st
i
deas.

-Today,
Jewi
shchar
it
iesar
eact
ivei
nsi
det
heJewi
shcommuni
tyandar
oundt
hewor
ld,
andJewi
shci
ti
zensi
nIsr
ael
,theUni
tedSt
ates,
andEur
opet
endt
obesuppor
ti
veofa
r
obustwel
far
est
ate.

Judai
sm anddi
vor
ce

-
Alt
houghdi
vor
cei
scommoni
ntoday’
ssoci
all
andscape,
prevai
li
ngwi
sdom sayst
hat
upt
ohal
fofal
lmar
ri
ageswi
llendi
ndi
vor
ce,
iti
sst
il
lahear
tbr
eaki
ngwayt
oenda
mar
ri
age.

-
Unl
ikesomer
eli
gions,
however
,whi
chdonotper
mitdi
vor
ce,
Judai
sm r
ecogni
zest
he
necessi
tyundercer
tai
nci
rcumst
ances.

-
Justasmar
ri
agei
samet
aphysi
calr
eal
it
y,t
wosoul
sfusi
ngt
oget
hert
ocr
eat
eone
compl
etesoul,
sot
oodi
vor
cei
samet
aphysi
cal
real
it
y.

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LYANDRELI
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-
ForaJewi
shcoupl
etobecomedi
vor
ced,
themanmustgi
vet
hewomanadocument
cal
leda"
Get
,"aspr
escr
ibedi
ntheTor
ah(
Deut
.24:
1-4)
.

-
AGett
ermi
nat
est
heJewi
shmar
ri
ageandcer
ti
fi
est
hatt
hecoupl
eisnowf
reet
o
r
emar
ryaccor
dingt
oJewi
shl
aw.

Jewi
shmar
ri
age

-
Jewi
shmar
ri
agei
snotmer
elyasecul
arl
egalpar
tner
shi
p,butauni
onsanct
if
iedby
God.

-
Mar
it
alobl
igat
ions,
ther
efor
e,ar
enotmer
elyper
sonal
,buthavei
mpl
icat
ionsf
or
uni
ver
salhar
mony.

-Theexi
stenceofGodasa“
sil
entpar
tner
”inJewi
shmar
ri
ageendowsar
elat
ionshi
p
wi
thsanct
it
yandsol
emncommi
tment
.

-
Judai
sm vi
ewsmar
ri
ageast
hebasi
sofhumancompani
onshi
pandt
hecor
ner
stone
ofJewi
shcommuni
ty.

-Ast
hevenuef
orf
ulf
il
lmentoft
hebi
bli
calcommandment
,”bef
rui
tf
ulandmul
ti
ply”
,
Jewi
shmar
ri
agei
sal
sot
hebasi
sofJewi
shsur
vival
.

-
Desi
rabl
eti
mesf
oraJewi
shweddi
nghavebeensetbybot
hcust
om andl
aw,
but
Jewi
shweddi
ngst
radi
ti
onal
lyar
enothel
dont
heSabbat
h;ont
hehol
idaysof
 Rosh
Hashanah,
 
Yom Ki
ppur
, 
Passover
, 
Shavuot
,andt
hef
ir
standl
astdaysofSukkot
;and
ar
oundcer
tai
nfastdays.

-
Thei
mpor
tanceofmar
ri
agei
nJewi
sht
radi
ti
oni
sgr
oundedi
ntheBi
ble,
wit
hGod
decl
ari
ngbef
orehecr
eat
esEvet
obeAdamshel
pmeett
hatI
tisnotgoodt
hatt
heman
shoul
dbeal
one(
Genesi
s2:
18)
.

-
 Mar
ri
agei
svi
tal
lyi
mpor
tanti
nJudai
sm.

-
Ref
rai
ningf
rom mar
ri
agei
snotconsi
der
edhol
y,asi
tisi
nsomeot
herr
eli
gions.On
t
hecont
rar
y,i
tisconsi
der
edunnat
ural
.

-
TheTal
mudsayst
hatanunmar
ri
edmani
sconst
ant
lyt
hinki
ngofsi
n.

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LYANDRELI
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-
TheTal
mud 
tel
lsofar
abbiwhowasi
ntr
oducedt
oayoungunmar
ri
edr
abbi
.Theol
der
r
abbit
oldt
heyoungeronenott
ocomei
ntohi
spr
esenceagai
nunt
ilhewasmar
ri
ed.

-
Mar
ri
agei
snotsol
ely,
orevenpr
imar
il
y,f
ort
hepur
poseofpr
ocr
eat
ion.

-
Tradi
ti
onalsour
cesr
ecogni
zet
hatcompani
onshi
p,l
oveandi
nti
macyar
ethepr
imar
y
pur
posesofmar
ri
age,not
ingt
hatwomanwascr
eat
edi
n Gen.2:
18because"
iti
snot
goodf
ormant
obeal
one,
"rat
hert
hanbecauseshewasnecessar
yforpr
ocr
eat
ion.

I
SLAM

AUTHORI
TYOFTHEQURAN(
KORAN)

Thequr
anhas 
supr
emeaut
hor
it
yfort
heMusl
imsbecause:

 Theybel
ievei
tcont
ainst
heexactwor
dsofAl
lah.

 I
twasbr
oughtt
opeopl
ethr
ought
hef
inalpr
ophetMuhammad(
s.a.
w)asa
messaget
oal
lofmanki
nd.

 I
twasr
eci
tedexact
lybyt
hepr
ophet&r
ecor
dedi
mmedi
atel
y&accur
atel
ybyhi
s
compani
ons.

 I
thasneverbeenchanged,
sot
heyar
esur
ethei
rknowl
edgei
scor
rect
.

 I
t’
sami
racl
efr
om Al
lahbecausePr
ophetMuhammad(
s.a.
w)di
dn’
tknowhow
t
oread&wr
it
e.

 I
tshowst
hem howt
ofol
lowt
hest
rai
ghtpat
h.

 I
tinspi
rest
hem t
ost
ruggl
eint
hecauseofAl
lah.

 I
tmakescl
eart
othem t
hei
robl
igat
ions&dut
iest
owar
dsAl
lah.

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LYANDRELI
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 I
tenabl
est
hem t
opr
act
icet
hei
rrel
igi
onpr
oper
ly&t
obegui
ded.

 I
tencour
agest
hem t
hrought
heexampl
esoff
ait
hful
bel
iever
s.

 I
tdevel
opsl
ovef
orAl
lah.

Respectf
ort
hequr
an.

 Musl
i
msshowr
espectf
ort
hequr
anbyper
for
mi wudhu 
ng  bef
oret
ouchi
ngi
t.

 Keepi
ngi
tonahi
ghpl
ace.

 Tr
yingt
ofol
low&pr
act
iceuponwhati
tsays.

 Readi
ngi
tever
yday.

 Avoi
deat
ing&dr
inki
ngwhi
lstr
eadi
ng.

 Handl
eitwi
thr
espect
.

 I
mpor
tanceofr
evel
ati
onofhol
yqur
ant
oPr
ophetMuhammad

 Reveal
edont
he 
nightofpower
 i
nthecaveof
 hi
ra 
ont
hemount
ainofl
i j
ghtabal
an-
nur
.

 I
twast
het
imewhent
hef
ir
stwor
dsoft
hequr
anwer
ereveal
ed.

 Hebecamet
hef
inalchosenmessengerbecauseher
ecei
vedt
hismessagef
rom
Al
lah.

 I
tpr
ovest
hatt
hequr
ani
sthewor
dofAl
lah.

 I
twast
hebegi
nni
ngofmanysuchr
evel
ati
onswhi
chcont
inuedf
oraper
iodof
23year
s.

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LYANDRELI
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 Qur
ani
sregar
dedasagr
eatmi
racl
e.

 I
trest
oredt
heor
igi
nalmessagesentt
opr
evi
ouspr
ophet
s&cl
ari
fi
edt
heer
ror
s
ofpr
evi
ousnat
ions.

 Ever
ysoundst
ruct
uremusthaveasol
idf
oundat
ioni
nor
dert
oremai
nst
rong.
I
slam’
sfoundat
ioni
sthef
ivepi
ll
arsi
twasbui
ltupon,
for
mingt
hebasi
sof
I
slami
cteachi
ngast
aughtbyPr
ophetMuhammad(
peacebeuponhi
m),
wher
einhesai
d:

PI
LLARSOFI
SLAM

 I
slam i
sbui
ltuponf
ivepi
ll
ars:
 TheDecl
arat
ionofFai
th(
Shahadah)
;
2.Est
abl
ishi
ngr
egul
arpr
ayer
s(Sal
ah)
;
3.Payi
ngChar
it
y(Zakah)
;
4.Fast
ingt
he(
lunar
)mont
hofRamadan(
Sawm)
;
5.Pi
lgr
image(
Haj
j)
 Thesef
ivepi
ll
arsar
eacor
ner
stoneofaMusl
im’
sli
fe.

Decl
arat
ionofFai
th–SHAHADAH

 Thedecl
arat
ionoff
ait
hisbear
ingwi
tness(
test
if
ying)t
hatt
her
eisnodei
ty
wor
thyofwor
shi
pbutAl
lah(
God)
,andt
hatMuhammad(
peacebeuponhi
m)i
s
Hi
sSer
vantandMessenger
.Itmustbebasedonasi
ncer
eandf
ir
m bel
iefi
nthe
hear
t,aswel
lasbei
ngut
ter
edver
bal
ly.
 Thef
ir
stpar
toft
hedecl
arat
ioni
mpl
iest
hat
:
 Noper
son,
obj
ectorbei
nghast
her
ightt
obewor
shi
ppedexceptAl
lahal
one.
TheAr
abi
cname“
All
ah”r
efer
stot
heOneTr
ueGodofal
lmanki
ndand
ever
ythi
ngt
hatexi
sts.
 Al
lahal
onei
stheCr
eat
orandSust
ainerofal
lthatexi
sts,
andHehaspower
overal
lthi
ngs.
 Al
lahal
onehasper
fectat
tr
ibut
esandi
sfr
eef
rom al
ldef
ici
enci
es.
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 Al
lahhasnopar
tner
,equal
,fat
her
,mot
herorson.

 Thesecondpar
toft
hedecl
arat
ioni
sthatMuhammad(
peacebeuponhi
m)i
s
Al
lah’
sSer
vantandf
inalMessenger
.Hei
sthef
inalPr
opheti
nal
ongchai
nof
Pr
ophet
ssentt
ocal
lthepeopl
etot
heobedi
enceandwor
shi
pofAl
lahal
one.
Someoft
hesePr
ophet
sincl
udeAdam,
Noah,
Abr
aham,
Ishmael
,I
saac,
Jacob,
Joseph,
Moses,
Davi
d,Sol
omonandJesus(
peacebeupont
hem al
l)
.
 ThePr
ophetMuhammad(
peacebeuponhi
m)wassentwi
tht
heQur
’an(
the
f
inalr
evel
ati
on)
,inor
dert
oteacht
hepeopl
eAl
lah’
smessage,
andser
veasan
exampl
eforal
ltof
oll
ow.
 Somebenef
it
soft
heDecl
arat
ionofFai
th:
 Compl
etesur
rendert
othewi
llofAl
lahandbecomi
ngHi
str
ueser
vantand
subj
ect
.
 Pr
oducesahi
ghdegr
eeofsel
f-
respectandconf
idence,
whi
leal
sor
emai
ning
humbl
eandmodest
.
 Pr
oducesst
rongdet
ermi
nat
ion,
pat
ienceandper
sever
ance,
maki
ngaper
son
br
aveandcour
ageous,
aswel
lasdut
if
ulandupr
ight
.
 Makesaper
sonobeyandobser
veAl
lah’
scommands.
ThePr
ayer–SALAH

 “
Indeed,
Iam Al
lah!Ther
eisnonewor
thyofwor
shi
pbutI
,sowor
shi
pMeand
of
fert
hepr
ayerf
orMyr
emembr
ance.
”Qur
’an20:
14

 Thef
ivedai
lypr
ayer
sfor
mthemosti
mpor
tantr
it
ualofwor
shi
pinaMusl
im’
s
l
if
e;oneeachatdawn,
noon,
mid-
aft
ernoon,
sunsetandni
ght
fal
l.Pr
ophet
Muhammad(
peacebeuponhi
m)sai
d: 
“Pr
ayeri
sapi
ll
aroft
her
eli
gion(
Isl
am)
.
Whoeverest
abl
ishesi
t,est
abl
ishesr
eli
gion;andwhoeverdest
roysi
t(e.
g.
negl
ect
sit
),dest
roysr
eli
gion.
”
 Pr
ayerest
abl
ishesaper
sonalandspi
ri
tualconnect
ionbet
weent
heMusl
im and
hi
sCr
eat
or,
basedonf
ait
h,l
ove,
hopeandr
ever
ence.Whenpr
ayeri
sper
for
med
cor
rect
lywi
thcompl
eteconcent
rat
ion,
humi
li
tyandsi
ncer
it
y,i
twi
llhavean
endur
ingef
fectont
heper
son,
fil
li
nghi
shear
twi
thcont
ent
ment
,peaceand
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cl
osenesswi
thAl
lah.
 Pr
ayeri
sthecent
reofaMusl
im’
sli
feandt
hebestwayt
oachi
evesubmi
ssi
on
t
oAl
lah.I
tcanbeof
fer
edal
mostanywher
ecl
ean:suchasi
nfi
elds,
off
ices,
f
act
ori
esoruni
ver
sit
ies;andt
akesonl
yaf
ewmi
nut
est
oper
for
m.I
tconsi
stsof
r
eci
tat
ionf
rom t
heHol
yQur
’an,
suppl
icat
ingt
oandpr
aisi
ngAl
lah,
wit
hvar
ious
bodypost
uressuchasst
andi
ng,
bowi
ng,
prost
rat
ingandsi
tt
ing.Thr
oughpr
ayer
,
t
heMusl
imr
emember
sthegr
eat
nessofhi
sCr
eat
orandsuppl
icat
est
oHi
mfor
hi
sneedsandwi
shes.
 Repeat
edl
yhumbl
ingonesel
fbef
oreAl
lahpr
event
saper
sonf
rom f
all
ingi
nto
si
n,andi
sat
ypeofpur
if
icat
ionf
orone’
ssoul
,asment
ionedi
ntheQur
’an:
“
Ver
il
y,t
hepr
ayerpr
event
sonef
rom t
heshamef
ulandevi
ldeeds.
” 
Qur
’an29:
45.
Pr
ayeri
sal
soanoppor
tuni
tyf
orr
epent
anceandseeki
ngf
orgi
venessf
rom Al
lah.
 TheMessengerofAl
lah(
peacebeuponhi
m)askedhi
scompani
ons,
 
“Ifoneof
youhadar
iverbyhi
sdoori
nwhi
chhebat
hedf
ivet
imesaday,
woul
danyf
il
th
r
emai
nonhi
m?”
 Theyr
epl
ied,
 
“No.
” 
Thent
hePr
ophetadded“
Likewi
se,
All
ah
wi
pesawaysi
nswi
tht
hef
ivedai
lypr
ayer
s.”
ThePr
escr
ibedChar
it
y–ZAKAH

 “
Thosewhoest
abl
isht
hepr
ayer(
sal
ah)andgi
vet
hechar
it
y(zakah)…t
hesear
e
t
heoneswhowi
llpr
osper
.”
Qur
’an31:
4-5

 Al
lthi
ngsbel
ongt
oAl
lah,
incl
udi
ngweal
th,
whi
chi
sconsi
der
edasat
rust
.The
pr
escr
ibedchar
it
y(zakah)i
sanobl
igat
iononever
yMusl
im whomeet
scer
tai
n
cr
it
eri
a(e.
g.at
tai
nedmat
uri
ty,
issane,
hasweal
thaboveacer
tai
nthr
eshol
d).A
smal
lpor
ti
onofweal
th(
incl
udes2.
5%monet
aryandmayi
ncl
udeot
herasset
s)
whi
chmustbepai
dannual
lyt
othosewhoar
eel
igi
ble,
aspr
escr
ibedi
nthe
Qur
’an(
e.g.t
hepoorandneedy)
.
 ThePr
ophet(
peacebeonhi
m)sai
d:“
All
ahhasmadezakahobl
igat
orysi
mpl
yto
pur
if
yyourr
emai
ningweal
th.
”
 Themeani
ngoft
hewor
d“zakah”
,isbot
h‘pur
if
icat
ion’
and‘
growt
h’.Thi
sis
si
mil
art
othepr
uni
ngofpl
ant
s,wher
ebyr
egul
arl
ytr
immi
ngpr
ovi
desbal
ance

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andencour
agesgr
owt
h.Byf
ulf
il
li
ngt
hisobl
igat
ion,
Musl
imspur
if
ythei
r
r
emai
ningweal
th,
aswel
lasensur
ebot
hfi
nanci
alandspi
ri
tualgr
owt
h.
 Somebenef
it
sofzakah:
 Pur
if
iesonef
rom sel
fi
shness,
arr
oganceandagr
eedyhear
t.

 Tr
ainsonet
obesympat
het
icandcompassi
onat
etowar
dst
hepoorand
needy.
 Remi
ndsoneoft
hebl
essi
ngsf
rom Al
lahandencour
agesonet
obegr
atef
ul.

 Br
idgest
hegapbet
weendi
ff
erentsoci
o-economi
ccl
assesandgr
oups,
andi
s
af
orm ofsoci
alsecur
it
y.
 Reducespover
tyandensur
esequal
it
ybymaki
ngi
tobl
igat
oryupont
her
ich
t
oshar
esomeoft
hei
rweal
thwi
tht
hel
essf
ort
unat
e“…sot
hatt
his(
weal
th)
maynotci
rcul
atesol
elyamongt
her
ichf
rom amongyou.
”Qur
’an59:
7
 Aper
sonmayal
sogi
veasmuchast
heypl
easeasaddi
ti
onalvol
unt
arychar
it
y.

Fast
ing–SAWM

 ”
Fast
ingi
spr
escr
ibedf
oryouasi
twaspr
escr
ibedf
ort
hosebef
oreyou,
thatyou
mayat
tai
npi
ety.
”Qur
’an2:
183

 Aswi
thanyactofwor
shi
p,f
ast
ingr
equi
resobedi
enceandsubmi
ssi
ont
o
Al
lah’
scommandst
hrought
hehi
ghestdegr
eeofcommi
tmentandsi
ncer
it
y.
Ever
yyeardur
ingt
hemont
hofRamadan(
the9t
hmont
hoft
hel
unarcal
endar
),
Musl
i
msf
astf
rom dawnunt
ilsunset
,abst
aini
ngf
rom t
hreekeyhumanneeds–
f
ood,
dri
nkandsexualr
elat
ions.Oneshoul
dal
soabst
ainf
rom al
lsi
nfulact
ions.
 Fast
ingdur
ingRamadani
sobl
igat
oryonever
yphysi
cal
lyandment
all
ycapabl
e
adul
tMusl
im.Chi
ldr
en,
thesi
ck,
thement
all
yunf
it
,theel
der
ly,
menst
ruat
ing
women,
andt
ravel
ler
sar
eexempt
.
 Somebenef
it
soff
ast
ing:
 Pr
omot
esspi
ri
tualsel
f-
pur
if
icat
ionandgr
owt
h.

 Sci
ent
if
ical
lypr
ovenheal
thbenef
it
s.

 Sympat
hyf
ort
hosel
essf
ort
unat
e,pr
ompt
ingmor
echar
it
y.
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 Ameansofl
ear
ningsel
f-
rest
rai
ntandpat
ience.

 Pur
if
iest
hesoulandhel
psi
tacqui
ret
hehabi
tofobeyi
ngAl
lahbyr
est
rai
ning
desi
res,
andpr
omot
esst
eadf
ast
ness.
 Cr
eat
esani
ncr
easedf
eel
ingofuni
tyandcol
lect
ivei
dent
it
yamongstt
hose
f
ast
ing.
 Cr
eat
esani
ncr
easedawar
enessaboutt
hest
ateofaf
fai
rsacr
osst
hegl
obe
andt
hehar
dshi
psendur
ed.
 For
givenessofsi
ns.ThePr
ophet(
peacebeuponhi
m)sai
d,“
Hewhof
ast
s
Ramadan,
wit
hfai
thandhopi
ngf
orr
ewar
d(f
rom Al
lah)
,thenhi
spastsi
nsar
e
f
orgi
ven.
”
Pi
l
gri
mage–HAJJ

 “
AndHaj
j(pi
lgr
imaget
oMakkah)t
otheHouse(
Ka‘
bah)i
sadut
ythatmanki
nd
owest
oAl
lah,
fort
hosewhocanaf
for
dtheexpenses(
forone’
str
anspor
tat
ion,
pr
ovi
sionandr
esi
dence)
.”
Qur
’an3:
97

 Pi
lgr
imaget
otheHol
yci
tyofMakkah(
inSaudiAr
abi
a)andot
hersacr
edsi
tes
mustbeper
for
medatl
eastoncei
naper
son’
sli
fe,
ift
heyar
ephysi
cal
lyand
f
inanci
all
ycapabl
e.
 Per
for
mingt
hepi
lgr
imagei
sat
empor
arysuspensi
onofal
lwor
ldl
yact
ivi
ti
es,
andi
sat
imef
oronet
oref
lect
,wor
shi
p,seekt
hef
orgi
venessofAl
lahandat
tai
n
Hi
scl
oseness.
 ThePi
lgr
imagei
sanannualeventi
nthe12t
hmont
hoft
hel
unarcal
endar(
Dhul
-
Hi
jj
ahi
nAr
abi
c),
whi
chuni
fi
espeopl
eofever
ycol
our
,race,
stat
usandage,
as
t
heyj
oini
nwor
shi
poft
heOneTr
ueGod.Al
lpi
lgr
imswearsi
mpl
eandsi
mil
ar
cl
othi
ng,
whi
chst
ri
psawaydi
sti
nct
ionsofcl
assandcul
tur
e,sot
hatal
lst
and
equalbef
oreAl
lah.
 Pr
ophetMuhammad(
peacebeuponhi
m)sai
d, 
“Whoeverper
for
msHaj
jand
doesnotut
terobsceni
ti
esorcommi
tsi
n,wi
llcomebackj
ustl
iket
hedaywhen
hi
smot
herbor
ehi
m(i
.e.pur
eofsi
ns)
.”
 Haj
jinvol
vesf
oll
owi
ngi
nthef
oot
stepsofPr
ophetAbr
aham,
ast
aughtt
ousby
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Pr
ophetMuhammad(
peacebeupont
hem)
.Thi
sgr
eatactofwor
shi
pconsi
sts
ofmanycomponent
sincl
udi
ngsacr
if
ici
nganani
mal
,suppl
icat
ing,
visi
ti
ngand
pr
ayi
ngatvar
ioussi
tes,
cir
cli
ngt
heKa’
bah,
wal
kingbet
weent
womount
ains,
as
wel
lasmanyot
herr
it
ual
s,al
lofwhi
char
eper
for
medoveraper
iodof6
cont
inuousdays.
 Suchanexper
iencei
sli
fe-
alt
eri
ngandhumbl
esaper
son,
maki
ngt
hem mor
e
pat
ientandt
hankf
ult
oAl
lah.Br
other
hoodi
sincr
eased,
asi
sthesenset
hatal
l
Musl
i
ms,
regar
dlessoft
hei
rdi
ff
erences,
areonenat
ion.

