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INFINITIVES OR INGS 3

I. Complete each sentence using a verb from the list

decide to hope to learn how to manage to prefer to
aim to fail to long to need to try to

1. In developed countries, most students ______________ continue into higher education.

2. They know that if they ______________ get a university degree, they will stand more chance of getting a
good job.
3. Those who ______________ leave school at the age of 16 usually have opportunities to continue in
education in a college of further education.
4. This is the kind of college where you can ______________ become a chef or a tourist guide and
concentrates on the practical side of a job.
5. And for those who ______________ go straight into employment at this age, there is always the chance
of training on the job or going back to full-time education at a later date.
6. Do you ever ______________ get away from school and try something different?
7. Then perhaps you ______________ go for work experience.
8 Many schools ______________ give their pupils the chance to find out what work is like, by sending them
to work for a few hours a week.
9. Employers say that very few pupils ______________ learn useful skills.
10. 'We ______________ make sure that all the children who work here understand themselves a bit better
when they leave,' commented one employer.

II. Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the word in. capitals.
THE CONQUEST OF THE INCAS
1. Francisco Pizarro decided that he would return to South America in 1532. TO
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. He hoped that he would conquer the Incas. TO
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. He also expected that he would become rich. TO
_________________________________________________________________________________
4. When he reached the Inca city of Cajamarca, he pretended that he was a friend. TO
_________________________________________________________________________________
5. He threatened that he would kill his prisoner, the Emperor Atahualpa, unless the people brought him their
gold and silver. TO
_________________________________________________________________________________
6. But he had no intention of letting the Emperor go free. INTEND
_________________________________________________________________________________
7. His aim was to make sure that the Incas had no leader. AIMED
_________________________________________________________________________________
8. He made a promise that he would set the Emperor free, but killed him. PROMISED
_________________________________________________________________________________
9. Pizarro also killed his friend Almagro, who wouldn't obey his orders. REFUSED
_________________________________________________________________________________
10. Almagro's friends succeeded in killing Pizarro three years later MANAGED
_________________________________________________________________________________

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III. Complete each sentence so that it means the same as the first sentence.
1. Learning how to live in space is difficult.
It's _____________________________________________________________ how to live in space.
2. Eating in weightless conditions isn't easy.
It isn't ________________________________________________________ in weightless conditions.

3. Taking enough exercise is difficult.

It’s ______________________________________________________________ enough exercise.
4. Being in good health is very important for astronauts.
It’s very important for astronauts _________________________________________ in good health.
5. Imagining what astronauts have to do is difficult.
It's _______________________________________________________ what astronauts have to do.
6. Living a completely normal life in space is impossible.
It’s __________________________________________________ a completely normal life in space.
7. Going into space is never boring.
It’s never _______________________________________________________________ into space.
8. Returning to Earth makes most astronauts feel happy.
Most astronauts feel ________________________________________________________ to Earth.

IV. Complete the text with one word from the list in each space.

allow forced refused careful learned sorry decided let

supposed encouraged managed threatened failed prepared trying

I'm sorry to say that we have (1) __________ to close the science laboratory until further notice. Although we
have always (2) __________ pupils to conduct safe experiments, and have always believed it was important to
(3) __________ students discover science for themselves, recent events have made it difficult for us to (4)
__________ such work to continue. I am referring of course to the robot that Class 5 (5) __________ to
construct recently while they were (6) __________ to be constructing a simple computer. Although at first the
builders of this machine were (7) __________ to hide their machine from members of staff, unfortunately they
(8) __________ to control the robot. It not only (9) __________ how to leave the laboratory, but walked into
the town centre and broke into the National Bank in Green Street. It is impossible to imagine what it was (10)
__________ to do. The pupils who built it have (11) __________ to say whether they were controlling its
actions. In any case, the police were not (12) __________ to permit this situation to continue, especially when
the robot (13) __________ to attack members of the bank staff, and (14) __________ them to fill a large bag
with money. Please remember, this is not what science is for!

V. Underline the correct answer.

1. New research shows same young people can't help / consider / risk eating food which contains large
amounts of sugar, salt, and animal fat.
2. Many young people also avoid / enjoy / keep taking any exercise.
They don 't even avoid / enjoy / suggest walking to school or playing active games with their friends.
3. For too many young people, enjoyment feels like / involves / keeps sitting in front of the television, or
in front of a computer playing games.
4. Of course if they involve / keep / suggest doing this, they are very likely to have health problems at an
early age.
5. Health experts consider / mean / suggest taking hard exercise at least three times a week.
6. This can't help / keeps / means running, cycling or swimming.

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7. 50 even if you don't avoid / feel like / risk taking exercise, it's important to organize regular exercise
activities.
8. You could go / involve / practise swimming or jogging, for example.
9. You may also consider / involve / keep changing your diet, and eating more fruit and fresh vegetables.

