EXAMINATION OF THE EFFICACY OF PLYOMETRIC TRAININGS

ON PERPENDICULAR JUMP PERFORMANCE OF MALE

BASKETBALL PLAYERS ACCORDING TO THE AGE GROUPS

Fatih ALPAY 1
1
Institute Of Graduate Programs, Movement And Training Science, Eskisehir Technical University,
Eskisehir, Turkey. fatih315alpay@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
There are growing empirical evidences investigation the efficacy of Plyometric Training (PT)
on the somatic performance of hoopers.The intent of this study is to portray the
positive/negative effect of PT on perpendicular jump performance according to the age groups
by comparing the studies examining the effect of PT on physical performance of male
basketball players of various ages
"Basketball, plyometric training,agility,jump,explosive,force,velocity,stretch-shortining,team
sport,plyometric training, agility" key words were used in electronic data base of Medline,
Pub Med, Web Of Science, Google Scholar and Scopus for studie done until November 2021.
15 of the reviewed studies meeting the criteria were included in the meta-analysis.
The PT schedules of these included studies are tabulated. In the studies examined, the results
of the pre-test, post-test, difference between the tests and statistical p-value (p<0.05) of the
jump tests applied to the subjects were analyzed according to age groups and 14 of 15 studies
found that PT has a significant effect on perpundicular jump performance.
In conclusion, the data obtained from the 15 studies examined show that various PA
protocols applied to male basketball players of different age groups improve the vertical jump
performance of basketball players. In addition to that, we can say that older athletes have
more improvement on jumping performance than younger athletes from plyometric training
Also, in the studies examined, it was observed that plyometric training had a positive effect on
some motoric features of basketball players, such as sprinting, agility, horizontal jump, and
anaerobic power, in addition to vertical jumping..Therefore, we recommend that plyometric
training should be use with an appropriate training periodization by coaches or athletes
throughout the year.
Keywords: Plyometrics Training, Vertical Jump, Basketball, Explosive Strength

1
 1. ENTRANCE
Basketball training programs generally include qualities focused on improving the strength
and speed of basketball players (Simenez et al., 2005). This focal point is on certain activities
like jumping, acceleration, deceleration, lineal sprinting, change of direction and agility that
players repeatedly apply in defensive and offensive games (Chaouachi et al., 2009). In
addition, balance and strength are critical for basketball players to practice a variety of
versatile, high-intensity activities throughout the game (DiFiori et al., 2018). Therefore, an
effective and correct training program aims to improve the power, speed, agility, endurance
and balance performance of basketball players in order to maximize their game performance
(Hoffman et al., 1996). Many training methods are used to improve these performances of
basketball players (Simenez et al., 2005). However, plyometric training (PT) may be mainly
agreed and more effective than other workout methods (eg, classic strength training) (Ziv et
al., 2010). PT has high transferability given the positions in the game. For example, there is a
strong connection between power generation in the vertical direction and defense, shooting,
rebounding in the game and PT can improve power generation in the vertical direction
(Scanlan et al., 2015). Depending on the training specificity, basketball players should do PT
regularly. (Gleddie et al., 1996). PT is concentric shortening following eccentric stretching of
a muscle unit, in other words, it is based on the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) (Taube et al.,
2012) (Komi et al., 1997). Jumping exercises that use SSC to improve jumping, sprinting,
agility etc. performance are more effective than those that do not use SSC (Bouguezzi et al.,
2020).
Past studies have addressed potential mechanisms involving SSC and their impact on human
performance (Taube et al., 2012). These studies have found that PT provides extensive variety
of physiological and biomechanical conformation (eg, it rised the number of motor units
working and improved the amount of force production) (Bobbert., 1990). Many published
meta-analyses show the effect of PT on increasing the strength-related performance of
athletes from various branches such as football, handball, and volleyball. Likewise, there are
many studies examining the efficacy of PT on physical performance of hoopers (Metavulj et
al., 2001). However, this evidence has not been comprehensively put together yet. These
analyzes show that PT has a significant effect on perpendicular jump and various locomotive
characteristics in hoopers—for example, balance, muscle strength, linear velocity, and change
of direction. However, the number of studies in which the effect of PT according to age
groups is compared and the data are collected in one place is not very many. The intent of this
meta-analysis is to identify the positive/negative efficacy of PT on vertical jump performance
by age groups, by comparing the studies examining the effect of PT applied to male
basketball players of various ages on physical performance.