Concl
usi
on

 Thef
ivepi
ll
arsofI
slam havebeenpr
escr
ibedbyAl
lah,
andaMusl
imi
srequi
red
t
obel
ieveandactaccor
dingt
othem.Theyar
epr
act
icalaswel
laseasy,
andt
he
bl
essi
ngsandwi
sdom behi
ndt
hem ar
emani
fol
d.Whenputi
ntoper
spect
ive,
t
heycont
ri
but
etot
hewel
lbei
ngofbot
hthei
ndi
vidualandt
hesoci
ety,
enhanci
ngt
hechar
act
erandmanner
soft
hei
ndi
vidual
,andmaki
ngbot
hsoci
ety
andi
ndi
vidual
saccount
abl
eandcl
osert
oAl
lah.
 Thesenobl
epi
ll
arsofI
slam ar
epur
elyf
ort
hebenef
itofHi
scr
eat
ion,
asAl
lah
(
Glor
ybet
oHi
m!)i
sfr
eeofal
lneeds.Thesef
ivepi
ll
arspr
ovi
det
hesol
id
st
ruct
ureand‘
tr
aini
ngpr
ogr
amme’
fort
hebet
ter
mentandsuccessofal
l
humani
ty.

THESHARI
ALAW

 Monot
hei
sm,
bel
iefi
noneGod,
ist
hemosti
mpor
tantandf
oundat
ionalconcept
i
nIsl
am.
 

 -
Musl
i
msbel
ievei
noneGodwhocr
eat
edt
heuni
ver
seandhaspowerover
ever
ythi
ngwi
thi
nit
.

 -
Hei
suni
queandexal
tedaboveever
ythi
ngHecr
eat
es,
andHi
sgr
eat
ness
cannotbecompar
edt
oHi
scr
eat
ion.

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 -
Fur
ther
mor
e,Hei
stheonl
yonedeser
vingofanywor
shi
pandt
heul
ti
mat
e
pur
poseofal
lcr
eat
ioni
stosubmi
ttoHi
m.

 -
TheI
slami
cunder
standi
ngofGodi
sdi
sti
nctf
rom al
lot
herr
eli
gionsandbel
ief
s
i
nvar
iousr
espect
ssi
ncei
tisbasedonapur
eandcl
earunder
standi
ngof
monot
hei
sm.

 -
Thi
sessent
ial
lycapt
urest
heconceptofGodi
nIsl
am,
whi
chwi
llbef
urt
her
el
abor
atedi
nthi
spamphl
et.

 Musl
i
msof
tenr
efert Al
oGodas  l
ah.

 Thi
sisauni
ver
salnamef
orGodanddoesnotr
efert
oanexcl
usi
vel
y‘I
slami
c’
God.

 I
nter
est
ingl
y,t
hisnamei
srel
atedt
otheAr
amai
candHebr
ewnamesf
or
Al
God,
  l
aha  El
and  ohi
m.

 -
Ther
efor
e,Al
  l
ah 
issi
mpl
ytheAr
abi
cnamef
orGodwhi
chaf
fi
rmst
hatHei
sOne
si
ngul
arGodwi
thnopar
tner
sorequal
s.

Al
 Thename  l
ah 
cannotbepl
ural
izedorl
imi
tedt
oaspeci
fi
cgender
,whi
ch
est
abl
ishest
hatGodi
sOneandt
hatHei
suni
quef
rom ever
ythi
ngHecr
eat
es.

 Musl
i
mscont
inuet
ouset
hisor
igi
nalAr
abi
cnamef Al
orGod( l
ah)si
ncei
t
per
fect
lyexpr
essesHi
suni
quequal
it
ies.

 Godi
stheCr
eat
orandt
heSust
aineroft
heuni
ver
sewhocr
eat
edever
ythi
ngf
or
ar
eason.Musl
imsbel
ievet
hatHecr
eat
edhumanki
ndwi
thasi
mpl
epur
pose–
t
owor
shi
pHi
m.

 Hesentmessenger
stogui
depeopl
einf
ulf
il
li
ngt
hispur
pose.Someoft
hese
messenger
sincl
udeAdam,
Noah,
Abr
aham,
Moses,
Jesus,
andMuhammad,
peacebeuponal
loft
hem.

 Theyal
ltaughtaconsi
stentmessageaboutGodbyaf
fi
rmi
ngHi
sgr
eat
nessas
t
heCr
eat
orandgui
dingpeopl
etowor
shi
pHi
m al
one.
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 Thi
sbasi
cconcepthasal
waysr
esonat
edwi
thpeopl
e’
snat
ural
under
standi
ng
ofGod.

 Whent
hef
inal
prophet
,Muhammad,
peacebeuponhi
m(pbuh)
,wasasked
aboutGod,
theanswercamedi
rect
lyf
rom Godi
nthehol
ybookofMusl
ims,
the
Qur
an(
alsospel
led‘
Kor
an’
):
 “
Say,
‘Hei
sGodt
heOne,
Godt
heet
ernal
.Hebegot
noonenorwasHebegot
ten.Noonei
scompar
abl
etoHi
m.’
” 
[112:
1-4]

 Thi
sisacl
earst
atementbyGoddescr
ibi
ngHi
msel
ftohumani
tywi
thoutany
r
oom f
orconf
usi
on.

 Godi
sOneandi
sexal
tedaboveever
ythi
ngHecr
eat
esandHei
scapabl
eover
al
lthi
ngs.

 Shar
ial
awi
sthel
awofI
slam.

 TheShar
ia(
alsospel
l Shar
ed  i'
a 
orShar
iah)l
awi
scastf
romMuhammad'
swor
ds,
cal
l hadi
ed" th,
"hi
sact
ions,
cal
l sunnah,
ed" "andt
heQur
an,
whi
chhedi
ctat
ed.

 Shar
ial
awi
tsel
fcannotbeal
ter
ed,
butt
hei
nter
pret
ati
onofShar
ial
aw,
cal
led
f
"i
qh,
"bymuf
ti
s(I
slami
cjur
ist
s)i
sgi
vensomel
ati
tude.

 Asal
egalsyst
em,
Shar
ial
awi
sexcept
ional
lybr
oad.Whi
leot
herl
egalcodes
r
egul
atepubl
icbehavi
or,
Shar
ial
awr
egul
atespubl
icbehavi
or,
pri
vat
ebehavi
or,
andevenpr
ivat
ebel
ief
s.

 Compar
edt
oot
herl
egalcodes,
Shar
ial
awal
sopr
ior
it
izespuni
shmentover
r
ehabi
li
tat
ion,
andt
hepenal
ti
esunderShar
ial
awf
avorcor
por
alandcapi
tal
puni
shment
soveri
ncar
cer
ati
on.

 Ofal
llegalsyst
emsi
nthewor
ldt
oday,
Shar
ial
awi
sdeemedt
hemosti
ntr
usi
ve
andr
est
ri
cti
ve,
especi
all
yagai
nstwomen(
seebel
ow)
,andi
smaki
ngi
nroads
i
ntoWest
erndemocr
aci
es.

Accor
dingt
oShar
ial
aw 
(seel
inksf
ordet
ail
s):
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• Thef
tispuni
shabl
ebyamput
ati
onoft
hehands(
Qur
an5:
38 
-incl
udes
gr
aphi
cimage)
.
•
 Cr
it
ici
zingordenyi
nganypar
toft
he 
Qur
an 
ispuni
shabl
ebydeat
h.
•
 Cr
it
ici
zing 
Muhammad 
ordenyi
ngt
hathei
sapr
opheti
spuni
shabl
eby
deat
h.
•
 Cr
it
ici
zingordenyi
ngAl
lahi
spuni
shabl
ebydeat
h.
•
 AMusl
im whobecomesanon-
Musl
imi
spuni
shabl
ebydeat
h.
•
 Anon-
Musl
im whol
eadsaMusl
im awayf
rom I
slam i
spuni
shabl
eby
deat
h.
•
 Anon-
Musl
im manwhomar
ri
esaMusl
im womani
spuni
shabl
eby
deat
h.
•
 Awomanorgi
rlwhohasbeenr
apedcannott
est
if
yincour
tagai
nsther
r
api
st(
s).
•
 Test
imoni
esof4mal
ewi
tnessesar
erequi
redt
opr
over
apeofaf
emal
e
(
Qur
an24:
13)
.
•
 Awomanorgi
rlwhoal
legesr
apewi
thoutpr
oduci
ng4mal
ewi
tnesses
i
sgui
lt
yofadul
ter
y.
•
 Awomanorgi
rlf
oundgui
lt
yofadul
ter
yispuni
shabl
ebydeat
h.
•
 Amal
econvi
ctedofr
apecanhavehi
sconvi
cti
ondi
smi
ssedby
mar
ryi
nghi
svi
cti
m.
•
 Musl
im menhavesexualr
ight
stoanywoman/
gir
lnotwear
ingt
heHi
jab.
•
 Awomancanhave1husband,
whocanhaveupt
o4
wi
ves;
Muhammad 
canhavemor
e.
•
 Amancanmar
ryani
nfantgi
rlandconsummat
ethemar
ri
agewhenshe
i
s 9year
sol
d.
•
 Gi
rl
s'cl
it
ori
sshoul
dbecut(
Muhammad'
swor Book41,
ds,
  Kit
abAl
-Adab,
Hadi
th5251)
.
•
 Amancanbeathi
swi
fef
ori
nsubor
dinat
ion(
see 
Qur
an
4:
34and 
Rel
igi
onofPeace)
.
•
 Amancanuni
lat
eral
lydi
vor
cehi
swi
fe;awi
feneedsherhusband'
s
consentt
odi
vor
ce.
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•
 Adi
vor
cedwi
fel
osescust
odyofal
lchi
ldr
enover6year
sofageor
whent
heyexceedi
t.
•
 Awoman'
stest
imonyi
ncour
t,al
lowedi
npr
oper
tycases,
car
ri
es 
½the
wei
ghtofaman'
s.
•
 Af
emal
ehei
rinher
it
shal
fofwhatamal
ehei
rinher
it
s.
•
 Awomancannotdr
iveacar
,asi
tleadst
o f
it
nah 
(upheaval
).
•
 Awomancannotspeakal
onet
oamanwhoi
snotherhusbandor
r
elat
ive.
•
 Meatt
oeatmustcomef
rom ani
mal
sthathavebeensacr
if
icedt
oAl
lah-
i
.e.
,be"
Hal
al.
"
•
 Musl
imsar
etosubj
ugat
ethewor
ldunderI
slam.
•
 Musl
imsshoul
dengagei
n Taqi
yyaandl
iet
onon-
Musl
imst
oadvance
I
slam.

WhoI
sthePr
ophetMuhammad 
?

 Muhammad 
 wasbor
ninMakkahi
ntheyear570. 
Sincehi
sfat
herdi
edbef
ore
hi
sbi
rt
handhi
smot
herdi
edshor
tl
yther
eaf
ter
,hewasr
aisedbyhi
suncl
ewho
wasf
rom t
her
espect
edt
ri
beofQur
aysh. 

1.
Hewast
hef
inalMessengersentbyGodt
otheent
ir
etyofhumani
ty.
 Al
lahst
atesi
ntheQur
an:

“
Muhammadi
snott
hef
atherofanyofyourmen,
but(
hei
s)t
heApost
leofGod,
andt
he 
Sealoft
hePr
ophet
s:andGodhasf
ullknowl
edgeofal
lthi
ngs.
Qur
an33:
40

 Thawbanal
sonar
rat
edt
hatt
heMessengerofAl
lah sai
d:

“
…AndIam t
hel
astoft
hePr
ophet
s,t
her
eisnoPr
ophetaf
terme.
”
2.Hewasgi
vent
heQur
an,
thef
inalr
evel
ati
onofGod.
 Al
lahst
atesi
ntheQur
an:
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Hehassentdownuponyou,
[OMuhammad]
,theBooki
ntr
uth,
conf
ir
mingwhat
wasbef
orei
t.AndHer
eveal
edt
heTor
ahandt
heGospel
.Qur
an3:
3

3.Hewasgr
ant
edt
hel
argestf
oll
owi
ng.
 TheMessengerofAl
lah sai
d:
“
Amongstt
heapost
lesIwoul
dhavet
hel
argestf
oll
owi
ngont
heDayof
Resur
rect
ion,
andIwoul
dbet
hef
ir
stt
oknockatt
hedoorofPar
adi
se.
”
4.Hei
sthel
eaderoft
hechi
ldr
enofAdam.
5.Hewi
llbet
hef
ir
stt
ober
esur
rect
ed.
6.Hewi
llbet
hef
ir
stt
oint
ercedeont
heDayofJudgement
.
 AbuHur
ayr
ah,
nar
rat
edt
hatt
heMessengerofAl
lah sai
d:

“
Iwi
llbet
hel
eaderoft
hesonsofAdam ont
heDayofResur
rect
ion,
andt
hef
ir
st
onef
orwhom t
hegr
avewi
llbeopened,
andt
hef
ir
stt
oint
ercede,
andt
hef
ir
st
whosei
nter
cessi
onwi
llbeaccept
ed.
’
”
7.Hewi
llbet
hef
ir
stt
ocr
osst
heSi
raatbr
idgeoverHel
lFi
re.
“
Iwassi
tt
ingwi
thAbuHur
air
ahandAbuSa’
eed.Oneoft
hem nar
rat
edt
hehadi
th
abouti
nter
cessi
onandt
heot
herwasl
ist
eni
ng.Hesai
d:‘
Thent
heangel
swi
llcome
andi
nter
cede,
andt
hemessenger
swi
lli
nter
cede.
“
TheMessengerofAl
lahsai
d:‘
Iwi
llbet
hef
ir
stonet
ocr
ossi
t…”
8.
Hewi
llbet
hef
ir
stt
oent
erPar
adi
se.
 Anasbi
nMal
iknar
rat
edt
hatt
hePr
ophet sai
d:

“
Iwi
llcomet
othegat
eofPar
adi
seont
heDayofResur
rect
ionandwi
llaskf
ori
t
t
obeopened.Thekeeperwi
llsay:‘
Whoar
eyou?
’Iwi
llsay,
‘Muhammad.
’Hewi
ll
say:‘
Iwascommandednott
oopeni
tforanyonebef
oreyou.
”
9.
Hewasgr
ant
edt
heMaqaam Al
-Mahmoud(
ThePr
aisedSt
ati
on)
.
 Al
lahst
atesi
ntheQur
an:

 “
Itmaybet
hatyourLor
dwi
llr
aiseyout
oMaqaam Al
-Mahmoud(
ast
ati
onof
pr
aiseandgl
ory)
.”
Qur
an17:
79
10.Hel
edal
lthePr
ophet
sinPr
ayerdur
ingt
heNi
ghtJour
ney.
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 Thi
spr
ovest
hatourPr
ophetMuhammad   
 i
sthegr
eat
est
l
eader
,andasi
twasst
atedbyI
bnKat
heeratt
hebegi
nni
ngofhi
scomment
ary
onSur
ahAl
-I
sra’
:“Thenhi
shonour
abl
est
atusandsuper
ior
it
ytot
hem was
mani
fest
edwhenhewasmadet
ogof
orwar
dtol
eadt
hem i
npr
ayer
,when
Ji
breel
(peacebeuponhi
m)i
ndi
cat
edt
ohi
mthatheshoul
ddoso.
”
 Thesear
ejustasel
ect
ionoft
hepr
oof
sthati
ndi
cat
ethatt
hePr
ophet
Muhammad wast
hegr
eat
estofal
lPr
ophet
stohavewal
ked
t
hisEar
th.Mayt
hepeaceandbl
essi
ngsofAl
lah,
GodAl
might
y,beuponhi
m,hi
s
f
ami
lyandhi
scompani
ons.

THESTATUSOFWOMENI
NSLAM
I
ntr
oduct
ion

 Thest
atusofwomeni
nIsl
am i
soneoft
hecr
uci
alt
opi
csanddomi
nantt
hemes
i
nthemoder
ner
a,whi
cht
heol
ogi
anshavebeenst
udyi
ng.I
slam r
egar
dsmen
andwomenasbei
ngoft
hesameessencecr
eat
edf
rom asi
ngl
esoul
.Awoman
hasacompl
etel
yindependentper
sonal
it
yinI
slam.I
nthi
spaper
,Iwi
llpr
ovi
de
anover
viewoft
hest
atusofwomeni
nIsl
am i
ngener
alandt
henIwi
llf
ocuson
t
hei
ssueofequal
it
y.

 Onei
mpor
tantpar
toft
hedi
scussi
onwi
llbedevot
edt
ocl
ari
fyt
heconcept
ual
cont
extandt
her
elevantt
ermi
nol
ogyoft
hesubj
ectofi
nher
it
anceandt
oexpl
ain
cer
tai
nrul
ingsofi
nher
it
ancei
nIsl
ami
clawt
hatmayseem atf
ir
stgl
ancet
obe
i
nconf
li
ctwi
tht
hei
deaofequal
it
y.

 I
ntheI
slami
cper
spect
ive,
awomanhasanhonour
edposi
ti
on.Shehasspeci
al
r
espect
,love,
aff
ect
ionandgent
lef
eel
ingal
ongwi
thherl
egalandci
vilr
ight
s.

 Act
ual
lyI
slam expr
essest
hebestexpl
anat
ionf
orawoman’
str
uei
magei
nthe
f
oll
owi
ngver
sesf
rom t
heQur
’an:
 Wehaveenj
oinedmant
obeki
ndt
ohi
spar
ent
s.

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 Hi
smot
herhascar
ri
edhi
mint
ravai
l,
andbor
ehi
mint
ravai
l,
andhi
sgest
ati
on
andweani
ngt
aket
hir
tymont
hs.

 Whenhecomesofageandr
eachesf
ort
yyear
s,hesays,
‘MyLor
d!I
nspi
remet
o
gi
vet
hanksf
orYourbl
essi
ngwi
thwhi
chYouhavebl
essedmeandmypar
ent
s,
andt
hatImaydor
ight
eousdeedswhi
chmaypl
easeYou,
andi
nvestmy
descendant
swi
thr
ight
eousness.I
ndeedIhavet
urnedt
oyoui
npeni
tence,
andI
am oneoft
hemusl
ims.
’(46:
15)

 YourLor
dhasdecr
eedt
hatyoushal
lnotwor
shi
panyoneexceptHi
m,and[
He
hasenj
oined]ki
ndnesst
opar
ent
s.
 Shoul
dtheyr
eachol
dageatyoursi
de–oneoft
hem orbot
h-donotsayt
o
t
hem,
‘Fi
e!’
Anddonotchi
det
hem,
butspeakt
othem nobl
ewor
ds.Lowert
he
wi
ngofhumi
li
tyt
othem,
outofmer
cy, ‘
andsay,MyLor
d!Havemer
cyont
hem,
j
ustast
heyr
ear
edmewhenIwas[
a]smal
l[chi
ld]
!’
(17:
23&24)
Donotcovett
 ‘ headvant
agewhi
chGodhasgi
vensomeofyouoverot
her
s.To
menbel
ongsashar
eofwhatt
heyhaveear
ned,
andt
owomenashar
eofwhat
t
heyhaveear
ned.AndaskGodf
orHi
sgr
ace’
.(4:
32)

 Si
mil
art
otheQur
’an,
thePr
ophet
ichadi
thsal
soemphasi
zet
hehonourand
r
espectofwomenwi
thi
nsuchaf
rameofl
ove,
endear
mentandaf
fect
ion.

 Thi
sisespeci
all
ytr
uewhent
hehadi
thst
eachaboutt
hemot
her
,thewi
feand
t
hedaught
er.Forexampl
e,t
hePr
ophetsai
d:

Obser
‘ veyourdut
ytoGodi
nrespectt
othewomen,
andr
ecommendt
hem t
obe
wel
ltr
eat
ed’
.

 Heal
sosai
d:

‘
Idonott
hinkt
hatamanget
sbet
teri
nfai
thwi
thoutl
ovi
ngwomenbet
ter
’.

 ThePr
ophethadadaught
erwhom hel
ovedver
ydeepl
yandt
ender
ly.Heused
osay:“
t Fat
imahi
sapar
tofme;whoeverwr
ongsherwr
ongsmeandwho
pl
easesherpl
easesme.

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 Hevi
sit
edherf
requent
ly;andonhi
sret
urnf
rom anyj
our
neyhecal
ledonher
f
ir
stbef
oregoi
ngt
ohi
sownhome.Wheneversheappr
oached,
hiseyesgl
owed
wi
thj
oy.Hewoul
dtakeheri
nhi
sar
m,ki
ssherwar
mlyandof
ferherhi
sown
seat
.Indeedt
hiski
nd,
tenderpat
ter
nisani
dealmodelf
ormanki
nd.

 Amancamet
othePr
ophetandaskedhi
m,OmessengerofGod!Whom shoul
“ d
Ibemor
edut
if
ult
o?”ThePr
ophetr
epl
ied:“
Toyourmot
her
.”Heasked,
thent
o
whom.Thenher
epl
ied:“
Toyourmot
her
.”Themanagai
nasked,
thent
owhom.
Thent
hePr
ophetr
epl
ied:“
Toyourf
ather
.”

Equal
it
y

 I
slam consi
der
sbot
hmenandwomenequal
lyhumanandgr
ant
sthem equal
humanr
ight
s.

 Thought
hei
rtasksandf
unct
ionsmaysomet
imesdi
ff
er,
theybot
hhave
oppor
tuni
ti
esf
orachi
evi
ngper
fect
ionandcl
osenesst
oGod.T

 hef
oll
owi
ngver
sesf
rom t
heQur
’anandsayi
ngsoft
hePr
ophetsuppor
tthi
s
ar
gument
.Forexampl
e,Godsays:

‘
manki
nd!I
ndeedWecr
eat
edyouf
rom amal
eandaf
emal
e,and
madeyounat
ionsandt
ri
best
hatyoumayi
dent
if
ywi
thone
anot
her
.Indeedt
henobl
estofyoui
nthesi
ghtofGodi
sthemost
Godwar
yamongyou.I
ndeedGodi
sAl
l
-knowi
ng,
All
-awar
e.(
49:
13)

‘
manki
nd!Bewar
yofyourLor
dwhocr
eat
edyouf
rom asi
ngl
esoul
,
andcr
eat
edi
tsmat
efr
om i
t,and,
from t
het
wooft
hem,
scat
ter
ed
numer
ousmenandwomen’
.(4:
1)

 Al
soPr
ophetMuhammad(
S)sai
d:

Al
“ lpeopl
ear
eequal
,ast
het
eet
hofacomb”
.Ther
eisnocl
aim ofmer
itofan
Ar
abandnon-
Arab,
orawhi
teoverabl
ackper
son,
oramal
eoveraf
emal
e.

- Onl
yAl
lah-
fear
ingpeopl
emer
itapr
efer
encewi
thGod.

