RECYCLED OR RECLAIMED STEEL

SUBMITTED BY :

AVIKESH KATHARTIA

17SA02AR019

SUB. : SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE

B.ARCH., SEM. : 10, PPSU.

 CONTENTS

• INTRODUCTION
• STEEL RECYCLING PROCESS
• HOW IS STEEL RECYCLED?
• PROPERTIES OF STEEL
• APPLICATIONS OF RECYCLED STEEL
• ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF STEEL RECYCLING
• ECONOMICAL IMPACTS OF STEEL RECYCLING
• BUILDINGS MADE OUT OF RECYCLED STEEL
• CONCLUSION
• REFFERENCES
 INTRODUCTION

• Steel is one of the most utilized metals in the

world, making up everything from the tallest
skyscrapers to your everyday kitchen utensils.
• Steel has driven technological growth and
advancement through the Industrial Age and
continues to fuel innovation today.
• Steel is an iron alloy, meaning it is made up of
a combination of metals and non-metals
including carbon, iron, and tin.
• Like most metals, including aluminum, copper,
and brass, steel can be continuously recycled
without any damage or degradation to its
properties - no matter the product or form it
takes.
 STEEL RECYCLING PROCESS

• Steel can be recycled over and over again without losing any of its properties.
• An interesting fact is that recycling 1 t of steel helps to save 1.8 barrels of oil, 642 kWh of energy,
and 2.3 m3 of landfill space.
• There are three main sources of steel scrap that is sold to scrap yards : Home Scrap, Prompt or
Industrial Scrap, and Obsolete Scrap.
• Home Scrap: Home scrap is steel waste that occurs in-house in steel mills through the production
of steel. This includes trimmings and reject scraps of steel. This does not typically have to be
collected or purchased, as it is usually redirected back into the furnace.
• Prompt (Industrial) Scrap: Prompt scrap is a result of product manufacturing in areas such as
automotive and appliances. Excess steel from these warehouses and factories are auctioned and
sold to scrap buyers.
• Obsolete Scrap: Obsolete scrap covers the rest of steel waste, stemming from areas such as
individual household appliances, old cars that are sent to a junkyard, office, and household waste.
This category can also extend to include old junked buildings or structures that are sent to a
junkyard and recovered for their steel elements.
 HOW IS STEEL RECYCLED?

• The seven stages of steel recycling ARE collecting, separating, compacting, shredding, heating,
refining, and solidifying.

1. Collecting : The first step in the steel-recycling process is the collection of scrap metal.
2. Separating : The next step involves using specialized magnetic equipment to separate
recyclable items from the non-recyclable ones in the incoming scrap stream. Sorting is
essentially the quality-control phase in the recycling process. This process is particularly
important because the type of metal that is recycled affects the quality of the end product.
3. Compacting : After identifying the recyclable steel items, the recycling process officially begins
as specialized machines crash and break the metal. This process minimizes the volume of the
batch of scrap metal and makes the recycling process more efficient.
4. Shredding : After compacting the metal into manageable batches, the next step is breaking
scrap into smaller pieces. Smaller metal pieces not only occupy less space but also require less
energy to process, which can minimize carbon dioxide emissions.
 HOW IS STEEL RECYCLED?

5. Heating : Heating, or smelting, involves burning the shreds of steel metal over a large fire. For
quality control purposes, recycling plants usually place different varieties of steel in separate
furnaces. This process converts solid pieces of steel into liquid steel. The amount of heat in
each furnace depends on the alloying elements present in the scrap steel. Depending on the
intensity of the heat and the amount of metal one is burning, the smelting process can take a
few minutes or several hours.
6. Refining : Refining eliminates dirt, debris, particles, and other impurities that may be present
in the melted steel. Steel recycling plants use various methods to purify smelted steel.
Common techniques include electrolysis, distillation, zone refining, and chromatography.
7. Solidifying : In this next step, the pure melted steel is ready for cooling and solidification.
Recycling plants use advanced systems to transfer hot molten metal from the heating and
purification chambers to the cooling containers. Additional chemical compounds help to
stabilize the molten steel and ensure that the final product retains its desired properties,
including weight, density, heat conductivity, and corrosion resistance.
 PROPERTIES OF STEEL

• High strength/weight ratio makes it an ideal choice for use in the construction of high-rise
buildings, long-span bridges, structures located on soft ground, and structures located in
highly seismic areas
• Steel structures can be erected quite easily and rapidly with good quality workmanship,
resulting in quick dividends
• Steel can be reused after a structure is disassembled.
 APPLICATIONS OF RECYCLED STEEL

