Ef5b HDT Infrastructure Megru Pcb2

MRUNAL’S ECONOMY PILLAR#5B: INFRASTRUCTURE: ME-GH-R-U
Table of Contents
56 Infrastructure → 🏬🏬 URBAN (शहरी बु�नयादी अवसं रचना) ..................................................................666
56.1 🏬🏬 URBAN → Census definitions ............................................................................................667
56.2 🏬🏬 URBAN → [Yearbook] MoHUA ........................................................................................667

56.2.1 2020 marks 5th Anniversary of Urban Mission .................................................................668
56.3 🏬🏬 URBAN → AMRUT Mission (2015) → 500 cities ..........................................................668
56.4 🏬🏬 URBAN → Smart Cities Mission (2015) → 100 cities ....................................................668
56.4.1 🏬🏬 Smart Cities → Selection process (चयन प्रिक्रया) ...........................................................669
56.4.2 🏬🏬 💸💸 Smart Cities → funding and administration (�व� और प्रशासन) ...........................669
56.4.3 🏬🏬 👿👿 Smart Cities → Criticism / Challenges (आलोचना / चुनौ�तयाँ) ...............................670
56.4.4 🏬🏬 👭👭Sister City project ....................................................................................................670
56.4.5 🏬🏬 Cities → Misc → Floor Space index (FSI) ................................................................670
56.4.6 🏬🏬 � Cities → TULIP Internship (2020-June) ............................................................670
56.4.7 🏬🏬 �� URBAN → Misc → PH friendly → Sugamya Bharat (2014) ...................671
56.4.8 🏬🏬 🌲🌲🌲🌲🌲🌲 URBAN → Misc → Nagar VAN (2020-Jun) .........................................671
56.4.9 🏬🏬 URBAN → Misc → Parliament area, Central Vista ................................................671
56.4.10 🏬🏬 📊📊 Cities → Misc → TWO Indices for Quality of Life ......................................671
56.4.11 🏬🏬 📊📊 Cities → Misc → Indices / Data ......................................................................672
56.4.12 ✍ Urbanization conclusion (शहरीकरण: �न�षर्).............................................................672
56.5 (🏠🏠) Infra → (Urban and Rural) → Housing for all by 2022 ...............................................672
56.5.1 👻👻(🏠🏠) → Affordable rental housing Complexes (AHRC) .........................................673
56.5.2 (🏠🏠) → PMAY–U → Angikaar .........................................................................................673
56.5.3 (🏠🏠) → National Urban Housing Fund 2018 ..................................................................673
56.5.4 👻👻 (🏠🏠) → SWAMIH Fund ..............................................................................................674
56.5.5 (🏠🏠) PM Unauthorized colonies in Delhi Awaas adhikar Yojna (PM-UDAY) .........674
(Batch: PCB2) Mrunal’s Economy Pillar#5B: Infrastructure: MEGHRU → Page 663

56.5.6 (🏠🏠) Sustainable Housing → World Habitat Award to Odisha’s JAGA Mission......674
56.5.7 (🏠🏠) Sustainable Housing → Global Housing Technology Challenge 2019 ..............674
56.5.8 (🏠🏠) → Model Tenancy Act, 2019 (आदशर् िकरायेदारी अ�ध�नयम) ..........................................674
56.5.9 (🏠🏠) → Corona: Landlords, tenants, rent & eviction .....................................................675
57 Infra → Rural (🏞🏞) ...........................................................................................................................675
57.1.1 🕵🕵🕵[Yearbook] Ministry of Rural Development ग्रामीण �वकास मं त्रालय...............................675
57.2 🏞🏞 RURAL → Shyama Prasad Mukherjee rurban mission ...................................................676
57.3 🏞🏞 RURAL → Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (2018) ........................................................676
57.3.1 🏞🏞 📲📲 Panchayati Raj Day & Portals & Awareness Campaigns..................................676
57.3.2 👻👻🏞🏞 📐📐 Swamitva scheme for land survey & title disputes (2020) .........................677
57.4 🏞🏞🏞🏞🏞🏞 RURAL → MPLADS (1993) ....................................................................................677
57.4.1 🏞🏞 🤧🤧 MPLADS Suspended (योजना को ��गत करना) .........................................................677
57.5 🏞🏞 RURAL → Adarsh Gram Yojanas.......................................................................................678
57.6 🏞🏞 RURAL → Border Area Development Programme (BADP)..........................................679
57.6.1 🏞🏞 Border infra and Shekatkar Committee (सीमा �ेत्रों म� बु�नयादी अवसं रचना) ....................679
57.7 🌬🌬⚔Infrastructure: Disaster, Security & Strategic Affairs ..................................................680
57.7.1 🕵🕵🕵👮👮👮[Yearbook] Ministry of Home (गृह मं त्रालय) ............................................................680
57.7.2 🕵🕵🕵🌬🌬 Disaster Infrastructure → Home Ministry → CDRI 2019 .............................680
57.7.3 🕵🕵🕵🛡🛡 Ministry of Defence (र�ा मं त्रालय) ..............................................................................681
57.7.4 👻👻👻👻👻👻👻👻Draft Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy 2020 ...........682
57.7.5 🕵🕵🕵Ministry of External Affairs (�वदेश मामलों का मं त्रालय) .....................................................682
58 📡📡Infrastructure → Communication (सं चार)................................................................................682
58.1.1 🕵🕵🕵[Yearbook] Ministry of Communication (सं चार मं त्रालय).............................................682

58.1.2 Dept of Telecommunications → Digital Communications Commission ...................683
58.1.3 � Ministry of Electronics & IT इले��ो�नक� एवं सूचना प्रौद्यो�गक� मं त्रालय.................................683
58.2 Communication (💻💻/📞📞) related Regulators..........................................................................684
58.2.1 � Comm → Regulators → TRAI ...................................................................................684
58.2.2 �📞📞 Comm → Stolen phone? → Central Equipment Identity Register portal ...684

58.2.3 �📞📞 Telecom → Emergency Response Support System (ERSS) ..............................684
58.3 📞📞 Communication → Telecom ...............................................................................................685
58.3.1 ☎⚔🤬🤬Telecom Controversy not so greatly imp for exams ....................................685
58.4 💻💻 Communication → IT → Digital India programme.......................................................686
58.4.1 💻💻 Digital India → PM-WANI Public Wifi (2020-Dec)..............................................688
58.5 💻💻/📞📞 → IT/Telecom → Training (existing schemes) ......................................................688
58.6 💻💻💻💻💻💻💻💻 Communication → IT → 5G revolution in India ........................................689
58.6.1 💻💻💻💻💻💻💻💻 Challenges and Opportunities in of 5G (इसे अपनाने म� चुनौ�तयां+अवसर ) ...689
58.6.2 🤼🤼🤼5G Hackathon by DoT (2020) .....................................................................................689
58.6.3 � NEST Division in MEA .................................................................................................689
58.7 💻💻 Communication → IT → Private initiatives for internet ...............................................690
58.7.1 💻💻📊📊 COMMUNICATION → IT → Ranking Digital Quality of Life Index .........690
58.8 📔📔 📔📔 💾💾 ES19: Public Data: For the people, by the people..................................................690
58.8.1 💾💾Types of Government Data ...........................................................................................690
58.8.2 💾💾 🥰🥰Public Data: Opportunities through Data integration ......................................691
58.8.3 💾💾 Telangana Government’s Samagra Vedika initiative: ..............................................692
58.8.4 💾💾 Govt efforts to release statistical data ..........................................................................692
58.8.5 💾💾💾💾 Challenges in public data .......................................................................................692
58.8.6 💾💾🧾🧾⚖ Draft Data Empowerment and Protection Architecture (DEPA)..............692
58.8.7 💾💾 �Conclusion: Public Data (सावर्ज�नक डेटा) .................................................................693
58.9 �📽📽 [YB] Ministry of Information & Broadcasting (सूचना एवं प्रसारण मं त्रालय) .....................693
58.9.1 �🤬🤬🤬🤬 Comm → Regulators (Statutory) → Censor board ...................................694
58.9.2 �🗞🗞 Comm → Regulators (Statutory) → Press Council of India ...........................694
58.10 🔭🔭🔭🔭SPACE TECH Infrastructure (अवकाश �ेत्र) ................................................................695
58.10.1 👻👻👻👻👻👻Space Tech: Atma-Nirbhar...........................................................................695
59 🧱🧱🧱🧱 Infra → GSM3: Investment Models (�नवेश के तरीके ) ...........................................................695
59.1 🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔 Infra.Dev.→ PPP (Public Private Partnership) .....................................................696
59.2 🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔 Infra.Dev. → PPP (Greenfield) Models ...........................................................696

59.2.1 🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔 Infra.Dev. → PPP (Brownfield).................................................................697
59.3 🧔🧔🧔🤵🤵 Infra.Dev. → Non-PPP..............................................................................................698
59.4 🧔🧔🧔🤵🤵 🛡🛡 Infra.Dev. → Non-PPP → GOCO for Indian Army ......................................698
59.4.1 🛡🛡GoCo Mechanism? ..........................................................................................................698
59.4.2 🛡🛡GoCo: Pros and Cons ......................................................................................................699
59.5 🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🤵🤵Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM) = mix of PPP + NonPPP..............................699
59.6 🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔Infra.Dev → Misc. Topics ..........................................................................................700
59.6.1 �👊👊👊👊Swiss Challenge (��स चुनौती / ललकार) ..................................................................700
59.6.2 🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔Viability Gap Funding (VGF: �वहायर्ता अ�र फं िडंग)..........................................700
59.7 💰💰💰💰 Infrastructure Funds ..........................................................................................................700
59.7.1 💰💰💰💰 National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF: 2015)..............................700
59.7.2 👜👜 (Full) Budget-2019 on NIIF, Investment & PPP.......................................................701
59.7.3 👻👻Atma-Nirbhar 3.0: NIIF Strategic Opportunities Fund............................................701
59.8 💰💰💰💰 Infra Finance → National infrastructure pipeline (NIP) ...........................................701
59.8.1 💰💰💰💰 NIP → Infra Finance Reforms → Financial Market Reforms ..........................702
59.8.2 💰💰💰💰 NIP → Infra Finance Reforms → Credit Enhancement Fund (CEF) .............702
59.8.3 💰💰💰💰 NIP → Others reforms ............................................................................................702
59.9 (🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔)😰😰PPP challenges (चुनौ�तयां) ....................................................................................702
59.10 🧱🧱✍Infra → Conclusion (सार / �न�षर्) ...............................................................................703
59.11 ✍Mains Questions in past UPSC exams .............................................................................703

59.11.1 Mains Mock Questions from these topics ....................................................................704
59.11.2 ✍ 🎺🎺 Mains previous years’ questions from these topics ......................................704
56 INFRASTRUCTURE → 🏬🏬 URBAN (शहरी बु�नयादी अवसं रचना)

2011 2030
Urban population 31% 40% (and 50% by 2050)
Contribution to GDP 63% 75%
Introduction (Data): Urban areas support >30% of India’s population and contribute to more than
60% of India's GDP. These figures are expected to grow to 40% and 75% respectively by 2030. देश क�
आबादी और सकल घरेलू उ�ाद का एक बड़ा िह�ा शहरी इलाकों से आता है
56.1 🏬🏬 URBAN → CENSUS DEFINITIONS
Census-2011 definitions of urban area: (जनगणना)
Statutory If an area is governed by a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or
towns 4000+ notified town area committee, etc.
Census towns If an area doesn’t have municipality etc. yet it could be counted as a ‘town’ if
3800+ - Minimum 5000 people residing; AND
- Min. population density: 400/sqkm AND
- Min.75% of males engaged in non-agriculture occupations
Further,
Size / class of the area Population Size
Urban Class I 1,00,000 & above: further Metro city = 40 lakh/>, mega city = 1 cr />
Semi-Urban Class II 50,000 - 99,999
Class III 20,000 - 49,999
Class IV 10,000 - 19,999
Rural** (if <75% male Class V 5,000 - 9,999
population in non- Class VI less than 5,000
agro)
Related Term: Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992 defines a Metropolitan Area in as, an area
having a population of ten lakhs or more comprising of one or more districts.
56.2 🏬🏬 URBAN → [YEARBOOK] MOHUA
2017: Modi merged (1) Ministry of Urban Development and Housing (2) Ministry of Urban Poverty
Alleviation into a single ministry called →
🕵🕵🕵🏬🏬 Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs आवासन एवं शहरी कायर् मं त्रालय consists of →
Dept NA
Attached ⇒ Central Public Works Department (CPWD) के �ीय लोक �नमार्ण �वभाग
offices ⇒ National Buildings Organisation (NBO) रा��ीय भवन �नमार्ण सं गठन
⇒ Land & Development Office (L&DO)- it has two Portals: 1) E-
SAMPADA- for allocation of central govt houses/office buildings 2)
E-DHARTI - property disputes, registration etc in Delhi
Statutory − Delhi Development Authority, Rajghat Samadhi Committee,
वैधा�नक − Delhi Urban Arts Commission, Capital Region Planning Board
Autonomous − National Institute of Urban Affairs
Bodies �ाय� सं सथान − Building Materials & Technology Promotion Council (BMTPC)