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 Themosti
mpor
tantsour
cesi
nIsl
ami
cthoughti
.e.t
heQur
’anandSunnahbot
h
conf
ert
hegr
eatmessageofuni
ver
salequal
it
yamongal
lmanki
nd.Theabove
t
ext
sar
ejustaf
ewexampl
esandt
her
ear
emanymor
eavai
labl
e.

 Apar
tfr
om t
his,
ther
ear
ehundr
edsofver
seswhi
cht
aket
hef
orm ofaddr
ess:“
O
manki
nd,
or“
Obel
iever
”whi
chr
efert
obot
hmenandwomen.Bot
hhavesi
mil
ar
dut
iest
oper
for
m;f
ori
nst
ancepr
ayer
,ri
tual
s,f
ast
ing,
tocommandt
ogoodand
t
opr
ohi
bitf
rom evi
l.Mor
alvi
rt
uessuchast
oler
ance,
trut
hful
ness,
honest
yar
e
r
equi
redf
rom bot
h.

 Accor
dingt
oIsl
am,
per
sonalsuper
ior
it
yisonl
ybasedonpi
ety.

 I
slam’
sregar
dforwomeni
snotsi
mpl
ygi
vingherachancet
osur
vive.

 Musl
i
ms,
menandwomen,
aret
oldt
oseekknowl
edgeandeducat
ionwher
ever
t
heyf
indi
tandt
ouset
hisknowl
edget
ohel
pfel
lowhumanbei
ngs.

 Thi
sisadut
yaboutwhi
cht
heywi
llbequest
ionedonJudgementDay.

 Hi
stor
ytel
lsusaboutt
hei
mmensecont
ri
but
ionofMusl
im woment
othe
communi
ty.Onel
adyi
.e.t
heLadyKhadi
jah,
daught
erofKhuwayl
id,
andone
youngboywer
ethef
ir
stt
obel
ievei
nIsl
am.LadyKhadi
jahwasagr
eat
suppor
terofI
slam andt
hePr
ophet
.

Et
hics:
-Meani
ngandDef
ini
ti
on?

Li
ter
alMeani
ng:
-Inl
it
eralsenset
hewor
d“Et
hics”meanschar
act
er,nat
ureand
di
sposi
ti
on.

Techni
calMeani
ng:
-Et
hicsi
sthear
eaofst
udyconcer
nedwi
thwhati
smor
all
ygood
andwhati
smor
all
ybad.

Et
hicalTeachi
ngsi
ntheQu’
ran:
-

TheEt
hicalTeachi
ngsi
ntheQur
’anar
e:-

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1.Wor
shi
ponl
yAl
lah:
-AndyourLor
dhasdecr
eedt
hatyouwor
shi
pnonebutHi
m
(17;
23)

2.BeKi
nd,humbl
eandhonor
abl
etoone’
spar
ent
s:-Andt
hatyoubeki
nd(Dut
if
ul)t
o
one’
spar
ent
sifoneoforbot
hoft
hem at
tai
nol
dagei
nyourl
if
e,saynott
othem a
wor
d of di
srespect
,nor shout at t
hem but addr
ess t
hem i
n t
erms of
honor
(17:
23/
4:36)
.

3.BeNei
thermi
ser
lynorwast
efuli
none’
sexpendi
tur
e:-Andspendnotwast
eful
ly
(
yourweal
th)i
nthemannerofaspendt
hri
ft
.Ver
il
y,spendt
hri
ftar
ebr
other
soft
he
devi
ls(
Shyat
in)(
17:
26-
27)
.

4.Donotengagei
nmer
cyki
ll
ingsf
orf
earofst
arvat
ion:-Andki
llnotyourchi
ldr
enf
or
f
earofpover
ty(
star
vat
ion)
.Weshal
lpr
ovi
def
ort
hem aswel
lasf
oryou.Sur
ely,
the
ki
ll
ingoft
hem i
sagr
avesi
n(17:
31)
.

5.Donotcommi
tadul
ter
y:-Andcomenotneart
otheunl
awf
ulsex.Ver
il
y,i
tisa
Fahi
shah(
gravesi
n)andanevi
lway(
17:
32)
.

6.Donotki
llunj
ust
ly:
-Anddon’
tki
llanyonewhoseki
ll
ingAl
lahhasf
orbi
dden,expect
f
orj
ustcause(
17:
33)
.

7.Car
eforor
phanedchi
ldr
en:
-Andcomenotneart
otheor
phan’
spr
oper
tyexpectt
o
i
mpr
ovei
t,unt
ilheat
tai
nst
heageofst
rengt
h(17:
34)
.

8.Ful
fi
llpr
omi
ses:
-Andf
ulf
il
l(ever
y)covenant
.Ver
il
y!Thecovenantwi
llbequest
ioned
about(
17:
34)
.

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9.Behonestandf
airi
none’
sint
eract
ions:
-Andgi
vef
ullmeasur
ewhenyoumeasur
e
andwei
ghwi
thabal
ancet
hati
sst
rai
ght
.Thati
sgood(
advant
ageous)andbet
teri
n
t
heend(
17:
35)
.

10.Donotwal
konear
thar
rogant
ly:
-Andwal
knotonear
thwi
thconcei
tandar
rogance.
Ver
il
y!Youcannei
therr
endnorpenet
rat
etheear
th,
norcanyouat
tai
nast
atur
eli
ke
t
hemount
ainsi
nhei
ght(
17:
37/
31:
18)
.

11.FearAl
lahandspeakt
rut
h:-Oyouwhobel
ieve!Keepyourdut
ytoAl
lahandf
ear
hi
m,andspeak(
always)t
het
rut
h(33:
70)
.

12.Remai
nawayf
rom i
ntoxi
cant
sandgambl
ing:
-Oyouwhobel
ieve!I
ntoxi
cant
s(al
l
ki
ndofal
cohol
icdr
inks)
,gambl
ing,
Al-
AnsabandAl
-Azl
am (
arr
owsf
orseeki
ngl
uck
ordeci
sion)ar
eanabomi
nat
ionofSat
an’
shandi
wor
k.So,avoi
d(st
ri
ctl
yal
l
)that
(
abomi
nat
ion)i
nor
dert
hatyoumaybesuccessf
ul(
5:90)
.

13.Begoodandki
ndt
owar
dsr
elat
ivesandnei
ghbour
s:-Anddogoodt
oki
nsf
olk
(
rel
ati
ves)
,or
phans,
thepoor
,thenei
ghborwhoi
snearofki
n,t
henei
ghborwhoi
sa
st
ranger
,thecompanybyyoursi
de,
thewayf
arer(
youmeet
)(4:
36)

Si
gni
fi
canceofEt
hics:

Thesi
gni
fi
canceofet
hicscanbeexpl
ainedandunder
stoodbyt
hef
oll
owi
ngpoi
nts:
-

1.Real
izat
ionofcr
eat
orandcr
eat
ion:
-Et
hicshel
psi
nreal
izat
ionofourcr
eat
or,Al
lah.
I
tisbecauseofet
hicsamanget
sacquai
ntedwi
tht
hepur
poseofcr
eat
ional
so.

2.El
evat
ionandPur
if
icat
ionofSoul
s:-Man'
ssoulget
sel
evat
edbyt
heet
hics.I
tal
so
get
sMedandbegi
nst
oreal
izet
hepur
poseofl
if
eonear
th.

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3.Abol
ishmentofdi
scr
imi
nat
ion:
-Et
hicspl
aysapi
vot
alr
olei
npr
omot
ingequal
i
tyand
abol
ishesdi
scr
imi
nat
iononvar
iousgr
oundssuchascl
ass,
creed,
cast
e,col
or,
sex,
l
anguage,
nat
ional
it
y,r
eli
gionet
c.

4.Ci
vil
izat
ionofhumanbei
ngs:
-Et
hicsf
reeshumanbei
ngsf
rom beast
lyi
nst
inct
sand
ci
vil
izest
hem.

5.Manget
spl
easur
e,goodwi
llandnear
nessofGod:
-Iti
sthequal
it
yofet
hicsby
whi
chmanget
spl
easur
e,goodwi
llandnear
nesst
ohi
scr
eat
or.

6.Execut
erofgoodmor
alsandAbst
ainerofbadmor
als:
-Et
hicshel
psamani
nthe
execut
ionofgoodmor
alsandatt
hesamet
imehehi
msel
fabst
ainsf
rom bad
mor
als.

7.Sel
fi
shnessends:
-Asel
fl
essbehavi
orandat
ti
tudedevel
opsi
npeopl
ebecauseof
et
hics.Si
mpl
ici
ty,honest
y,l
ove,sympat
hy,pi
ety,j
ust
ice,t
rut
hful
nessandmodest
y
becomet
hevi
rt
uesofpeopl
e.

ConceptofJi
had

Meani
ngofJi
had

-
Jihadi
sanAr
abi
cter
m,andi
tspl
ainconnot
ati
oni
s“t
ost
ri
veorwor
khar
dfor
somet
hing”
.So,
itdoesnotmean“
theHol
yWar
”agai
nstnon-Musl
ims,
whi
cht
heWest
hasassoci
atedwi
thi
t.

-
Theabsol
uteanal
ysi
soft
hisr
eli
giousact
ioni
sdi
videdi
ntot
wosect
ions,
Maj
orand
Mi
norJi
had.

-
Thef
ormeri
saspi
ri
tualef
for
twhi
chbi
ndsaMusl
imt
ofi
ghti
tsi
nnersel
fagai
nstt
he
sat
ani
cdesi
res.I
tisanongoi
ngpr
ocesst
hroughoutone`
sli
fet
il
ldeat
h.

-
Thel
att
erf
ormi
sthephysi
calst
ruggl
eagai
nstt
heenemi
esofI
slam.Buti
tisgr
eat
ly
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mi
stakenasameansofvi
olence,
alt
houghi
nIsl
am,
ther
eisnor
oom f
orki
ll
ingof
bl
amel
ess,
butshoul
donl
ybeusedf
ordef
endi
ngonesel
fagai
nstt
heenemi
es.

-Forf
urt
herel
abor
ati
ngt
hedel
icacyoft
hismat
ter
,letusdi
scussi
tint
hel
ightoft
he
Hol
yQur
anandt
heSunnahoft
heHol
yPr
ophet(
PBUH)
.

I
slam andEnvi
ronment
.

-
Envi
ronmentpr
otect
ioni
sani
mpor
tantaspectofI
slam.Bei
ngst
ewar
dsoft
heEar
th,
i
tist
her
esponsi
bil
it
yofMusl
imst
ocar
efort
heenvi
ronmenti
napr
oact
ivemanner
.

-
Ther
eisadef
ini
tepur
posebehi
ndt
hecr
eat
ionofdi
ff
erentspeci
es,
bei
tpl
ant
sor
ani
mal
s.

-Musl
imsar
eencour
agedt
oref
lectont
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenl
ivi
ngor
gani
smsand
t
hei
renvi
ronmentandt
omai
ntai
ntheecol
ogi
calbal
ancecr
eat
edbyAl
lah.

-Pr
otect
ionoft
heenvi
ronmenti
sessent
ialt
oIsl
ami
cbel
ief
sandmanki
ndhast
he
r
esponsi
bil
it
ytoensur
esaf
ecust
odyoft
heenvi
ronment
.

PRI
NCI
PLESOFGOODGOVERNANCEI
NISLAM

-
Isl
ami
cvi
ewofgoodgover
nancei
squal
it
ati
veandnotmechani
cal
.Maj
orf
eat
uresof
goodgover
nancecanbepr
éci
sedundersevenf
undament
als

1.Rul
esofLaw(
As-
Shur
a)

2.Khi
laf
ah

3.Account
abi
li
ty

4.Tr
anspar
ency

5.Just
ice

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6.Equi
ty

7.Al
-amrbi
lmar
ufwanahianal
-munkar

1.Rul
esofLaw(As-
Shur
a)

-
As-
shur
aisoneoft
hemosti
mpor
tantconst
it
uti
onalpr
inci
plesi
ntheI
slami
cLaw.As
i
t’
sver
yimpor
tantt
hat
’swhyi
t’
sbeenment
ionedi
nQur
anMor
eover
,asur
a(chapt
er)
i
nthehol
yQur
’anwasnamedaf
tert
hatpr
inci
ple.I
tiscal
led“
Shur
a”.Thi
sshowt
he
i
mpor
tanceoft
hispr
inci
plei
nal
ltheaf
fai
rsofMusl
ims.

-
Thewhol
esyst
em oft
heI
slami
cst
atef
rom i
tsbegi
nni
ngt
othesel
ect
ionoft
he
Khal
if
aoft
hest
ateandal
lthosei
nkeyposi
ti
onsaswel
lasi
tscommuni
cat
ionsmust
bel
edbyShur
a,soi
tshoul
dbecar
ri
edoutdi
rect
lyori
ndi
rect
lyoversel
ect
edor
nomi
nat
edcounci
ls

-
Ther
eisment
ioni
nQur
an:Oyou,
whobel
ieve,
becust
odi
ansofj
ust
ice(
and)wi
tness
f
orAl
lah,
event
houghagai
nstyour
sel
vesoryourpar
ent
soryourr
elat
ives.Whet
hera
mani
sri
chorpoor
,Al
lahi
sthegr
eat
estwel
l-
wishert
hanyou.Sof
oll
ownort
he
behest
sofl
ust
,lestyouswer
vef
rom j
ust
ice(
Qur
an,
An-
Nisa,
4:135)

-
Event
hePr
ophet
,al
thoughhewast
her
ecei
verofdi
rectgui
dancef
rom t
heAl
might
y
Al
lah,
wascommand-
ed.Al
lahsays:

-
Consul
tthem i
naf
fai
rs(
ofmoment
).Then,
whenyouhavet
otakeadeci
sionputt
he
t
rusti
nAl
lah.ForAl
lahl
ovest
hosewhoputt
hei
rtr
ust(
inHi
m).(
Qur
an,
Al-
Imr
an,
3:159)

-
Fol
lowi
ngt
hisadvi
ceandl
ead,
Khal
if
aUmaradmoni
shedt
hat
:

-
Ther
eisnokhi
laf
ahwi
thoutconsul
tat
ion.

-
Thus,
Thesamemechani
sm wasf
oll
owedbyt
hef
oll
owerofMuhammadSWTf
ort
he
sel
ect
ionofKhal
if
aandI
twast
hef
ir
stMusl
im el
ect
edf
ourkhul
afahgui
dance,
al
thought
hesel
ect
ionandappr
ovalpr
ocessvar
ies.Thei
mpor
tantpr
inci
plei
sthet
rut
h
andaccount
abi
li
tyandpubl
icconf
idencei
nthoseel
ect
edbyt
hecommuni
ty.

Thei
mpor
tanceofShur
a

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-
Thebasi
cfundament
alsofI
slami
cpol
it
icalsyst
em i
scal
ledShur
a.i
tsi
sresponsi
ble
f
oral
ltheaf
fai
rsofMusl
ims.
Thus,
theI
slami
cst
atemi
ghthavepr
ecededt
hemoder
n
democr
ati
csyst
emswi
thr
egar
dtot
henecessi
tyofagr
eementoverchoosi
ngt
heone
whor
unsi
tsaf
fai
rsandcar
esf
ori
tsi
nter
est
s,somet
hingwhi
chst
ressest
heval
ueand
ef
fect
ivenessofunani
mit
yamongMusl
ims(
Al-
Nuzum,
p24,
25).

2.Khi
laf
ah

-
Khal
if
aisanAr
abi
cwor
dmeanssuccessor
.Thewor
dcal
iphi
ssi
mpl
yanAngl
ici
zed
ver
sionofkhal
if
a.Thet
ermskhi
laf
atandcal
iphat
e,t
houghder
ivedf
rom khal
if
aand
cal
iphi
ndi
vidual
ly,
havedi
ff
erentmeani
ngs.

-
Khi
laf
atr
efer
stot
heI
slami
cinst
it
uti
onofspi
ri
tualsuccessorshi
p,wher
eascal
iphat
e
i
ndi
cat
esapol
it
ico-
rel
igi
ousMusl
im st
ategover
nedbyacal
iph

-
Whent
hePr
ophetMuhammedSAW pastawayi
n(632C.
E.)
,Hazr
atAbuBakr
succeededt
ohi
sspi
ri
tual
,admi
nist
rat
ivepur
posesassuccessoroft
hemessengerof
God(
khal
if
arasulAl
lah)
.Ber
nar
dLewi
s,t
hepr
eemi
nenthi
stor
ianofI
slam,
obser
ves:

“
AbuBakrwasgi
vent
het
it
leofKhal
if
aor‘
Deput
y’(
oft
hepr
ophet
)…andhi
sel
ect
ion
mar
kst
heappoi
ntmentoft
hegr
eathi
stor
ici
nst
it
uti
onoft
heCal
iphat
e.

-
Hisvot
erscanhavenoi
deaofl
aterpur
posesandgr
owt
hoft
heof
fi
ce.Att
het
ime,
t
heymadenoef
for
ttodef
inehi
sdut
iesorpower
s.

-
Theonl
yst
ateofhi
ssel
ect
ionwast
hemai
ntenanceoft
hei
nher
it
anceoft
hePr
ophet
.”
(
Lewi
s,1993)

-
All
ahhaspr
omi
sedt
othoseamongyouwhobel
ieveandactr
ight
ly,
thatHewi
llsur
ely
maket
hem Successor
s(khal
if
as)i
ntheear
th,
asHemadeSuccessor
sfr
om among
t
hosewhower
ebef
oret
hem;andt
hatHewi
llsur
elyest
abl
ishf
ort
hem t
hei
rrel
igi
on,
whi
chHehaschosenf
ort
hem;andt
hatHewi
llsur
elygr
antt
hem secur
it
yandpeace
i
npl
aceoft
hei
rfear(
Qur
an,
Alnoor
,24:
54)

-
Int
hisver
se,
theHol
yQur
anpr
esent
sthei
nst
it
uti
onofkhi
laf
atasar
ewar
dfor
col
lect
ivevi
rt
ue.I
tisof
tenunder
stoodt
opr
ovi
deabasi
sforanI
slami
cor
gani
zat
ion

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f
oundedupont
hedemocr
ati
cli
nesheadedbyakhal
if
awhoseof
fi
cei
s,i
npr
inci
ple,
el
ect
iveandboundbyt
heQur
anandt
hesunnah.

-
Inawel
l-
knownhadi
th,
thePr
ophetMuhammadSWTi
srepor
tedt
ohaveobser
ved:

-
ProphetHoodshal
lremai
namongyouasl
ongasGodwi
ll
s.

-
Thenkhi
laf
atont
hepat
ter
nofpr
ophethoodwi
llcommenceandr
emai
nasl
ongasHe
wi
ll
s.Acor
ruptmonar
chyshal
lthenf
oll
owandi
tshal
lremai
nasl
ongasGodwi
ll
s.

-
Ther
eshal
lthenbeaoppr
essi
vedespot
ism whi
chshal
lremai
nasl
ongasGodwi
ll
s.
Thenonceagai
nkhi
laf
atwi
llar
iseont
hepr
inci
pleofpr
ophethood(
Masnad-
Ahmad)

-
Thi
shadi
thnotonl
yreassur
esusaboutt
her
epet
it
ionofwel
lgui
dedkhi
laf
atbuti
t
al
soper
mit
sahi
stor
icalj
udgmentonwhatwast
ofol
lowt
heear
lyKhi
laf
at.

-
Thef
amoushi
stor
ianofI
slam,
MuhammadSWTi
bnJar
irAlTabar
i,nar
rat
est
he
f
oll
owi
ngi
nci
dent

-
Umarsai
dtoSal
man:‘
Am Iaki
ngorakhal
if
a?’
andSal
mananswer
ed:‘
I
fyouhave
l
evi
edf
rom t
hel
andsoft
heMusl
imsonedi
rham,
ormor
e,orl
ess,
andappl
iedi
t
unl
awf
ull
y,youar
eaki
ngnotakhal
if
a’.AndUmarwept

-
Her
eHazr
atUmar
,thesecondKhal
if
a,whosegoodness,
senseofj
ust
ice,
and
pur
it
ani
calst
ri
ctnesswer
ewel
l-
known,
camet
otear
sbyt
hemer
ement
ionoft
he
possi
bil
it
yofmi
susi
ngasi
ngl
ecoi
nfr
om t
hepubl
icexchequer
.

-
Thi
sinci
denceunder
scor
est
hechar
act
eri
sti
coft
her
ight
ly-
gui
dedkhi
laf
at.(
AlTabar
i,
Tar
ikhal
-RusulWalMul
uk)

-
AsGod’
ssover
eignt
yext
endsovert
heuni
ver
se,
thef
inal
idealofapubl
ici
nIsl
am i
sa
uni
ver
salf
eder
ati
onorassoci
ati
onofi
ndependentst
ates,
rel
atedt
oget
herf
or
mai
ntenancef
reedom ofi
ntegr
it
y,f
ort
hemai
ntenanceofpeace,
andf
orcooper
ati
oni
n
pr
omot
inghumanwel
far
ethr
oughoutt
hewor
ld(
Khan,
Feb1993)

-
Akhal
if
ahast
hepr
omi
seofdi
vinesuppor
tsol
ongasi
tremai
nsf
ir
mlybasedont
he
pr
eceptofpr
ophethood–t
hati
s,t
hepr
inci
plesandpr
otot
ypesdemonst
rat
edby
pr
ophet
s.
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-
Hei
sboundbyt
her
ulesofgr
eatl
aw.Hedeci
desquest
ionsofr
uleaf
terdi
scussi
on
wi
tht
hechosenr
epr
esent
ati
vesoft
hepeopl
e.

-
Ingover
ningt
hecor
por
ati
on,
mani
sseenast
heessent
ialel
ementf
ort
hesyst
em t
o
beef
fect
ivel
ywor
kingi
nther
ightway.Asmani
stheshar
ehol
der
,cr
edi
tor
,exami
ner
,
r
egul
ator
,manageraswel
last
hedi
rect
ort
hus,
itsmani
festt
hatmanpl
ayst
he
pr
inci
palr
olesi
nmanagi
ngandl
edt
otheaccompl
ishmentofcompany’
svi
sionand
mi
ssi
on.

-
Thei
ssuesofmani
nter
m ofval
ues,
ethi
csandmor
alconductt
her
efor
eneedt
obe
wel
ldet
ainedi
nthef
ir
stpl
acet
oensur
etheconcer
noft
hesoci
etycoul
dbet
akencar
e.

-
Theconcer
namongot
hert
hingsar
emai
ntenancet
rust
,mai
ntai
ninghonest
y,
exer
cisi
ngt
ranspar
encyandaccount
abi
li
ty,
tradi
ti
onali
nmanagi
ngr
esour
ces,
car
ing
andconcer
noft
heenvi
ronment
.

-
Thef
ail
uret
oimpr
esst
heseval
uesmayposeser
iouspr
obl
em t
othepubl
icatl
arge.

3.Account
abi
li
ty

-
Int
heHol
yQur
'an,
thewor
dhesabi
srepeat
edmor
ethanei
ghtt
imesi
ndi
ff
erent
ver
ses(
F,1997)Hesabor'
account
'ist
her
ootofaccount
ing,
andt
her
efer
encesi
nthe
Hol
yQur
'anar
eto'
account
'ini
tsgener
icsense,
rel
ati
ngt
oone'
sresponsi
bil
it
yto
'
account
'toGodonal
lmat
ter
srel
ati
ngt
ohumanef
for
tforwhi
chever
yMusl
imi
s
'
account
abl
e'
.