Recycled steel can be used for the same applications as steel produced from virgin material.
Products that are made of recycled steel include :
• Electrical appliances.
• Automobiles and other vehicles.
• Office supplies.
• Hardware such as bolts, nuts, screws, etc.
• Construction materials.
• Cans and containers.
 THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF STEEL RECYCLING

• Steel has an extremely high turnover rate of recycled products - in both the steel itself and
byproducts used in its production process.
• In the end, steel recycling efforts save almost 74 percent of the overall energy used in
production from raw materials.
• This has huge benefits in the fight to save natural resources, and prevent excess
greenhouse gas emissions.
• As steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, it requires a lot of energy to produce heat during the
production process.
• Most of the electricity is generated by burning fossil fuels, which releases greenhouse gases
into the atmosphere, thus contributing to global warming.
• However, the most beneficial feature of steel is that it is 100% recyclable and is long-lasting,
thereby making it an ideal environmental performer to remain in use for many decades.
 THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF STEEL RECYCLING

• The use of scrap steel saves up to 74% of the energy needed to make steel from virgin
materials.
• Furthermore, recycling one tonne of steel cans saves:
- 1.5 tonnes of iron ore
- 0.5 tonnes of coke
- 1.28 tonnes of solid waste
- Reduces air emissions by 86%
- Reduces water pollution by 76%
• When looking at packaging, it is important to remember that food and drinks cans are not
the only form of steel packaging.
• From watercolors to biscuits to industrial paint, many products can be packaged in
attractively decorated and different shaped steel containers.
 THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF STEEL RECYCLING

• When using recycled materials for production, manufacturers drastically reduce the price of
production costs.
• Steel allows for the use of completely reused materials instead of going through the costly
procedure of extracting raw ore from the ground.
• The recycling process in the steel industry also drives job creation—producing over 531,000
jobs in scrap recycling and resulting in over $110 billion in economic activity, according to
the American Iron and Steel Institute.
 BUILDINGS MADE OUT OF RECYCLED STEEL

1. Redondo Beach House, United

States
• Architect: DeMaria Design
• The Redondo Beach House employs
the use of recycled steel shipping
containers modified to be mold-
proof, fire-proof, termite-proof, and
structurally sound.
• Due to a prefabricated assembly
system, the use of the shipping
containers has led to cost,
construction, and time savings along
with being environmentally
conscious.
 RECYCLED STEEL INDUSTRIES AND INDIA

• Steel is a material most conducive for circular economy as it can be used, reused and
recycled infinitely.
• Indian steel industry is characterized by the presence of a large number of small steel
producers who utilize scrap with other inputs for steel making.
• National Steel Policy 2017 (NSP-2017) aims to develop a globally competitive steel industry
by creating 300 Million TPA Steel production capacity by 2030.
• The availability of raw materials at competitive rates is imperative for the growth of the
steel industry and to achieve NSP-2017 target.
• Thus, the availability of right quality of scrap, in adequate quantity is one of the critical
factors for the future growth.
• the scrap business was initially run by socially backward people and was not given due
respect.
• But over time, and the change in the people's attitude, those who do this business are
earning a lot of money and making huge profits.
 BUILDINGS MADE OUT OF RECYCLED STEEL

2. Keetwonen, Amsterdam
• Architect: Tempohousing
• Keetwonen is the world’s first
and largest student campus built
by recycling shipping containers.
The complex consists of more
than 1000 units, with each unit
having its own bathroom,
bedroom, and a private balcony.
The central area contains a
supermarket, making for an ideal
residence for students.
 CONCLUSION

• When you build with recycled steel building materials, you get the best possible structures
for you and the most eco-friendly buildings for our planet.
• At the end of the structure’s usefulness, the steel framing and exterior panels recycle again,
to start another useful life as a washing machine, automobile, bridge, train, submarine— or
even another steel building.
 REFFERENCES

• https://www.rubicon.com/blog/steel-recycling/
• https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=7979
• https://www.rhinobldg.com/39-reasons-recycled-steel-rules/
• https://www.nationalmaterial.com/steel-and-recycling-fun-facts/
• https://www.recycle-more.co.uk/recycling/steel
• https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/designing-for-typologies/a4102-15-architectural-
projects-made-out-of-recycled-materials/
• https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/explained-steel-scrap-recycling-in-india-and-the-
world-how-it-combats-climate-change-10426331.htm