− Central Government Employees Welfare Housing Organisation
− National Cooperative Housing Federation of India (NCHFI)
Subordinate − Town & Country Planning Organisation
Office अधीन� कायार्लय − Government of India Stationery Office
− Department of Publication (responsible for printing Gazettes)
CPSE सावर्ज�नक �ेत्र के − Housing and Urban Development Corporation Ltd. (HUDCO)
उपक्रम − National Buildings Construction Corporation Limited
− (*) Hindustan Prefab Limited (HPL)
(*) means approved for strategic disinvestment (=privatization) in 2019
E-governance − 2019: mHariyali App to encourage Public to plant trees & uploads it
geotagged photos through App.
56.2.1 2020 marks 5th Anniversary of Urban Mission
Schemes Collectively called
1) 500 AMRUT cities 2) 100 Smart cities → Urban Rejuvenation Mission (शहरी कायाक� �मशन)
Above two + PM Awas Yojana (Urban) → Urban missions
56.3 🏬🏬 URBAN → AMRUT MISSION (2015) → 500 CITIES
2005: Manmohan launched Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM).
→ 2015: Modi repacked as Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT).
- 🕵🕵 Boss? Urban Development Ministry. Core Scheme = NOT 100% funded by Union.
- Covering 500 cities with population of 1 lakh /> people
- Validity? 2015 to 31/3/2020. It’s a five-year SUNSET scheme Then later on govt renewed for
another 2 years, till 31/3/2022. योजना क� अव�ध को बढ़ाया गया
- Aims to improve basic infrastructure - public transport, water supply, sewerage, storm-water
drains, green spaces and parks. (सावर्ज�नक प�रवहन, जल आपू�त, गटर, बा�रश के पानी क� ना�लयां, बाग़-बगीचे)
56.4 🏬🏬 URBAN → SMART CITIES MISSION (2015) → 100 CITIES
Definition: It is a city with smart physical, civic and economic infrastructure. It provide smart
technology, utility & mobility to its residents through 0% bureaucratic hassles & 100% use of
Information and Communications Technology (ICT). Although ICT/computerization itself is not
the ‘end goal’ of a smart City. The end goal is to improve quality of life, ease of living, economic
growth and sustainable development. (ऐसा शहर जहा पर भौ�तक, नगरपा�लका और आ�थक बु�नयादी ढांचे '�ाटर्' होते है.
इस शहर म� 0% नौकरशाही / लाल-फ�ताशाही, तथा १००% और सूचना और सं चार प्रौद्यो�गक� (ICT) के 100% उपयोग होता है. इसका
अं�तम ल� - जीवन �र म� सुधार, आ�थक वृ�द्ध और सतत �वकास है)
Infra. अवसं रचना 🤩🤩Facilities in a Smart City
Electricity �बजली: Automated streetlights, Smart electricity grids, Rooftop Solar
Water पानी/ जल आपू�त: Heavy penalties for littering & water wastage. Facilities for
जल आपू�त rainwater harvesting, storm water drainage

Infra. अवसं रचना 🤩🤩Facilities in a Smart City
Transport - Walking lanes, public cycle sharing, public transport within 10-15m
प�रवहन waiting time. Multimodal transport: Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS),
Waterways, railways (Metrorail, Monorail, Trams etc.)
- Bypass, underpass, overbridges, smart traffic signals to prevent traffic
congestion. ICT to send automated challans to traffic violators.
Housing 100% housing to all with 24/7 water, electricity and Wi-Fi connectivity.
आवास School, Mall, Parks available within 400m of residential area.
Education �श�ा From nursery to college- all educational facilities will be available.
Healthcare - From Primary Health Care Centre to multispecialty hospital and even
�ा� veterinary hospital for the pets will be available.
- 108 ambulance with maximum 30 minutes of response time.
Communication Wifi @all houses. Apps, emergency helplines for medical / fire / police.
Economic Bank-ATM, Centres for Skill Development & Startup Incubation;
आ�थक Warehousing, Freight Terminals, Export Parks
56.4.1 🏬🏬 Smart Cities → Selection process (चयन प्रिक्रया)
- Cities prepare Smart city plan → send to state government → MoHUA → final selection among
total 100 slots with internal quotas assigned to each state/UT in proportion of their population
and number of statutory towns.
- So, UP (13) > TN (12) > Maharashtra (10)......Union territories and special category states are
given minimum 1 City each e.g. Srinagar(J&K), Arunachal (Pasighat, Itanagar), Kavaratti
(Lakshadweep), Andaman-Nicobar-Islands (PortBlair) etc.
- 💼💼Budget-2020: we’ll develop five new smart cities. But, names yet to be announced.
🔠🔠❓MCQ. Which one of the following cities was not included in the list of smart cities in India?
(Asked in UPSC-CDS-2019-i) a) Silvassa b) Jorhat c) Itanagar d) Kavaratti
56.4.2 🏬🏬 💸💸 Smart Cities → funding and administration (�व� और प्रशासन)
Boss? Urban Development Ministry. Core Scheme = NOT 100% funded by Union.
Contribution Total amount from 2015-20
Union budget ₹ 48k cr
Union’s National Investment & Infra Fund (NIIF) ₹ 2k cr
State/UT ₹ 50k cr
Total (100 cities vs. 1l cr so each city gets ₹ 1,000 cr) ₹ 1 lakh crore
To implement this project, every smart city is required to set up a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV: �वशेष
उद्दे� से बनाई गई कं पनी) company under the Companies Act: wherein
Co-contribution from (State / UT) + its respective Urban Local Body (ULB) x%
Any private company or financial intermediary (Bank / NBFC) → y%
Total shareholding 100% (but x% must be > greater than y%) 100%

56.4.3 🏬🏬 👿👿 Smart Cities → Criticism / Challenges (आलोचना / चुनौ�तयाँ)
1. 😰😰 India is a country of poor people and rural people. So, instead of spending ₹ 1000 crore x 100
big cities, it would have been better to spend ₹ 10 crores each on 10,000 towns and villages where
people are struggling for basic amenities like water and electricity. �सफर् कु छ बड़े शहरों का �वकास
2. 😰😰 Excessive reliance on ICT in city administration makes us more vulnerable to hacking &
cyber warfare. City will completely stop functioning if electricity gone during natural disasters /
nuclear attacks. प्राकृ �तक आपदा / परमाणु/ साइबर हमले- म� शहरों क� भेद्यता बढ़ जाएगी.. जनजीवन एकदम ठ� हो सकता
3. 😰😰 Nothing will be free except the Wi-Fi because the SPV company will charge user-fees on
everything from water, sanitation, education and healthcare. हर चीज पर फ�स.कु छ भी मु� नहीं �मलेगा
4. 😰😰 Soul of the city & sense of the community will be lost. It will become an artificial jungle of
concrete and internet cables where nobody has time for anybody except their electronic gadgets.
समुदाय क� भावना और शहर क� आ�ा चली जाएगी हर आदमी मोबाइल कं �ूटर का िड�जटल गुलाम बन जाएगा।
✋Counter-argument? Smart city will improve the quality of life & create economic opportunities.
And looking at such best cities, even the voters in the small cities will become more assertive in
demanding better quality of city administration from their municipal corporators → then even small
towns will become more clean and comfortable to live. �ाटर् शहरों क� सु�वधा देखकर छोटे शहर के वोटर भी अपने
�ा�नक नेताओं से अ�� शहरी बु�नयादी सु�वधाओं क� मांग कर�गे �जससे िक पूरे भारत म� जीवन �र म� बढ़ोतरी होगी
56.4.4 🏬🏬 👭👭Sister City project
2020: Urban ministry found some Smart cities are lagging behind in implementation of projects.
(Biharsharif, Bareilly, Itanagar, Moradabad, Saharanpur etc.)
⇒ So, Top-20 best performing smart cities will be paired with Bottom-20 worst performing smart
cities as ‘Sister Cities’. अ�ा प्रदशर्न करने वाले शहरों क� बुरा प्रदशर्न करने वाले शहरों के साथ जुगलबं दी
⇒ E.g. Ahmedabad (Rank#1) paired with Chandigarh (Rank#81)
⇒ 🤩🤩Benefit? Sharing of best practices with each other, inspiration & motivation etc.
56.4.5 🏬🏬 Cities → Misc → Floor Space index (FSI)
⇒ It prescribes the maximum construction that can be done in a given area of land.
⇒ ⏫FSI = more number of floors may be created = more residents may be accommodated in a
single building.Norms are decided by the Municipal / Local bodies / State Government.
56.4.6 🏬🏬 � Cities → TULIP Internship (2020-June)
⇒ TULIP (The Urban Learning Internship Programme.)
⇒ 🕵🕵 Boss? Joint initiative by Minister for Housing and Urban Development (MoHUA) and the
All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE, Statutory body under the HRD/Edu
Ministry) for giving 1 crore internships by 2025.
⇒ Urban local bodies (ULB) can announce Internship opportunities on TULIP website.

⇒ Internship subjects? Urban Planning, Water Supply, Waste Management, Slum rehabilitation,
Digital Governance, Transport Engineering, Municipal Finance. (शहरी �नयोजन, जल आपू�त, अप�श�
ु ी-पुनवार्स, िड�जटल प्रशासन, प�रवहन इं जी�नय�रंग, नगर �नगम �व� प्रबं धन )
प्रबं धन, झ�
⇒ Eligibility? Indian citizen who finished the final year of college within the last 18 months. (यो�ता)
⇒ Duration of Internship? eight weeks to one year. (इं टनर्�शप क� अव�ध)
⇒ Budget allocation? No separate budget provided but stipend may be given from the funds
available under may be used from smart cities, AMRUT etc schemes, if ULBs wish
⇒ ✋Further administrative procedures / Salient features of the scheme = poor cost benefit.
56.4.7 🏬🏬 �� URBAN → Misc → PH friendly → Sugamya Bharat (2014)
🕵🕵 Boss? Ministry Social Justice and Empowerment → Divyangjan Dept.
- Ramps in public buildings / railways / airports; toilets for wheelchair users, Braille symbols and
auditory signals in lifts, disabled-friendly websites etc. so that life becomes easier for the PH.
- Under Accessible India Campaign (Sugamya Bharat Abhiyaan), Divyangjan Dept hires auditors
to check public buildings & websites → then respective organization required to do above things
under the Persons with Disabilities Act (�वकलांग �� अ�ध�नयम). Grants given as & where required.
- + Awareness generation, IEC, mobile app etc.
56.4.8 🏬🏬 🌲🌲🌲🌲🌴🌴 URBAN → Misc → Nagar VAN (2020-Jun)
⇒ 🕵🕵 Boss? Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (पयार्वरण, वन और जलवायु प�रवतर्न)
⇒ To develop 200 Urban Forests across the cities of India in the next five years
56.4.9 🏬🏬 URBAN → Misc → Parliament area, Central Vista
⇒ 🕵🕵 Boss? Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs → CPWD
⇒ New Delhi's Central Vista region has Rashtrapati Bhawan, Parliament House, North and South
Block, India Gate, National Archives etc. All these iconic buildings were constructed before
1931. So these old buildings pose structural dangers. (जजर्र इमारत �गरने का डर)
⇒ Central Government ministries/dept/offices are scattered over different locations → →
unnecessary travel & pollution.
⇒ Central Vista project aims to redevelop these buildings @₹20,000 crores.(पुन�नमार्ण)
⇒ 👴👴 2022= India's 75th Independence Day. So, govt hoped to finish building parliament by 2022.
Other buildings to be finished in 2021-24.
⇒ 🤧🤧🤧🤧 Then Corona: funding issues, SC petitions, Bhumi-Pooja etc..refer excel file at
https://Mrunal.org/Current
56.4.10 🏬🏬 📊📊 Cities → Misc → TWO Indices for Quality of Life
2020: Urban ministry launched two indexes/indices to assess quality of life of citizens in 100 Smart
Cities and 14 other Million Plus Cities viz.
i. Ease of Living Index (EoLI)
ii. Municipal Performance Index (MPI)
✋But chasing their methodology and ranking = poor cost:benefit#🕰🕰थोड़ा-पढ़ो-आगे-बढ़ो

56.4.11 🏬🏬 📊📊 Cities → Misc → Indices / Data
IUDX India Urban Data Exchange (IUDX) by MoHUA + Indian Institute of
Science (IISc), Bangalore. This portal provides open source data for
researchers / app developers / startups.
सं शोधन कतार्ओ ं को डाटा प्रदान करने के �लए
Global Smart City ⇒ Institute for Management Development (IMD, Switzerland) with
Index Singapore University for Technology.
⇒ 2020: Top-3: Singapore, Helsinki, Zurich.... Indian cities like New
Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Bengaluru far behind in 85-95 ranking-
due to high level of pollution, poor quality of water-sanitation etc.
Global Real Estate By a low-profile private organization. Poor Cost:Benefit preparing.
Transparency Index
56.4.12 ✍ Urbanization conclusion (शहरीकरण: �न�षर्)
India is a fast urbanizing country and is witnessing a steady increase in migration from rural areas to
urban centers. This poses stress on the already overburdened infrastructure of the cities. SDG Goal
11 requires India to work towards Sustainable cities and communities. Aforementioned scheme /
policy / challenges…...भारत म� ब�त तेजी से शहरीकरण हो रहा है गांव क� आबादी भी �ानांतर कर शहरों क� तरफ आ रही है
�जससे शहरी बु�नयादी अवसं रचना अ�ा�धक बोझ महसूस कर रही है। सतत �वकास ल�ों क� प्रा�� के �लए इन सब चुनो�तयो से लड़ना
ज�री/ अग्रता क्रम से सुधार आव�क
56.5 (🏠🏠) INFRA → (URBAN AND RURAL) → HOUSING FOR ALL BY 2022
- 1985: Indira Awas Yojana for rural areas gave money to poor families to build homes,
- 2008: Rajiv Rinn Yojana for urban areas gave home loan Interest subsidy to poor.
- 2015-16: Modi restructured them into Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY). Core Scheme =
NOT 100% funded by Union. PMAY has two components.
🏠🏠 � PMAY (Urban) 🏠🏠 � PMAY (Rural)
by Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs By Ministry of Rural Development .
It has following components: (अवयव) Beneficiaries are identified through SECC-2011
1. If person owns land: give him ₹ 1.50 lakh data, and verified by Gram Sabha. They’re
to build / renovate his house. given money to build home.
- ₹ 1.50 lakh (plains area),
2. If a builder is keeping 35% apartments’
- ₹ 1.60 lakh (hilly states)
quota for EWS then builder gets subsidy.
- Additionally, they can get upto ₹ 70,000
3. Slum redevelopment (झोपिड़यों को हटाकर गरीबों as bank loans
को प�े मकान बना कर देना) Money transferred to beneficiary’s bank
account via AwaasSoft web platform.