2
 2. MATERIAL METHOD
In this meta-analysis, the data of 15 studies that comply with the selection criteria in Table-1
out of 70 studies were used. According to the data, the effect of the applied plyometric
training on male basketball players in various age groups was examined. The training
protocols applied to the experimental groups in these studies are specified in the material
method section.

Literature Review

Data and recommendations from 1 meta-analysis that previously examined PT were

considered to conduct the literature review (Campillo et al., 2020).
Studies done up to April 2021, computerized literature search was done by examining
computer data bases, Med line, Pub Med Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus. During
this review, the keywords "basketball, plyometric training,agility,
jump,explosive,force,velocity,stretch-shortining,team sport, plyometric training, agility" were
used.
Table-1 Election Standart Used in Meta-Analysis

Predicament Subsumption Election Subtraction Election

Population Male hoopers without health Female and Male basketball

problems without inhibition on age, players with health problems
sports age and game levels

Training Plyometric training with single or Plyometric training with lesser

double limbs, jumps, bounces,
throws, consisting of a pre-stretch
and counter movement that forces a
stretch-shortening cycle without
lower or upper body restrictions
than 25% workout volume when
combined with other workout (for
example, plyometric training
combined with resistance training)

Comparing Studies with or without an active . Studies in which the control

control group. group received extra training

Result Studies that apply at least 1 physical . Studies that do not apply the
performance test before and after jump test before and after
plyometric training (jump, sprint, plyometric training
agility,)

When selecting studies to be included, a revisal of the appropriate titles was made prior to
reviewing the summary and full-matter versions. In addition, only full-matter, peer-reviewed,
main studies were aforethought for the current analysis. Studies with participants from
3
different sports branches were not included, unless data on hoopers were reported
sovereignly.Lastly, only English and Turkish studies were aforethought for this
Author Training Training Duration Exercises Sets and Reps Rest
Type Week-day of workout between
sets(min)

Matavulj et al. Shock method 1-6 week

(2001) plyonmetric 3x10
6-3 15 Deney A=Drop Jump(50cm) 3
training 3x10
Deney B=DropJump(100cm)

Extra 1. 2. 3. 4-10. week

Weighted 15x10,20x10,25x10,25x10
Jumping
(10% body
wt.) and 3x10,4x10,5x10,5x10
Unweighted Bounding
Plyometric
3-2 5x8,5x10,7x10,8x10
Training
Khlifa et al.
(2010)
7-3 - horizantal Jumping 2-3

3x5,5x9,6x15,6x15
Droping Jump
Lat. Plane Front Plane
Frontal 1-4 week
and Squat jump Lat jump 3x8
King et al.. Sagittal 6-2 Broad jump Lat sq jump 3x8
(2010) Plane SL hop SL jump 3x8
Plyometric 4-6 week
Training - Squat jump ritmikl Zigzag bound st
3x10
3x10
Broad jump devamlı Lat jump ritmik
SL jump seri Hurdle lata sq jump
3x10 -
CM jump devamlı SL lat jump seri

Santos et al.. Plyometric APA 1-10. week

(2011) Training Depth Jump Turn 4x6
and MB Pull Over Pass 4x10
Reduced Hops 4x6 3-4
Plyometric Change Of Direction 4x8 +5m sprint
Training Sprinting
Power Drop
10-2
- Multiple Box To Box Jump 4x10
4x6
PA
1. week 2. week
Rim Jump
MB Squat 2x12 3x12
2x12 3x12
Zig Zag Dril
Two Foot Ankle Hop 2x12 3x12
2x15 3x15
MB Chest Pass
Squat Jumping 2x12 3x12
2x12 3x12
3-4. week
Tucking Jump 3x12 1
MB Overhead Throw 3x10
Alt Leg Push 3x12
SA Alt Leg Bounding 3x10
MB Back Throwing 3x10
Lateral Jump 3x10
5. week 6-7.
week
Side Jump 3x6 3x6
MB Seated Pass 3x10 4x10
Lateral Box Jump 3x10 4x10
Depth jump 1-1.5
3x6 4x6
MB Seated Throw 3x10 4x10
HurdleingHop 3x5 4x5
8-10 week
Depth Jumping 4x6
MB Pullove Pass 4x10
Hurdle Hops 4x8
Cone Hop Change Of Direction 4x6
Sprint
MB Power 4x6
Multiple Box Jump 2-3
4x10