VI. Complete each sentence a to h with an ending from 1 to 8.

a. For a Roman soldier, joining the Roman army meant ______
b. He received wages, but had to spend money too, since being in the army involved ______
c. In the early days of Rome, everyone became a soldier and young men couldn't avoid ______
d. However, as time went on, fewer Romans served as soldiers. The army stopped ______
e. When the army was at the height of its power, an enemy who considered ______
f. Unless the enemy had very large numbers of soldiers or attacked by surprise, they risked ______
g. Foreign armies were often disorganized and ran away, but the Romans always kept ______
h. The Romans were more successful because their soldiers spent more time ______

1. being completely destroyed by the ancient world's best fighting force.

2. buying his own food, uniform and weapons.
3. attacking it faced very serious problems.
4. taking all the young Roman men, and service became voluntary.
5. fighting, until the end if necessary, and rarely surrendered.
6. remaining in service from 20 to 30 years.
7. training to use their weapons, and fighting in organized groups.
8. serving in the army if there was a war, as it was compulsory.

VII. Complete the text with the -ING or TO-INFINITIVE form of the verbs in brackets.
People who remember (1) __________ (do) everything they have planned are usually people who organize their
tasks in some way, and avoid (2) __________ (get) into a muddle. A shopping list is a good example of this
technique, provided you remember (3) __________ (take) the list with you when you go (4) __________(shop).

It's sometimes possible to remember a fact, for example, if first of all you stop (5) __________ (think) for a few
moments. When you try (6) __________ (remember) something, this will be easier if you have learnt it in an
organized way. If you are not sure how to do this, try (7) __________ (write) brief notes about the text you are
reading. Many people find this an effective way of learning. After all, it’s easy to read something and not
understand or remember it, usually because you have stopped (8) __________ (pay) attention.

VIII. Complete the text with a word from the list. You will have to use same words more than
once.
at between by for in on of
GALILEO
As well as being a scientist, Galileo was interested (1) __________ painting and music. He started his studies
(2) __________ attending medical school in Padua. Unlike most scientists at that time, who usually relied
(3) __________ discussing the facts, not trying to prove them, he recognized the importance. (4) __________
doing experiments to prove the facts. He is famous (5) __________ dropping different weights from the Tower
of Pisa to prove that all bodies fall at the same rate, though this is probably not a true story. Through practice,
he also became good (6) __________ observing the stars, and identified craters on the Moon, sunspots, and
the moons of Jupiter. As a result (7) __________ studying the planet Venus, he succeeded (8) __________
proving that Copernicus was correct, and that the Earth moved around the Sun. Unfortunately, the Church
authorities accused him (9) __________ publishing unacceptable ideas. In the end he was forced to choose

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(10) __________ being punished by the Church, or denying his own ideas. He spent most of the last nine years
of his life imprisoned in his own house.

IX. Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the word in capitals.

1. Does fossil-collecting interest you? INTERESTED
_______________________________________________________________________________?
2. Do you have to walk long distances? INVOLVE
_______________________________________________________________________________?
3. I often find rocks that aren't really fossils. KEEP
_______________________________________________________________________________.
4. When you look for fossils on a cliff, you could fall.' RISK
_______________________________________________________________________________.
5. I really think this is the wrong place to look for fossils. HELP
_______________________________________________________________________________.
6. You have to get up early to go on the club trip. MEANS
_______________________________________________________________________________.
7. I left my hammer at home. REMEMBER
_______________________________________________________________________________.
8. I want to sit down and have a rest! FEEL
_______________________________________________________________________________!
9. I know how to find fossils. GOOD
_______________________________________________________________________________.
10. Don't take up a hobby unless you're serious about it. WORTH
_______________________________________________________________________________.

X. Complete the text with the -ING form or TO-INFINITIVE of the verbs in brackets.
THE FIRST EXPLORERS TO CROSS AUSTRALIA
John Stuart decided (1) (cross) __________ Australia from south to north in 1859. He wanted (2) __________
(win) a prize offered by the South Australian government. This meant (3) __________ (travel) across mountains
and desert for 3,000 kilometres. He and his three companions kept (4) __________ (ride) for eight months
before reaching the centre of the continent. What had they expected (5) __________ (find)how far they had
only succeeded in (6) __________ (discover) a huge desert. On this expedition Stuart failed (7) __________
(reach) the coast, and turned back ill and short of food. He tried (8) __________ (complete) the journey the
next year, but failed again. Finally in 1861 he managed (9) __________ (arrive) at the northern coast, near the
modern city of Darwin. Ever since he has been famous for (10) __________ (cross) the continent, though sadly
he died soon after his return to Adelaide.