🏠🏠 � PMAY (Urban) 🏠🏠 � PMAY (Rural)
4. Credit-linked subsidy scheme (CLSS): - Convergence with other schemes to
Depending on the annual income, the provide electricity, LPG, drinking water
beneficiaries are classified into 3 groups: & toilet. अ� योजनाओं के साथ सम�य
- Also provides skill programs for rural
a. Economically Weaker Section
masons. ग्रामीण कारीगरों के �लए कौशल कायर्क्रम
(EWS),
b. Low Income Groups (LIGs)
c. Middle Income Groups (MIGs: i.e.
annual income upto ₹ 18 lakhs).
These groups are given 3-4% interest subsidy
on loan amounts upto ₹ “x” lakhs. Govt has
setup Credit-linked Subsidy Services Awas
(CLAP) Portal where beneficiary can track his
application status in real-time.
5) AHRC: given below
56.5.1 👻👻(🏠🏠) → Affordable rental housing Complexes (AHRC)
िकराए के मकान िकफायती दरों पर गरीबों और प्रवासी श्र�मकों के �लए. → �ब�र सरकारी जमीन पर / जजर्र सरकारी मकानों तो तोड़कर
नए मकान बनाएगा- गरीब िकरायेदारों के �लए. इस योजना म� �ब�र को �रयायती दरों पर कजार् और टै� म� लाभ िदया जाएगा
⇒ 🕵🕵 Boss? Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs (MoHUA)
⇒ Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Urban (PMAY–U) → new subcomponent AHRC launched in
2020-May (under Atma-Nirbhar initiative).
⇒ Govt will sign an agreement with builders (technically called as "Concessionaire"). Basically..
⇒ Builders will be given vacant govt land & dilapidated govt buildings, concessional loans, and tax
relief. (How exactly? NOT IMP)
⇒ Builders will construct housing complexes → rent it for 25 years at affordable prices to urban
migrants / poor.
⇒ 🤩🤩Benefit? Migrants live in slums, illegal colonies or peri-urban areas to save rent. They spend
lot of time travelling to workplaces. AHRC will ⏬ unnecessary travel from peripheral areas,
congestion and pollution.
56.5.2 (🏠🏠) → PMAY–U → Angikaar

⇒ Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Urban (PMAY–U) → Angikaar campaign launched to mobilise
communities for water & energy conservation, waste management, sanitation, hygiene. �बजली पानी
बचाओ ��ता अ�भयान जागृ�त अ�भयान
56.5.3 (🏠🏠) → National Urban Housing Fund 2018
🕵🕵 Boss? Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs → (Autonomous body) Building Materials and
Technology Promotion Council.

- They’ll raise mobilize ₹ 60,000 crores in next 4 years to finance the PMAY (Urban).
- This money will be raised through ‘extra Budgetary Resources’ i.e. BMTPC itself borrowing from
market / CPSEs / lenders without involvement of Govt. (so Govt’s fiscal deficit appears under
control.) (More in 📑📑Pillar#2D)
56.5.4 👻👻 (🏠🏠) → SWAMIH Fund

⇒ MoHUA, LIC, Banks etc gave ₹₹ to SBICAP Ventures Ltd (an NBFC) → "Special Window for
Completion of Affordable and Mid-Income Housing (Swamih Investment Fund)". Registered
with SEBI as Category-II AIF (Alternate Investment Fund) debt fund. 📑📑Ref Pill#1C.
⇒ SWAMIH Fund invests in stalled projects for affordable and Middle-Income Housing. e.g.
Builder unable to finish project → extra ₹₹ from here, so he can finish project.
56.5.5 (🏠🏠) PM Unauthorized colonies in Delhi Awaas adhikar Yojna (PM-UDAY)

- for giving ownership rights to people living in 1,731 unauthorised colonies in Delhi.
- िद�ी क� अवैध कॉलोनी म� रहने वाले ��यों को मकान के मा�लकाना हक
56.5.6 (🏠🏠) Sustainable Housing → World Habitat Award to Odisha’s JAGA Mission
⇒ By a UK-based organization in partnership with United Nation (UN)-Habitat
⇒ 2019-Bronze award given Odisha government's Odisha Liveable Habitat Mission also known as
‘Jaga Mission’ in partnership with Tata Trust.
⇒ In this scheme, urban slum dwellers are given land ownership titles, create road, streetlight,
water-sanitation infrastructure → Then Govt will not evict /destroy their slums. Permanent
home address proof also helps poor families to enroll children in school, open bank accounts etc.
⇒ Beneficiaries are given 30 square metre of land free of cost and for the remaining land they have
to pay as per the benchmark price.
56.5.7 (🏠🏠) Sustainable Housing → Global Housing Technology Challenge 2019
- 🕵🕵 Boss? Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
- asked experts / private sector companies to propose disaster-resilient, environment friendly,
cost-effective and speedy construction technologies.
- They’ll be implemented on a pilot basis in some cities to see the results.
56.5.8 (🏠🏠) → Model Tenancy Act, 2019 (आदशर् िकरायेदारी अ�ध�नयम)
2019-Jul: RBI’s quarterly residential asset price monitoring survey (RAPMS) found that housing
affordability has worsened over the past four years. People’s income failed to keep pace with rising
property prices. In Mumbai, difficult to find home even with a budget of ₹ 45 lakhs!
Since it is not possible to construct houses for each and everyone, we also need to promote rental
housing especially for migrant workers. But, current Rental Laws are archaic. So, 2019-July Ministry
of Housing & Urban Affairs drafted a Model Tenancy Law with following features, and asked States
to adopt it:

 It covers properties rented for residential, commercial, educational use.
 Specific provisions about security deposit, mechanism to increase rental amount- in a way that it
protects both the tenant and landlord. (िकरायेदार और मकान मा�लक)
 If tenant doesn’t vacate the premises after rent-period is over or damages the property, then
heavy penalties on him.
 Dy.Collector rank officials will be designated as ‘Rent Authority (िकराया प्रा�धकरण)’. Higher appeal
to Rent Court → Rent Tribunal. Disputes will be settled within 60 days deadline.
56.5.9 (🏠🏠) → Corona: Landlords, tenants, rent & eviction
🤧🤧 😷😷 Corona lockdown → Jobs lost → tenant families unable to pay rent → eviction. (मकान
मा�लक द्वारा िकरायेदारों को घर से �नकाल देना )
⇒ Some landlord windows / elderly solely relying on rent income for their survival. They also need
protection. (कु छ मकान मा�लक �वधवा बुजुग� के �लए िकराया ही उनक� आमदनी का सहारा था)
⇒ Some state governments announced relief/rules to address this. But, if all States adopt Central
government’s Model Tenancy Act, 2019- It will be useful. (आदशर् िकराएदार अ�ध�नयम)
⇒ 🎓🎓✋Thehindu columnists write dozens of columns. But this is a very microscopic topic in the
grander picture of " economic revival after corona." = Poor cost-benefit for exam
🏠🏠 ✍ Conclusion Housing? A homeless family is more vulnerable to crime, disease & disasters.
SDG Goal #11 requires India to provide safe and affordable housing to all by 2030. Aforementioned
scheme / policy / challenges….. अपराध, बीमारी और आपदाओं म� एक बेघर प�रवार क� भेद्यता अ�ो से अ�धक होती है. सतत
�वकास ल� : सभी को सुर��त और िकफायती आवास उपल� कराना ज�री
57 INFRA → RURAL (🏞🏞)
57.1.1 🕵🕵🕵[Yearbook] Ministry of Rural Development ग्रामीण �वकास मं त्रालय

Dept − Dept. of Rural Development.
− Dept. of Land Resources (भू�म सं साधन).
Autonomous − National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj- Hyderabad. रा��ीय
Bodies ग्रामीण �वकास और पं चायती राज सं �ान
− Council for Advancement of People’s Action and Rural Technology
(CAPART) chaired by the Union Minister for Rural Development to
coordination with NGOs & Government
CPSE/ Statutory N/A or Not MCQ worthy. या तो �वद्यमान नहीं या �वद्यमान है िकंतु परी�ा के �लए काम के नहीं
/Attached इस�लए आगे बढ़ो
🕵🕵🕵There is also a Ministry of Panchayati Raj - but doesn’t have any MCQ-worthy orgs.
🔠🔠❓ The ministry of Rural Development consists of which of the following departments? (UPSC-Geologist-2020)
a. Department of Rural Development and Department of Land Resources

b. Dept of Community Development, Dept of Drinking Water and Sanitation and Dept of Social Assistance
c. Dept of Rural Development, Dept of Community Resources and Dept of Drinking Water and Sanitation
d. Dept of Land Resources, Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation and Department of Social Assistance
57.2 🏞🏞 RURAL → SHYAMA PRASAD MUKHERJEE RURBAN MISSION

2004: President Dr. Kalam suggested PURA (Providing Urban Amenities in Rural Areas), but failed
to takeoff because inter-ministerial miscoordination in UPA. → Modi repacked (2016)
- 🕵🕵🕵Boss? Rural Development Ministry. Core Scheme = NOT 100% funded by Union.
- 15-20 villages clusters are selected. They’re given ₹ ₹ to improve Electricity, water, roads;
centres for Agri Processing, Tourism, Skill development etc.
🤩🤩Benefit? economic opportunity & ease of living will improve in the rural areas itself → cities will
face less migration and congestion (गांव म� ही अगर शहरों जेवीसी सु�वधा �मलेगी तो �ाना�रण / अ�तप्रजन कम होगा).
🔠🔠❓ Who among the following envisioned the framework of sustainable development called PURA (Providing Urban
Amenities to Rural Areas)? (UPSC-Geologist-2020)
a) Jawaharlal Nehru b) A.P.J. Abdul Kalam c) Atal Bihari Vajpayee d) K.R. Narayanan
57.3 🏞🏞 RURAL → RASHTRIYA GRAM SWARAJ ABHIYAN (2018)

ई शासन, पं चायत भवन के �नमार्ण/ मर�त, पं चायत क�मयों को तालीम के अनुसंधान योजना
- Under Manmohan-era, the Panchayati Raj Ministry had following schemes:
a. Backward Region Grant Fund (BRGF) → Additional ₹ ₹ to backward areas to build
schools, roads, streetlights etc.
b. Rajiv Gandhi Panchayat Shasaktikaran Abhiyan → ₹ ₹ for Panchayat Building
renovation.
c. Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Yojana (RGSY) for training of PRI’s elected representatives &
civil servants.
- Since 14th Finance Commission provided huge grant in aid to the Panchayati Raj bodies, so
Modi stops / suspends these schemes from 2015. (�व� आयोग द्वारा अनुदान)
- 2018: Modi launches (restructured) Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan with basically above
features i.e. Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) given ₹ ₹ to improve e-governance, repair /
renovate panchayat building. PRI officials given training & exposure visits → capacity building
→ they become capable to achieve SDG goals.
- Boss? Panchayati Raj Ministry. Core Scheme = NOT 100% funded by Union. (Gen-60:40,
Sp.Cat-90:10)
57.3.1 🏞🏞 📲📲 Panchayati Raj Day & Portals & Awareness Campaigns
- 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act,1992 came into force from 24 Apr’93. So, Govt started
commemorating 24th April as National Panchayati Raj Day since 2010.
- Panchayati Raj Ministry runs following Portals:
- e-GramSwaraj: Gram Panchayat Development Plans:- to prepare and monitor them.
- PRIASoft: monitor Receipts & Expenditure of the Panchayati Raj bodies viz. Zilla, Block and
Village Panchayat. (आमदनी खचार् �व�ीय �व�ापन के �लए)

- Sabki Yojana Sabka Vikas : awareness campaign to encourage villagers in Gram Panchayat
Development Plan formulation. ग्राम पं चायत के �वकास कायर्क्रमों म� जन भागीदारी बढ़ाना
57.3.2 👻👻🏞🏞 📐📐 Swamitva scheme for land survey & title disputes (2020)
⇒ Ministry of Panchayati Raj → launched on pilot basis in 6 states. (प्रायो�गक तौर पर चु�नंदा रा�ों म� ही)
⇒ Rural inhabited lands will be survey with drones and technology. (जमीन का सव��ण)
⇒ It will help getting clarity over property rights → Land revenue collection, Bank loans
application approval, Settlement of Title Disputes (जमीन मा�लक क� के कोटर् �ववादों का �नपटान)
57.4 🏞🏞👴👴👴👴 RURAL → MPLADS (1993)
Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (सांसद �ानीय �ेत्र �वकास योजना).
Central Sector Scheme =100% funded by Union.
- Boss? Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI).
- Each MP can suggest development works worth ₹ 5 crore per year in his constituency. Rajya
Sabha MP: any district in his State. Nominated MP can select any district in anywhere in India.
- Role of the Members of Parliament is limited to recommend works. Thereafter, it is the
responsibility of the district authority (DM/Collector,IAS) to sanction, execute and complete the
works recommended within the stipulated time period.
- If area inhabited by SC → 15% fund quota for their development works, if ST → 7.5%.
- Max. 20 lakhs / year (out of his 5 cr quota) for PH welfare e.g. giving tricycles, artificial limbs,
hearing aids etc.
- Further, if any MP wishes, he may also recommend works anywhere in India upto Max. 25 lakhs
/ year (out of his 5 cr quota) e.g. during natural disaster or to promote national unity.
- Funds are non-lapsable (अ-�पगत) in nature i.e. if not used this year, it is carried forward to the
next year.
👻👻🤧🤧 😷😷Corona-2020-April: Govt suspend this scheme for 2 years = savings of about ₹8000
crores. total amount will be transferred into the Consolidated Fund. Govt justified it, “every rupee
was needed to bolster the resources available to our nation as we address the impact of Covid-19”
57.4.1 🏞🏞 🤧🤧 MPLADS Suspended (योजना को ��गत करना)
2020-April: To save the money for fighting Corona, Government announced two measure
⇒ MP salaries will be cut by 30% वेतन म� कटौती
⇒ MPLADS scheme will suspended for two financial years i.e. 2020-21 and 2021-22
✅Arguments favouring suspension ✋Opposing scheme suspension
योजना ��गत करना= सही कदम योजना ��गत नहीं करनी चािहए थी
⇒ Nepotism: Politicians' relatives will be ⇒ 2010 Court judgement has held that the
given the contracts. (भाई भतीजावाद) MPLADS scheme is not unconstitutional. कोटर् ने
भी इसे असं वैधा�नक नहीं माना है