4
 3-4

analysis

Table-2 Method And Desing of PT Applied To Experimental Groups in Studies

Asadi., short time Depth Jump 1-6 week

(2013) plyometric 6-2 55 Vertical Jump 3x15
2
Training Standing Long jump

Plyometrics on 1. week
Sand and Hard 2 X 15
Atkinson Side to side ankle
Surface 2 X 15

Side to
(2015) 5X6
5-2 45
2. week
2 X 15
5X6
2 X 15

side
5X6
3. week
2 X 12
4X6 2-3

ankle
2 X 12
3X8
2 X 12
4. week
4X8

hops 2
4X8
2 X 12
4X7
4X6
5. week

X 15
2 X5
4X5
4x8
4X5
4X5

Low
2X5
6. week
2 X 15
2 X 15
4X8
3 X 10
4 X 14

Standin
g jump
and
reach 2
5
 X 15
Low

Front
cone
hop
Side to
side
ankle
hops 2
X 15
Low

Standin
g jump
and
reach 2
X 15
6
 Low

Front
cone
hop
Standing jump and reach
Front cone hop

Side to side ankle hops

Standing long jump
Lateral jump over barrier
Double leg hops

Side to side ankle hops

Standing long jump
Lateral jump over barrier
Double leg hops
Lateral cone hops

Diagonal hops
Standing long jumpsprint
Lateral hops
Single bounding
Lateral single leg

Diagonal hops
Standing long jumping
Lateral cone hops
hops with turn
Single leg bound
jump single leg

Diagonal hops
Hex drill
hops change of direction sprint
Double hops
jump single leg

Lehnert at al. 1 2 3 4. week

(2013) 4-2 Pogo jump 3x10 3x10 3x10 3x10
Standard 2-4 Rimming jump 3x6 3x6 3x8 3x10
plyometric Side sprint 3x8 3x8 3x10 3x10
training -
Lateral bound single 3x6 3x6 3x8 3x8
Plyometric push 3x5 3x5 3x6 3x6
chest pass both hander 1x12 1x12 1x12 1x12 2
chest pass right hander 1x12 1x12 1x12 1x12
chest pass left hander 1x12 1x12 1x12 1x12

1-6 week
3x20
Asadi at al., High intensity Depth Jumping
55 3x20
(2012) plyometric 6-2 Squat Jump 3x20
training Depth Jumping Standing LongJump 2

Bavlı., Plyometric 1-3. week 4-6. week

(2012) Training 2x10 3x10
Combined with Çizgilerde İleri-Geri Sıçrama 2x10 3x10
Çizgilerde Yanlara Sıçrama
Basketball 6-2 30 2x10 3x10
Training Çift Bacak Dizleri Göğse Çekme 2x10 3x10
Split Squat Sıçrama 2x10 3x10

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 Squat Sıçrama 1-2

Cicioğlu at al. Standard 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8. week

(1996) plyometric 2x10 2x15 2x10 3x10
İp Atlama 2x10 2x15 2x10 3x10
training Tek Ayak Sekme (Sağ ve Sol)
8-3 2x10 2x10 2x15 2x15
- Çift Ayak Dizleri Karına Çekerek Sıçrama 2x10 2x15 2x10 2x15
Kolları Kullanmadan Çift Ayak Sıçrama 2x10 2x10 2x15 2x10
Tek Ayak Kasadan Düşme 2x10 2x15 2x15 3x10
Kolları Kullanarak Çift Ayak Sıçrama
1-2

Öztin at al., 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8. week

(2003) 2x10 2x15 2x10 3x10
Standard Jump rope 2x10 2x15 2x10 3x10
plyometric Broad jump 2x10 2x10 2x15 2x15
Vertical jump
training 2x10 2x15 2x10 2x15
Counter movment jump 2x10 2x10 2x15 2x10
8-3 - Drop hold jump 1-2
2x10 2x15 2x15 3x10
Step up