-
TheMusl
imsbel
ievei
nthet
ermsofaccount
abi
l
ityt
hatt
heywi
llbej
udgedf
or
what
evert
heydoi
nthi
swor
ldi
ntheher
eaf
ter(
li
feaf
terdeat
h).

-I
nIsl
am,
It’
sthedut
yofeachMusl
imt
oful
fi
llt
hewi
ll
sofAl
lahi
nor
dert
oseekhi
s
pl
easur
eandt
hepr
omi
sedpr
izesi
nthel
if
eaf
terdeat
h.

-
Thus,
itr
equi
resever
yact
ionandwor
dint
hiswor
ldmustbei
nli
newi
tht
heI
slami
c
t
eachi
ngs.I
tdoesnotmat
terwhatact
iont
heMusl
imsdoei
theri
badah(
sol
ah)or
pur
chasi
ngshar
esi
nthest
ockmar
ket
,eat
ing,
sleepi
ngl
ikedai
lyj
obst
heymust
f
oll
owt
heI
slami
cteachi
ngf
ramewor
kcar
eful
ly.

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-Thei
mpor
tanceofaccount
abi
li
tyt
otheman’
sli
feal
sohasbeenment
ionedbyHol
y
Qur …Lot
an:“ hehear
ingandt
hesi
ghtandt
hehear
t–ofeachoft
hesewi
llbeasked”
(
Qur
an,
BaniI
srai
ll
,17:
36)

-
Abdul
lahr
epor
tedt
hatAl
lah’
sMessengerMuhammadSWTsai
d:Ever
yoneofyoui
sa
guar
dianandaccount
abl
e(mas’
ul)f
orhi
schar
ge.

-
Thust
heKhal
if
aisacust
odi
anoft
hepeopl
eandHei
sresponsi
blef
ort
hem.

-Andamani
saguar
dianofhi
shousehol
dandhei
saccount
abl
efort
hem;anda
womani
sinchar
geoft
hehousehol
dandherchi
ldr
enandshei
saccount
abl
efort
hem;
andaser
vanti
sguar
dianofhi
smast
er’
spr
oper
ty,
ever
yoneofyoui
saccount
abl
efor
hi
ssubj
ect
s(Bukhar
i)

-
Int
hevi
ewofcor
por
ategover
nancepr
act
ices,
asf
arasI
slam i
sconcer
ned,
the
count
rydi
rect
ors,
managementaswel
last
heaudi
torshoul
dper
for
mthei
r
pr
ofessi
onaldut
ieswi
tht
heobj
ect
iveofsat
isf
yingt
heneedsoft
hePubl
icandt
oAl
lah
aswel
l.

-Supposi
ng,
ther
eshoul
dbenosuchdi
sease(
i.
e.f
raud;mat
eri
almi
sst
atement
)exi
st
i
nthecount
ryi
fthi
sconceptcoul
dbeaf
fect
edandcoul
dber
efl
ect
edi
nthei
rconduct
s.
Unf
ort
unat
ely,
mostoft
hem havebeenf
oll
owedbyt
hephysi
calexper
iencedl
if
ewhi
ch
hasl
edt
othebadbehavi
orst
hatcauset
heowner
s(communi
ty)oft
hecount
rysuf
fer
t
hepenal
ti
es.

4.Tr
anspar
ency

-
Theconceptoft
ranspar
encyhasbeendi
vul
gedbyAl
lahi
nthef
oll
owi
ngAyat
:“Oyou
whobel
ieve!Whenyoudealwi
theachot
her
,int
ransact
ionsi
nvol
vingf
utur
e
obl
igat
ionsi
naf
ixedper
iodoft
ime,
reducet
hem t
owr
it
ing.Letascr
ibewr
it
e-down
f
ait
hful
lyasbet
weent
hepar
ti
es…”(
Qur
an,
Al-
Baqar
ah,
Begi
nni
ngoft
heAyat
,2:
282)
.
Thi
sver
sest
atest
hatever
ytr
ansact
ionmustbewr
it
tent
oavoi
djust
ice.

-
Appl
yingt
heconceptoft
ranspar
ency,
cor
por
ati
onshoul
dal
sodi
scl
osei
nfor
mat
ion
r
egar
dingi
tsst
rat
egy,
act
ions,
cont
ri
but
iont
othecommuni
tyandt
heuseofr
esour
ces
andpr
otect
ionofenvi
ronment(
Hani
ff
a,2002)
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-
Transpar
encyi
sthenecessi
tyf
oropennessi
nal
lpubl
icaf
fai
rs.

-
Transpar
encyal
lowsCommi
tt
eet
ogat
heri
nfor
mat
iont
hatmaybeunsaf
eto
exposur
emi
susesanddef
endi
ngt
hei
rbenef
it
s.

-
Accor
dingt
oAyeet
ranspar
encyent
ail
sthat
:ci
ti
zenshavear
ightt
oavai
labl
e
i
nfor
mat
ionper
tai
ningt
o,f
orexampl
e,awar
dofcont
ract
s,pr
ivat
izat
ionofst
ate
ent
erpr
ises,
rul
esagai
nstcor
rupt
ionort
hef
undi
ngofpol
it
icalpar
ti
es(
Ayee,
2000)
.

-
Atr
anspar
entgover
nmenti
sthatwhi
chof
fer
schancet
oci
ti
zenst
ofi
ndoutt
het
rue
pr
oof
satf
ir
sthand,
wit
houtt
hemat
eri
albei
ngchangedorpr
esent
edt
hrougha
mi
srepr
esent
ingmi
rr
or.

-
Incor
e,t
ranspar
encyi
sbasi
cal
lyconcer
nedwi
thopenandest
abl
ishedsyst
em of
gover
nment
,theext
ermi
nat
ionofcor
rupt
ionandt
hei
nst
it
uti
onal
izat
ionofasyst
em
t
hati
sfai
r,j
ustandbasedont
her
uleofl
aw.

-
Transpar
encyoropennessi
ngover
nancei
simpor
tanti
nthepr
ocessofgr
owt
h.

-I
tisser
iousi
ntheel
imi
nat
ionofcor
rupt
ionandt
hepr
omot
ionofr
esponsi
bil
it
yint
he
conductofgover
nmentbusi
ness.

-
Today,
thequestf
ort
ranspar
entper
for
mancehasbecomeawor
ld-
widephenomenon
wi
tht
heTr
anspar
encyI
nter
nat
ional
.

5.Just
ice

-
Int
heI
slami
cwor
ldvi
ew,
just
icemeanspl
aci
ngt
hingsi
nthei
rri
ght
fulpl
ace.I
tal
so
meansgi
vingot
her
sequalt
reat
ment
.

-
InI
slam,
just
icei
sal
soanhonestqual
it
yandaf
eat
ureofhumanper
sonal
it
y,asi
tisi
n
t
heWest
ernt
radi
ti
on.Just
icei
scl
oset
oequal
it
yint
hewi
sdom t
hati
tcr
eat
esast
ate
ofequi
li
bri
um i
nthedi
str
ibut
ionofr
ight
sanddut
ies,
butt
heyar
enotequal
.

-
Somet
imes,
just
icei
saccompl
ishedt
hroughi
nequal
it
y,l
ikei
nunequaldi
str
ibut
ionof
weal
th.(
Musl
ims)

-
Just
icei
ntheI
slami
cgover
nment
alsyst
em,
incl
udi
ngsoci
alj
ust
ice,
whi
chmeans

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t
hatt
hegover
nmentshoul
dar
ranget
omeetandpl
easet
heneedsandneedsofal
lthe
peopl
east
heyhaveaval
idpar
toft
hecount
ryandci
ti
zensoft
hecount
ry.

-
Thi
scont
ainst
hef
aci
li
tyofj
ob,
meansofexi
stenceandf
inanci
alj
ust
ice.

-
Thi
sint
urnsuggest
sthati
tist
hedut
yoft
hegover
nmentt
opr
ovi
def
ood,
housi
ng
andcl
othi
ngf
oral
lthepeopl
eint
hecount
ry.

-
Economi
cjust
iceai
medatequi
tabl
esuppl
yofl
if
est
yleandcheckst
heawar
enessof
weal
thi
naf
ewhands.

TheI
mpor
tanceofJust
ice

-
TheQur
an,
thehol
yscr
ipt
ureofI
slam,
consi
der
sjust
icet
obeahi
ghestvi
rt
ue.I
tisa
basi
cobj
ect
iveofI
slam t
othedegr
eet
hati
tst
andsnexti
nor
derofi
mpor
tancet
o
bel
iefi
nGod’
sexcl
usi
ver
ightt
owor
shi
p(Tawheed)andt
het
rut
hofMuhammadSWT
pr
ophethood.Goddecl
aresi
ntheQur
an:Godcommandsj
ust
iceandf
airdeal
ing.
..
(
Qur
an,
Al-
Nahal
,16:
90)
.

Andi
nanot
herpassage:

youwhobel
“ ieve,
beupr
ightf
orGod,
and(
be)bear
ersofwi
tnesswi
thj
ust
ice!
..(
Qur
an,
Al
-Mayeeda,
5:8)
.

-
Ther
efor
e,onemayachi
evet
hatj
ust
icei
sanr
esponsi
bil
it
yofI
slam andunf
air
nessi
s
f
orbi
dden.Thei
mpor
tanceofj
ust
icet
otheQur
ani
cval
uesyst
em i
sshowedbyt
he
f
oll
owi
ngver
se:

-
WesentOurMessenger
swi
thcl
earsi
gnsandsentdownwi
tht
hem t
heBookandt
he
Measur
einor
dert
oest
abl
ishj
ust
iceamongt
hepeopl
e…(
Qur
an,
Al-
Hadeed,
57:
25)
.

-
Thephr
ase‘
OurMessenger
s’showst
hatj
ust
icehasbeent
hegoalofal
ladmi
ssi
on
andscr
ipt
uressentt
ohumani
ty.

-
Thever
seal
soshowst
hatj
ust
icemustbemeasur
edandappl
iedbyt
heval
uesand
r
ulessetbyadmi
ssi
on.I
slam’
sappr
oacht
ojust
icei
scompl
eteandcompl
ete.

-
Anypat
hthatl
eadst
ojust
icei
sbel
ievedt
obei
naccor
dwi
thI
slami
cLaw.

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-
Godhasr
equi
redj
ust
iceand,
alt
houghHehasnotpr
escr
ibedadef
ini
tepat
h,has
pr
ovi
dedgener
alr
ules,
onhowt
oachi
evei
t.

-
Hehasnei
thergi
venaf
ixedmeansbywhi
chi
tcanbef
ound,
norhasHest
ated
unaccept
abl
eanyspeci
fi
cmeansormet
hodst
hatcanl
eadt
ojust
ice.

-
Ther
efor
e,al
lmeans,
processes,
andmet
hodst
hatenabl
e,i
mpr
ove,
andadvancet
he
causeofj
ust
ice,
anddonoti
nter
ruptt
heI
slami
cLawar
eval
id(
Qar
zawi
)

6.Equi
ty

-
Thepr
inci
pleofequal
it
yisoneoft
hemosti
mpor
tantconst
it
uti
onalpr
inci
plesupon
whi
cht
hecont
empor
arysyst
em r
est
s.

-
Thi
smeanst
hatt
hepr
inci
pleofequal
it
ycont
ainedi
nthei
ndi
vidualcommuni
ti
esar
e
equali
nri
ght
s,r
esponsi
bil
it
iesandpubl
icdut
iest
hatwi
llbeenj
oyedbyal
lwi
thout
di
scr
imi
nat
ionofr
ace,
ori
gin,
lan-
measur
eorbel
ief
.

-
Thepr
inci
pleofequal
it
yhasbeeni
nit
iat
edbyt
heQur
'anandSunnahandt
he
expansi
onofI
slam dur
ingsomeasapr
ecedenti
nIsl
ami
clawandi
tsownt
imeand
pl
ace

-
Thi
sval
ueofequal
it
yisnott
obei
ncor
rectf
ororconf
usedwi
thsi
mil
ari
tyor
st
ereot
ype.I
slam t
eachest
hati
nthevi
ewofAl
lahAl
might
y,al
lpeopl
ear
eequal
,but
t
heyar
enotnecessar
il
yindi
sti
ngui
shabl
e.

-
Ther
ear
evar
iancesofcapabi
li
ti
es,
abi
li
ti
es,
det
ermi
nat
ions,
weal
thandsoon.

-
Yet
,noneoft
hesedi
ff
erencescanbyt
hemsel
vesf
oundt
hest
atusofl
eadofoneman
orr
aceoveranot
her
.

-
Thest
andar
dofman,
hisski
ncol
or,
theamountofcapi
talhehasandt
hedegr
eeof
r
espectheenj
oyshasnoat
ti
tudeont
heper
sonal
it
yoft
hei
ndi
vidualasf
arasAl
lahi
s
concer
ned.

-
Theonl
ydi
ff
erence,
whi
chAl
lahi
dent
if
ies,
ist
hedi
ff
erencei
nrel
igi
ousnesst
heonl
y
st
andar
dwhi
chAl
lahappl
ies,
ist
hest
andar
dofgoodnessandspi
ri
tualexcel
lence.

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-I
ntheQur
an,
All
ahAl
might whatmeans)
ySays( :Omanki
nd,
indeedwehavecr
eat
ed
youf
rom mal
eandf
emal
e,andhavemadeyoui
ntonat
ionsandt
ri
bes,
thatyoumay
knowoneanot
her
.Indeedt
hemosthonor
edofyoui
nthesi
ghtofAl
lahi
sthemost
r
ight
eous.I
ndeed,
All
ahi
sKnowi
ngandAcquai
nted(
Qur
an,
Al-
Huj
rat
,49:
13).

-
Thi
sist
odecl
aret
hati
nIsl
am,
nonat
ioni
smadet
obeaboveot
hernat
ionsort
ori
se
abovet
hem.

-
Man'
sval
uei
ntheeyesofmenandi
ntheeyesofAl
lahi
sdet
ermi
nedbyt
hegoodhe
does,
andbyhi
srespectt
oAl
lah.

-
Thedi
ff
erencesofr
ace,
col
ororsoci
alst
atusar
eonl
ysuppl
ement
ary.

-
Theydonotaf
fectt
het
ruest
andi
ngofmani
nthevi
sionofAl
lah.

-
Agai
n,t
heval
ueofequal
it
yisnotsi
mpl
yasubst
anceofconst
it
uti
onalr
ight
sort
he
agr
eementofnobl
esorcondescendi
ngchar
it
y.

-
Iti
sanar
ti
cleoft
rust
,whi
cht
heMusl
imt
akesser
iousl
yandt
owhi
cht
hemustf
oll
ow
honest
ly.

-
Thef
undament
alsoft
hisI
slami
cval
ueofequal
it
yar
eext
remel
ydeep-
root
edi
nthe
ar
rangementofI
slam.I
tst
emsf
rom basi
cideol
ogi
essuchast
hef
oll
owi
ng:

-
Allmenar
ecr
eat
edbyOneandt
heSameEt
ernal
God,
theSupr
emeLor
dofal
l.

-
Allmanki
ndbel
ongt
othehumanr
aceandshar
eequal
lyi
nthecommonpar
ent
ageof
Aadam (
Adam)andEve(
Hawa)
.

-
All
ahi
sJustandKi
ndt
oal
lHi
scr
eat
ures.Hei
snotpar
ti
alt
oanyr
ace,
ageorr
eli
gion.
Thewhol
eUni
ver
sei
sHi
sDomi
nionandal
lpeopl
ear
eHi
scr
eat
ures.

-
Allpeopl
ear
ebor
nequal
,i
nthesenset
hatnoonebr
ingsanypossessi
onwi
thhi
m;
andt
heydi
eequali
nthesenset
hatt
heyt
akebacknot
hingoft
hei
rwor
ldl
ybel
ongi
ngs.

-
All
ahj
udgesever
yper
sonont
hebasi
sofhi
sownmer
it
sandaccor
dingt
ohi
sown
deeds.

-
All
ahhasdi
scussedonman,
ati
tl
eofhonoranddi
gni
ty.
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-
Thosewer
esomeoft
hepr
inci
plesbehi
ndt
heval
ueofequal
it
yinI
slam.Whent
his
concepti
sful
lyut
il
ized,
itwi
lll
eavenopl
acef
orpr
ejudgmentorhar
assment
s.

-Andwhent
hisGr
eatr
ulei
sful
lyappl
ied,
ther
ewi
llbenor
oom f
ordomi
nat
ionor
conquest
.

-
Concept
sofchosenandgent
il
epeopl
es,
wor
dssuchas‘
pri
vil
eged’
and‘
condemned’
r
aces,
wor
dssuchas“
soci
alcl
asses”and“
cit
izens”wi
llal
lbecomewor
thl
essand
out
dat
ed.

-
ProphetMuhammadSWTsai
d:Omanki
nd,
yourLor
disoneandyourf
atheri
sone.
Youal
ldescendedf
rom Aadam,
andAadam wascr
eat
edf
rom ear
th.

-
Hei
smosthonor
edamongyoui
nthesi
ghtofGodwhoi
smostupr
ight
.

-
NoAr
abi
ssuper
iort
oanon-
Arab,
nocol
oredper
sont
oawhi
teper
son,
orawhi
te
per
sont
oacol
oredper
sonexceptbyTaqwa(
piet
y)(
At-
Tir
mit
hi)
.

-
Ther
efor
e,i
twoul
dbei
mpr
obabl
etodecl
aret
hecompl
eteequal
it
yofhumanbei
ngs,
al
thoughhumansar
eessent
ial
lyequali
nri
ght
s,dut
iesandaccount
abi
li
ty,
andt
her
eis
somedegr
eeofsi
mil
ari
tyi
nphysi
calandment
albehavi
ors,
whi
chenabl
est
hem t
o
under
standandappl
yrul
esandl
aws.

-
Att
hesamet
ime,
iti
sunder
standabl
ethatt
her
eisanat
ural
rangeamonghuman
bei
ngsi
nter
msofqual
it
iesandabi
li
ti
es;t
her
efor
ether
ewi
llbel
imi
tsi
nnat
ural
,
commonandpol
it
ical
posi
ti
ons.Someoft
hel
imi
tsar
etempor
ary,
someper
manent
;
somear
erar
e,somer
egul
ar.

-However
,acont
roli
sspeci
fi
ctoapar
ti
cul
arsi
tuat
ion.I
tmaynotbegener
ali
zedt
o
i
nequal
it
yinot
herr
ight
s.

-
Aper
sonwhoi
smor
all
yupr
ighti
snotequalt
oast
affi
nter
msofmor
ali
ty,
butt
hey
maybeequalot
her
wise.

-
Nori
sani
ntel
li
gentper
sonequal
toadul
lone,
butt
heyar
eequali
not
herspher
es.I
n
t
hesameway,
awomani
snoti
ndi
sti
ngui
shabl
etomani
nherchar
act
ers,
gif
tsand
ski
l
ls.

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7.
Al-
amrbi
lmar
ufwanahianal
-munkar

-
Amongstt
hegr
eat
estr
esponsi
bil
it
iesar
eamr
-bi
l-
Ma’
roof(
order
ingf
oracknowl
edged
vi
rt
ues)andnahiani
lmunkar(
for
biddi
ngf
rom si
n).Al
l Andt
ahsays:“ her
eshoul
dbea
gr
oupamongstyouwhoi
nvi
tet
owar
dsgood,
orderf
oracknowl
edgedvi
rt
ues,
for
bid
f
rom si
nandt
hesei
tist
hatar
ethesuccessf
ulones”(
Qur
an,
Al-
Imr
an,
3:104)
.

-
TheHol
yPr d:“
ophetsai Howwi
lli
tbef
oryouwhenyourwomenwi
llcommi
tsi
nsand
youryout
hwi
llt
ransgr
essandyouwi
llnotor
derf
oracknowl
edgedvi
rt
uesnorf
orbi
d
f
rom si
n?I
twassai
dtohi Wi
m:“ l
lthathappenOmessengerofAl
lah?
”Thenhesai
d:
Yes.Thenhesai Howwi
d:“ lli
tbef
oryouwhenyouor
derf
orsi
nsandf
orbi
dfr
om
acknowl
edgedvi
rt
ues?
”Theni
twassai
dtohi OmessengerofAl
m:“ lah!Wi
llt
hat
happen?
”Thenhesai Yesandwor
d:“ set
hant
hathowwi
lli
tbef
oryouwhenyou
per
cei
veacknowl
edgedvi
rt
ueassi
nandper
cei
vesi
nasacknowl
edgedvi
rt
ue?
”

-
Imam Sadi
qsai
d:Woet
othepeopl
ewhodonotsuppor
tther
eli
gionofAl
lahby
enj
oini
nggoodandf
orbi
ddi
ngevi
l(Sadi
q)

-
Theexpr
essi
on'
amrbial
-ma'
rufwa-
nahyanal
-munkar
'isaver
yimpor
tantone.

-
Iti
sassoci
atedt
oJi
had,
thati
s,doi
ngone'
shi
ghestt
ounder
standaai
m.

-
Jihadi
snotessent
ial
lywarf
oughtont
hebat
tl
efi
eldf
orwhi
cht
hespeci
fi
cAr
abi
cand
Qur
ani
cter
mis'
qit
al.
'Ji
hadhasaver
ywi
demeani
ngandst
atest
ost
ri
vingf
ort
he
causeofAl
lahAl
might
ytopr
omot
egoodnessandel
imi
nat
eevi
l.Amuj
ahi
disaper
son
whocar
ri
esoutJi
hadorwor
kshar
dfort
hecauseofendor
singt
heval
uesoft
he
Gl
ori
ousQur
an.

-
Thus,
Amrbi
lma‘
rufwanahyanal
-munkarwhi
chmeansor
der
inggoodand
f
orbi
ddi
ngevi
l,
isaJi
hadr
elat
edpr
inci
ple.

-
Itseekst
oint
ell
igent
lycar
ryt
hebenef
it
sofI
slam t
othepeopl
eandt
oinf
ormt
hem of
t
hemeani
ngofwhatdevi
ldo.

-
TheQur
ancal
lsMusl
imst
hemodelcommuni
tywhi
chr
equi
rest
oconveyt
hePr
ophet
messaget
oent
ir
ehumani
tyandt
oli
vet
heQur
an,
justast
hePr
ophetdi
d.

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"
Amrbi
lMa'
rufwaNahyanalMunkar
"isani
mpor
tantI
slami
cdut
y,t
oget
herbel
ieved
byal
lMusl
ims.Thedi
ff
erencei
sint
heunder
standi
ngofi
t.

-
Someconsi
dert
hati
tisenought
oaccompl
isht
hedut
ybyt
he"
hear
tandt
ongue,
"
whi
chmeansoneshoul
dsuppor
tal
-ma'
rufandopposeal
-munkari
nhi
shear
tanduse
hi
stonguet
ospeakoutf
oral
-ma'
rufandagai
nstal
-munkar
.