✅Arguments favouring suspension ✋Opposing scheme suspension
योजना ��गत करना= सही कदम योजना ��गत नहीं करनी चािहए थी
⇒ Corruption: District administration ⇒ All members of parliament cannot become
will get the bribes, Substandard quality ministers. But if they have some funds at their
of assets developed- as per CAG disposal they can do some important work for
⇒ Appeasement: Assets generally be their constituency and voters, depending on
developed in area with high local needs. सांसद को अपने इलाके म� अ�े काम करने के
concentration of a particular �लए अवसर �मलता है.
caste/religion who gave large number ⇒ Every government scheme has instances of
of votes to the said MP. (तु��करण) corruption, nepotism and sub standard quality
⇒ 16th Lok Sabha: 55% of the members work. It doesn’t justify that we should stop the
have not even used the funds allotted scheme, rather we should fix those loopholes.
from their quota. Usually MP spend ₹₹ धांधली तो हर योजना म� होती है िकंतु इसका उपाय यह नहीं योजना
only in the last year Before election for बं द कर दी जाए ब�� योजना क� खा�मयों को दू र करना चािहए
media-limelight. But such "election
rush"= Work done in a haphazardly.
⇒ भाई भतीजावाद, भ्र�ाचार, तु�ीकरण, चुनाव से पहले
ज�बाजी म� ढेर सारी रकम और प्रोजे� जारी करना-
लेिकन गुणव�ा पूणर् सं प��यों का �नमार्ण नहीं
🔠🔠❓ Find wrong statements about MPLADS? (UPSC-CDS-i-2020)
(a) Members of the Parliament (MPs) sanction, execute and complete works under the scheme.
(b) Nominated Parliament can recommend works for implementation anywhere in the country.
(c) The scheme is fully funded by the Government of India.
(d) The annual entitlement per MP is Rs.5 crore.
🔠🔠❓Which of the following statements are correct about MPLADS? (UPSC-Prelims-2020)
MPLADS funds must be used to create durable assets like physical infrastructure for health, education etc.,
A specified portion of each MP’s fund must benefit SC/ST populations
MPLADS funds are sanctioned on yearly basis and the unused funds cannot be carried forward to the next year.
The district authority must inspect at least 10% of all works under implementation every year
Codes: [a) 1 and 2 only [b) 3 and 4 only [c) 1, 2 and 3 only [d) 1, 2 and 4 only
57.5 🏞🏞 RURAL → ADARSH GRAM YOJANAS

Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAANJHI) Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana
Rural Development Ministry (2014) Social Justice Ministry (2009: Manmohan
launched → Modi continued)
सांसदों ने गांव को गोद म� लेना है, और वहां �व�भ� सरकारी अनुसू�चत जा�त क� आबादी जहां �ादा हो, उन गांव पर �ान
योजनाओं को को अ�े से लागू करवाना है। देना, और वहां �व�भ� सरकारी योजनाओं को को अ�े से लागू
करवाना
Members of Parliament adopt village in their Govt to focus on villages with than 50%
constituency (if nominated member then adopt Scheduled Caste (SC) population
anywhere) - Develop these villages through better

- MP to give personal attention to develop implementation of existing schemes.
these villages through better - A village is declared ‘Adarsh Gram’ once it
implementation of existing schemes. achieves minimum 3 targets from a long list
- MP to encourage the villagers to build of targets related to school enrollment,
library via donation, prepare village song, 100% adult literacy, 100% vaccination,
remember martyrs, celebrate girl child 100% ODF-free, 0% child marriage, 0%
birth, plant trees etc. drinking of desi-liquor in public places etc.
57.6 🏞🏞 RURAL → BORDER AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (BADP).
− Boss? Ministry of Home Affairs → Dept of Border Management. 100% funded by Union.
− सीमा �ेत्र �वकास कायर्क्रम (BADP) covers 17 states/UT which people living within 50 kilometres of the
International Border. Funding for roads, bridges, school, hospital etc.
− Eligible states are: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu
Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttar
Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal.
− RELATED event: Seemant Vikasotsav @Dhordo, Kutch to sensitize the border population about
their role in national security and development.
57.6.1 🏞🏞 Border infra and Shekatkar Committee (सीमा �ेत्रों म� बु�नयादी अवसं रचना)
2015: Defense ministry setup Lt General D B Shekatkar Committee to enhance combat capability
and rebalance defence expenditure of the armed forces. 2020-May: Defence ministry announced
we'll implement it suggestions related to border infrastructure namely,
⇒ Border Roads Organisation (BRO)'s road construction work → Outsource to private players via
Engineering Procurement Contract (EPC), if costing more than ₹100 cr= faster and more
professional building of roads.
⇒ BRO to be given high-tech machines for snow clearance on Himalayan roads. Use Geo-Textiles
for soil stabilisation, to prevent landslide damage to roads. सड़क से बफर् हटाने और भू�लन से नुकसान रोकने
के �लए अद्यतन मशीन और तकनीक�
⇒ Field officers to be given more financial and administrative powers. �ानीय अ�धका�रयों को �ादा �व�ीय
और प्रशास�नक स�ाई दी जाएं गी तािक ज�ी कम हो सके
⇒ Reforms for land acquisition and environmental clearance. भू�म अ�धग्रहण और पयार्वरणीय मं जूरी।
⇒ 🤩🤩? Socio economic development & ⏫security in border areas. सामा�जक आ�थक �वकास और सुर�ा
✍Conclusion? SDG Goal #8 requires India to provide decent work and economic growth
opportunities to all. Since majority of Indians reside in rural areas, the rural infrastructure
development is the lynchpin factor in this regard. Aforementioned scheme / policy /… सतत �वकास
ल�: सभी लोगो को काम और आ�थक �वकास के अवसर देना । चूंिक अ�धकांश भारतीय आबादी ग्रामीण �ेत्रों म� �नवास करते ह�, इस�लए
ग्रामीण बु�नयादी सु�वधाओं का �वकास अ�ाव�क है

57.7 🌬🌬⚔INFRASTRUCTURE: DISASTER, SECURITY & STRATEGIC AFFAIRS
57.7.1 🕵🕵🕵👮👮👮[Yearbook] Ministry of Home (गृह मं त्रालय)
Dept 1) Department of Border Management (सीमा प्रबं धन)

2) Department of Internal Security (आंत�रक सुर�ा)
3) Department of Jammu, Kashmir & Ladakh Affairs
4) Dept of Home: Notifies the appointment of PM & other Ministers etc.
5) Department of Official Language
6) Department of States
Attached / 1) Registrar General & Census Commissioner: National Register of Indian
Subordinate Citizens, Census; helps rural and urban ministries for conducting Socio-
Offices Economic and Caste Census (SECC) in respective areas.
2) Assam Rifles, Border Security Force (BSF), Central Reserve Police Force
(CRPF), Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)
3) Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
4) Indo Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
5) National Security Guard (NSG)
Statutory 1) National Investigation Agency (NIA)
2) National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) →Subhash Chandra
Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar (Awards for disaster management)
3) National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)
PSU ⇒ Repatriates Co-op. Finance & Development Bank
Autonomous 1) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy, SVNPA, Hyderabad for
training of IPS officers
2) National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)
3) National Foundation for Communal Harmony (NFCH)
4) International Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI)
⚖ Home ministry also looks after the administrative matters related to Padma Awards, and
legislative matters related to Passport Act & Citizenship.
57.7.2 🕵🕵🕵🌬🌬 Disaster Infrastructure → Home Ministry → CDRI 2019
⇒ International Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI)
⇒ Announced in 2019’s UN Climate Action Summit in New York, USA
⇒ HQ: Delhi. Registered under Societies Registration Act,1860

⇒ Function: international knowledge exchange for disaster and climate resilience of infrastructure
→ help achieving the Sendai Framework targets for disaster risk reduction
57.7.3 🕵🕵🕵🛡🛡 Ministry of Defence (र�ा मं त्रालय)
Dept ⇒ Department of Defence → Armed Forces (army, navy, airforce), Coast Guard,
Border Road Organization, National Cadet Corps (NCC-1948, Motto: एकता और
अनुशासन, Unity and discipline)
⇒ Department of Defence Production
⇒ Department of Defence Research and Development
⇒ Department of Ex-Servicemen Welfare
⇒ Department of Military Affairs → Chief of Defence Staff (Bipin Rawat has
rank of four star general and also ‘Secretary’ to Govt)
Attached ⇒ DG Defence Estate, DG Defence Accounts and others
Subordinate ⇒ Indian Ordnance Factories
Autonomous ⇒ Indian Military Academy (IMA), Dehradun; Sainik School Ghorakhal,
Nainital, Uttarakhand and other similar organizations.
⇒ Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA)
Committee ⇒ 2001: Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) was set up under Defence Minister
to fasttrack the procurement of armaments for army, navy, airforce,
coastguards. (र�ा साधनों क� खरीद के �लए प�रषद)
Portals Srijan portal (2020-Aug)
⇒ displays defence items that are being imported currently. So that the Indian
industry can design, develop and manufacture them domestically.
⇒ Help interaction between defence public sector undertakings (DPSUs),
Ordnance Factory to interact with the Indian industry.
⇒ 🤩🤩Benefit: Promotes indigenization of defence production.
iDEX (2018)
- For Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX)
PSU ⇒ Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, HAL.
⇒ Bharat Electronics, Bharat Dynamics
⇒ Garden Reach Shipbuilders, Goa Shipyard, Hindustan Shipyard, Mazagon
Dock Shipbuilders | Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited, MIDHANI.
⇒ (*) Bharat Earth Movers

Operations ⇒ 👻👻OPERATION SAMUDRA SETU: Indian Navy as a part of national effort
Exercises to repatriate Indian citizens from overseas.
⇒ + many other defense exercises etc. self-Study from CA-PDF
(*) means approved for strategic disinvestment (=privatization) in 2019
57.7.4 👻👻🔫🔫🔫🔫🌐🌐Draft Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy 2020

⇒ By Defence ministry to ⏬dependence on imports, Achieve US$ Bn exports by 2025.
⇒ Encourage "Make in India" via domestic research, IPR protection, FDI & Ease of Doing Business,
Training subsidies, support to MSMEs/Startups etc
57.7.5 🕵🕵🕵Ministry of External Affairs (�वदेश मामलों का मं त्रालय)
Responsible for organizing the Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas: (More in 📑📑Pillar#3A).

Dept ⇒ N/A
Attached ⇒ Foreign Service Institute, Delhi
Autonomous ⇒ India Centre for Migration (ICM)
⇒ India Development Foundation of Overseas Indians
⇒ Indian Council for Cultural Relations
Portals ⇒ Madad Portal for consular grievances.
⇒ Passport India Portal| Kailash Mansarovar Yatra Portal
⇒ e-Sanad for online verification of documents of Indian citizens abroad.
58 📡📡INFRASTRUCTURE → COMMUNICATION (सं चार)
58.1.1 🕵🕵🕵[Yearbook] Ministry of Communication (सं चार मं त्रालय)

Dept − Dept. of Telecommunications (दू रसं चार �वभाग )
− Dept. of Posts (डाक �वभाग): ref Pillar#1D for more
Statutory Bodies − Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI: भारतीय दू रसं चार �व�नयामक
प्रा�धकरण)
− Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT: दू रसं चार
�ववाद समाधान एवं अपील अ�धकरण)
PSU / PSB − BSNL: Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited & MTNL: Mahanagar Telephone
Nigam Ltd for Delhi & Mumbai. 📑📑Ref Pillar#2: for their merger.
− BBNL: Bharat Broadband Network Ltd.
− Telecommunications Consultants India (TCIL) Ltd

− Indian Telephone Industries (ITI) Ltd
− India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) Ltd
Attached / − Universal Service Obligation Fund
subordinate − Telecommunication Engineering Center
Autonomous − Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT)
58.1.2 Dept of Telecommunications → Digital Communications Commission

⇒ 1989- Telecom Commission was setup. 2018: Renamed in Digital Communications Commission
⇒ DoT’s Secretary (IAS) is the chairman of this body. NITI CEO (IAS) is a part time member.
⇒ Functions? finalizing policy, dept’s budget, spectrum auction etc → sending for
Minister/Cabinet’s approval
58.1.3 � Ministry of Electronics & IT इले��ो�नक� एवं सूचना प्रौद्यो�गक� मं त्रालय
Dept N/A
Attached offices National Informatics Centre (NIC, रा��ीय सूचना �व�ान क� द्र) → 2020 they setup
Centre of Excellence (CoE) in Blockchain Technology in Bengaluru,
Karnataka,
Statutory Bodies Under the Information Technology Act, 2000 →
i. Controller of Certifying Authorities (CCA) प्रमाणन प्रा�धकरण �नयं त्रक →
Cyber Appellate Tribunal
ii. Computer Emergency Response Team-India (CERT-In) भारतीय
कं �ूटर आपात प्र�तिक्रया दल
Under the Aadhaar Act 2016 →
Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) भारतीय �व�श� पहचान प्रा�धकरण
PSU ⇒ National Informatics Centre Services Inc.(NICSI) (PSE under control of
NIC) भारतीय सूचना �व�ान क� द्र सेवा सं �ान
Autonomous ⇒ Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) प्रगत सं गणक
Bodies �वकास क� द्र → “E-Sangam” for delivery of Data among geographically
(�ाय� �नकाय) dispersed departments
⇒ Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET)
⇒ Education & Research in Computer Networking(ERNET)
⇒ National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT
- Formerly DOEACC Society)
⇒ Society for Applied Microwave Electronics Engineering and Research
(SAMEER); Software Technology Parks of India (STPI)
⇒ National Internet Exchange of India(NIXI) - a meeting point for
Internet Service Providers (ISP)

App ⇒ 2017: UMANG- Unified Mobile Application for New-Age Governance
(UMANG). It delivers government services by by Central and State
Government departments and Local bodies such as locating exam
centre, booking govt doctor appointment, applying for soil health card
& filing EPFO complaints.
- Data Security Council : is a (private sector) not-for-profit body on data protection by
NASSCOM. NASSCOM is a not-for-profit association of Software companies.
58.2 COMMUNICATION (💻💻/📞📞) RELATED REGULATORS
58.2.1 � Comm → Regulators → TRAI

⇒ 1999: Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI: भारतीय दू रसं चार �नयामक प्रा�धकरण), a statutory
body under the Communications Ministry → higher appeal to Telecom Dispute Settlement And
Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT: दू रसं चार �ववाद �नपटान और अपीलीय �ाया�धकरण).
⇒ TRAI regulates the operators of telecom, internet, DTH/cableTV sector.
TRAI’s notable initiatives for consumer interest are →
⇒ DND (Do Not Disturb) registry → to prevent Telemarketing Calls/SMS.
⇒ Strong directives to reduce Call-drops in mobile plans.
⇒ MySpeed App to help customers to measure 3G/4G speed & share with TRAI.
⇒ Directives for Net Neutrality (नेट तट�ता) i.e. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) must treat all
internet traffic equally without increasing/slowing down speed towards any website.
⇒ DTH / Cable operators required to give customer the freedom of choosing channels, and fixed
prices for services.
⇒ 2007: Telecommunication Consumers Education and Protection Fund (TCEPF). Requires
Telecom service providers to deposit all unclaimed money of consumers, including excess
charges and security deposit.
58.2.2 �📞📞 Comm → Stolen phone? → Central Equipment Identity Register portal
⇒ By Dept of Telecom
⇒ If your mobile gets stolen or lost → file First Information Report (FIR) in Police → upload FIR
details and International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) on this portal
⇒ Government will block the IMEI number of the phone → Phone will become unusable for the
thief.
58.2.3 �📞📞 Telecom → Emergency Response Support System (ERSS)
- Boss? Home Ministry. Launched pan-India in 2019-Feb. Although some states yet to roll it out.