Arazi at al., 1-4 5-8. week

(2012) 3x15,17,19,22 3x17,19,22,25
Plyometric 8-2 Ankle Jumping 3x8,9,10,11 3x9,10,11,12
Training on Marching
40 3x8,9,10,11 3x9,10,11,12 1
Land and Water Squat Jumping 3x8,9,10,11 3x9,10,11,12
Skip Drills

1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8. week

1x15 1x20 1x20 1x20
Standard Warming Up Jump 2x15 2x20 3x20 3x20
plyometric Half Squat Jump 2x15 2x20 3x20 3x20
training Quarter Squat Jump 1x15 1x20 1x20 1x20
Gül at al. 8-2 15 Lunge Jump 2
(2019)

1-2 3-4 5-6. week

3x5 3x15 3x12
Özen at al., Plyometric Vertical Jump 3x5 3x15 3x12
(2020) Training in Standing Long Jump 3x5 3x15 3x12
Sand and Unilateral Countermovement Jump
- 3x5 3x15 3x12
Hardwood 6-3 180 Jump 3x8 3x10 3x12
Repeated Countermovement Jump 3x8 3x15 3x12
Broad Jumping 3x8 3x10 3x12
Drop Jujmps

Hoe at al., Standard 1 2 3 4. week

(2011) plyometric 3x30 5x30 7x30 8x30
Bounding
training 2x6 3x7 3x8 3x9
Single Leg hopping on Stairs 2x6 3x7 3x8 3x9
Single Leg Hoping on Stairs 15x10 20x10 25x10 25x10
4-2 - Vertical Jumping
2

In the table "PA Method and Design Applied to the Experimental Groups in the Table-2
Studies" above, the " studies that are determined to be suitable for the criteria of this meta-
analysis, what kind of plyometric training is applied, how many weeks, how many days per

8
week and how many minutes per day, the names of the movements in the trainings". The
content of the training programs showing how many sets of these movements, how many
repetitions and how many minutes rest between sets” were examined.

Test Protocols Examined in This Meta-Analysis in Studies:

 Vertical Jump Test

The athlete stands next to a wall and the longest finger is rubbed with chalk or some other
mark-making substance. The maximum height that the athlete can reach without jumping is
determined, then the athlete leaves a mark on the wall with a maximum jump. The distance
between these two points gives the athlete's vertical jump score. In the same way, vertical
jump can be measured using the Vertimax instrument, but there is no need for the athlete to
leave a trace. The athlete touches the bars on the apparatus with maximum bounce. The
distance between the highest place touched and the place touched without jumping gives the
vertical jump score. Unlike these procedures, vertical jump can also be measured with the
switch mat test. The athlete makes the maximum jump on the mat connected to the computer.
The vertical jump height is calculated over the time between when the athlete's feet leave the
ground and when they touch the ground again, that is, over the flight time.(Klavora,2020)

 Countermovement Jump Test

9
In this test, the athlete stands on the mat with his hands on his hips. As soon as he's ready, he
squats down as fast as his knees are at 90 degrees (but usually athletes are allowed to squat
individually as they please) and very quickly makes a maximum jump and drops back onto
the mat. In this jump made on the mat connected to the computer, the maximum jump height
is calculated over the flight time of the athlete.(Pertigna et al.,2019)

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 3. RESULTS
The findings obtained from the studies examined as a result of the literature review for this
study are shown in Table-3 and Table-4.
Author Subject Age(year) Body Height(cm) Sport Age(year)
(player) weight(kg)

Matavulj ve diğer. Experiment A:11 15.05±1.3 - - 6.4±1.5

(2001) Experiment B:11 15.05±1.3 - - 6.4±1.5
Control Group:11 15.05±1.3 - - 6.4±1.5

Khlifa ve diğer. Experiment A:9 23.57 ±60.34 81.72 ±60.50 191.73± 60.52 12.4±3.5
(2010) Experiment B:9 23.11±60.32 83.13±60.70 193.18± 60.7 12.4±3.5
Control Group :9 24.16±60.19 192.58± 60.86 12.4±3.5
82.61±60.79