-
Butt
her
ear
esomewhoj
ust
if
ytaki
ngupar
ms(
ifnecessar
y)f
ort
hesakeoff
ulf
il
li
ng
t
hisdut
y.

MARRI
AGEI
NISLAM.

-
Isl
am,
unl
ikeot
herr
eli
gionsi
sast
rongadvocat
eofmar
ri
age.Ther
eisnopl
acef
or
cel
ibacyl
ike,
forexampl
etheRomanCat
hol
icpr
iest
sandnuns.

-
Thepr
ophethassai
d"t
her
eisnocel
ibacyi
nIsl
am”
.

-
Mar
ri
agei
sar
eli
giousdut
yandi
sconsequent
lyamor
alsaf
eguar
daswel
lasasoci
al
necessi
ty.I
slam doesnotequalcel
ibacywi
thhi
gh"
taqwa"/"
Iman"
.

Thepr
ophethasal
sosai
d,Mar
" ri
agei
smyt
radi
ti
onwhosoeverkeepsawayt
her
e
f
rom i
snotf
rom amongstme"
.

-
Mar
ri
ageact
sasanout
letf
orsexualneedsandr
egul
atei
tsoonedoesnotbecomea
sl
avet
ohi
s/herdesi
res.

-
Iti
sasoci
alnecessi
tybecauset
hroughmar
ri
age,
fami
li
esar
eest
abl
ishedandt
he
f
ami
lyi
sthef
undament
aluni
tofoursoci
ety.Fur
ther
mor
e,mar
ri
agei
stheonl
y
l
egi
ti
mat
eorhal
alwayt
oindul
gei
nint
imacybet
weenamanandawoman.

-
Isl
am t
akesami
ddl
eoft
her
oadposi
ti
ont
osexualr
elat
ions,
itnei
thercondemnsi
t
l
ikecer
tai
nrel
igi
ons,
nordoesi
tal
lowi
tfr
eel
y.

-I
slam ur
gesust
ocont
rolandr
egul
ateourdesi
res,
what
evert
heymaybesot
hatwe
r
emai
ndi
gni
fi
edandnotbecomel
ikeani
mal
s.

Thepur
poseofMar
ri
age.

-
Thewor
d"zawj
"isusedi
ntheQur
'ant
omeanapai
roramat
e.I
ngener
ali
tusage
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r
efer
stomar
ri
age.

-
Thegener
alpur
poseofmar
ri
agei
sthatt
hesexescanpr
ovi
decompanyt
oone
anot
her
,lovet
ooneanot
her
,pr
ocr
eat
echi
ldr
enandl
ivei
npeaceandt
ranqui
li
tyt
othe
commandment
sofAl
lah.

-Mar
ri
ageser
vesasameanst
oemot
ionalandsexualgr
ati
fi
cat
ionandasameansof
t
ensi
onr
educt
ion.

-I
tisal
soaf
orm ofI
badahbecausei
tisobeyi
ngAl
lahandhi
smessenger-i
.e.
Mar
ri
agei
sseenast
heonl
ypossi
blewayf
ort
hesexest
ouni
te.

-
Onecoul
dchooset
oli
vei
nsi
n,howeverbychoosi
ngmar
ri
ageonei
sdi
spl
ayi
ng
obedi
encet
oAl
lah.

-
Mar
ri
agei
s"mi
thaq"-asol
emncovenant(
agr
eement
).I
tisnotamat
terwhi
chcanbe
t
akenl
ight
ly.I
tshoul
dbeent
eredi
ntowi
tht
otalcommi
tmentandf
ullknowl
edgeof
whati
tinvol
ves.I
tisnotl
ikebuyi
nganewdr
esswher
eyoucanexchangei
tifyou
don'
tli
kei
t.

-
Yourpar
tnershoul
dbeyourchoi
cef
orl
if
e.

-
Oneshoul
dbemat
ureenought
ounder
standt
hedemandsofmar
ri
agesot
hatt
he
uni
oncanbeal
ast
ingone.

Di
vor
cei
nIsam

CausesofDi
vor
cei
nIsl
am r
eli
gion

-
Isl
am t
oler
atesdi
vor
ceandsepar
ati
onofahusbandandwi
feunderspeci
fi
c
condi
ti
ons;however
,Isl
am r
egar
dsdi
vor
ceasabhor
rentandr
epr
ehensi
ble.
 

-
Isl
am hol
dsdi
vor
ceasanext
remel
yugl
yandvi
l
eact
,whi
chmustbeavoi
dedwi
thi
n
t
heboundsofpossi
bil
it
yasi
tevenr
ockst
hever
yThr
oneofGod.

-
Event
houghi
thasnotbeenf
orbi
dden,
forvar
iousr
easons,
iti
ssever
elycondemned.
I
nor
dert
opr
eventdi
vor
ce,
Isl
am campai
gnsagai
nsti
tscauses,
someofwhi
char
e
enumer
atedbel
ow:

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-
Onei
nfl
uent
ialf
act
orf
ordi
vor
cei
sthedi
shear
tenmentofahusbandf
orhi
slegi
ti
mat
e
wi
feandhi
sfondnessandaf
fect
iont
owar mahr
dsnon- am 
women.

1.
Thechi
efi
nst
rumentf
ort
hisi
slackofadequat
e Hi
jab 
amongwomenandl
eer
ingi
n
men.Whenamanl
ooksuponawomanwhoi
smor
ebeaut
if
ulandat
tr
act
ivet
hanhi
s
ownwi
fehemaybecomei
nfat
uat
edwi
thherandbecomedi
shear
tenedwi
thhi
swi
fe.
Li
tt
lebyl
it
tl
ehemakesf
ami
li
all
if
ebi
tt
erbyf
indi
ngf
aul
ts,
seeki
ngexcuses,
and
pi
cki
ngquar
rel
s,whi
chmi
ghtul
ti
mat
elyl
eadt
odi
vor
ce.

-
Inor
dert
okeept
hisf
rom happeni
ng,
ont
heonehand,
Isl
am enj
oinswoment
o
obser Hi
ve  j
ab,
covert
hei
rat
tr
act
ionsf
rom men,
andr
efr
ainf
rom bei
ngal
lur
ingf
or
anyonebutt
hei
rownhusbands.Ont
heot
herhand,
Isl
am di
rect
sment
oabst
ainf
rom
l
ooki
ngat
,andj
oki
ngandbant
eri
ngwi
t mahr
hnon- am 
women.I
fthei
reyeshappen
mahr
uponanon- am 
woman,
theymustnotl
ingerandi
mmedi
atel
ylookaway.

2.Anot
heragentf
ordi
vor
cei
sindi
ff
erenceofspousest
owar
dsoneot
herandapat
hy
andl
ackofpassi
oni
nful
fi
ll
mentoft
hesexualneedsofoneanot
her
.Manydi
vor
ces
anddevi
ati
onsoccurwhenahusbandorwi
fei
snotsuf
fi
cient
lysexual
lygr
ati
fi
ed.

-
Topr
eventt
his,
Isl
am i
nst
ruct
swoment
oweart
hei
rbestcl
otheswhenathome,
make
t
hemsel
vesupaccor
dingt
othei
rhusbands’
wishes,
anddi
spl
ayt
hemsel
veswi
th
ar
dentf
ervor
.

-
Mor
eover
,Isl
am char
gesment
oobser
vecl
eanl
i
nessandper
sonalhygi
ene,
styl
e
t
hemsel
ves,
andshowahandsomeandwar
m demeanorf
ort
hei
rwi
ves.

-
Fur
ther
mor
e,I
slam advi
sesbot
hwomenandment
hatwhenmaki
ngl
oveand
per
for
mingsexualact
s,t
heymustnotonl
ythi
nkoft
hei
rownpl
easur
eandr
eleasebut
seekt
ogi
vepl
easur
eandgr
ati
fi
cat
iont
othei
rpar
tneral
so.

3.At
hir
dcat
alystf
ordi
vor
cei
smi
sconduct
,di
scour
teousness,
car
ping,
picki
ng
quar
rel
s,andst
ubbor
nnessi
nahusband,
wif
e,orbot
h.St
ati
sti
csshowt
hatt
hepr
ime
r
easonf
ormostdi
vor
cesi
sbehavi
ori
ncompat
ibi
li
tyofspouses.

-
Isl
am st
ri
vest
opr
e-emptt
hesef
act
orsandst
rengt
hent
hecor
ner
stonesoft
hehol
y
i
nst
it
uti
onoff
ami
lybypr
escr
ibi
ngvar
iousr
ight
sandr
esponsi
bil
it
iesf
ormenand
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women.

-I
naddi
ti
on,
itadvi
sesagai
nstsel
fi
shness,
egocent
ri
cit
y,aut
ocr
acy,
andr
ecal
cit
rance,
andadvocat
est
oler
ance,
for
giveness,
andr
esol
vingdi
ff
erenceswi
thr
eason,
fai
rness
andaf
fect
ion.

-
Themor
alobl
igat
ionsofbot
hwomenandmenhavebeenexpl
icat
edi
ndet
aili
n
var
iousbooksonet
hics,
butsomeoft
hesehavebeeni
ndi
cat
edi
nchapt
erf
ive.

-
Isl
am hasal
soant
ici
pat
edt
heneedf
orat
eam ofar
bit
rat
orst
oresol
vet
hedi
sput
esof
spousesandpr
ecl
udedi
vor
ce.

-
Thi
steam consi
stsoft
womedi
ator
s;onechosenbyt
hewi
fe’
sfami
ly,
andonebyt
he
husband’
s.-
Theymaybeoft
hecoupl
e’
sfami
lyorunr
elat
ed.

CHRI
STI
ANI
TY

Aut
hor
it
yoft
heBi
ble

-
Fort
her
ecor
d,webel
ievet
hatal
loft
hemai
ndenomi
nat
ionsofChr
ist
iani
tyar
e
accept
edandhonor
edbyGodt
heFat
her
.

-
Asweal
lknow,
theChr
ist
ianf
ait
hhasbeendi
videdupi
ntomanydi
ff
erent
denomi
nat
ionssuchast
heBapt
ist
s,Cat
hol
ics,
Presbyt
eri
ans,
Met
hodi
sts,
Pent
ecost
als,
Char
ismat
ics,
Epi
scopal
ians,
Lut
her
ans,
etc.

-denomi
nat
ional
ism i
sact
ual
lyanof
fenseagai
nstGod,
asHeobvi
ousl
ywoul
dli
ket
o
haveal
lofHi
sBodyt
obeuni
fi
edasonewi
thHi
m,notbei
ngdi
videdupi
ntoal
loft
hese
di
ff
erentdenomi
nat
ions.

-
Weonl
yhaveoneGodandoneBi
ble,
butyetwehaveal
loft
hesedi
ff
erent
denomi
nat
ions.Asar
esul
toft
hisbi
gdi
videi
ntheBodyofChr
ist
,wedonotpr
esentt
o
t
her
estoft
hewor
ldaper
fect
lyuni
fi
edBody.

-
TheBi
blet
ell
sust
hatwewi
llonl
yknowi
npar
twhi
lewear
eal
ldownher
e,soi
tshoul
d
comeasnosur
pri
set
hatt
her
ear
egoi
ngt
obesomemaj
ordi
ff
erencesbet
weensome

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ofusoni
nter
pret
ingdi
ff
erentpar
tsoft
heBi
ble.

-
Asar
esul
tofmanyoft
hesedi
ff
erenti
nter
pret
ati
onsoft
heBi
bleovert
heyear
s,t
he
BodyofChr
isthasnowbeenspl
itupi
ntoal
loft
hesedi
ff
erentdenomi
nat
ions.

-
Butt
hought
heBodyofChr
isthasnowbeenspl
itupi
ntoal
loft
hesedi
ff
erent
denomi
nat
ions,
thi
sshoul
dst
il
lnotpr
eventusi
nmaki
ngsur
ethatal
loft
hesedi
ff
erent
denomi
nat
ionsst
ayt
rueandl
oyalt
othebasi
ctenet
soft
heChr
ist
ianf
ait
h.

-
Webel
ievet
hatasl
ongasal
loft
hesedi
ff
erentdenomi
nat
ionsst
ayt
rueandl
oyalt
o
t
hebasi
ctenet
soft
heChr
ist
ianf
ait
h,t
hatGodwi
llst
il
lcont
inuet
owor
kwi
thal
lof
t
hem.

-
Buti
fanyoneoft
hem everst
artt
ogetof
fint
oanyser
iouser
roronanyoneoft
hese
basi
ctenet
s,t
heycoul
dthengett
hemsel
vesi
ntoser
ioust
roubl
ewi
tht
heLor
d,asIdo
notbel
ievet
her
eisanysl
ackwi
tht
heLor
donanyoft
hesebasi
cfundament
alt
enet
s.

Rel
ati
onshi
pbet
weenol
dandnewt
est
ament

-
Ther
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
heOl
dTest
amentandt
heNewTest
amentr
efl
ect
sbot
hthe
cont
inui
tyanddi
scont
inui
tybet
weent
heChr
ist
ianandI
srael
it
efai
ths.

-
Chr
ist
iansbel
ieveGodhadonepl
anf
orsal
vat
iont
hatwasr
eveal
edf
ir
stt
othe
I
srael
it
esandt
hent
oal
lpeopl
est
hroughJesusChr
ist
.

-
TheNewTest
amentandOl
dTest
ament
,then,
tel
loneongoi
ngst
oryofsal
vat
ion.At
t
hesamet
ime,
theaut
hor
soft
heNewTest
amentwer
epr
oposi
ngsomet
hingr
adi
cal
ly
new:Jesus’
ful
fi
ll
mentoft
heI
srael
it
es’
hopei
nGod’
spr
omi
ses.

-
Fort
heNewTest
amentwr
it
ers,
theOl
dTest
amentwashol
yscr
ipt
ure.

-
Tot
ellt
hest
oryofJesus,
thoseaut
hor
srel
iedl
argel
yont
hevocabul
aryandmet
hods
ofr
eadi
ngscr
ipt
uret
hatal
readyexi
stedi
ntheJewi
shwor
ld.

-
Accor
dingt
ooneschol
arl
yest
imat
e,t
heNewTest
amenthasmor
ethan4,
000
r
efer
encest
otheOl
dTest
ament
;thust
hebooksoft
heOl
dTest
amenthavebeen
i
mpor
tantf
orChr
ist
iansandr
emai
n,i
nthewor
dsoft
heSecondVat
icanCounci
l’Dei
s 
Ver
bum 
(Dogmat
icConst
it
uti
ononDi
vineRevel
ati
on)
,“per
manent
lyval
uabl
e”because
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t
heywer
e“wr
it
tenunderdi
vinei
nspi
rat
ion.
”

-
TheOl
dTest
amentcanbevi
ewedmor
eeasi
lyt
hroughhi
stor
icalandpr
ophet
iceyes,
andi
sanecessar
ypr
efacet
othecont
entoft
heNewTest
amentt
hatf
oll
ows.

-
TheOl
dTest
amentbegi
nswi
thCr
eat
ionandf
oll
owswi
thacovenantr
elat
ionshi
p
t
hemebet
weenGodandhumans,
albei
tasel
ectandpi
oneer
inggr
oup,
begi
nni
ngwi
th
Abr
aham andont
hrought
otheanci
entI
srael
it
es.

-
Wovent
hroughoutt
heOl
dTest
amentnar
rat
iveofpeopl
e,pl
acesandhi
stor
icalevent
s
i
sthedi
vineandsover
eignf
ir
stcauseof“
ONEGOD”andHi
sdi
recti
nfl
uenceont
he
l
ivesofhi
speopl
eint
hiswor
ld.

-
Thi
sgi
vesr
iset
othosemenofGod,
suchasDavi
d,I
sai
ahandEzeki
el,
havi
ng
exper
iencedal
evelofpr
ophet
icut
ter
ancet
hatspokenotonl
ytot
heanci
entI
srael
it
es
i
mmedi
atel
i
fesi
tuat
ion,
butal
soofr
eal
it
ies,
event
sandt
hingsf
ari
ntot
hef
utur
e.

-
Exampl
esoft
hisar
ethemessi
ani
cpr
opheci
esbegi
nni
ngi
ntheGar
denofEden
account
,inMoses’
wri
ti
ngsandont
hrought
hepr
ophet
s,suchasI
sai
ah,
predi
cti
ngt
he
Messi
ah.

Conceptofsi
n

WhatI
sSi
n-ABi
bli
calPer
spect
ive

-
Sini
sment
ionedhundr
edsoft
imesi
ntheBi
ble,
star
ti
ngwi
tht
he"
ori
ginal
"si
nwhen
Adam andEveat
eoft
het
reeofknowl
edge.

-
Oft
eni
tseemsasi
fsi
nissi
mpl
ythevi
olat
ionofanyofGod'
slaws,
incl
udi
ngt
heTen
Commandment
s. 

-
Paul
,however
,put
sthi
sinper
spect
ivei
n Romans3:
20, "
whenhesays,
 Ther
efor
eno
onewi
llbedecl
aredr
ight
eousi
nHi
ssi
ghtbyobser
vingt
hel
aw;r
ather
,thr
ought
hel
aw
webecomeconsci
ousofsi
n."
 

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-
Godwant
edust
orecogni
zeoursi
ns.

-
Event
hosewhohavenotmur
der
edorcommi
tt
edadul
ter
ywi
llf
indt
hemsel
ves
convi
ctedofl
ying,
orofwor
shi
ppi
ngf
alsei
dol
sli
keweal
thorpoweraheadofGod.

-
Tragi
cal
ly,
sini
nanyamountwi
lldi
stanceusf
rom God.
 

"
Sur
elyt
hear
m oft
heLORDi
snott
ooshor
ttosave,
norHi
seart
oodul
lto
hear
,"
 saysI
sai
ah59:
1-  
2."
Butyouri
niqui
ti
eshavesepar
atedyouf
rom yourGod;your
si
nshavehi
ddenHi
sfacef
rom you,
sot
hatHewi
llnothear
."
 

-
Wemustr
esi
stt
het
empt
ati
ont
oactasi
fwear
eri
ght
eous,
especi
all
ybyl
eani
ngon
ourgoodwor
ks.
 

"
Ifwecl
aimt
obewi
thoutsi
n,wedecei
veour
sel
vesandt
het
rut
hisnoti
nus.I
fwe
conf
essoursi
ns,
hei
sfai
thf
ulandj
ustandwi
llf
orgi
veusoursi
nsandpur
if
yusf
rom
al
lunr
ight
eousness.I
fwecl
aim wehavenotsi
nned,
wemakehi
m outt
obeal
iarand
hi
swor
dhasnopl
acei
nourl
ives"
(1John1:
8-10)
.

Si
nAsACal
ltoRepent
ance

-
Thegoodnewsi
nal
loft
hisi
sthat
,oncewer
ecogni
zeour
sel
vesassi
nner
s,weneed
onl
ytor
epentandembr
aceJesust
obef
orgi
ven.

-
Jesuscanf
orgi
veusbecausehedi
edandr
oseagai
nthr
eedaysl
ateri
nvi
ctor
yover
si
nanddeat
h. 

-
TheApost
lePaulr
efer
stot
hispr
ocessofr
ecogni
zingsi
nandbei
ngr
esponsi
blef
ori
t
as"
godl
ysor
row.
" 

"
Godl
ysor
rowbr
ingsr
epent
ancet
hatl
eadst
osal
vat
ionandl
eavesnor
egr
et,
but

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wor
ldl
ysor
rowbr
ingsdeat
h,"
 Paulwr
it
esi
n 2Cor
int
hians7:
10-  
11."
Seewhatt
hisgodl
y
sor
rowhaspr
oducedi
nyou:whatear
nest
ness,
whateager
nesst
ocl
earyour
sel
ves,
whati
ndi
gnat
ion,
whatal
arm,
whatl
ongi
ng,
whatconcer
n,whatr
eadi
nesst
osee
j
ust
icedone.Atever
ypoi
ntyouhavepr
ovedyour
sel
vest
obei
nnocenti
nthi
smat
ter
."

SALVATI
ONI
NCHRI
STI
ANI
TY

Chr
ist
ianBel
ief
saboutSal
vat
ion

Needf
orSal
vat
ion:Si
nandDeat
h

-
InChr
ist
iani
ty,
sal
vat
ioni
smadepossi
blebyt
hesacr
if
ici
aldeat
hofJesusChr
istby
cr
uci
fi
xion2,
000year
sago.

-
Thewor
dat
onement
,oneoft
hef
ewt
heol
ogi
calwor
dsofEngl
ishor
igi
n,i
susedt
o
descr
ibet
hisconcept
.

-
Thever
b"at
one"der
ivesf
rom t
headver
b"atone,
"andt
her
efor
emeans"
tor
econci
le.
"

-
Accor
dingt
omanyChr
ist
iant
eachi
ngs,
ascenti
ntoheaveni
sonl
ypossi
blet
hrough
sal
vat
ion.

-
Sal
vat
ioni
snotj
ustani
mpor
tantconcepti
nChr
ist
iani
ty.

-
Tot
hedevoutChr
ist
ian,
iti
sact
ual
lyt
hedesi
redout
comet
obegai
nedf
rom l
ivi
nga
pi
ousChr
ist
ianl
if
e.I
nChr
ist
iani
ty,
sal
vat
ionmeanset
ernall
if
eaf
terdeat
h,and
f
reedom f
rom si
nandt
heconsequencesofsi
n.

-
Thesal
vat
ionofasoulspar
est
hatsoult
hewr
athofGod’
sjudgmentandanaf
ter
li
fe
ofet
ernaldamnat
ion.

-
ManyChr
ist
iandenomi
nat
ionst
eacht
hatt
her
ewar
dforsal
vat
ioni
set
ernall
if
eaf
ter
deat
handar
epr
ievef
rom t
hehar
shj
udgmentofGodf
orear
thl
ysi
ns.

-
Thi
siswher
etheconceptofheavencomesi
n.

-
Heaveni
sunder
stoodbymostmai
nst
ream Chr
ist
ianst
obet
hehol
ypl
acewher
ethe
soul
sofsavedChr
ist
iansgoaf
terdeat
h.I
nheaven,
Chr
ist
iansbel
ievet
her
eisnosi
n,

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i
ll
ness,
orsuf
fer
ing.

-
Thosesoul
sthatar
eadmi
tt
edt
oHeavenar
eint
heconst
antpr
esenceofGodand
JesusChr
ist
,whi
chi
nspi
resmanyChr
ist
ianst
ost
ri
vef
orsal
vat
ionandal
if
eofpi
ety.

-
“sal
vat
ion”concer
nsanet
ernal
,spi
ri
tualdel
iver
ance.

-
WhenPault
oldt
hePhi
li
ppi
anj
ail
erwhathemustdot
obesaved,
hewasr
efer
ri
ngt
o
t
hej
ail
er’
set
ernaldest
iny(
Act
s16:
30-
31)
.

-
Jesusequat
edbei
ngsavedwi
thent
eri
ngt
heki
ngdom ofGod(
Mat
thew19:
24-
25

CONCEPTOFTHEHOLYSPI
RIT.

Eschat
ologyDef
ini
ti
on

Eschat
ologyi
sthebr
anchofChr
ist
iant
heol
ogydeal
ingwi
tht
hebi
bli
calst
udyofend
t
imespr
opheci
esandt
heevent
soft
hel
astdays.