- Victim dials 112 → Emergency Response Centre (आपातकालीन प्र�तिक्रया क� द्र) → redirect to police
(100), fire (101), health (108), women's safety (1090) & other helplines.
- Alternatively, victim can use Panic Button on the phone by longpressing ‘5’ or ‘9’, or, '112 India'
mobile app which also has a ‘shout’ button so registered volunteers close to the victim can come
for immediate assistance before police/firemen arrive.
58.3 📞📞 COMMUNICATION → TELECOM
Teledensity = number of telephones per 100 population, is an indicator of telecom penetration in the
country.
Urban Rural
2020-Oct 86.37 58.85
58.3.1 ☎⚔🤬🤬Telecom Controversy not so greatly imp for exams
58.3.1.1 ☎⚔🤬🤬 Telecom → 2G Spectrum Scam
To run telecom business, two things required → A) License, B) Access to Spectrum. Spectrum
refers to the radio waves that are used by mobile phones to transmit data.
- UPA-1: we’ll give give license by “First Come First Serve Basis”, and whoever gets the license, he
will automatically get free 2G spectrum linked with his License.
- 😰😰Scam? Certain shell companies who had no intention of actually running telecom business
applied and got licence & free spectrum → they sold it to the needy companies at higher prices,
thus, making windfall profit without doing any business at all. UPA’s ally DMK party’s A.Raja
(Telecom Minister) & Kanimozhi were arrested → later acquitted (2017).
Present system:
- A) Company has to separately apply for Unified License (i.e. valid for both voice and data
services) and
- B) Company has to separately buy Spectrum through Dept of Telecom’s auctioning.
58.3.1.2 ☎⚔🤬🤬 Controversy: Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR)
⇒ Early 90s: LPG reforms, private sector telecom companies allowed to begin operate in India.
⇒ They had to obtain telecom licenses & pay certain fees to the Government every year.
⇒ This fees is calculated as a % of their Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR: समायो�जत सकल राज� / आमद).
⇒ Later, Department of Telecommunications (DoT) and Private Telecom Companies differed over
the definition / formula of AGR. → Matter went to Supreme Court.
⇒ SC ordered companies to pay ₹₹ but they’re making excuses ke “we’ll pay it in instalments in the
next 20 years”, SC says “no, you must pay it by next 10 years”…=ballbyballNOTIMP
58.3.1.3 ☎⚔🤬🤬 Controversy: Interconnect Usage Charges (IUC)
⇒ IUC is a fee that one telecom company (e.g. Jio) pays to another company (e.g. Airtel) when its
(Jio customers’) makes a call to a user of that other company (to airtel)
⇒ The charge is decided by TRAI on a per minute basis.

⇒ 2019: Jio started levying IUC from its Jio-customers when they make calls to non-jio customers.
⇒ 2020: IUC is scrapped/removed/made ZERO paise.
58.4 💻💻 COMMUNICATION → IT → DIGITAL INDIA PROGRAMME
- 1977: National Informatics Centre (NIC) to develop websites, softwares, ICT services for govt
- 2006: Manmohan’s National e-Governance Plan (NeGP)
- 2014: Modi’s Digital India Mission by restructuring above things:
Boss? Ministry of Electronics & IT. Central Sector Scheme = 100% Funded by Union.
Digital India program (िड�जटल इं िडया कायर्क्रम) 9 Pillars:
1) Broadband - Communication Ministry’s Department of Telecom (DoT) →
Highways - 1) Bharatnet Project/ National Optical Fibre Network
(NOFN): Connect all 2.50 lakh+ village Panchayats with
broadband. Nodal?
- 2) National Broadband Mission: To provide broadband access
to all villages by 2022.
- 3) Ghar Tak Fiber to connect Bihar villages through high
speed internet. Launched 2020-Sept.
- 4) PM-WANI Public Wifi launched in 2020-Dec.
- State Wide Area Network (SWAN) to run State Government website
& e-governance services.
- MeghRaj platform: To provide Cloud Computing services Benefit?
Cloud servers can store the file & run the softwares/Apps →
individual Govt. organizations needn't buy very powerful CPU/large
hard disks etc.
- National Knowledge Network (NKN): to provide highspeed internet
(Gbps speed) to all universities, libraries, laboratories, healthcare,
research & agricultural institutions
2) Universal Access Telecom companies required to pay ₹ ₹ to DoT’s Universal Service
to Mobile Obligation Fund (USOF: �व��ापी सेवा कतर्� �न�ध) → new mobile towers in
Connectivity unconnected rural / remote / LWE (naxal) areas.
3) Public Internet - MEITY → Setup Common Services Centre (CSC) in all 2.50 lakh+
Access Programme gram panchayat. So, even if a poorman doesn’t own PC/mobile, he
(सावर्ज�नक इंटरनेट ए�ेस can use CSC to apply online for exams/schemes/certificates, check
कायर्क्रम) result, pay bills etc.

- Dept of Post to create similar facilities in 1.50Lakh post offices.
4) e-Governance Develop more apps, websites and portals to reduce to improve Govt’s
5) e-Kranti - efficiency, reduce corruption. e.g.
Electronic Delivery - FinMin → Dept of Expenditure Controller General of Accounts
of Services (CGA) → Public Financial Management System (PFMS) webportal to
disbursal of scheme money.
- Same CGA → Bharatkosh webportal for transactions related to govt’s
“Non-tax revenue receipts” e.g. selling Yojana / Kurukshetra
magazines online.
- Dept of Post → online tracking of speed post, online sale of postal
stamps.
Similarly, portals / apps for paying taxes, getting passport, registering a
company, applying for admissions etc.
6) Information for - MyGov.in: to facilitate 2-way idea exchange between citizens and
All Government for good governance.
सबको जानकारी /सूचना - Data.gov.In: researchers can obtain datasets related to ministries,
प्रदान करना departments, Macroeconomic indicators etc.
- E-taal portal: It tracks the statistics of govt-citizen transactions e.g.
“x” number of RTI applications filed online by the people in “y” age
group from “z” state.
- IGNOU, Delhi University etc. given funding to put their courses /
learning modules online.
- mKisan app/portal for e-extension services to farmers.And so on….
7) Electronics Mfg Ref: Pillar#4 → Mfg → National Policy on Electronics (NPE)
8) IT for Jobs 1) IT cos given subsidies & tax benefits for setting up BPO/call centers in
रोजगार सृजन North East. 2) More computer courses for villagers and ITIs.
9) Early Harvest Focuses on projects to be implemented within short timeline. e.g
Programmes - Biometric attendance in govt organisations to check the absenteeism
शीघ्र प�रणाम कायर्क्रम of employees, teachers and students
- 👦👦Women and Child Ministry → Khoyapaya portal to announce
lost children so others may inform the authorities.
- 👦👦Labour Ministry → Pencil portal to complaint about child labour.
- �HRD Ministry → Convert all school books into ebooks.
- 🌪🌪IMD + NDMA → SMS based weather info. & disaster alerts
- MEITY → CERT-In → Cyber Swachhta Kendra webportal for free
tools for removal of botnet / malware / ransomware such as Petya,
WannaCry etc.

- MEITY → Digilocker: It’s similar to google drive to store files.
citizen opens an online account linked with Aadhar number. 1) He
can store his important documents 2) Organizations can send
electronic copies of documents (e.g. driving license, Voter ID, School
certificates) directly into his lockers. 3) he can even sign documents
using eSign facility.
- 👻👻👻👻MEITY → Saathi Chat Bot For corona awareness
58.4.1 💻💻 Digital India → PM-WANI Public Wifi (2020-Dec)

⇒ Boss? Department of Telecom
⇒ Pradhan Mantri Wireless Access Network Interface (PM-WANI) scheme is meant to provide
public Wi-Fi service through Public Data Offices (PDOs) spread across India.
⇒ A kirana shop owner, a tea-stall vendor, or a Common Service Centre (CSC) — can register as
PDO → install wireless routers & provide the internet to people. Such
⇒ Such PDO will not have to pay any license fees to Govt, for providing internet services (unlike
JioFiber, Airtel Broadband etc companies)
⇒ 🤩🤩Benefit? ⏬ domination/looting by the Internet service providers(ISPs) and 3g/4g mobile
companies & their roaming charges on data usages.
🔠🔠❓MCQ. Which of the following are aims of "Digital India" Plan of the Govt of India? (Asked in UPSC-Pre-2018)
1. Formation of India's own Internet companies like China did.
2. Establish a policy framework to encourage overseas multinational corporations that collect Big Data to build their
large data centres within our national geographical boundaries.
3. Connect villages to the Internet and bring Wi-Fi to many of our schools, public places and major tourist centres.
Answer Codes: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
58.5 💻💻/📞📞 → IT/TELECOM → TRAINING (EXISTING SCHEMES)
Training Target Scheme? [Central Sector Scheme = 100% Funded by Union.]

📞📞 Youth for − Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Sanchar Kaushal Vikas Pratisthan
telecom jobs Scheme. Boss? Dept of Telecom (Communication Ministry).
💻💻Villagers to get − Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan (PMGDISHA)

computer training − Boss? Ministry of Electronics & IT
Apart from above, many other skill development schemes also directly or indirectly involve Computer
training, but that we will see in Pillar#6 handout.

58.6 💻💻📡📡📡📡📡📡 COMMUNICATION → IT → 5G REVOLUTION IN INDIA
Fifth generation (5G) of wireless technology = 2 to 20 Gbps speed, which is much higher than
present 4G which gives 6-7 Mbps speed. (एक अद्यतन बे-तार तकनीक जो 4g के मुकाबले ब�त ही �ादा तेजी से डाटा
प�ंचा सकती है)
 Latency is the amount of time taken by data to travel between its source and destination. 5G has
very low latency. (स्रोत और ल� के बीच डाटा प�ंचाने म� ब�त ही कम �वलं ब होता है)
 Network slicing (नेटवकर् के टुकड़े करना): mobile operators to create multiple virtual networks within a
single physical 5G network. Provide faster data to tele-surgery in rural areas, driverless car, etc.
 Thus, 5g is useful in Internet of Things (IoT) and machine to machine (M2M) communications,
CCTV surveillance, drones, real time data analytics, industrial revolution 4.0.
58.6.1 💻💻💻💻💻💻💻💻 Challenges and Opportunities in of 5G (इसे अपनाने म� चुनौ�तयां+अवसर )
 😰😰5g signals tend to deteriorate faster over long distances than lower-frequency signals. So,
more number of towers may be required than 4g, to cover same geographical area
 750 million Internet users in India but 300 million still trapped in 2G speed. 5G’s faster internet
required for e-learning, e-medicine, e-judiciary etc.
 🤩🤩When People upgrade their devices to use 5G → Make in India, employment opportunities.
 Considering these benefits, USA, China, S. Korea are working on war-footing to implement 5g.
Our Department of Telecom too had setup A.J.Paul Raj Committee, it prepared a roadmap for
rollout of 5G telephony in India by 2020.
 Govt wants to auction 5G spectrum [8300MHz] at a reserve price of ₹5 Lcr. (Reserve price नीलामी
म� आर��त रकम = minimum this amount required to participate in the auction.) But,
Airtel,Vodafone unable to afford. Only Reliance-Jio may buy 5G= monopoly = not in the best
interest of consumers. (मुकेश अंबानी के के हाथ म� 5g का एका�धकार)
 5g technology can work in the millimetre bands of 24.75 to 27.25 GHz spectrum. So,
Government planning to auction these “millimetre bands spectrum auction” in 2020
 China already enslaving the small Nations through cheap infrastructure loans in its 'One belt
one road'. Now, China providing 5G technology & equipment to Nepalese Tourism Industry.
Later China may also supply 5G to the militaries of small nations. This poses grave economic and
strategic challenges to India. (Related Topic D10 club Ref: in 📑📑Pillar#3B)
58.6.2 🤼🤼🤼5G Hackathon by DoT (2020)
⇒ 2020: Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has launched ‘5G Hackathon’ in association
with Niti Aayog, MEITY, MSME Ministry, IITS & other academic and industry stakeholders.
⇒ Participants to give innovative ideas/solutions for 5G → win prizes worth total ₹2.5 cr!
58.6.3 � NEST Division in MEA
- New, Emerging and Strategic Technologies (NEST) division created by the Ministry of external
affairs (MEA) for collaboration with foreign nations for 5g, artificial intelligence etc.
- Sidenote: D10 group? (More in 📑📑Pillar#3B)

58.7 💻💻 COMMUNICATION → IT → PRIVATE INITIATIVES FOR INTERNET
Starlink ⇒ By Elon Musk, the founder of Tesla e-cars & Space-X company.
Network ⇒ Aims to launch 12,000 internet-providing satellites by 2027.
Project ⇒ It’ll provide high-speed and affordable internet at global level.
Aquila ⇒ Facebook project to use solar powered drones for delivering internet in remote
areas. Although 2018, company abandoned the project.
Project Loon ⇒ Google company’s project to provide internet connectivity in remote / hilly
locations using helium balloons.
🔠🔠❓MCQ.'Project Loon', sometimes seen in the news, is related to?(UPSC-Pre-2016)
(a) waste management (b) wireless communication (c) solar power production (d) water conservation
58.7.1 💻💻📊📊 COMMUNICATION → IT → Ranking Digital Quality of Life Index

⇒ DQL index by Surf Shark, a foreign private sector tech company
⇒ To measure internet speed, affordability, cyber security & govt regulation etc-Then ranking
given on each of these parameters so poor-cost benefit #⏳📚📚थोड़ा-पढ़ो-आगे-बढ़ो
⇒ 😰😰While India in top 10 in terms of Internet affordability but speed/reliability is very poor
� Conclusion: SDG Goal #9 (infrastructure) requires India to provide universal telephone and
internet connectivity to all. Above scheme / policy helps in digital access, digital inclusion, digital
empowerment and bridging the digital divide. Thus, it’ll play an important role in transforming
India into a knowledge-based economy and digitally empowered society.
सबको सावर्�त्रक �प से टेलीफोन और इं टरनेट क� सु�वधा मुहैया कराएं गे तभी िड�जटल समावेशन -सश��करण होगा। अमीर गरीब
ग्रामीण शहरी के बीच िड�जटल खाई/�वभाजन कम होगा- सतत �वकास ल� को हा�सल करने के �लए अग्रता क्रम से यह सब करना ज�री
58.8 📔📔 📔📔 💾💾 ES19: PUBLIC DATA: FOR THE PEOPLE, BY THE PEOPLE
- (Define) Data is a set of factual information stored in digital form. (िड�जटल �प म� सं ग्रहीत त�ा�क
जानकारी) (Origin) When people conduct their day-to-day activities online, they leave digital
footprints- in chatting, searching google, buying on amazon, file taxes, posting on social media
etc. While doing these activities online, people produce data about themselves which is stored on
public and private servers.
58.8.1 💾💾Types of Government Data
1) Administrative data (प्रशास�नक डाटा): Birth-death records, pensions, tax records, marriage records,
crime reports, land-property registrations, vehicle registrations etc.
2) Survey data (सव��ण): Census data, National Sample Survey data about employment, education,
nutrition, literacy etc.