King ve ark. Experiment A:11 15.27±1.4 64.45± 9.3 174.11 ±3.8 -

(2010) Experiment B:10 15.10 ±0.8 72.95±16.1 177.80 ±4.5 -

Santos ve ark. Experiment A:7 15±0.5 62.6±9.9 172.9±6.3 7.07±2.8

(2011) Experiment B:7 15±0.5 62.6±9.9 172.9±6.3 7.07±2.8
Control Group :10 14.5±0.4 61.1±11.4 173.2±7.6 4.3±1.2

Table-3 Data on Demographic Characteristics in Studies

Hoe ve diğer., Experiment:10 20.8 ± 0.79 60.25 ± 4.25 169 ± 2.7 -

(2011) Control Group:10 21.7 ± 0.49 63.45 ± 4.6 170 ± 4.6 -

Gül ve diğer. Experiment:7 13,00 ± 0 54.48±9.17 162.5±8.23 -

(2019) Control Group:7 13,00 ± 0 53.25±9.90 162.15±11.17 -

Asadi., Experiment:10 20.2± 1 78.5±5.5 182.1±9.2 -

(2013) Control Group:10 20.1±1.5 79.5±4.5 180.1±7.2 -

Atkinson Experiment A:6 20.3 ± 2.0 83.2 ± 14.2 181.9 ± 7.2 -

(2015) Experiment B:7 20.3 ± 2.0 83.2 ± 14.2 181.9 ± 7.2 -

Lehnert ve diğer. Experiment:6 24.71 ±1.5 95.8 ± 8.1 197.0 ± 7.6 -

(2014) Control Group:6 24.71 ±1.5 95.8 ± 8.1 197.0 ± 7.6 -

Asadi ve ark., Experiment:8 19.12 ±0.83 75.78 ±7.54 182.12 ±9.99 5.62 ±2.13
(2012) Control Group:8 20.0 ±0.75 68.50 ±12.10 178.38 ±3.24 4.75 ±1.03

Bavlı., Experiment:12 22,1±2,4 79,6±8,1 186,8±9,8 9,1±3,1

(2012) Control Group:12 19,2±2,1 81,4±4,3 182,4±5,4 7,5±2,3

Cicioğlu ve diğer. Experiment 16 14.3±1.6 55.94±10.25 171.81±7.86 -

(1996) Control Group:16 14.3±1.6 58.75±8.35 167.19±7.17 -

Öztin ve diğer., Experiment A:15 15.04±1.7 68.07 ± 7.1 182±4.4 4.0±0.0

(2003) Experiment B:15 15.04±1.7 73.53±5.2 185±3.9 4.0±0.0
Kontrol Grubu:15 15.04±1.7 65.87±7.9 177±5.4 4.0±0.0

Arazi ve diğer., Experiment A:6 18,00±0.60 75,66±3.93 180,28±4.58 4.75±2.23

(2012) Experiment B:6 18,03±1.33 67.50±1.00 182.41±7.24 4.00±2.70
Control Group:6 20.40±0.64 60,25±7.03 175.33±4.67 5.66±2.58

Özen ve diğer., Experiment A:6 17.58±0.50 87.73±9.82 193.75±7.02 6.4±2.63

(2020) Experiment B:6 17.58±0.50 87.73±9.82 193.75±7.02 6.4±2.63

11
In the table-3 "Data on Demographic Characteristics in the Studies" above, the author, date,
number of subjects, age, body weight, height and sports age data of the works that pair the
predicament of this study was analyzed.

Table-4 Type of Training Applied to Experimental Groups, Tests Performed, Average

Values and Statistical P Value Results Data
Average Values First and Last
Difference
Author Training Tests First Test (average± Last Test (average± Test Statistical
Value (cm)
Ss)cm Ss)cm P Value Result
Experiment A:37.3±1.2 42.1±1.5¶ 4.8±1.3 P<0.05

P<0.05
Experiment B:41.8±0.5 46.4±1.2¶ 5.6±0.8
Matavulj at al. Shock method Counter
movement jump
(2001) plyometric training
test
P>0.05
Control:35.3±2.4 35.5±1.8¶ 0.2±1.5