Someoft
heseevent
sincl
udet
heRapt
ure,
theSecondComi
ngofChr
ist
,the
Tr
ibul
ati
on,
theMi
ll
enni
alKi
ngdom andt
heFut
ureJudgment
s.Thepr
imar
ybooksof
t
heBi
bleper
tai
ningt
oendt
imespr
ophecyar
ethebookofDani
el,
thebookofEzeki
el
andt
hebookofRevel
ati
on.

Thoughachal
lengi
ngar
eaofst
udy,
Eschat
ologyhel
psbel
iever
sunder
standt
he
pr
ophet
icpassagesofScr
ipt
ureandhowt
oli
vet
heChr
ist
ianl
if
einpr
epar
ati
onf
ort
he
endt
imes.

I
mpor
tanceofEschat
ology

1.
Fir
st,
prophecymakesupagr
eatamountoft
hebi
bli
calt
ext
.

-
Studi
eshaveshownt
hat27per
centoft
heBi
blei
spr
ophet
ici
nnat
ure.

2.Second,
Eschat
ologypr
ovest
hedi
vinepowerofGod.

-
Forexampl
e,whent
heBi
blespeaksofonewhowoul
dbebor
nofavi
rgi
n(I
sai
ah7:
14)

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namedEmmanuel(
meani
ng"
Godwi
thus"
)andt
hepr
ophecyi
sspeci
fi
cal
lyf
ulf
il
led
mor
ethansi
xhundr
edyear
slat
eri
nJesus,
itaf
fi
rmst
heabi
li
tyofGodt
orevealt
he
super
nat
ural
.

3.Thi
rd,
prophecymot
ivat
esChr
ist
ianst
oli
vehol
yli
ves,
knowi
ngt
hatmanyoft
he
Bi
ble'
sas-
yetunf
ulf
il
ledpr
opheci
esspeakoft
hebel
iever
'sf
utur
ehomewi
tht
heLor
d.

BI
RTHNARRATI
VESOFJESUS

BI
RTHNARRATI
VESACCORDI
NGTOMATTHEW

- Mat
thewt
racest
hegeneal
ogyofJesust
oAbr
aham”
sonofDavi
d,sonofAbr
aham”
whi
chi
mpl
iest
hatJesusemer
gedf
rom I
sraelandf
ulf
il
ltheOToft
heMessi
ani
cKi
ng.

TheVi
rgi
nConcept
ion

- Forsome,
themi
racul
ouscl
aim oft
hevi
rgi
nconcept
ionofJesusdi
squal
if
iest
he
Gospelaccount
sasar
eli
abl
ehi
stor
y

- Chr
ist
opherHi
tchensr
egul
arl
yref
err
edt
othevi
rgi
nconcept
ionasacl
earexampl
eof
t
heunr
easonabl
enat
ureoft
hegospel
.

- Thevi
rgi
nconcept
ionaccor
dingt
oHi
tchensi
sobvi
ousl
yir
rat
ional
andi
tdi
squal
i
fies
t
hest
oryofJesusbef
orei
tevenbegi
ns.

- Thevi
rgi
nbi
rt
hofJesusi
sthebel
ieft
hatJesuswasconcei
vedi
nthewombofhi
s
mot
herMar
ybyt
heHol
ySpi
ri
tandbor
nwhi
leMar
ywasyetavi
rgi
n1:
18-
25.

- Thevi
rgi
nbi
rt
hwasuni
ver
sal
lyaccept
edbyChr
ist
iant
radi
ti
oni
nthe2ndCent
ury.

- Thevi
rgi
nconcept
ioni
sacont
rover
sialsubj
ectamongmoder
nschol
ars.

- I
tiscl
eari
ntheaccountofMat
thewt
hatJosephwasnott
hebi
ologi
calf
atherofJesus.

- Thet
radi
ti
onpr
eser
vedi
nMat
t1:
22-
23connect
sJesus’
svi
rgi
nbi
rt
hwi
thI
sai
ah7:
14.

- Thepassagesi
nbot
hMat
thewandLukear
ebel
ievedt
obeaut
hent
ic,
wit
hnoevi
dence

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atal
lthatt
heywer
elat
eraddi
ti
onst
othet
ext
.

- Todaysomeschol
arsr
egar
dthedoct
ri
neofJesus’
vir
ginbi
rt
hassi
mpl
yal
egendar
y
devel
opmentoft
heear
lychur
ch.Thest
oryi
ssai
dtobeamyt
handnothi
stor
y.

- SuchSchol
arsr
eal
lybel
ievet
hatmi
racl
esar
eimpossi
ble,
butnoamountofevi
dence
canconvi
ncet
hem t
hati
tact
ual
lyhappened.

VI
EWI
NGBYTHEMAGI

-
Mat
thewwast
heonl
yoneoft
hef
ourcanoni
calgospel
stoment
iont
hemagi

-
Magiar
esai
dtobet
hef
ir
str
eli
giousf
igur
est
owor
shi
pJesus.

-
Theycamef
rom t
heEastt
owor
shi
ptheChr
ist“
bor
ntheki
ngoft
heJews”

-
Theaccountdoesnotment
iont
henumberofpeopl
e“t
hey”or“
themagi
”butt
het
hree
gi
ft
sledt
otheassumpt
iont
hatt
her
ewer
ethr
eemen.

-
TheMagiacknowl
edgedJesusast
hepr
omi
sedki
ng.

-Thenar
rat
ivet
henunder
scor
est
het
rut
hthatJesusi
sthePr
omi
sedKi
ng.

-
Thef
actt
hatt
heMagiwor
shi
ppedhi
m showst
hatt
hechi
ldwasmor
ethanj
ust
somebodyhenceJesuswasf
armor
ethanaf
utur
eki
ng.

-Thegi
ft
sthatwer
epr
esent
edwer
esymbol
icegeGol
dwasagi
ftf
ort
heKi
ngandi
n
t
heOTgol
dwasapr
operset
ti
ngf
ort
hesanct
uar
ywer
eGoddwel
tamonghi
speopl
e,
Myr
rhsymbol
izi
ngt
hepr
epar
ati
onf
orhi
ssuf
fer
ing.

TheHer
odi
anGenoci
de

a.TheMassacr
eoft
hechi
ldr
enofBet
hlehem.

- Her
odor
der
edt
heexecut
ionofal
lyoungmal
echi
ldr
eni
nthevi
cini
tyofBet
hlehem,
so
ast
oavoi
dthel
ossofhi
sthr
onet
oanewbor
nKi
ngoft
heJewswhosebi
rt
hhadbeen
announcedt
ohi
m byt
heMagi
.

- I
ntypi
calMat
theanst
yle,
iti
sunder
stoodasaf
ulf
il
lmentoft
heOTpr
ophecywhi
ch

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wasspokent
hrought
hepr
ophetJer
emi
ahsayi
ng“
Avoi
cei
shear
dinRamah,
mour
ningandgr
eatweepi
ng,
Rachelweepi
ngf
orherchi
ldr
enandr
efusi
ngt
obe
comf
ort
edbecauseherchi
ldr
enar
emor
e“Jer2:
16-
18

- Theaccountoft
heMassacr
eisonl
yfoundi
nthegospelofMat
thew.

- Accor
dingt
oMi
chaelGr
ant
,Mat
thew’
sst
oryoft
heMassacr
eoft
hei
nnocenceby
Her
odt
heGr
eatwasamyt
hal
legedl
yful
fi
ll
ingapr
ophecybyJer
emi
ah.

- Whent
hel
if
eofHer
odi
sexami
ned,
themassacr
eeventi
sver
yconsi
stentwi
thhi
s
behavi
our
,char
act
erandact
ionssot
hisi
spoi
nti
ngt
othef
actt
hati
tdi
dhappen.

b.TheFl
ightt
oEgypt

- Accor
dingt
oJi
mmyDunn,
TheHol
yFami
ly’
sFl
ightt
oEgyptwasr
eal
lyment
ioned
br
ief
lyi
nthesecondchapt
eroft
heGospelofMat
thew.

- Thef
ami
l
ywasabl
etoavoi
dthemassacr
ebyf
leei
ngt
oEgypt
,wher
etheyr
emai
ned
unt
ilanangelt
oldJosepht
hatHer
oddi
ed.

- Mat
thewt
ell
stheeventast
hef
ulf
il
lmentoft
hewor
dsspokenbyGodt
othepr
ophet
Hosea“
OutofEgypthavelcal
ledmyson”Hosea11:
1’

- Mat
thewunder
stoodt
hesewor
dsasf
oret
ell
ingt
hecomi
ngoft
heMessi
ah.

c.Ther
etur
noft
hehol
yfami
lyt
oNazar
eth

- Af
terHer
oddi
ed,
anAngeloft
heLor
dappear
edi
nadr
eam t
oJosephi
nEgyptand
i
nst
ruct
edhi
mtot
aket
hechi
ldandhi
smot
hert
othel
andofI
srael
.

- Het
ookt
hechi
ldandhi
smot
herandwentt
othel
andofI
sraelbutwhenhehear
dthat
Ar
chel
auswasr
eigni
ngi
nJudeai
npl
aceofhi
sfat
herHer
od,
hewasaf
rai
dtogot
her
e.

- Hewi
thdr
ewt
othedi
str
ictofgal
il
eeandhewentandset
tl
edi
nat
owncal
ledNazar
eth.

- Thi
swassai
dtobeaf
ulf
il
lmentofwhatwassai
dthr
oughpr
ophet
s,t
hathewoul
dbe
cal
ledaNazar
ene.
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Bi
rt
hNar
rat
ivesaccor
dingt
oLuke.

- Al
lnar
rat
ivesar
euni
queexceptt
hegeneal
ogy.

1.Pr
omi
set
oZechar
iah

- Uni
quet
oLuke.

- Hast
heol
ogi
cali
nter
esti
nout
cast
sandal
soi
nter
esti
nwomen.

- Depi
ctsi
nter
esti
npr
ayer
,joyandHol
ySpi
ri
t.

2.Announcementt
oMar
y1:
26-
38.

- Jesusi
sdi
vineashei
sapr
oductoft
heHol
ySpi
ri
t.

- Jewi
shnessi
eJesusdescendentofDavi
d.

- I
nter
esti
nwomeni
ement
ioni
ngofMar
y.

- I
nter
esti
ntheHol
ySpi
ri
t.

3.Mar
y’sVi
sitt
oEl
izabet
h.(1:
39-
45)

- I
nter
esti
nwomen.

- I
nter
esti
ntheHol
ySpi
ri
t.

4.Magni
fi
cat(aSongofPr
aisebyMar
y(1:
46-
56)

- I
nter
esti
nwomen,
joyandout
cast
s

- Songder
ivedf
rom t
heSongofHannah.

- ThemeofUni
ver
sal
ism.

5.TheBi
rt
hofJohnt
heBapt
ist1:
57-
66.

- I
nter
esti
njoy.

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- Jewi
shnessi
sshownbyci
rcumci
sionofJohnt
heBapt
i he8thday.
stont

6.Benedi
ctus1:
67-
79(Zachar
iah’
ssongofpr
aise)

-
Int
eresti
ntheHol
ySpi
ri
tcausehespokewhi
leundert
heHol
yspi
ri
t.

-Pecul
iart
oLuke.

-I
nter
esti
nJoy

7.Thebi
rt
hofJesusChr
ist(
2:1-
7)

-Uni
quet
oLuke.

-I
nter
esti
nwomenf
orMar
ycont
inuest
obet
hemai
nchar
act
er.

-
Int
eresti
nthepoor
/out
cast
scozJesuswasl
aidi
namangerwhi
chwasaf
eedi
ng
t
hroughf
eedi
ngt
roughf
ordomest
icat
edani
mal
s.

8.AnnouncementofJesus’
sbi
rt
htot
heshepher
ds2:
8-14.

-I
nter
esti
ntheout
cast
scozoft
heshepher
dsandal
soi
nter
esti
njoyt
otheshepher
ds.

-I
nter
esti
nuni
ver
sal
ism.

-‘
’
Asavi
orwhoi
sChr
ist
”showst
hedi
vini
tyandChr
ist
ologyofJesus.

-“
Prai
singGod”showst
hei
nter
esti
njoy.

9.Vi
sitbyshepher
dst
oMar
yandJoseph(
2:15-
20)
.

-I
nter
esti
njoyf
ort
heshepher
dsr
etur
nedgl
ori
fyi
ngandpr
aisi
ngGod.

-I
nter
esti
nthepoorf
orJesuswasl
aidi
namangerandout
cast
s.

10.Pr
esent
ati
onofJesusi
ntheTempl
e2:
22-
40.

-Mar
yandJosephasJewi
shpar
ent
spr
epar
edf
orJewi
shcust
omsf
orLukehad
i
nter
esti
nJewsegci
rcumci
sion.

-Forever
ymal
ewhoopensawombwascal
ledHol
yandst
ayedi
ntheTempl
ebut
Mar
yandJosephhadt
obr
inghi
m backhomesot
heyhadt
obuyhi
m andt
akehi
m
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home.

-Apai
roft
urt
ledoveswast
obeof
fer
edasanof
fer
ingofapowerper
soni
ethosewho
coul
dn’
taf
for
dthel
ambwoul
dof
fert
urt
ledoves.

-
Thi
sshowsi
nter
esti
nthepoor
.

-
Thi
sshowst
hatLukewasshar
ingt
hehumbl
ebegi
nni
ngofJesus.

-Si
meonwasf
il
ledwi
tht
heHol
ySpi
ri
twhi
chshowsi
nter
esti
ntheHol
ySpi
ri
t.

-Thi
sisuni
quet
oLukeandf
oll
owi
ngJewi
shcust
oms

-I
nter
esti
nUni
ver
sal
ism.

11.SongofSi
meon2:
32-
40.

-Si
meonwasf
il
ledwi
tht
heHol
ySpi
ri
tiei
nter
esti
ntheHol
ySpi
ri
t.

-Uni
quet
oLuke.

-
Int
eresti
nUni
ver
sal
ism,
4:2-
32.

-
Showsgent
il
esi
nmi
ndandi
tsSi
meon’
ssongofpr
aise“Al
ightt
otheGent
il
es”

-Luke2:
36-t
hepr
ophet
essAnnawhi
chshowsi
nter
esti
nwomenandwasawi
dowt
il
l
shewas84yr
swhi
chshowsi
nter
esti
nthepoorandpr
ayert
oo

-
Showsi
nter
esti
nJoyandout
cast
s.

Thevi
rgi
nbi
rt
hofJesus

-
Jesuswasbor
nofavi
rgi
n.

-
Thi
sisauni
quegl
ory.

-
Oft
hebi
ll
ionsofhumanswhohavel
ivedt
hroughouthi
stor
y,onl
yoneper
sonent
ered
t
hewor
ldi
nthi
sway.

-Ther
eisonl
yonemedi
atorbet
weenGodandman(
1Ti
mot
hy2:
5),
andt
her
eisonl
y

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onehumanwhowasvi
rgi
nbor
n.

-
Jesus’
dist
inct
ivebi
rt
hisn’
tamyt
hnormer
elyar
andom f
actf
rom t
heGospel
s.I
tisa
speci
alhonorconf
err
edonl
yont
heSonofGod.

-
Andi
tisf
ullofsi
gni
fi
cancef
orknowi
ngt
heper
sonofJesusandt
heGodwhohas
r
eveal
edhi
msel
finhi
m.

Super
nat
ural
,NotMyt
hical

-
Mat
thewandLukewr
otet
heaut
hor
it
ati
veaccount
s.

-
Nei
therwasl
ikel
ytobegul
li
blei
nthel
east
.Mat
thewwasaf
ormert
ax-
col
lect
or.

-
Lukewasadoct
or.

-
True—medi
cinehascomeal
ongwayi
ntwent
ycent
uri
es,
buti
tisn’
tar
ecent
di
scover
ythatvi
rgi
nsdon’
thavebabi
es.

-
From t
hever
ybegi
nni
ngofJesus’
humanl
if
e,hi
set
ernalFat
hersethi
m apar
tas
except
ional
.

-
TheGospelwr
it
ersdi
dn’
tconcoctamyt
h.

-
Lukeevenconsul
tedwi
thJesus’
mot
her 
whoconf
ir
medt
hatJesus’
bir
thwas
super
nat
ural
.

Whyt
heVi
rgi
nBi
rt
h?

Whati
sthesi
gni
fi
canceoft
hevi
rgi
nbi
rt
h?

-Tobegi
nwi
th,
ithi
ghl
ight
sthesuper
nat
ural
.OnoneendofJesus’
li
fel
ieshi
s
super
nat
uralconcept
ionandbi
rt
h;ont
heot
her
,hi
ssuper
nat
uralr
esur
rect
ionandhi
s
ascensi
ont
oGod’
sri
ghthand.Jesus’
aut
hent
ici
tywasat
test
edt
obyt
hesuper
nat
ural
wor
kingofhi
sFat
her
.

-
Secondl
y,t
hevi
rgi
nbi
rt
hshowst
hathumani
tyneedsr
edeemi
ngt
hati
tcan’
tbr
ing
aboutf
ori
tsel
f.Thef
actt
hatt
hehumanr
acecoul
dn’
tpr
oducei
tsownr
edeemer
i
mpl
iest
hati
tssi
nandgui
ltar
epr
ofoundandt
hati
tssavi
ormustcomef
rom out
side.

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-
Thi
rdl
y,i
nthevi
rgi
nbi
rt
h,God’
sini
ti
ati
vei
sondi
spl
ay.Theangeldi
dn’
taskMar
y
aboutherwi
ll
ingness.Heannounced,
“Behol
d,youwi
llconcei
vei
nyourwomband
bearason,
andyoushal
lcal
lhi
snameJesus”(
Luke1:
31)
.Goddi
dn’
taskMar
yfor
per
missi
on.Heact
ed—gent
lybutdeci
sivel
y—t
osavehi
speopl
efr
om t
hei
rsi
ns
(
Mat
thew1:
21)
.

-
Final
l
y,t
hisvi
rgi
nbi
rt
hhi
ntsatt
hef
ull
yhumanandf
ull
ydi
vinenat
uresuni
tedi
n
Jesus’
oneper
son.Theent
ryoft
heet
ernalWor
dint
othewor
lddi
dn’
thavet
ohappen
t
hisway.Buti
tdi
d.WayneGr
udem wr
it
es,

-
God,
inhi
swi
sdom,
ordai
nedacombi
nat
ionofhumananddi
vinei
nfl
uencei
nthebi
rt
h
ofChr
ist
,sot
hathi
sful
lhumani
tywoul
dbeevi
dentt
ousf
rom t
hef
actofhi
sor
dinar
y
humanbi
rt
hfr
om ahumanmot
her
,andhi
sful
ldei
tywoul
dbeevi
dentf
rom t
hef
actof
hi
sconcept
ioni
nMar
y’swombbyt
hepower
fulwor
koft
heHol
ySpi
ri
t.

BAPTI
SM OFJESUS

-
The 
bapt
ism ofJesus 
isdescr
ibedi
nthegospel
s of
 Mat
thew,
 
Mar
k and 
Luke.
John'
s
gospel
 doesnotdi
rect
lydescr
ibeJesus'
bapt
ism.

-
Mostmoder
ntheol
ogi
ansvi
ewt
hebapt
ism 
ofJesusby 
Johnt
heBapt
ist
 asa
hi
stor
icaleventt
owhi
chahi
ghdegr
eeofcer
tai
ntycanbeassi
gned.

-
Alongwi
tht
he 
cruci
fi
xionofJesus,
mostbi
bli
calschol
arsvi
ewi
tasoneoft
het
wo
hi
stor
ical
lycer
tai
n f
act
s abouthi
m,andof
tenusei
tast
hest
art
ingpoi
ntf
ort
hest
udy
oft
he 
hist
ori
calJesus.

-
Thebapt
ism i
soneoft
hef
ivemaj
ormi
lest
onesi
nthegospelnar
rat
iveoft
hel
if
eof
Jesus,
theot
her
sbei
ngt
heTr
ansf
igur
ati
on,
 
Cruci
fi
xion,
Resur
rect
ion,
and 
Ascensi
on.

-
 MostChr
ist
iandenomi
nat
ions 
viewt
hebapt
ism ofJesusasani
mpor
tanteventanda
basi
sfort
heChr
ist
ianr
it
eofbapt
ism.

WhywasJesusBapt
ized

-Thebapt
ism t
her
efor
emar
kedt
hepoi
ntatwhi
chJesuspubl
icl
ycommi
tshi
msel
fto
t
her
olef
orwhi
chhehadbeendest
inedatbi
rt
h.
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-Ther
easonwhyJohnhadpeopl
ebapt
izedwast
oshowt
hatt
heyhadchangedt
hei
r
mi
nds(
repent
ed)

-
Jesus’
bapt
ism i
ssai
dtobeamar
ktot
hebegi
nni
ngofhi
smi
nist
ryandbybapt
izi
ng
JESUS,
Johnwasdecl
ari
ngt
oal
lthatJesuswast
heonet
heyhadbeenwai
ti
ngf
or,
the
sonofGod,
theonehehadpr
edi
ctedwoul
dbapt
izewi
thhol
yspi
ri
tandf
ir
e.

JESUS’
PARABLES

-
A par
abl
e i
sast
oryaboutaf
ami
l
iarsubj
ectt
oteachani
mpor
tantmor
all
esson.

-Apar
abl
ecanal
sobedef
inedasashor
tandsi
mpl
est
oryt
hati
ll
ust
rat
esadeepand
i
mpor
tantmessage.

-
Ther
ootmeani
ngoft
hewor
dpar
abl
emeansapl
aci
ngsi
debysi
def
ort
hesakeof
compar
ison.

-
TheGospelwr
it
ergener
all
yident
if
iesanar
rat
ivewi
thaspi
ri
tualmeani
ngby
speci
fi
cal
lycal
li
ngt
hel
essonpar
abl
e.

- Par
abl
eswer
eJesus’
favor
it
ewayoft
eachi
ng

- Jesus’
spar
abl
eshaddoubl
emeani
ng,
fir
stbei
ngt
hel
it
eralmeani
ngwhi
chi
sappar
ent
t
oanyonewhohasexper
iencewi
tht
hesubj
ectmat
terandbeyondt
hel
it
eralmeani
ng
l
iesadeepermeani
ngwhi
chi
sthesur
facel
essonaboutGod’
str
uthandhi
sKi
ngdom
egt
hepar
abl
eoft
hel
eavenMat
thew13:
33.

- Jesus’
par
abl
esof
teni
nvol
veanel
ementofsur
pri
seoranunexpect
edt
wist
.

-
Att
imest
heGospelwr
it
erbegi
nst
hest
orywi
tht
hewor
d l
ike,
as"
TheKi
ngdom of
sl
Heaveni i
ke 
alandownerwhowentoutatdawnt
ohi
rel
abor
ersf
orhi
svi
neyar
d"
(
Mat
thew20:
1).OrJesusmaygi
veanexampl
efr
om ever
ydayl
if
etoconveyaspi
ri
tual
t
rut
h,suchast
hePar
abl
eoft
heGoodSamar
it
ant
oteachl
oveandmer
cy,
ort
he
Par
abl
eoft
heFr
iendatMi
dni
ghtt
oteachper
sist
encei
npr
ayer
. 