3) Transactions data (लेनदेन सं बं धी): e-National Agriculture Market data, Taxes, User-fees such as
railways etc.
4) Institutional data (सं �ागत): Public school data on pupils, public hospital data on patients, etc.
Most such data are held locally, predominantly in paper based form.
58.8.2 💾💾 🥰🥰Public Data: Opportunities through Data integration
Since the Administrative, Survey, Transaction and Institutional datasets are unconnected, each
ministry only has a partial picture. If all these public datasets are integrated then (सावर्ज�नक डेटासेट
एक�कृ त िकए जाए तो):
- While filling every new form, Person will not have to provide same details everytime while
filling up form e.g. his education, address proof, farm-land ownership proof etc.
- Weeding out bogus beneficiaries (फज� लाभाथ�ओ को रद करना): If vehicle ownership records are
compared with BPL beneficiaries list → remove car owners claiming to be BPL for Government
schemes.
- National health register (रा��ीय �ा� र�ज�र): Similar to Digilocker it’ll contain medical records of
patient tied with his Aadhar. Benefits? 1) During emergency doctor can access the medical
history, even if patient is unconscious 2) surveillance of syndromes 3) immunization
information.
- Digital Dashboard for Transparency & Accountability(पारद�शता और जवाबदेही)
- A district education officer can make better decisions if he knows, for each school in his
district, attendance rates of students and teachers, average test scores and status of school
toilets.
- Parents can make better decisions about which school to send their children to if they
know the average absenteeism rate of teachers in their village and can compare the rate
to that in the neighboring village.
- Researchers can use such data to validate the efficacy of Govt schemes and suggest
remedies for future. (Union government’s already launched Open Government Data
platform for this.)
- Private sector should be given selected databases for commercial use, after paying fees to Govt.
for example,
- If school test scores’ data of a given district / city is sold to a coaching company, it can
use it for more targeted advertising / setting new classrooms in the areas accordingly. So,
the company will benefit, parents will benefit.
- Similarly, Uber can use public bus transport / passengers data to identify congested
areas, deploy more taxis / rickshaws in the peak hours accordingly.
- Since govt is selling data-> it’ll earn a new stream of revenue to control fiscal deficit.
- 2019-Sept: Considering these benefits, MEITY setup Kris Gopal Krishnan committee for the
regulation of non-personal data such as community data, anonymous data. (गैर-�नजी डेटा)

58.8.3 💾💾 Telangana Government’s Samagra Vedika initiative:
Using the name & address of an individual as common identifier, Telangana Government linked 25
Government datasets such as
− crimes, assets, electricity connection, subsidies, education, taxes etc
− Each individual was then further linked to relatives such as spouse, siblings, parents and other
known associates.
− This helps in detection of crime. Identifying ineligible/fictitious beneficiaries.
Union Government is also “linking” of Bank account datasets – primarily through Aadhaar number,
PAN database, mobile numbers. It helps combing through transaction records, find out tax evaders
and Benaami accounts.
58.8.4 💾💾 Govt efforts to release statistical data
Following initiatives to help the policymakers, researchers, innovators, data scientists, journalists and
citizens to find statistical information related to governance:
⇒ National Informatics Centre (NIC) → Open Government Data (https:// data.gov.in)
⇒ NITI announced to launch National Data and Analytics Platform (NDAP) in 2021
58.8.5 💾💾😰😰 Challenges in public data
− If Data Privacy (डेटा क� �नजता / गु�ता) is breached or data is leaked accidentally, it may bring forth
legal consequences, financial implications and disruption in family / social life. E.g. if death
certificate leaked online that Mr.”X” died of HIV/AIDS. His entire family may be ostracized by
the neighbors.
− If data is hacked: financial loss, national security. (आ�थक नुकसान रा��ीय सुर�ा खतरे म�)
− A majority of the poor still have no digital footprint. Existing paper-based data need to be
converted into digital form. Govt can ask citizens to become volunteers, even launch App.
− District government official should be trained in “How to use data for analytical decision
making?” Otherwise mere collection of data will be of limited use. (डाटा क� मदद से �नणर्य �मता को कै से
बढ़ाएं ? इसक� अफसरों को तालीम देनी होगी)
− Many State govt create ‘online dashboards’ for monitoring schemes BUT These dashboards are
not easily accessible to citizens, require password; sometimes portals are not functional or
contain outdated data.
58.8.6 💾💾🧾🧾⚖ Draft Data Empowerment and Protection Architecture (DEPA)

⇒ by NITI Aayog, to protect personal data, digital privacy, cyber security.
⇒ To ⏬unauthorised data sharing, fake news.
⇒ Individuals should have control over how their personal data is used and shared.
⇒ We need to Adopt best practices from General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the
EU etc �चकनी चुपड़ी बात�.

58.8.7 💾💾 �Conclusion: Public Data (सावर्ज�नक डेटा)
 If scattered public data is integrated, it’ll bring greater transparency, accountability in public
services and improve targeting in welfare schemes. (�बखरे �ए सावर्ज�नक डेटा को एक�कृ त िकया जाए-
पारद�शता जवाबदेही योजनाओं क� असरकारकता बढ़ेगी)
 Therefore, just like highways, government needs to view data as a public good and important
infrastructure. Govt should make necessary investments & regulations for it, while protecting
data privacy. (सरकार ने �नवेश करना ज�री �नयं त्रण करना ज�री िकंतु नाग�रक क� �नजता का स�ान करना चािहए)
 In the spirit of the Constitution of India, data “of the people, by the people, for the people” must
therefore become the mantra for the government.
58.9 �📽📽 [YB] MINISTRY OF INFORMATION & BROADCASTING (सूचना एवं प्रसारण मं त्रालय)
Dept N/A
Attached 1. Press Information Bureau (PIB).पत्र सूचना कायार्लय
offices 2. Publications Division.प्रकाशन �वभाग
3. Office of the Registrar of Newspapers for India
4. Directorate of Film Festivals, Photo Division,
5. National Film Archives of India
6. New Media Wing, Electronic Media Monitoring Centre
Statutory 1. Press Council of India (भारतीय प्रेस प�रषद)
Bodies 2. Central Board of Film Certification (के �ीय िफ� प्रमाणन बोडर्) → Film
Certification Appellate Tribunal
3. Prasar Bharati: a) All India Radio b) Doordarshan
PSU 1. National Film Development Corporation Limited (NFDC)
2. Broadcast Engineering Consultants (India) Limited (BECIL)
Autonomous 1. Film and Television Institute of India (FTII), Pune
Organizations 2. Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute, Kolkata
3. Children’s Film Society of India
4. Indian Institute of Mass Communication
Activities - 2019: launched Doordarshan Arunprabha, a dedicated 24x7 TV channel for
Arunachal
- Responsible for 1) National Film Awards, 2) International Film Festival of
India- which is jointly hosted by this ministry & State Government of Goa.
INDEX? - Press Freedom Index: Compiled by a Paris based non government
organisation Reporters sans frontières (Reporters Without Borders)
- 2020's top3 rankers: Norway, Finland, Denmark. 142: India. Bottom-est
180-N.Korea. ✋But this type of row profile bodies rankings are not really
important! don't waste time.

58.9.1 �🤬🤬🤬🤬 Comm → Regulators (Statutory) → Censor board
Indian Cinematograph Act, 1952 → Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC: क� द्रीय िफ� प्रमाणन बोडर्)
commonly known as ‘Censor board’, under Ministry of Information & Broadcasting. It gives
following types of movie certificates:
- Unrestricted public exhibition (U)
- Parental guidance for children <12 (U/A) e.g. “Jungle Book”
- Adult (A)
- Viewing by specialized groups only (S) e.g. documentary movie about surgeries, meant to be
shown to doctors only, because ordinary person may get disturbed by the blood & gore.
😰😰Controversy? Former chairman Pahlaj Nihalani would do excessive cuts in the movies to stop
display of smoking-alcohol, Cuss words, Kiss scenes etc. leading to debate on ‘social values vs artistic
freedom of expression’. (सामा�जक मू� बनाम अ�भ�� क� कला�क �तं त्रता)
58.9.2 �🗞🗞 Comm → Regulators (Statutory) → Press Council of India
- 1978: Press Council Act → भारतीय प्रेस प�रषद, a statutory body under Ministry of Information &
Broadcasting. Readers can complaint against violation of press ethics (e.g. yellow journalism,
paid news, hate news).
- Newspaper / Journalists can complaint if their freedom of press violated.
- Chairman + members from journalism field, (members from LS & RS), members sent by (UGC,
Bar Council, Sahitya academy).
Press Council of India doesn’t cover TV-News channel and so we have →
News channels ⇒ News broadcaster association (NBA): Non-statutory Self regulatory body
set up by the news channels themselves (2008)
⇒ It punishes news-channels if they spread misinformation, hate news, harm
privacy of women by showing rape victim name / face etc.
Entertainment ⇒ Broadcasting Content Complaints Council (BCCC): Non-statutory Self
channels regulatory body set up by non-news general entertainment channels
themselves. (2011) Punishes them for objectionable content.
Over the Top e.g. Netflix, Amazon Prime, Hotstar, ALT-Balaji, SonyLIV etc
(OTT) ⇒ Before: they were regulated by the Ministry of Electronics and
platforms Information Technology.(MEITY)
⇒ 2020-Nov: Their regulation shifted to the Ministry of Information and
Broadcasting (I&B). It's likely to ⏫censorship over their content.

Notable laws ⇒ 1954: Drugs and Magic Remedies Act prohibits advertising drugs for
cancer, diabetes, abortion etc. (औष�ध और जादुई इलाज कानून)
⇒ 1986: Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) prohibits
indecent representation of women in Print Media, TV etc
⇒ 1995: Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act prohibits sports-
gambling ads. 😰😰Controversy? ads about online sports gambling sites
shown in IPL
Television is a data-matrix to calculate popularity of a TV show/channel. Broadcast
Rating Point Audience Research Council (BARC), a private organization, prepared such
(TRP) TRP. 😰😰Controversy? Data Manipulation by some journalists.
58.10🔭🔭🔭🔭SPACE TECH INFRASTRUCTURE (अवकाश �ेत्र)
⇒ Prime Minister → Department of Space (DOS: HQ Bengaluru) → Indian Space Research

Organisation: (ISRO: HQ Bengaluru)
⇒ DOS/ISRO has two Government companies.
o Antrix: It helps foreign nations/ companies to launch satellites with ISRO's help.
o NewSpace India Limited (NSIL, 2019) for production of launch vehicles & collaboration
with private sector players.
58.10.1 👻👻🔭🔭🔭🔭Space Tech: Atma-Nirbhar
⇒ 2020-Jun: Govt setup Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre (IN-SPACe),
an independent agency under ISRO.
⇒ IN-SPACe will help private companies to use Indian space infrastructure for developing /
launching satellites / space tourism etc. (�नजी �ेत्र क� कं प�नयों को अवकाश �ेत्र क� सरकारी बु�नयादी सु�वधा उपयोग
के �लए अवसर)
59 🧱🧱🧱🧱 INFRA → GSM3: INVESTMENT MODELS (�नवेश के तरीके )
Origin: Infrastructure projects require large amount of investment. Govt alone can’t finance it due to
fiscal deficit targets. राजकोषीय घाटा �नयं त्रण ल� के चलते सरकार बु�नयादी सु�वधाओं म� खुद अके ले पूरा �नवेश नहीं कर सकती

- Such projects also require the level of technical expertise, management skills and professionalism
that may not be available in the traditional bureaucratic apparatus. (तकनीक� �वशेष�ता, प्रबं धन कौशल
और �ावसा�यकता)
- Therefore, Infrastructure investment / development has to be done through:
I. PPP: BoT, BOOT
II. Non-PPP: such as EPC, Outsourcing (Contracting-Out)
III. Or a mixture of both using Hybrid Annuity Model
59.1 🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔 INFRA.DEV.→ PPP (PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP)
- Definition: is a long-term contract between a public sector organization (Union/State/Local
Body/PSU) and a private sector company (सावर्ज�नक-�नजी �ेत्र क� भागीदारी - सरकारी और �नजी �ेत्र क�
इकाइओ बीच एक लं बी / दीघर् अव�ध का समझौता है)
- to build a public infrastructure (highway, ports etc.) or सावर्ज�नक अवसं रचना
- to provide public utility service (electricity, gas, water, transport, etc.). सावर्ज�नक सु�वधा
- In such PPP contract the ownership, risks & rewards are shared in some fashion. Unlike
privatization where it's completely transferred from public sector to private sector. मा�लक�/�ा�म�,
धं धे के जो�खम और मुनाफे /लाभांश क� िह�ेदारी होती है
- PPP can be :
A. for a Greenfield project (ग्रीनफ�� प�रयोजना) e.g. GMR group building fresh new airport in
Hyderabad. OR
B. for a Brownfield project e.g. Private companies upgrading the existing airports at Delhi and
Mumbai.
- PPP can be :
A. Done by forming a Joint Venture (सं यु� उद्यम 50:50) or Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV: �वशेष
उद्दे� से बनाई गई कं पनी) company with equity from public and private sector. OR
B. Done by Govt granting ‘Concession / lease / licence / permit’ (अनु�ापत्र = a legal right) to
private company (=Concessionaire) to design, develop, finance, construct, operate, maintain
a greenfield / brownfield infrastructure asset.
59.2 🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔 INFRA.DEV. → PPP (GREENFIELD) MODELS
<list not exhaustive>
- Build-Operate-Transfer (BoT: �नमार्ण-सं चालन-ह�ांतरण)
- Design-Build-Finance-Operate (DBFO: रचना-�नमार्ण-पूंजी लगाना-सं चालन)
- Build–own–operate–transfer (BOOT: �नमार्ण-�ा�म�-सं चालन-ह�ांतरण)
(BoT: Toll / Annuity) DBFO / BOOT
Who owns Private player but after time limit is over / his investment recovered,
infrastructure? the ownership transferred to Govt.
Who is responsible for Govt. Private player responsible to arrange
financing the project from his pocket / market.