Extra Experiment A :44.10

Weighted (10% body 47.20±1.07¶ 3.10 ±0.42 P<0.05
±1.22
Khlifa at al. wt.) and Unweighted Counter Experiment B:
Plyometric Training movement jump 49.03±1.14¶ 5.34± 0.55 P<0.05
(2010) 43.69±1.46
test
Control: 45.20±1.25 46.02 ±1.53¶ 0.82 ±0.40 P>0.05

Experiment A:63.63±1.1 67.21±0.9* 4.2±0.8 P<0.05

Frontal and Sagittal
King at al Vertical jump
Plane Plyometric
(2010) test Experiment B:67.31±0.8 68.07±1.2* 0.7±0.3 P>0.05
Training

Plyometric Training Experiment A : 34.11±

34.83 ±4.3¶* 0.7± 0.1 P>0.05
and Reduced 5.7
Santos at al. Counter
Plyometric Training Experiment B:34.92±
(2011) movement jump 39.33± 5.5¶* 4.8± 0.6 P< 0.05
test 4.5
Control:28.40± 4.0 28.68± 4.9¶ 0.2± 0.5 P>0.05

Gül at al. Experiment:36.5±0.0 36.4±0.0 -0,01±0.0 P>0,33

Standart plyometric Vertical jump
(2019) training test
Kontrol:36.6±0.0 36.0±0.0 -0.6±0.0 P>0,79

short time Experiment :41.31

Asadi., plyometric 51.25 ±2.11¶ 9.94±1.29 P<0.05
Vertical jump ±3.40
(2013) Training test
Control:41.02±1.5 41.3±1.2¶ 0.28±1.3 P>0.05
Plyometrics on Sand Experiment A:40.76 ±
and Hard Surface 42.1 ± 6.74 1.34 ±0.07 P < 0.02
6.67
Atkinson
Vertical jump
(2015) test Experiment B:39.45 ±
42.25 ± 2.2 2.80 ± 0.28 P < 0.05
1.93

Counter Experiment: 48.15 ±

Lehnert at al. Standart plyometric 49.42 ± 4.51 1.27±0.6 P>0.05
movement jump 4.57
(2014) training
test Control: - - - -
Experiment: 43.75 ±
Asadi at al. Vertical jump 53.50 ± 3.81¶ 9.75±0.16 P < 0.05
3.65
(2012) High intensity test
plyometric training Control: 42.55 ± 2.61 43.48 ± 3.81¶ 1.03±1.21 P>0.05
P<0.002
Bavlı., Standart plyometric Vertical jump Experiment: 70,1±4,1 72,9±4,6¶ 2,8±0,8
(2012) training test
Control: 68,3±3,4 68,7±3,3¶ 0,4±0,1 P>0.05
Cicioğlu at 46.25±6.01¶ 8.31±0.23
Experiment:37.94±5.78 P < 0.05
al. Standart plyometric Vertical jump
training test
(1996) Control:34.29±5.49 34.75±5.00¶ 0.46±0.49 P>0.05

Experiment
51.87±3.6¶ 8.47±0.12 P<0.011
A:43.40±3.48
Öztin at al. Standart plyometric Vertical jump Experiment
(2003) training test 56.07±5.1¶ 8.84±2.0 P<0.011
B:47.33±7.1
Control:42.07±5.7 43.00±5.6¶ 0.93±0.1 P>0.05
Arazi at al. Vertical jump Experiment
57.83±0.00¶ 13.5±0.00 P<0.05
test A:44.33±0.00
(2012) Plyometric Training
Experiment 57.33±0.00¶ 13.0±0.00 P<0.05
on Land and Water
B:44.33±0.00

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 Control:47.66±0.00 47.16±0.00¶ -0.5±0.00 P>0.05
Experiment:
20.90±2.35¶ 2.1±0.00 P<0.05
Hoe at al Standart plyometric Vertical jump 18.80±2.35
(2011) training test
Control: 20.30±1.83 20.70±1.67¶ 0.4±0.19 P<0.05
Experiment
63.34±6.03 8.58±0.0 P<0.05
A:54.92±6.61
Plyometric Training
Özen at al Vertical jump
in Sand and P<0.05
(2020) test Experiment B:
Hardwood 65.42±6.21 9.69±0.0
55.73±6.82

Note: *-p<.0.05(meaning gap among experimental bunches in posttest) ¶- p<.05(meaning gap among experimental bunches
and check bunches in posttest)

The table-4 "Type of Training Applied to the Experimental Groups in the Researches, Tests,
Average Values and Statistical P Value Result Data" above, the type of training performed,
tests performed, pretest and posttest results, pretest and posttest results in the articles included
in this study. The difference between the test and the statistical P value of this difference
value were analyzed.