-
Apar
abl
eenvi
sionst
hewhol
enar
rat
ivet
ogener
atet
hespi
ri
tualmessage,
wher
easa
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pr
over
b,met
aphor
,si
mil
e,orf
igur
eofspeechf
ocusesgener
all
yonawor
d,phr
aseor
sent
ence.
 

-
ThePar
abl
esofJesusar
erecor
dedi
ntheSynopt
icGospel
sofMat
thew,
Mar
k,and
Luke.

Whydi
dJesust
eachi
nPar
abl
es?

1.Jesusspokei
npar
abl
essot
hator
dinar
ypeopl
ewoul
dnotunder
stand,
becauseby
under
standi
ng,
thei
rsi
nswoul
dhavebeenf
orgi
ven.

2.Tosepar
atet
rut
hseeker
sfr
om cur
iosi
tyseeker
s.

3.Toappealt
othehear
ers’
senseofj
ust
icebef
oret
heyr
eal
izedt
hepar
abl
eappl
iedt
o
t
hem egMat
thew21:
33-
44t
hePar
abl
eoft
hewi
ckedvi
nedr
esser
s.

4.Toi
ll
ust
rat
ethespi
ri
tualpr
inci
plesi
nmucht
hesamewaypar
abl
esandanal
ogi
esar
e
used.

5.Tor
evealt
heheavenl
ytr
uthst
ojustasel
ect
edgr
oupofpeopl
ewhosehear
tswer
e
openandr
ecept
ivet
othoset
rut
h.

-
Somepar
abl
esar
ecommont
oal
lthr
eeSynopt
icGospel
s,suchast
hePar
abl
eoft
he
Sower(
Mat
thew13:
3-23,
Mar
k4:
2-20,
andLuke8:
4-15)
.

-
Mat
thew 
rel
atest
enPar
abl
esont
heKi
ngdom ofHeaven,
sevenofwhi
choccuri
n
Chapt
er13andar
ecent
ralt
ohi
sGospel
.-Exampl
esofpar
abl
esuni
quet
oMat
thewar
e
t
heWeedsAmongt
heWheat(
Mat
thew13:
24-
30)
,theUnf
orgi
vingSer
vant(
18:
23-
35)
,
t
heLabor
ersi
ntheVi
neyar
d(20:
1-16)
,theTwoSons(
21:
28-
32)
,andt
heTenVi
rgi
ns
(
25:
1-13)
. 
Mar
k hasonl
yoneuni
quePar
abl
e,t
heGr
owi
ngSeed(
Mar
k4:
26-
29)
.

-Sever
alPar
abl
esar
euni
quet
oLuke,
suchast
hePar
abl
esoft
heGoodSamar
it
an

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(
Luke10:
25-
37)
,theFr
iendatMi
dni
ght(
11:
5-13)
,theRi
chFool(
12:
13-
21)
,theBar
ren
Fi
gTr
ee(
13:
6-9)
,theI
nvi
tedGuest
s(14:
7-14)
,theLostCoi
n(15:
8-10)
,thePr
odi
galSon
(
15:
11-
32)
,Lazar
usandt
heRi
chMan(
16:
19-
31)
,thePer
sist
entWi
dow(
18:
1-8)
,and
t
hePhar
iseeandt
heTaxCol
lect
or(
18:
9-14)
.

MI
RACLESOFJESUS

-
JesusofNazar
ethper
for
medmany 
mir
acl
es,
demonst
rat
inghi
spowerovernat
ure
andspi
ri
ts,
andt
husconf
ir
mingt
hatt
heKi
ngdom ofGodi
sathand(
Mar
k
1:
15)
.“
 Come,
fol
lowme,
andIwi
llmakeyouf
isher
sofmen”
 (
Mat
thew4:
19)
.

-
Thr
ought
heabovemi
racl
e,Jesusr
ecr
uit
edhi
sfi
rstf
ourApost
les-Pet
er,
hisbr
other
Andr
ew,
andJamesandJohn.
 

-
Inaphysi
calmi
racl
e,suchasmaki
ngt
hebl
indsee,
orwal
kingonwat
er,
orcal
minga
st
orm,
thel
awsoft
heuni
ver
sear
esuspendedt
hroughdi
vinei
nter
vent
ion.

-
Inamor
almi
racl
e,suchasf
orgi
venessofsi
nsordr
ivi
ngoutdemons,
thebl
essi
ngof
Jesuspur
if
iest
hesoul
.

-
InMar
k2:
1-12,
Jesusper
for
medaphysi
calmi
racl
e,heal
ingt
hepar
alyt
ic,
to
demonst
rat
eamor
almi
racl
e,t
hef
orgi
venessofsi
ns.
 

-
Onl
ythr
eemi
racl
esappeari
nal
lfourGospel
s-hi
sownResur
rect
ion(
Mat
thew28,
Mar
k16,
Luke24,
andJohn20)
,thegr
eat
estmi
racl
eoft
hem al
l;t
hef
eedi
ngoft
he
5000t
hrought
hemul
ti
pli
cat
ionoft
hel
oavesandf
ish,
foundi
nMat
thew14:
13-
21,
Mar
k6:
30-
44,
Luke9:
10-
17,
andJohn6:
1-14;and,
whi
ledi
ff
erenti
ndi
vidual
sar
e
i
nvol
ved(
seechar
t),
Jesusheal
sthebl
ind(
Mat
thew9:
27-
31,
Mar
k8:
22-
26,
Luke18:
35-
43,
andJohn9)
. 

-
Themi
racl
est
ori
esar
eani
ntegr
alpar
toft
heGospelnar
rat
ive,
asi
ntheGospel
of
Mar
k,wher
enear
lyhal
fofMar
k'saccountoft
hepubl
icmi
nist
ryofJesus(
Chapt
ers
1-
10)descr
ibesmi
racl
es.
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-
Themi
nist
ryofJesusi
scent
eredont
heest
abl
ishmentofGod'
simmi
nentKi
ngdom,
whi
chendedt
hedomi
nionoft
heevi
loneovert
hewor
ld,
presenteversi
ncesi
nand
deat
hent
eredmanki
nd.

-
Themi
racl
eswer
eJesus'
chi
efweaponi
nthest
ruggl
ewi
thevi
l(Mar
k3:
22-
27)
,the
mostdi
rectbei
ngt
heexor
cism ofdemons,
whi
chdef
eat
edt
hepowerofevi
land
l
iber
atedhumani
ty.

-
Thati
swhyami
racl
eisan 
actofpower
 i
ntheSynopt
icGospel
s.

-
TheGospel
srecor
dtwel
vemi
racl
esi
nCaper
naum,
mor
ethananywher
eel
sei
nthe
Hol
yLand.
 

-
Whati
sst
ri
kingi
sthatJesusper
for
mst
hosemi
racl
est
hat
,ref
err
ingt
oIsai
ah29:
18-
19and35:
3-6,
wer
esi
gnsoft
heMessi
ah.

-
Johnt
heBapt
istsenthi
sdi
sci
plest
oaskJesusorYeshua-
 "
Areyout
heonewhoi
sto
come,
orshoul
dweexpectanot
her
?"

-
Jesusr
eassur
esJohnandhi
sdi
sci
plesbynami
ngt
hemi
racl
esoft
heMessi
ah:
 "
the
bl
indr
ecei
vet
hei
rsi
ght
,thel
amewal
k,t
hel
eper
sar
ecl
eansed,
thedeafhear
,thedead
ar
erai
sed,
andt
hepoorhavegoodnewspr
eachedt
othem"
 (
Mat
thew11:
3-5)
.

-
Jesusnotonl
yheal
sthel
eperbutal
soi
nst
ruct
sthel
epert
oshowhi
msel
ftot
hepr
iest
i
nobser
vanceofLevi
ti
cus13-
14(
Mat
thew8:
1-4)
. 

-
JesusChr
istr
aisedt
hreef
rom t
hedead:t
hedaught
erofJai
rust
hesynagogueof
fi
cial
(
Mar
k5:
22-
24,
35-
43)
,thesonoft
hewi
dowofNai
n(Luke7:
11-
17)
,andLazar
usont
he
f
our
thday(
John11)
. 

-
Thesymbol
icel
ementoft
hemi
racl
ebecomespr
imar
yint
heGospelof
 John.

-
Forexampl
e,i
nJohn9,
thei
nter
esti
ngi
vingsi
ghtt
othemanbor
nbl
indi
snotj
ustt
he
gi
ftofsi
ght
,buti
nhi
scomi
ngt
othespi
ri
tuali
nsi
ghtoff
ait
h,ani
nsi
ghtmadepossi
ble
byJesus,
theLi
ghtoft
hewor
ld.

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-
TheGospelofJohnenumer
atessevensi
gnsofJesus:het
urnswat
eri
ntowi
neatt
he
weddi
ngf
eastofCana(
2:1-
12)
;theheal
ingofanof
fi
cial
'
ssoni
nCaper
naum (
4:43-
54)
;
t
heheal
ingofapar
alyt
icont
hesabbat
hbyt
hepoolatBet
hesdai
nJer
usal
em (
5:1-
47)
;
t
hef
eedi
ngoft
hef
ivet
housand(
6:1-
14)bef
oret
heBr
eadofLi
fedi
scour
se;wal
kingon
wat
er(
6:16-
21)
;theheal
ingofamanbor
nbl
ind(
9:1-
41)
;andt
her
aisi
ngofLazar
us
(
11:
1-57)
.

-
Johnal
sor
ecor
dst
hreeappear
ancesofChr
istt
ohi
sdi
sci
plesf
oll
owi
nghi
s
Resur
rect
ion.
 

-
Themi
racl
esoft
heMul
ti
pli
cat
ionoft
heLoavesandFi
shandt
heWeddi
ngFeastof
Canaser
veasapr
eludet
othemi
racl
eoft
heI
nst
it
uti
onoft
heEuchar
istatt
he 
Last
Supper
 ofourLor
d,and 
thegi
vingofCommuni
oni
nourChur
chest
hroughoutt
he
wor
ld!
 

-
Thet
hir
dmi
ll
enni
um i
smor
erecept
ivet
omi
racl
esascompar
edt
otheskept
ici
sm of
t
hepost
-Enl
ight
enment
.

-
Caser
ecor
dsofi
nexpl
icabl
ecur
esf
rom cancer
,theheal
ingsofGuadal
upe,
Mexi
co,
Lour
des,
France,
andFat
ima,
Por
tugal
,andr
epor
tsofnear
-deat
hexper
ienceshave
pr
oducedanopennesst
othemi
racul
ous.
 

-
Whi
leChr
istJesusper
for
medi
nnumer
abl
eheal
ingsandexor
cisms(
Mat
thew8:
16-
17,
Mar
k1:
32-
34,
Luke6:
17-
19)
,thef
oll
owi
ngchar
tli
stsspeci
fi
cmi
racl
esofJesusChr
ist
dur
inghi
spubl
icmi
nist
ry,
 
bef
ore 
hisResur
rect
ion:

I
mpor
tanceofJesus’
mir
acl
es

- Toshowt
hedi
vinenat
ureofJesus.

- ToshowJesus’
powerovernat
ure.

- ToShowJesus’
spoweroverdeat
h

- ToShowJesus’
spowert
ofor
givesi
ns.
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- ToShowJesus’
poweroverdemons.

- Toshowt
heuni
ver
sal
ism ofJesus.

KI
NGDOM OFGOD.

- Thi
sisnotadomi
nantt
hemei
nMar
k’sgospelascompar
edt
oMat
tandLuke.

- I
n1:
14,
theKi
ngdom i
sment
ionedasapr
esentr
eal
it
y{r
eal
izedeschat
ology}whi
ch
hasal
readycome.

- Themi
nist
ryofJesusi
sthei
naugur
ati
onoft
heki
ngdom t
hroughexor
cism eg
Demoni
acatCaper
naum,
heal
ingoft
hepar
alysed,
fel
lowshi
pwi
thsi
nner
s,f
eedi
ngof
t
hehungr
y,cal
li
ngoft
hedi
sci
pleset
c

Theki
ngdom asaf
utur
ereal
it
y

- Mar
kal
sopor
trayst
heki
ngdom asaf
utur
ereal
it
yiei
twassomet
hingst
il
ltocome
10:
23-
25.

- Theki
ngdom i
sal
soment
ionedatt
hel
astsupper{
14:
25}
.

- 15:
43,
JosephofAr
imat
heai
sdescr
ibedasamanawai
ti
ngt
heki
ngdom.

- 13:
26-
32t
heki
ngdom i
sassoci
atedwi
thj
udgment
.

- Ast
heki
ngdom i
saf
utur
ereal
it
y,t
her
eisacal
lforwat
chf
ulness13:
33.

- Theki
ngdom i
spor
trayedasamyst
ery4:
11.

- Theki
ngdom i
spor
trayedasst
art
ingsmal
lbutgr
owsi
ntoahugehar
vest4:
3-9.

- Par
abl
eoft
hemast
eredseedshowst
heki
ngdom asapr
esentaf
utur
ereal
it
y.

RESURRECTI
ONOFJESUS
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Resur
rect
ionofJesus:WhyI
t’
sImpor
tant
!

- Cr
uci
fi
xionwasi
mpor
tantasi
tear
mar
kedt
hesal
vat
ionoft
hesai
nts.

- I
fJesuswasnotcr
uci
fi
edt
her
ewasnotgoi
ngt
obepeacepr
evai
li
ngaf
tert
heaccount
oft
hear
restandt
ri
al.

- Thecr
uci
fi
xionwasaconf
ir
mat
iont
hatJesuswasi
ndeedaMessi
ahwhohaddi
edf
or
t
hesi
nsoft
hepeopl
e.

- Thedeat
handResur
rect
ionaccountwassocent
rali
nther
evi
valoft
hef
ait
hwi
thi
nthe
ear
lychur
ch.

- Ther
esur
rect
ionofJesusi
sthef
oundat
ionoft
heChr
ist
ianf
ait
h.

- Topr
ovet
hatJesus’
deat
hwasar
ansom f
orsi
nner
sot
her
wiseJesuswassi
nless.

- Ther
esur
rect
ionaccountwassocent
rali
nther
evi
valoft
hef
ait
hwi
thi
ntheear
ly
chur
ch.

- Thef
ait
handbel
iefwasmai
nlyf
oundat
ionedont
hehopet
hatof
tent
her
esur
rect
ion
accountJesuswasgoi
ngcomebackf
ort
hesecondt
imeandt
aket
hosewhowoul
d
haver
epent
edi
ntot
heKi
ngdom ofHeaven.

-
InPaul
’
slet
tert
otheCor
int
hians,
hedecl
ares:
 

“
Andi
fChr
istbenotr
isen,
theni
sourpr
eachi
ngvai
n,andyourf
ait
hisal
sovai
n.Yea,
andwear
efoundf
alsewi
tnessesofGod;becausewehavet
est
if
iedofGodt
hatHe
r
aisedupChr
ist
:whom Her
aisednotup,
ifsobet
hatt
hedeadr
isenot
.”
 (
1Cor
int
hians
15:
14-
15)
. 

“
Andi
fChr
istbenotr
aised,
yourf
ait
hisvai
n;year
eyeti
nyoursi
ns.
” 
(1Cor
int
hians
15:
17)
.Asi
ttur
nsout
,nol
egi
ti
mat
eschol
arorr
eli
giont
odaydeni
est
hatJesuswasa
hi
stor
ical
figur
ewhowal
kedt
heear
thappr
oxi
mat
ely2,
000year
sago,
wasagr
eat
t
eacherandmi
racl
ewor
ker
,andwhodi
edonacr
ossf
ort
hecr
imeofbl
asphemy.

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Ther
efor
e,t
heonl
ylegi
ti
mat
edi
sput
eiswhet
herJesuswast
heSonofGodwhowas
r
esur
rect
edf
rom t
hedeadaf
terHi
scr
uci
fi
xion.

Resur
rect
ionofJesus:Eyewi
tnessTest
imoni
es

-
Ther
esur
rect
ionofJesusi
schal
lengedt
odayonevi
dent
iar
ygr
ounds.

-
Ther
efor
e,t
obef
air
,theevi
denceshoul
dbej
udgedl
ikeanyot
herhi
stor
icalevent
.

-
Basedonst
andar
drul
esofevi
dence,
consi
stenteye-
wit
nesst
est
imonyf
rom mul
ti
ple
cr
edi
blewi
tnesseswoul
dbeconsi
der
edt
hest
rongestf
orm ofevi
denceavai
labl
etoa
l
it
igant
.

-
Ther
efor
e,i
fwef
indsucht
est
imonypr
esenti
ncr
edi
bleaccount
soft
hehi
stor
ical
r
ecor
dofChr
ist
’sr
esur
rect
ion,
wehavesat
isf
iedamaj
orevi
dent
iar
ychal
lengeunder
t
radi
ti
onalr
ules.

-I
nfact
,theyar
emul
ti
pleeye-
wit
nesst
est
imoni
esr
egar
dingt
her
esur
rect
ionofJesus.
I
n 1Cor
int
hians15:
3-6,
 
Paulest
abl
ishedt
hef
oll
owi
ng:
 

“
ForIdel
iver
edunt
oyouf
ir
stofal
lthatwhi
chIal
sor
ecei
ved,
howt
hatChr
istdi
edf
or
oursi
nsaccor
dingt
othescr
ipt
ures;Andt
hatHewasbur
ied,
andt
hatHer
oseagai
n
t
het
hir
ddayaccor
dingt
othescr
ipt
ures:Andt
hatHewasseenofCephas,
thenoft
he
t
wel
ve:Af
tert
hat
,Hewasseenofabovef
ivehundr
edbr
ethr
enatonce;ofwhom t
he
gr
eat
erpar
tremai
nunt
othi
spr
esent
,butsomear
efal
lenasl
eep.
”

Resur
rect
ionofJesus:Mor
eEye-
wit
nessAccount
s.

-
Ther
esur
rect
ionofJesuswasal
sodecl
aredi
nnumer
ousot
heraccount
s,i
ncl
udi
ng
t
heappear
anceofJesust
oMar
yMagdal
ene(
John20:
10-
18)
,toot
herwomen
(
Mat
thew28:
8-10)
,toCl
eopasandhi
scompani
on(
Luke24:
13-
32)
,toel
evendi
sci
ples
andot
her
s(Luke24:
33-
49)
,tot
enapost
lesandot
her
s(excl
udi
ngThomas)(
John
20:
19-
23)
,tot
heapost
les(
incl
udi
ngThomas)(
John20:
26-
30)
,tosevenapost
les(
John

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21:
1-14)
,tot
hedi
sci
ples(
Mat
thew28:
16-
20)
,andt
otheapost
lesont
heMountof
Ol
ives(
Luke24:
50-
52 
and 
Act
s1:
4-9)
.

-
Theul
ti
mat
etestofcr
edi
bil
it
yfort
heseeye-
wit
nesseswast
hatmanyoft
hem
f
acedmar
tyr
dom 
fort
hei
reye-
wit
nesst
est
imony.Thi
sisdr
amat
ic!Thesewi
tnesses
knewt
het
rut
h.

-
Whatcoul
dtheypossi
blygai
nbydyi
ngf
oraknownl
ie?

-
Theevi
dencespeaksf
ori
tsel
f,t
hesewer
en’
tjustr
eli
giousf
ait
hful
dyi
ngf
orar
eli
gious
bel
ief
,thesewer
efol
lower
sofJesusChr
istdyi
ngf
orahi
stor
icalevent

–Hi
sresur
rect
iont
hatest
abl
ishedHi
m ast
heSonofGod.

Whowasr
esponsi
blef
orJesus’
deat
h?

- Thequest
iononwhowasr
esponsi
blef
orJesus’
sdeat
hhasr
emai
nedasubj
ectof
debat
eifnotcont
rover
syasal
oti
nkhasbeenspi
ll
edont
heschol
arl
ydeskbyt
heNew
Test
amentcai
rnf
rom bot
hangl
esofanal
ysi
s.

- Thr
oughi
nter
nalbi
bli
calexegesi
sthati
sint
ernal
lyt
her
ear
etwogr
oupsofpeopl
e
bel
ievedt
ober
esponsi
blef
orJesus’
deat
hthatar
etheRomansandJews.

- I
nter
nat
ional
ly,
JewsandRomansar
einevi
tabl
yreveal
edt
ohavebeenr
esponsi
blef
or
Jesus’
deat
h.

- Convent
ionalwi
sdom hasl
edsomemoder
nschol
arst
obel
ieveandassumet
hatt
he
Jewswer
eresponsi
blef
ort
hedeat
hsi
ncet
her
ewer
eal
waysi
nconf
li
ctwi
thhi
m.

- TheJewscoher
esandmadet
heRomansbel
ievet
hatJesuswasat
hreatandhence
deser
veddeat
h.

- Pi
lat
efoundJesusi
nnocentandwant
edt
ofr
eehi
m butt
heJewsi
nsi
stedand
advocat
edf
orhi
sdeat
h.

- Wi
thf
ail
ureoft
hei
nter
nalexegesi
stoi
ndi
cat
etheexactpeopl
eresponsi
blef
orJesus’

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deat
h.Anci
entandmoder
nschol
arshadsett
hebal
lrol
li
ng.

- Accor
dingt
oBabyl
oni
anTal
mundJesuswashangedbecausehepr
act
icedsor
cer
y
andwasl
eadi
ngt
hepeopl
east
raysot
heJewsgavet
hem 40dayst
ocomeandpl
ead
wi
tht
hem f
ort
hataccusat
ionbuthef
ail
edt
orepor
tandi
nreci
procat
ionhewas
hangedont
hecr
oss.

- I
n1940,
ther
ehadbeenashi
ftoft
her
esponsi
bil
it
yfr
om t
heJewt
otheRomans.

- Jesus’
deat
hwasar
esul
tofRomanmet
hodofel
imi
nat
ingpeopl
ehenceonemaynot
denyt
hei
deaoft
heRomansbei
nggi
venr
esponsi
bil
it
yofJesus’
deat
h.

- Br
andonbel
ievest
hatt
heRomanski
ll
edJesusbecauseofhi
sassoci
ati
onwi
tht
he
zeal
otmovementwhi
chwasat
hreatt
otheRomanGvtbecauset
heywer
eregar
ded
ast
err
ori
stshencet
heRomansmi
ghtber
esponsi
blef
orJesus’
sdeat
h.

- Romansf
eltsomedanger
sthatJesuswoul
ddoanupr
isi
ngagai
nstt
hem.

- Thechar
act
eroft
heApost
lePet
erwhocutof
ftheearoft
hehi
ghpr
iestsl
aveat
get
hsemaneposedat
hreatt
oJesus’
sli
fe.

- ThesonsofZebedi
a,JamesandJohnwer
egi
vent
henameBoar
nagewhi
chmeans
(
sonsoft
hunder
)madet
heRomanst
ofeelt
hreat
ened.