(BoT: Toll / Annuity) DBFO / BOOT
cost?
Who is the responsible �नमार्ण , सं चालन और रखरखाव: Private player during the contact period, then
for the building, government itself may start operating it (or outsource it to a third
operation and private company)
maintenance (O&M)?
Who collects the toll / - If BoT: Toll (पथकर) model Could be toll or annuity depending
fees from users? then Private player levies on project.
toll from users (e.g. E.g. Delhi-Mumbai highway - private
highway)- but he’ll face a players would love to have a Toll
risk- what if less traffic! model, whereas in Nagaland Manipur
- If BoT: Annuity (वा�षक�) highway they’d prefer annuity model
model then Govt pays due to less growth projection in
private player fixed ₹ ₹ at traffic.
regular period from its
budget.
Example(s) NHAI highways** Water pipeline contracts by
Municipal corporations
- Some alternatives to above: Build Own Operate (BOO) / Build-develop-operate (BDO) /
Design-construct-manage-finance (DCMF): In these models private player remains the owner
in perpetuity (सदा के �लए मा�लक).
- ** 2020-July: Govt announced some technical reforms in BoT model for highway construction
but very poor cost benefit in chasing.
59.2.1 🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔 Infra.Dev. → PPP (Brownfield)
- Build-Lease-Transfer (BLT): (�नमार्ण-ठे का-ह�ांतरण): Usually associated with brownfield projects
(ब्राउनफ�� प�रयोजनाएँ ) e.g. Govt owned existing airport is leased to private player for operation →
he renovates it → charges user fees → After the contact period is over / investment recovered
then govt again assumes operational responsibilities (or gets another private player). Thus Govt
remains the owner in perpetuity.
- Toll-Operate-Transfer (TOT): (टोल -सं चालन-ह�ांतरण): Private player pays upfront fees (e.g. ₹
9000 crore) to the government to obtain the ‘right to collect toll’ on an existing road
(=brownfield) for a fixed period (e.g. 30 years). Benefits? →
- To Government: we got upfront money to finance schemes / build new roads; no need to
pay salary of those toll-booth employees.
- To private player: we will make profit depending on how much traffic comes.
- 2018: NHAI award projects worth 680+ kms in Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat
💼💼Budget-2020: due to FASTAG (Ref:1A) toll collection became more easier. So, we’ll monetise at
least twelve highway bundles worth 6000+ Kms before 2024

59.3 🧔🧔🧔🤵🤵 INFRA.DEV. → NON-PPP
In these models, the private player is not given ownership of infrastructure or right to collect
toll/user fee at any point of time. So, they’re not PPP. Notable examples are
- Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC: अ�भयां�त्रक�, खरीद और �नमार्ण)
- Outsourcing / Contracting out (करार के द्वारा बाहरी �� को काम देना).
PPP model (BoT: Toll) Non PPP models e.g. EPC,
outsourcing, GoCo
Who owns infrastructure? Private player owns until Govt owns in perpetuity.
�ा�म� या मा�लक क� िकस के पास contract time expired/ his
investment recovered.
Who is the responsible for Private player Private player
the building, operation and
maintenance?
Who collects the toll / Private player Govt pays the private player. Govt
user/fees? itself will collect user fees or
arranging ₹ ₹ from budget.
59.4 🧔🧔🧔🤵🤵 🛡🛡 INFRA.DEV. → NON-PPP → GOCO FOR INDIAN ARMY
Army’s Central Ordnance Depot (COD) & Army Base Workshops (ABWs) are responsible for mfg
& warehousing, maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO: �व�नमार्ण और भं डारण, रखरखाव, मर�त) of
⇒ Weapons, Ammunition, Tanks, Trucks, Radars, Air defense system etc.
⇒ Clothing, footwear, headgear, tent & camping gears, kitchen equipment etc.
But,😰😰
⇒ 2015: CAG audit found them to be overstaffed, inefficient and slow.
⇒ 2016: Defence Ministry’s Lt. Gen. DB Shekatkar (Retd.) committee to “enhance combat
capability and re-balancing defence expenditure.” → recommended GOCO Model.
59.4.1 🛡🛡GoCo Mechanism?
⇒ Government-Owned Contractor-Operated (GOCO) model: private contractors operate the
army’s base workshops that repair equipment from guns and vehicles to tanks and helicopters.
⇒ Government remains the owner of the ABW workshop / COD depot
⇒ But a private player is given a contract to take over the operation / running of such a workshop /
depot. He’ll be responsible for warehousing operations, transportation of material, repair,
maintenance etc.
⇒ He will have to absorb the existing civilian employees working there.

⇒ Private player must be an Indian registered company with at least 10 years of working experience
& “y” crore of turnover
59.4.2 🛡🛡GoCo: Pros and Cons
😍😍Benefits? फायदे 😪😪Challenges? चुनौ�तयां
⇒ ⏬salary bill for Govt वेतन खचर् कम होगा ⇒ Private operators may not have the
⇒ Private operators can easily go into expertise to deal with military equipment;
partnership with Original Equipment ⇒ Private companies interested in bidding
Manufacturer (OEM) for service, repair mostly for workshops/Depots that handle
and spare parts. आसानी से पुज� का इं तजाम कर Combat Tanks because they can easily
सकता है charge Rs 8-9 crore for tanks’
⇒ Private firms will not have to invest in land, repair/services/spareparts every time.
infrastructure, machinery. Because Whereas not much profit in
Government already built that. �नजी �ेत्र के clothing/kitchen utensils/cooking stove
�खलाड़ी का जमीन मशीनरी इ�ािद म� �नवेश का पैसा बच related work. �नजी �खलािड़ओ को �सफर् ट�क क� फै ��ी
जाएगा म� िदलच�ी है �ोंिक वहां पर मुनाफे के अवसर �ादा है
⇒ Strategic / Security challenges: what if pvt
player sells the tank/radar blueprints to
Pakistan/China? साम�रक चुनो�तया: दु�न देश को
सेना क� गु� जानकारी बेच दी तो ?
59.5 🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🤵🤵HYBRID ANNUITY MODEL (HAM) = MIX OF PPP + NONPPP
2016: सं कर वा�षक� मॉडल Introduced for highway projects in India.

Suppose the cost to build a new highway is ₹ 100, then.
- ₹ 40: Govt pays in phased manner (as road construction progresses).
- ₹ 60: private player arranges from his pocket and / or market borrowing.
- Once the highway is finished, Govt (NHAI) starts collecting toll → pay the private player at
regular interval (=annuity) till the private player recovers ₹ (60+some profit).
PPP model (BoT: Toll) Non PPP Hybrid Annuity
model (EPC)
Govt. has to bear the burden = more fiscal Private player bears higher burden of financing
deficit. the project = less fiscal deficit for Govt.
BoT: Toll- Private player Private player has no right to collect toll (But at the same time, he is
has the right to collect toll also saved from the risk if sufficient traffic did not come!)
In Bharatmala Pariyojana, NHAI has decided that →
Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM) 60%

BOT (Toll) Model 10%
Engineering, Procurement, Construction (EPC) 30%
Total projects under Bharatmala → 100%
59.6 🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔INFRA.DEV → MISC. TOPICS
59.6.1 �👊👊🤵🤵Swiss Challenge (��स चुनौती / ललकार)
Without waiting for the government advertisement, suppose a private company (Mukesh Ambani)
sends a suo-moto / unsolicited proposal to develop a railway station.
- Government puts it online so other private companies can challenge it.
- Ratan Tata challenges, “I can finish this project at 10% less price and / or 5 additional facilities in
the same price etc.” → Mukesh Ambani is given opportunity to counter Ratan Tata’s proposal,
then Government selects the best offer.
- 2015: While Govt of India was considering to allow Swiss challenge method for infrastructure
development, but Vijay Kelkar committee on PPP reforms suggested not to do it.
- Because there is a scope for non-transparency / collusion: What if both Ratan Tata and Mukesh
Ambani decide internally -“I will not challenge your projects in X cities and you will not challenge
me in Y cities! And together we’ll milk the maximum money from govt!”
59.6.2 🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔Viability Gap Funding (VGF: �वहायर्ता अ�र फं �डंग)
- Sometimes, the project is justifiable from social welfare / human development point of view but
it’s not financially profitable or viable e.g. solar panels in remote villages, or airport in
Ladakh/Lakshadweep.
- Then, Union Government / Multilateral Bank may provide grant (अनुदान: not Loan) in the form
of Viability Gap Funding (VGF).
59.7 💰💰💰💰 INFRASTRUCTURE FUNDS
Global Infrastructure - By World Bank to help emerging economies and developing
Facility (GIF: 2004) countries.
- It provides ₹ ₹ & advisory to design PPP contract.
National Investment During UPA raj, the ₹ ₹ from disinvestment were transferred in this
Fund (NIF: 2005) fund to finance various schemes, projects, PSB recapitalization.
India Infrastructure setup in Dept of Economic Affairs with ₹ 100 crores to help PPP
Project Development projects.
Fund (IIPDF: 2007)
59.7.1 💰💰💰💰 National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF: 2015)
- रा��ीय �नवेश और बु�नयादी ढांचा कोष ₹ 40,000 crore. Out of that 49% from Dept of Economic Affairs
(FinMin), remaining by domestic & foreign investors & financial intermediaries.
- SEBI registered NIIF as Category II Alternative Investment Funds.
- NIIF is ‘fund of funds’ → gives funding to other funds. E.g. 2017: India & UK set up Green
Growth Equity Fund (GGEF) to finance green infrastructure projects in India. So, from Indian
side NIIF invested money in GGEF.

59.7.2 👜👜 (Full) Budget-2019 on NIIF, Investment & PPP
- Presently, union ministries and Central Public Sector Enterprises have many unused land assets.
We’ll create public infrastructure and affordable housing on such land.
- India requires annually ₹ 20 lakh crores (=$300 billion) investment in Infrastructure. For this,
we’ve to encourage foreign pension, insurance and sovereign wealth funds to invest in India. So,
we’ll invite them to India through annual ‘Global Investors Meet in India’, using NIIF.
59.7.3 👻👻Atma-Nirbhar 3.0: NIIF Strategic Opportunities Fund

- NIIF Strategic Opportunities Fund (a type of NBFC debt fund company that gives loans to infra
projects)- this company is owned by NIIF.
- Atma-Nirbhar: Govt to invest ₹6k cr in this company
🔠🔠❓MCQ. With reference to ‘National Investment and Infrastructure Fund’, which of the following statements is/are
correct?(Asked in UPSC-Pre-2017)
1. It is an organ of NITI Aayog.
2. It has a corpus of Rs. 4,00,000 crore at present.
Answer Code: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
🔠🔠❓MCQ. Which one of the following statements is not correct? [UPSC-CDS-2016-II]
a) Creation of National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF) was announced in the Union
Budget, 2015-16.
b) NIIF is a fund for enhancing infrastructure facility in the country.
c) NIIF and NIF (National Investment Fund) are the names of the same organization.
d) NIIF can finance more than one alternative investment fund.
🔠🔠❓MCQ. The Global Infrastructure Facility is a/an(Asked in UPSC-Pre-2017)
a) ASEAN initiative to upgrade infrastructure in Asia and financed by credit from the Asian
Development Bank.
b) World Bank collaboration that facilitates the preparation and structuring of complex
infrastructure Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) to enable mobilization of private sector and
institutional investor capital.
c) Collaboration among the major banks of the world working with the OECD and focused on
expanding the set of infrastructure projects that have the potential to mobilize private
investment.
d) UNCTAD funded initiative that seeks to finance and facilitate infrastructure development in the
world.
59.8 💰💰💰💰 INFRA FINANCE → NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE PIPELINE (NIP)

⇒ 15th Aug, 2019: PM Modi announced Rs.100 lakh crore would be invested on infrastructure
over the next five years.
⇒ 2019-Sept: Finance Ministry set up a task force under the Secretary of Dept of Economic Affairs
(DEA). Based on its report,
⇒ 2019-Dec: FM Nirmala S. announced NIP (रा��ीय अवसं रचना पाइपलाइन). It aims to mobilize 102 lakh
crore worth infrastructure investment in the next five year (2019-20 to 2024-25).
⇒ This funding will be spread across Energy (24%), Roads (19%), Urban (16%), Railways (13%),
Irrigation (7%) etc.
⇒ 2020-Apr: Investment target has been ⏫ from ₹ 102 lakh cr to 111 lakh cr
Further, the Government will also initiate following reforms:
59.8.1 💰💰💰💰 NIP → Infra Finance Reforms → Financial Market Reforms
1) Government and SEBI will undertake technical reforms to strengthen municipal bond market,
and NBFCs such as
a) infrastructure investment trusts (InvITs),
b) Infrastructure Development Funds (IDFs),
2) Stringent monitoring to prevent ILFS-NBFC type crisis in future.
3) FDI, FPI investment norms will be relaxed.
59.8.2 💰💰💰💰 NIP → Infra Finance Reforms → Credit Enhancement Fund (CEF)
⇒ Pension and insurance companies usually avoid investing in bonds lower than ‘AA’ rating, due
to strict regulatory norms by PFRDA and IRDAI respectively.
⇒ So Government will ask them to relax the investment norms for infrastructure projects.
⇒ Many of indian infrastructure companies / projects have poor bond-rating. So, Government will
setup a Credit Enhancement Fund (CEF: ऋण सं वधर्न �न�ध), which will basically provide guarantee to
such projects’ lenders → bond rating upgraded → more investors attracted.
59.8.3 💰💰💰💰 NIP → Others reforms
1. Monetization of land assets owned by Govt. (सरकारी भू�म को बेचना/िकराये पर देना)
2. Market based pricing mechanisms (बाजार आधा�रत मू� �नधार्रण तं त्र) to increase user fees on
infrastructure. (e.g. if electricity price increased by x% then raise metro-train-fares by y%)
3. Technical guidelines for uniform quality, disaster resilient roads, buildings, etc. (e.g. x% cement
with y% sand etc.)
4. Training and capacity building for legal and financial experts so they can frame better type of
PPP contracts → less chances of project delays or disputes or NPA.
5. Legal reforms so PPP contract disputes can be settled through arbitration outside courts. (कोटर् के
बाहर ही म��ता से समाधान/सुलह)
59.9 (🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔)😰😰PPP CHALLENGES (चुनौ�तयां)
While the PPP-led infrastructure sector witnessed boom before the supreme crisis but afterwards
facing following challenges:
1. Environment groups / Civil society protest / PILs → land acquisition difficult. जमीन सं पादन मु��ल