According to the statistical data obtained from 14 of the 15 studies examined, it was found
that various plyometric trainings applied to basketball players significantly increased the
maximum vertical jump height of basketball players in different age groups (p<0.05).

4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

Results of the reviewed studies:

(Matavulj et al., 2001) in his study, it was determined that there was an improvement of 4.8
and 5.6 cm, respectively, in the counter-moving jump test in the experimental groups that
made 50cm and 100cm Drop Jump. At the same time, there were significant improvements in
the strength and power generation rate of the hip and knee extensor muscles. It was
determined that there was no meaning improvement in the test results of the control group.
Considering the post-test results, both experimental groups showed significant improvement
compared to the control group (p<.05), but no meaning difference was found between the
experimental groups (p>.05). As a result, a limited amount of plyometric training can improve
the jumping performance of 15-year-old elite young hoopers, and this development may be
partially related to the strength and power generation rate of the hip and knee extensor
muscles. However, there is no difference in vertical jump performance improvement between
the two heights applied to Drop Jump.

(Khlifa et al., 2010) in his study, when looking at the pre-post test results of squat jumping,
counter-moving jumping,5 jumping tests in plyometric training with extra weight and extra
weight (10-11% body weight), group showed (p<.01). Significant improvement was also
found in the extra weightless group (p<.05). There was no meaning change in the control
group (p>.05). As a result, adding extra weight to standard plyometric training of elite level
hoopers with an average age of 23 improved their vertical and horizontal jump performance.

(King et al. 2010) found a significant improvement in vertical jump performance over time
in the group that performed only sagittal plane (SP) plyometric training (p<.05). Frontal plane
(FP) plyometric training group did not improve statistically. The data obtained from this study
show that FP plyometric training applied to basketball players with an average age of 15 did

13
not have a significant effect on vertical jump, there was a significant improvement in the SP
plyometric training group, thus strengthening the specificity principle of the training.
However, coaches should practice both plyometric exercises because both exercises can
increase the strength and quickness of basketball players.

(Santos et al. 2011) showed significant improvement in all tests performed in the
experimental group in the first stage of the training program in the study. In the next phase, in
general, all groups retained their previous progress. As a result, plyometric training
significantly improved the upper and lower body explosive strength of male basketball
players with an average age of 15 (p<.05). Reduced plyometric training contributed to
maintaining basketball players' strength levels throughout the season.

(Gul et al., 2019) found no statistically significant difference between the pre-post test results
of all tests performed on the experimental and control groups (p>.05). As can be understood
from the results of this study, the 15-minute plyometric training program included in the
basketball technical-tactical training of the 13-year-old basketball players does not have a
significant effect on the vertical-horizontal jumping, hand grip strength and flexibility
parameters of the basketball players. However, since other performance parameters (maximal
strength, quickness, agility) are not measured, they may have a significant effect.

(Asadi.,2013) a significant difference was found in all tests when the pre-post test results of
the plyometric training group were compared with the control group (p<.05). As a result, 6-
week plyometric training during the season has a positive effect on improving the strength
and agility performance of young male basketball players with an average age of 19. This
study supports the coaches who are in the competition period to have plyometric training.

(Atkinson.,2015), in his study, according to the pre-post test results, the group performing
plyometric training on the sand showed more improvement in vertical jump height compared
to the group performing plyometric training on the hard surface (p<.02). However, a
significant difference was found between the pre-post test results in the hard surface group
(p<.05). As a result, plyometric training had a positive effect on the vertical jump
performance of male basketball players with an average age of 20. This study supports that,
depending on the current season, plyometric training on the sand or hard surface will have a
positive effect on the performance of basketball players.

