Discourse Analysis: Critical Review

Name : Rabianti
NIM : E1D019171
Class : 5TP-3

Spoken language and written language

 Spoken language
Spoken language is Human natural language, in which the words are uttered through the
mouth. The opposites are written language, sign language and nonverbal communication.
Spoken language is spoken in oral communication and used for conversations with others.
Communication is strongly associated with prosody in the community of some language.
This situation certainly cannot provide correct sense of reference in a context. In the oral
context,
Prosody involves features of prosody such as:
- variation in speed – but it’s generally faster than writing
- loudness or poise
- body language
- intonation
- stress
- rhythm.
- pitch range
- stop and phrase
Prosody is a study of rhythm, emphasis, and intonation in speech
The words that are spoken. The way a word or a language is customarily spoken.
Conversation. The use of speech for informal exchange of views or ideas or information etc.
Spoken words is a form of language that is expressed directly using spoken words. Therefore,
this form of language is bound by space and time, where aspects of the situation have a big
influence on understanding the content of the language. In addition to speech, the expression
of spoken language is usually also equipped with tone of voice, gestures, and facial
expressions.
Spoken used to speak like dialogue or etc. and we can identify accents so we can find out
who is talking to or who people are using American accents, British, Australian or otherwise.
Spoken can use tone, pitch, volume, etc. and written can use heading, punctuation, layouts,
etc. Spoken normally has a slang in speak and doesn’t even have a certain structure. spoken
language tends to be full of incomplete sentences, repetitions, interruptions, and corrections.
Speakers also use gestures, pitch, pitch, volume, etc. To make additional meaning in spoken
language. Unless the conversation is recorded, there is no record of the spoken language
conversation taking place. Some forms and structures of informal grammar are also specific
to spoken language. The most frequent problem is that students often are not fluent in
 English, well it is because they lack the practice of speaking English, which both students
often seem to think beforehand what to speak, the third is lack of vocabulary.

 Written language
Written language is the representation of a language by means of a writing system. Written
language is an invention in that it must be taught to children; children will pick up spoken
language (oral or sign) by exposure without being specifically taught. A written language
exists only as a complement to a specific spoken language, and no natural language is purely
written. However, extinct languages may be in effect purely written when only their writings
survive. Written languages change more slowly than corresponding spoken languages. When
one or more registers of a language come to be strongly divergent from spoken language, the
resulting situation is called diglossia. However, such diglossia is often considered as one
language, between literary language and other registers, especially if the writing system
reflects its pronunciation.
Written languages has an especially appropriate choice of words and grammar so that the
message will be conveyed and best understood for its readers. Of course it would stir-stir
feelings of the written English reader. Intent, message, and expression written on a letter, a
scientific work, or any other form of written English.

Writing traits:
- Polite
Fulfilled precise, precise rules and wording or terms.
- Effective
Thrifty and short, but subject to what it implies.
- Language spoken as one-time communication effort
Unable to meet, it is expected that we will be able to communicate everything what is there
in expecting that one receiving a letter is not misrepresented or false understood.
- Spelling is used according to guidelines
In the transmission of the written language, there are guidelines that must be used or used
was obeyed in order not to inflict errors in the use or writing of words.
- Vocabulary usage is basically standardized
In this case, the use of words or words must be correct. Even if we mean the same thing, but
if we are wrong in choosing words, it will result in confusion.

Byrne (1988) categorized three problems that made writing skills difficult to be master are
linguistics, cognitive, and content issues. The first problem Is a linguistics. It concerns our
ingenuity in writing down structure. That is true and therefore the sentences that form will be
able to come together other. The result is that the text is built that can be replicated by the
reader. The second problem is a cognitive problem related to mastery we’re on the forms of
language, structure, grammar that works on communication that effective in writing. Harmer
(2004) defined it by the organization of a problem that of course it’s more complicated than
the organization problem in speaking. The third is the problem with ideas. It has to do with
whatever it ca we’ll put it in writing. We often lose the idea in the writing process.
Weakness of spoken and written
1. Spoken language is less complex than written. A grammatically spoken language is less
complex than a written language. It has a clause. Fewer subordinates, fewer “it/to
“completes the clause, fewer phrases preposition, fewer attributive adjectives and more
active verbs than written languages. Longer script dices. It means that there are more
repeats.
2. The spoken text also has a short, less complex word and phrase. They have nominations
are few, more user-based phrases, and more limited vocabulary. Oral text the less dense
lexicon of the written language – they have words of proportionality over a grammatical
of the words lexicon. Spoken language has few words that refer to the speaker, over
Numbers and protections grades, and less abstractness.
3. Spoken language: Simpler sentences with more usage coordination, and, however, so
that, because, rather, than subordinate
4. Speech is less structured than writing
5. Written language tends It is defined as language that has dense vocabulary, while spoken
often tend to have a complex sentence structure. Good text should be written with noting
whether the original reading material was written or spoken. The written text should not
be written as spoken or otherwise