2. Fall in demand post subprime crisis → less cargo traffic in highways / seaport / airports etc. so
those developers wanted extension of toll collection period / loan restructuring / extra money to
finish remainder of projects but UPA’s coal scam, 2G scam and subsequent ‘policy paralysis’
where ministers, IAS & public sector bankers avoided taking decisions on any file due to fear of
media & courts → Time & cost overruns for the infra-developers → NPA problems. अलग-अलग
घोटालों के चलते ब�कों के कजर् वापस करने म� सम�ा
3. Crisis in IL&FS & other NBFCs in the infrastructure finance sector. �व�ीय घपले
4. In PPP projects the fees paid by the users may be higher than when the project was government
operated. Excessive reliance on PPP may eventually result in exclusion of poor persons from
infrastructure facilities. हर सु�वधा के �लए नाग�रक ने पैसा देना पड़ता है. गरीब आदमी को लाभ नहीं �मलता
5. Private players providing substandard services / construction material to keep bigger profit
margin. Solution? Performance / service audit. सड़क/हवाई अड्डे के �नमार्ण के दौरान मुनाफा �ादा रखने के �लए
घिटया िक� क� सामग्री
6. PPP not appropriate for small sized projects e.g. building a school.
7. In India, PPP model projects confined mostly to airports & highways. In other sectors, growth is
either mostly private sector led (e.g. Telecom / ICT) or mostly public sector led (e.g. Railways &
atomic energy) even though there is lot of scope for synergy. भारत म� कु छ �ेत्रों तक ही सी�मत है
8. Allegations of political connivance / crony capitalism where some firms given large number of
airports without sufficient history / experience in this business.
59.10 🧱🧱✍INFRA → CONCLUSION (सार / �न�षर्)
Infrastructure is a critical determinant of economic development. It has a direct bearing on
investment, manufacturing sector, logistics and productivity. Infrastructure is equally important for
social sectors - be it education or health. Therefore SDG Goal #9 focuses on building resilient &
sustainable infrastructure.
बु�नयादी अवसं रचना िकसी भी देश के आ�थक �वकास का एक मह�पूणर् �नधार्रक है। इसका सीधा असर �नवेश, �व�नमार्ण �ेत्र, रसद
आपू�त श्रृंखला, और उ�ादकता पर पड़ता है। सामा�जक �ेत्रों के �लए भी ये मह�पूणर् है - चाहे वह �श�ा हो या �ा�। अत: सतत
�वकास के �लए यह करना ज�री
A. Aforementioned scheme / policy / initiative is important in that regard. OR
B. Aforementioned challenges need to be addressed on priority basis. OR अग्रता क्रम से
C. While the aforementioned XYZ PPP-investment model may not be the panacea in every case but
it can surely help improving our infrastructure. सावर्ज�नक �नजी �ेत्र क� भागीदारी- रामबाण इलाज नहीं लेिकन
उपयोगी है
59.11 ✍MAINS QUESTIONS IN PAST UPSC EXAMS
- GS1 Syllabus Topic: Urbanization: problems and remedies
- GS2 Syllabus Topic: Welfare Schemes (centre, states; performance, mechanisms)
- GS3 Syllabus Topic: Infrastructure (energy, ports, roads, airports, railways); Investment models

59.11.1 Mains Mock Questions from these topics
1) "India stands to gain a lot from the global 5G revolution." Elaborate (“भारत,वै��क 5 जी क्रां�त से ब�त
कु छ हा�सल करने के �लए प�रप� है। ”�व�ृत �ा�ा कर� | )
2) “Construction of toilets is only “one part” of the solution for a clean India.” Elaborate. ("शौचालय
�नमार्ण, �� भारत के �लए समाधान का के वल एक ही िह�ा है।" �व�ृत �ा�ा कर� |)
3) “Aggregation of public data holds a variety of applications for good governance.” Substantiate
with examples.("सावर्ज�नक डाटा का सम�यन- सुशासन के �लए कई प्रकार क� उपयो�गता रखता है।" सउदाहरण अपने कथन
क� पु�� कर� | )
4) “Public data is as important for good governance as national highways are for economic
growth.” Discuss. ("सावर्ज�नक डाटा सुशासन के �लए उतना ही मह�पूणर् है �जतना िक रा��ीय राजमागर् आ�थक �वकास के
�लए है ।" चचार् कर�।)
59.11.2 ✍ 🎺🎺 Mains previous years’ questions from these topics
Explain the meaning of investment in an economy in terms of capital formation. Discuss the factors to be 2020
considered while designing a concession agreement between a public entity and a private entity. (एक अथर्�व�ा
म� पूँजी �नमार्ण के �प म� �व�नयोग के अथर् क� �ा�ा क��जए l उन कारकों क� �ववेचना क��जए, �जन पर एक सावर्ज�नक एवं एक �नजी �नकाय के म�
�रआयत (कॉनसेशन एग्रीमे�) तैयार करते समय �वचार िकया जाना चािहए l)
Adaptation of PPP model for infrastructure development of the country has not been free from criticism. 2013
Critically discuss the pros and cons of the model.
देश के बु�नयादी ढांचे के �वकास के �लए �नजी-सावर्ज�नक भागीदारी / पीपीपी मॉडल का अंगीकरण आलोचना से मु� नहीं �आ है। पीपीपी मॉडल के
प� एवं �वप� पर आलोचना�क चचार् कर�।
Examine the developments of Airports in India through Joint Ventures under Public-Private 2017
Partnership(PPP) model. What are the challenges faced by the authorities in this regard. (�नजी-सावर्ज�नक
भागीदारी (पीपीपी) मॉडल के अ�गर्त सं यु� उद्यम के मा�म से भारत म� होने वाले हवाई अड्डों के �वकास का परी�ण कर�। इस सं बं ध म� प्रा�धका�रयों
को िकस प्रकार क� चुनौ�तयों का सामना करना पड़ रहा है?)
Explain how private public partnership agreements, in longer gestation infrastructure projects, can transfer 2014
unsustainable liabilities to the future. What arrangements need to be put in place to ensure that successive
generations’ capacities are not compromised? �नजी-सावर्ज�नक भागीदारी,समझौते (तथा), दीघर्कालीन अवसं रचना प�रयोजनाए,
भ�व� मे देनदा�रयों को कै से �ानांत�रत कर सकती ह�। भावी पीिढ़यों क� �मताओं से समझौता न िकया जाए इसे सु�न��त करने के �लए �ा �व�ा
करने क� आव�कता है ? समझाए ?
What are ‘Smart Cities? Examine their relevance for urban development in India. Will it increase rural-urban 2016
differences? Give arguments for Smart Villages’ in the light of PURA and RURBAN Mission.
�ाटर् शहर �ा ह�? भारत म� शहरी �वकास के �लए उनक� प्रासं �गकता का परी�ण कर�। �ा इससे ग्रामीण-शहरी म� होने वाले अंतर म� बढो�री होगी ?
�ाटर् गांवों के �लए PURA एवं RURBAN �मशन के प्रकाश म� तकर् द� |
Smart cities in India cannot sustain without smart villages. Discuss this statement in the backdrop of rural 2015
urban integration. “भारत म� �ाटर् शहरों का अ�� ाटर् गांवों के �बना नहीं है |” ग्रामीण शहरी एक�करण क� पृ�भू�म म� इस कथन पर चचार्
कर�।
With a brief background of quality of urban life in India, introduce the objectives and strategy of the ‘Smart 2016
City Programme’. भारत म� शहरी जीवन क� �वशेषताओं क� सं �� पृ�भू�म के साथ, '�ाटर् �सटी प्रोग्राम' के उद्दे�ों एवं इससे सं बं �धत रणनी�त
को प्र�ुत कर�।
The basis of providing urban amenities in rural areas (PURA) is rooted in establishing connectivity. 2013
Comment. ग्रामीण �ेत्रों म� PURA के आधार पर शहरी सु�वधाएं प्रदान करने का उदे� 'स�द्धता' �ा�पत करना है । िट�णी कर� |
📑📑Next Pillar6A: Human Resource Development (HRD)

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MRUNAL’S ECONOMY PILLAR#5B: INFRASTRUCTURE: ME-GH-R-U

56.1 🏬🏬 URBAN → Census definitions ............................................................................................667

56.2 🏬🏬 URBAN → [Yearbook] MoHUA ........................................................................................667

56.3 🏬🏬 URBAN → AMRUT Mission (2015) → 500 cities ..........................................................668

56.4 🏬🏬 URBAN → Smart Cities Mission (2015) → 100 cities ....................................................668

56.4.1 🏬🏬 Smart Cities → Selection process (चयन प्रिक्रया) ...........................................................669

56.4.2 🏬🏬 💸💸 Smart Cities → funding and administration (�व� और प्रशासन) ...........................669

56.4.3 🏬🏬 👿👿 Smart Cities → Criticism / Challenges (आलोचना / चुनौ�तयाँ) ...............................670

56.4.4 🏬🏬 👭👭Sister City project ....................................................................................................670

56.4.5 🏬🏬 Cities → Misc → Floor Space index (FSI) ................................................................670

56.4.6 🏬🏬 � Cities → TULIP Internship (2020-June) ............................................................670

56.4.7 🏬🏬 �� URBAN → Misc → PH friendly → Sugamya Bharat (2014) ...................671

56.4.8 🏬🏬 🌲🌲🌲🌲🌲🌲 URBAN → Misc → Nagar VAN (2020-Jun) .........................................671

56.4.9 🏬🏬 URBAN → Misc → Parliament area, Central Vista ................................................671

56.4.10 🏬🏬 📊📊 Cities → Misc → TWO Indices for Quality of Life ......................................671

56.4.11 🏬🏬 📊📊 Cities → Misc → Indices / Data ......................................................................672

56.4.12 ✍ Urbanization conclusion (शहरीकरण: �न�षर्).............................................................672

56.5.1 👻👻(🏠🏠) → Affordable rental housing Complexes (AHRC) .........................................673

56.5.2 (🏠🏠) → PMAY–U → Angikaar .........................................................................................673

56.5.3 (🏠🏠) → National Urban Housing Fund 2018 ..................................................................673

56.5.4 👻👻 (🏠🏠) → SWAMIH Fund ..............................................................................................674

(Batch: PCB2) Mrunal’s Economy Pillar#5B: Infrastructure: MEGHRU → Page 663

56.5.9 (🏠🏠) → Corona: Landlords, tenants, rent & eviction .....................................................675

57 Infra → Rural (🏞🏞) ...........................................................................................................................675

57.1.1 🕵🕵🕵[Yearbook] Ministry of Rural Development ग्रामीण �वकास मं त्रालय...............................675

57.2 🏞🏞 RURAL → Shyama Prasad Mukherjee rurban mission ...................................................676

57.3 🏞🏞 RURAL → Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (2018) ........................................................676

57.3.1 🏞🏞 📲📲 Panchayati Raj Day & Portals & Awareness Campaigns..................................676

57.4 🏞🏞🏞🏞🏞🏞 RURAL → MPLADS (1993) ....................................................................................677

57.4.1 🏞🏞 🤧🤧 MPLADS Suspended (योजना को ��गत करना) .........................................................677

57.5 🏞🏞 RURAL → Adarsh Gram Yojanas.......................................................................................678

57.6 🏞🏞 RURAL → Border Area Development Programme (BADP)..........................................679

57.7 🌬🌬⚔Infrastructure: Disaster, Security & Strategic Affairs ..................................................680

57.7.1 🕵🕵🕵👮👮👮[Yearbook] Ministry of Home (गृह मं त्रालय) ............................................................680

57.7.2 🕵🕵🕵🌬🌬 Disaster Infrastructure → Home Ministry → CDRI 2019 .............................680

57.7.3 🕵🕵🕵🛡🛡 Ministry of Defence (र�ा मं त्रालय) ..............................................................................681

57.7.5 🕵🕵🕵Ministry of External Affairs (�वदेश मामलों का मं त्रालय) .....................................................682

58 📡📡Infrastructure → Communication (सं चार)................................................................................682

58.1.1 🕵🕵🕵[Yearbook] Ministry of Communication (सं चार मं त्रालय).............................................682

58.1.3 � Ministry of Electronics & IT इले��ो�नक� एवं सूचना प्रौद्यो�गक� मं त्रालय.................................683

58.2 Communication (💻💻/📞📞) related Regulators..........................................................................684

58.2.1 � Comm → Regulators → TRAI ...................................................................................684

(Batch: PCB2) Mrunal’s Economy Pillar#5B: Infrastructure: MEGHRU → Page 664

58.3 📞📞 Communication → Telecom ...............................................................................................685

58.3.1 ☎⚔🤬🤬Telecom Controversy not so greatly imp for exams ....................................685

58.4 💻💻 Communication → IT → Digital India programme.......................................................686

58.4.1 💻💻 Digital India → PM-WANI Public Wifi (2020-Dec)..............................................688

58.5 💻💻/📞📞 → IT/Telecom → Training (existing schemes) ......................................................688

58.6 💻💻💻💻💻💻💻💻 Communication → IT → 5G revolution in India ........................................689

58.6.1 💻💻💻💻💻💻💻💻 Challenges and Opportunities in of 5G (इसे अपनाने म� चुनौ�तयां+अवसर ) ...689

58.6.2 🤼🤼🤼5G Hackathon by DoT (2020) .....................................................................................689

58.6.3 � NEST Division in MEA .................................................................................................689

58.7 💻💻 Communication → IT → Private initiatives for internet ...............................................690

58.7.1 💻💻📊📊 COMMUNICATION → IT → Ranking Digital Quality of Life Index .........690

58.8 📔📔 📔📔 💾💾 ES19: Public Data: For the people, by the people..................................................690

58.8.1 💾💾Types of Government Data ...........................................................................................690

58.8.2 💾💾 🥰🥰Public Data: Opportunities through Data integration ......................................691

58.8.3 💾💾 Telangana Government’s Samagra Vedika initiative: ..............................................692

58.8.4 💾💾 Govt efforts to release statistical data ..........................................................................692

58.8.5 💾💾💾💾 Challenges in public data .......................................................................................692

58.8.6 💾💾🧾🧾⚖ Draft Data Empowerment and Protection Architecture (DEPA)..............692

58.8.7 💾💾 �Conclusion: Public Data (सावर्ज�नक डेटा) .................................................................693