(Lehnert et al., 2014) found a significant improvement in the plyometric training group only
as a result of the hexagonal obstacle test (p<.01),1. Considering the difference between the
results of the 1st and 3rd tests, no significant difference was found in the counter-movment
jump performance (p>.05). As a result, this study does not support the positive effect of
plyometric training on explosive strength and agility of elite basketball players with an
average age of 24.

(Asadi et al., 2012), the plyometric group showed a significant improvement in all tests
except the balance test when compared to the control group (p<.05), but the plyometric group
showed a 4% improvement in the balance test. As a result, a 6-week high-intensity plyometric
training program can increase the power, agility, sprint and balance performances of young

14
basketball players with an average age of 19. In addition, this study supports coaches to use
plyometric training during the preparation period.

(Bavli., 2012) found a significant difference between the pre-post test results in all tests of
the plyometric training group (p<.05), this difference is also significant when compared with
the control group (p<.05). As a result, 6-week plyometric training during the season improved
the performance of 1 repetition maximum squat, vertical jump and 30m sprint of male
basketball players whose average age is 20. According to the data obtained, plyometric
training can be used as an effective method instead of reduced strength training due to the
intensity of the competition during the season.

(Cicioğlu et al., 1996) found a significant difference in vertical-horizontal jump performance

when the plyometric training group was compared with the control group (p<.05), but there
was no significant difference in anaerobic power values (p>.05). As a result, the 8-week
plyometric training program can increase the vertical and horizontal jump performance of
male basketball players with an average age of 14.

(Oztin et al., 2003), in his study, a significant difference was found between the pre-post test
results of the other tests, except for the flexibility test, of the group that did quick strength
training (p<.05). There was no significant difference between the pre-post test values of these
tests of the plyometric training and control groups (p>.05). As a result, while the 8-week
quick strength program can significantly improve some motoric features of male basketball
players with an average age of 15, the plyometric training program may not show the same
effect.

(Arazi et al., 2012) in his study, no significant difference was found between plyometric
training in water and on land (p>.05). A significant difference was found between the pre-post
test results of the experimental groups (p<0.05). When the group training in water and the
control group were compared, a significant difference was found in all measurement results
(p<.05). When the same comparison was made with the group training on land, only a
significant difference was found in vertical jump height (p<.05). As a result, plyometric
training in water may have the same or even more positive effect on the jumping and agility
performance of basketball players with an average age of 20 years.

(Ozen et al., 2020) found that plyometric training on sand and wooden parquet increased
jump. agility and 30m sprint performance in both groups (p<.05). However, in the Box Drill
agility and 30m sprint tests, the group that trained in the sand showed more improvement. As
a result, plyometric trainings on sand and wooden floors do not have different effects on the
jump performance of basketball players with an average age of 17. However, the sand floor
may be more effective for the agility and 30m sprint performance of young athletes.

(Hoe et al., 2011) in his study, the control group and the experimental group showed
improvement in vertical jump performance when the post-test result was examined (p<.05),
but when the two groups were compared, the experimental group showed greater
improvement (control 2.12%, experiment 11.17% improvement). As a result, it was found that

15
plyometric training increased the jumping performance of basketball players with an average
age of 20.

In conclusion, it is seen in these studies that various plyometric training protocols applied to
male basketball players significantly improve the vertical jump performance of basketball
players. When we look at the results of the studies, we can say that the improvement obtained
by the older athletes from plyometric training is higher, but the plyometric training protocols
applied in the studies, the ground applied the time of the year, the content of the trainings
other than the plyometric training, the recovery methods of the athletes such as nutrition,
sleep, genetics of the athletes. More comprehensive data are needed to clearly compare the
effect of plyometric training on the vertical jump of young and adult basketball players, since
environmental stress factors such as characteristics, school situations, family relationships
may differ in the studies examined. In addition, considering that the main purpose of
plyometric training is to transfer the strength potential of the athlete to the field, and
considering that the strength potential of adult athletes may be higher, it is possible to show
more positive effects in adult athletes. In the studies examined, it has been seen that
plyometric training has a positive effect on some motoric features of basketball players, such
as sprinting, agility, horizontal jump, and anaerobic power, unlike vertical jumping.
Therefore, we recommend that plyometric training should be use with an appropriate training
periodization by coaches or athletes throughout the year.

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