- Accor
dingt
oBr
endon,
themessageofJesusont
heeschat
ologi
caldi
scour
se
emphasi
zedonanot
herKi
ngdom t
ocomewhi
chwasi
ntur
nat
hreatt
otheexi
sti
ng
Ki
ngdom hencet
heRomanshadar
easont
oki
llJesus.

- Thef
orer
unnerandpr
e-cussorofJesus,
Johnt
heBapt
istwasknownasar
adi
cal
r
evol
uti
oni
stwhowaski
ll
edonpol
it
icalgr
oundsposedat
hreatt
oJesus’
sli
fe.

- Act
ionsofJesusegonLuke22:
35wer
eher
etol
dhi
sdi
sci
plest
ohaveswor
dsmade
t
heRomansunhappywi
tht
hemovement
.

- Besi
dest
heJewsandRomans,
Jesushi
msel
ftr
igger
edf
orhi
sowndeat
h.

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CHRI
STI
ANI
TYONHEALTHANDI
LLNESS

-
Thehi
stor
yofChr
ist
iani
tyhaswi
tnessedanact
ivedebat
eaboutpr
operat
ti
tudes
t
owar
dssuf
fer
ing,
pai
n,anddeat
h,andhowbestt
oconf
ronthumani
ll
nessandf
rai
lt
y.

-
Thet
heol
ogi
calnot
ionofJesus'
suf
fer
inganddeat
hont
hecr
ossi
svi
ewedbysome
asar
edempt
iveval
uat
ionofsuf
fer
ing.I
nthi
svi
ew,
someChr
ist
iansar
guet
hatpai
n
andhar
dshi
phasabr
oaderval
ueandcanhaveapot
ent
ial
lyt
ransf
ormat
iveaf
fecton
t
her
eli
giousadher
ent
.

-
Other
semphasi
zeJesus’
heal
ingmi
nist
ryandhi
scompassi
onf
ort
hebl
ind,
thesi
ck,
andt
hel
ame.I
namuch-
cit
edpanor
amaoft
heLastJudgment
,Jesuscal
ledonhi
s
f
oll
ower
stoshowt
hesameempat
hyt
oot
her
s(Mat
thew25:
31-
46)
.

-Ef
for
tst
oli
nkt
heset
wost
randsi
nChr
ist
ianr
efl
ect
ionandexper
ience—Jesus’
wi
ll
i
ngnesst
osuf
feranddi
eandhi
scompassi
onandheal
ing—havet
radi
ti
onal
lybeen
acknowl
edgedast
hei
nevi
tabi
li
tyofsuf
fer
ingcombi
nedwi
thadet
ermi
nat
iont
o
al
levi
atei
t,wheneverpossi
ble,
thr
ought
hemedi
calar
ts.

-
Theexper
ienceofsuf
fer
ingcanhavear
edempt
ivedi
mensi
on;i
tcanbr
ingi
ndi
vidual
s
cl
osert
oaGodwhosuf
fer
edwi
thandf
ort
hem ont
hecr
oss.

-
Att
hesamet
ime,
Chr
ist
iansar
ecal
ledt
oembr
acesci
enceandi
tsbi
omedi
cal
appl
icat
ionsi
nor
dert
opr
eventandal
levi
ateunnecessar
ysuf
fer
ing,
whenever
possi
ble,
whi
leal
sor
espect
ingt
hesanct
it
yofhumanl
if
e.

CHRI
STI
ANI
TYANDPOLI
TICS

-
Ther
elat
ionshi
pbet
ween 
Chr
ist
iani
tyandpol
it
ics 
isahi
stor
ical
lycompl
exsubj
ect
andaf
requentsour
ceofdi
sagr
eementt
hroughoutt
he 
hist
oryofChr
ist
iani
ty,
aswel
l
asi
nmoder
npol
it
icsbet
weent
he 
Chr
ist
ianr
ight
 andChr
ist
ianl
eft
.

-
Ther
ehavebeenawi
devar
iet
yofwaysi
nwhi
cht
hinker
shaveconcei
vedoft
he
r
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenChr
ist
iani
ty 
and 
pol
it
ics,
wit
hmanyar
gui
ngt
hatChr
ist
iani
ty
di
rect
lysuppor
tsapar
ti
cul
arpol
it
icali
deol
ogyorphi
losophy.

-Al
ongt
hesel
ines,
var
ioust
hinker
shavear
guedf
or 
Chr
ist
iancommuni
sm,
 
Chr
ist
ian

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soci
ali
sm,
Chr
ist
iananar
chi
sm,
 
Chr
ist
ianl
iber
tar
iani
sm,
or 
Chr
ist
iandemocr
acy.

-
Other
sbel
ievet
hatChr
ist
iansshoul
dhavel
it
tl
eint
erestorpar
ti
cipat
ioni
npol
it
icsor
gover
nment
’

-
The 
Hebr
ewBi
ble 
cont
ainsacompl
exchr
oni
cle 
oft
he 
KingsofI
srael
 andJudah,
wr
it
tenovert
hecour
seofmanygener
ati
onsbyaut
hor
swhoser
elat
ionshi
psand
i
nti
macywi
tht
her
uler
soft
hesever
alki
ngdomsf
luct
uat
edwi
del
yinbot
hint
imacyand
r
espect
.

-
Somehi
stor
icalpassagesoft
heHebr
ewBi
blecont
aini
nti
mat
epor
trayal
soft
hei
nner
wor
kingsoft
her
oyalhousehol
dsof
 Saul
,
 Davi
d andSol
omon.

-
Theaccount
sofsubsequentmonar
chsar
efr
equent
lymor
edi
stancedandl
ess
det
ail
edandf
requent
lybegi
nwi
tht
hej
udgmentt
hatt
hemonar
ch"
didevi
lint
hesi
ght
oft
heLor
d".

-
TheChr
ist
ian 
NewTest
ament
 i
nst
eadbegi
nswi
tht
hest
oryof
 Jesus,
 
cruci
fi
edasa
cr
imi
nalwhohadof
fendedbot
htheJewi
shpr
iest
hood 
andt
he 
Roman
i
mper
ial
 aut
hor
it
ies.

-
Atl
eastt
oout
war
dappear
ances,
Jesuswasatt
heper
ipher
yofpol
it
icall
if
eandpower
i
nthe 
Romanpr
ovi
nceofJudea.

-
Never
thel
ess,
anumberofpol
it
icalcur
rent
sappeari
nNewTest
amentwr
it
ings.

-
Ear
lyChr
ist
ianswer
edescr
ibedbyCel
sus 
ast
hosewhor
efusedmi
li
tar
yser
viceand
woul
dnotacceptpubl
icof
fi
ce,
norassumeanyr
esponsi
bil
it
yfort
hegover
ningof
ci
ti
es.

-
Ori
genconf
ir
mst
hisdescr
ipt
ionandaddst
hatChr
ist
iansdomor
efort
hegoodoft
he
empi
rebyf
ormi
ngan"
armyofpi
ety"t
hatpr
aysf
ort
hewel
l-
bei
ngoft
heemper
orand
t
hesaf
etyoft
heempi
re.

-
Ithasbeenar
guedt
hatChr
ist
iani
tymadeasi
gni
fi
cantposi
ti
vecont
ri
but
iont
othe
devel
opmentofmoder
ndemocr
acy

-
ForChr
ist
iansaboveal
lmenar
enotper
mit
tedf
orci
blyt
ocor
rectt
hef
ail
ingsoft
hose
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whosi
n.

-
Secul
arj
udgesi
ndeed,
whent
heyhavecapt
uredmal
efact
orsundert
hel
aw,
show
t
hei
raut
hor
it
ytobegr
eat
,andpr
eventt
hem evenagai
nstt
hei
rwi
llf
rom f
oll
owi
ngt
hei
r
owndevi
ces:buti
nourcaset
hewr
ong-
doermustbemadebet
ter
,notbyf
orce,
butby
per
suasi
on.

-Fornei
therhasaut
hor
it
yoft
hiski
ndf
ort
her
est
rai
ntofsi
nner
sbeengi
venusbyl
aw,
nor
,ifi
thadbeengi
ven,
shoul
dwehaveanyf
iel
dfort
heexer
ciseofourpower
,
i
nasmuchasGodr
ewar
dst
hosewhoabst
ainf
rom evi
lbyt
hei
rownchoi
ce,
notof
necessi
ty.

-
Consequent
lymuchski
lli
srequi
redt
hatourpat
ient
smaybei
nducedt
osubmi
t
wi
ll
i
ngl
ytot
het
reat
mentpr
escr
ibedbyt
hephysi
cians,
andnotonl
ythi
s,butt
hatt
hey
maybegr
atef
ulal
sof
ort
hecur
e.

-Fori
fanyonewhenhei
sboundbecomesr
est
ive(
whi
chi
tisi
nhi
spowert
obe)
,he
makest
hemi
schi
efwor
se;andi
fheshoul
dpaynoheedt
othewor
dswhi
chcutl
ike
st
eel
,hei
nfl
ict
sanot
herwoundbymeansoft
hiscont
empt
,andt
hei
ntent
iont
oheal
onl
ybecomest
heoccasi
onofawor
sedi
sor
der
.

-
Fori
tisnotpossi
blef
oranyonet
ocur
eamanbycompul
sionagai
nsthi
swi
ll
.

ROLEOFWOMENI
NCHRI
STI
ANI
TY.

-
Alt
houghwomenhavet
radi
ti
onal
lyf
ulf
il
ledsuppor
ti
ver
olesi
nser
vingt
hechur
chand
gai
nedt
hei
rgr
eat
estj
oyandsenseofaccompl
ishmentf
rom bei
ngwi
vesandmot
her
s,
t
hef
emi
nistmovementhassuccessf
ull
yinf
luencedmanywoment
oabandont
hese
di
vinel
yor
dai
nedr
oles.

-
Unf
ort
unat
ely,
thi
smovementhasmadeheadwayeveni
nthechur
ch,
creat
ingchaos
andconf
usi
onr
egar
dingt
her
oleofwomenbot
hinmi
nist
ryandi
nthehome.

-
Onl
yinScr
ipt
urecanGod’
sint
endeddesi
gnf
orwomenbef
ound.

TheOl
dTest
amentandWomen

-
Int
hecr
eat
ionaccountofGenesi
s1,
God’
sfi
rstwor
dont
hesubj
ectofmenand
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womeni
sthatt
heywer
eequal
lycr
eat
edi
nthei
mageofGod(
v.27)
.

-
Nei
therr
ecei
vedmor
eoft
hei
mageofGodt
hant
heot
her
.Sot
heBi
blebegi
nswi
tht
he
equal
it
yoft
hesexes.

-
Asper
sons,
asspi
ri
tualbei
ngsst
andi
ngbef
oreGod,
menandwomenar
eabsol
utel
y
equal
.

-
Despi
tet
hisequal
it
y,t
her
eisi
nGenesi
s2amor
edet
ail
edaccountoft
hecr
eat
ionof
t
het
wohumanbei
ngst
hatr
eveal
sdi
ff
erencesi
nthei
rGod-
givenf
unct
ionsand
r
esponsi
bil
it
ies.

-
Goddi
dnotcr
eat
ethemanandt
hewomanatt
hesamet
ime,
butr
atherHecr
eat
ed
Adam f
ir
standEvel
aterf
ort
hespeci
fi
cpur
poseofbei
ngAdam’
shel
per
.

-
Evewasequalt
oAdam,
butshewasgi
vent
her
oleanddut
yofsubmi
tt
ingt
ohi
m.
Al
thought
hewor
d“hel
per
”car
ri
esver
yposi
ti
veconnot
ati
ons—evenbei
ngusedofGod
Hi
msel
fast
hehel
perofI
srael(
Deut
.33:
7;Ps.33:
20)
—itst
il
ldescr
ibessomeonei
na
r
elat
ionshi
pofser
vicet
oanot
her
.

-
Ther
esponsi
bil
it
yofwi
vest
osubmi
ttot
hei
rhusbands,
then,
waspar
toft
hepl
an
f
rom cr
eat
ion,
evenbef
oret
hecur
se.

-
Thef
ir
stbooksoft
heBi
bleest
abl
ishbot
htheequal
it
yofmenandwomenandal
so
t
hesuppor
trol
eoft
hewi
fe(
seeExod.21:
15,
17,
28–31;Num.5:
19–20,
29;6:
2;
30:
1–16)
.

-
Adam andEve’
sdi
sobedi
encet
oGod’
scommandr
esul
tedi
ncer
tai
nconsequences
(
Gen.3:
16–19)
.

-
Fort
hewoman,
Godpr
onouncedacur
set
hati
ncl
udedmul
ti
pli
edpai
ninchi
ldbi
rt
hand
t
ensi
oni
ntheaut
hor
it
y-submi
ssi
onr
elat
ionshi
pofhusbandandwi
fe.

-
Genesi
s3:
16sayst
hewoman’
s“desi
re”wi
llbef
orherhusbandbutheshal
l“r
ule”
overher
.

-
InGenesi
s4:
7theaut
horusest
hesamewor
d“desi
re”t
omean“
excessi
vecont
rol
over
.”
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-
Thus,
thecur
sei
nGenesi
s3:
16r
efer
stoanewdesi
reont
hepar
toft
hewomant
o
exer
cisecont
roloverherhusband—buthewi
lli
nfactoppr
essi
vel
yrul
eandexer
t
aut
hor
it
yoverher
.

-
Ther
esul
toft
heFal
lonmar
ri
aget
hroughhi
stor
yhasbeenanongoi
ngst
ruggl
e
bet
weent
hesexes,
wit
hwomenseeki
ngcont
rolandmenseeki
ngdomi
nance.

-
Thr
oughoutt
heOl
dTest
ament
,womenwer
eact
ivei
nther
eli
giousl
if
eofI
srael
,but
gener
all
ytheywer
enotl
eader
s.

-
Womenl
ikeDebor
ah(
Judges4)wer
ecl
ear
lyt
heexcept
ionandnott
her
ule.Ther
e
wasnowomanwi
thanongoi
ngpr
ophet
icmi
nist
ry.

-
Nowomanwasapr
iest
.

-
Noqueeneverr
uledI
srael
.

-
Nowomanwr
oteanOl
dTest
ament(
orNewTest
ament
)book.

-I
sai
ah3:
12i
ndi
cat
est
hatGodal
lowedwoment
orul
easpar
tofHi
sjudgmentont
he
si
nni
ngnat
ion.

JesusandWomen

-
Int
hemi
dstoft
heGr
eek,
Roman,
andJewi
shcul
tur
es,
whi
chvi
ewedwomenal
most
ont
hel
evelofpossessi
ons,
Jesusshowedl
oveandr
espectf
orwomen.

-
ThoughJewi
shr
abbi
sdi
dnott
eachwomenandt
heJewi
shTal
mudsai
ditwasbet
ter
t
obur
ntheTor
aht
hant
oteachi
ttoawoman,
Jesusnevert
ookt
heposi
ti
ont
hat
women,
byt
hei
rver
ynat
ure,
coul
dnotunder
standspi
ri
tualort
heol
ogi
calt
rut
h.

-
Henotonl
yincl
udedt
hem i
nHi
saudi
encesbutal
sousedi
ll
ust
rat
ionsandi
mages
t
hatwoul
dbef
ami
li
art
othem (
Mat
t.13:
33;22:
1–2;24:
41;Luke15:
8–10)and
speci
fi
cal
lyappl
iedHi
steachi
ngt
othem (
Mat
t.10:
34f
f.
).

-
Tot
heSamar
it
anwomanatt
hewel
l(John4)
,Her
eveal
edt
hatHewast
heMessi
ah
anddi
scussedwi
thhert
opi
cssuchaset
ernall
if
eandt
henat
ureoft
ruewor
shi
p.

-
Heal
sot
aughtMar
yand,
whenadmoni
shedbyMar
tha,
poi
ntedoutt
hepr
ior
it
yof
FAMI
LYANDRELI
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l
ear
ningspi
ri
tualt
rut
hevenover“
womanl
y”r
esponsi
bil
it
iesl
ikeser
vingguest
sin
one’
shome(
Luke10:
38)
.

-
Alt
houghmeni
nJesus’
daynor
mal
lywoul
dnotal
lowwoment
ocountchangei
nto
t
hei
rhandsf
orf
earofphysi
calcont
act
,Jesust
ouchedwoment
ohealt
hem and
al
lowedwoment
otouchHi
m(Luke13:
10f
f.
;Mar
k5:
25f
f.
).

-
Jesusevenal
lowedasmal
lgr
oupofwoment
otr
avelwi
thHi
m andHi
sdi
sci
ples
(
Luke8:
1–3)
,anunpr
ecedent
edhappeni
ngatt
hatt
ime.

-
Aft
erHi
sresur
rect
ion,
Jesusappear
edf
ir
stt
oMar
yMagdal
eneandsenthert
o
announceHi
sresur
rect
iont
othedi
sci
ples(
John20:
1–18)
,despi
tet
hef
actt
hat
womenwer
enotal
lowedt
obewi
tnessesi
nJewi
shcour
tsbecauset
heywer
e
consi
der
edl
iar
s.

TheChur
chandwomen

-
From t
hever
ybegi
nni
ng,
womenf
ulf
il
ledavi
talr
olei
ntheChr
ist
ianchur
ch(
Act
s
1:
12–14;9:
36–42;16:
13–15;17:
1–4,
10–12;18:
1–2,
18,
24–28;Rom.16;1Cor
.
16:
19;2Ti
m.1:
5;4:
19)
,butnotoneofl
eader
shi
p.

-
Theapost
leswer
eal
lmen;t
hechi
efmi
ssi
onar
yact
ivi
tywasdonebymen;t
hewr
it
ing
oft
heNewTest
amentwast
hewor
kofmen;andl
eader
shi
pint
hechur
cheswas
ent
rust
edt
omen.

-
Alt
hought
heApost
lePaulr
espect
edwomenandwor
kedsi
debysi
dewi
tht
hem f
or
t
hef
urt
her
anceoft
hegospel(
Rom.16;Phi
l.4:
3),
heappoi
ntednof
emal
eel
der
sor
past
ors.

-
Inhi
slet
ter
s,heur
gedt
hatmenwer
etobet
hel
eader
sint
hechur
chandt
hatwomen
wer
enott
oteachorexer
ciseaut
hor
it
yovermen(
1Ti
m.2:
12)
.

-
Ther
efor
e,al
thoughwomenar
espi
ri
tualequal
swi
thmenandt
hemi
nist
ryofwomen
i
sessent
ialt
othebodyofChr
ist
,womenar
eexcl
udedf
rom l
eader
shi
povermeni
nthe
chur
ch.

-
Menandwomenst
andasequal
sbef
oreGod,
bot
hbear
ingt
hei
mageofGodHi
msel
f.

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-
However
,wi
thoutmaki
ngonei
nfer
iort
otheot
her
,Godcal
lsuponbot
hmenand
woment
oful
fi
llt
her
olesandr
esponsi
bil
it
iesspeci
fi
cal
lydesi
gnedf
ort
hem,
apat
ter
n
t
hatcanbeseeneveni
ntheGodhead(
1Cor
.11:
3).

-
Inf
ulf
il
li
ngt
hedi
vinel
ygi
venr
olest
aughti
ntheNewTest
ament
,womenar
eabl
eto
r
eal
izet
hei
rful
lpot
ent
ialbecauset
heyar
efol
lowi
ngt
hepl
anoft
hei
rownCr
eat
orand
Desi
gner
.

-
Onl
yinobedi
encet
oHi
m andHi
sdesi
gnwi
llwoment
rul
ybeabl
e,i
nthef
ull
estsense,
t
ogi
vegl
oryt
oGod.

CHRI
STI
ANI
TYANDENVI
RONMENTCONSERVATI
ON

-
TheBi
blecal
lsChr
ist
ianst
obet
hest
ewar
dsoft
heear
th.Wear
ecal
ledt
omai
ntai
n
andpr
otectt
heear
th.

-
Godl
ovedHi
scr
eat
ion.

-Hepr
otect
edandmai
ntai
nedHi
scr
eat
ion.

-
Wear
ecr
eat
edi
nthei
mageofGodandasChr
ist
iansweshoul
dlovet
heear
th.
Genesi
s1:
26(
NIV)says"
ThenGodsai
d,'
Letusmakemani
nouri
mage,
inourl
ikeness,
andl
ett
hem r
uleovert
hef
ishoft
heseaandt
hebi
rdsoft
heai
r,overt
hel
ivest
ock,
overal
ltheear
th,
andoveral
lthecr
eat
urest
hatmoveal
ongt
hegr
ound’
.

-Goddi
dnotgi
veusear
tht
omansomancoul
dconsumeal
lther
esour
cesoveral
lthe
ear
th.Wehavet
omakeasui
tabl
eenvi
ronmentf
oral
lofGod'
scr
eat
ures.

-
Chr
ist
iansar
ecal
ledandcanchanget
heear
tht
hroughawar
eness,
conser
vat
ion,
pol
lut
ioncont
rolandenvi
ronment
alr
est
orat
ion.

-
Chr
ist
ianshavet
otaket
hel
eadi
ncr
eat
ingawar
enessoft
heear
th'
senvi
ronment
al
pr
obl
ems.Rev.Tom Weni
g,past
orofLut
her
anChur
chofOurRedeemer
,sayst
hat
"
[envi
ronment
alawar
eness]i
sreal
lyt
ryi
ngt
odevel
opami
nd-
set
...
.Iti
sn'
ttr
yingt
o
t
akeonabi
gpol
it
icalagenda.
"

-
Fir
st,
thechur
chhast
oreal
izet
hatt
heyar
ecal
ledbyGodt
osust
ainandpr
otectt
hei
r

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envi
ronmentcal
ledear
th.Fordecades,
Chr
ist
ianshavei
gnor
edt
hisi
ssue.

-
Thechur
chshoul
dfr
eel
yshar
ethei
mpor
tanceofconser
vingr
esour
ces,
recycl
ing,
donat
ing,
andot
heri
deast
opr
eser
veourenvi
ronment
.

-
Thechur
chshoul
dal
sor
eachoutt
onon-
Chr
ist
iansandmaket
hem awar
eoft
he
i
mpor
tanceoft
aki
ngcar
eofourear
th.

-
Chr
ist
iansandchur
chesar
ejustbegi
nni
ngt
owor
ktoget
hert
ohel
pmakeposi
ti
veand
meani
ngf
ulchangest
oourwor
ld.

-
Thehopei
sthatt
hist
rendcont
inuesandanat
ionalandgl
obalsuppor
tcont
inuest
o
gr
owt
owar
dtheawar
eness.

-
Chr
ist
ianscanhaveaposi
ti
vei
mpactonpl
ant
sandani
mal
sthr
oughconser
vat
ion.
Psal
m 145:
9-10says"
TheLor
disgoodt
oal
l;hehascompassi
ononal
lhehasmade.

-
Allyouhavemadewi
ll
prai
seyou,
oLor
d;yoursai
ntswi
llext
olyou.
"Wecanconser
ve
ener
gybyt
urni
ngt
hingsof
fandnotusi
ngt
hem andt
urni
ngdownt
het
her
most
atat
home.

-
Cont
rol
li
ngpol
lut
ionasi
ndi
vidual
sandChr
ist
ianswi
llbenef
itandpr
eser
vet
he
envi
ronment
.

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