Ch.

15 :Classification of Matter
Section 1: Composition of Matter

By:
Dr. Mohamed Murshidy
 Key Words
• Pure Substances:
- Elements ‫عناصر‬
- Compounds ‫مركبات‬
• Mixtures: ‫مخاليط‬
- Homogeneous ‫متجانس‬
- Heterogeneous ‫غير متجانس‬
Vocabularies:
• Composition ‫تركيب‬
• Solution ‫محلول‬
• Alloy )‫سبيكة (خليط معادن‬
• Colloid ‫غروي‬
• Fog ‫ضباب‬
• Scatter ‫يتشتت‬
• Droplets ‫قطرات‬
• Suspension ‫ُمعلَّق‬
• Distilled َّ ‫ُم‬
‫قطر‬
 Pure Substances

• Materials are made of a pure substance or a

mixture of substances.

• A pure substance, or simply a substance, is a type

of matter with a fixed composition.

Pure Substance

Chemical changes
Element Compound
An element is a substance that is made from one
kind of atom only. It cannot be broken down into
simpler substances.
atom atom

An element
An element
A compound is a substance that is made from
more than one element chemically combined.

atom atom

A compound made up of 2 A compound made up of 7

different elements different elements
 A compound can be broken down into elements
(only by chemical Processes)

An element

Chemical Process

An element
A compound made up of 3
different elements

An element
 A compound can be broken down into elements
(only by chemical Processes)

An element

Chemical Process

An element
A compound made up of 3
different elements

An element
 Compounds

• Table salt is a chemical

compound that fits this
description. Even though
it looks like white
crystals and adds flavor
to food, its
components—sodium
and chlorine—are
neither white nor salty.
 Mixtures
MATTER THAT CONSIST OF TWO OR MORE SUBSTANCES
MIXED TOGETHER
BUT
NOT
CHEMICALLY COMBINED !!!

• Unlike compounds, mixtures do not always

contain the same ratio of the substances
that make them up.
 Mixtures Types
MIXTURES are classified into:
• HOMOGENEOUS
• HETEROGENEOUS
 Homogeneous Mixtures
• A homogeneous mixture contains two or more substances
blended (mixed) uniformly throughout.

• Soft drinks contain

water, sugar,
flavoring, coloring,
and carbon dioxide
gas.

• Steel is a homogeneous mixture

Example on Homogeneous Mixtures : Solutions

Solution:
1- It remains uniformly mixed.
2- particles are very small, in the
range of few nanometers.
3- particles never fall down to
bottom.
examples  air, salt water, soda,
vinegar, gasoline, tea, alloys.
 Heterogeneous Mixtures

A mixture in which different materials

remain distinguished (can pull pieces
out).
 Example on Heterogeneous Mixtures : Colloids

• A colloid is a Heterogeneous
mixture with particles that are
larger than those in solutions
but not heavy enough to fall
to the bottom.
• examples:
Milk, Blood, Fog, clouds and
smoke.
 Detecting Colloids

• A light beam is invisible as solution colloid

it passes through a solution,

but can be seen as it passes
through a colloid.
• This occurs because the
particles in the colloid are
large enough to scatter
light, but those in the
solution are not.
• This is called the Tyndall
effect.
 Detecting Colloids
Fog is a colloid: water droplets suspended in air will scatter
the light from the car`s headlight – Tyndall Effect
Example on Heterogeneous Mixtures : Suspensions

Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture containing liquid and

solid particles; particles float (suspend) in liquid before they
fall to bottom.

• Examples:
• Mud or muddy water, where soil, clay, particles are
suspended in water.
• Paint (needs to be mixed before use)
• Orange Juice (needs to be shaken before use)
Differences between Solutions, Colloids
and Suspensions.
Old Exam Questions
• Which of the following is a pure substance?

A) Cheese.
B) Gasoline.
C) Methane.
D) Paint.
E) Smoke.
 Question

• Which of the following is a pure substance?

A) Cheese.
B) Gasoline.
C) Methane.
D) Paint.
E) Smoke.
• Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Compounds can be decomposed by chemical

means into elements or simpler compounds.
B) Colloids and suspensions are heterogeneous
mixtures.
C) Tyndall effect is useful in distinguishing a colloid
from a solution.
D) A pure substance must be made of only one type
of atom.
E) None of these.
• Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Compounds can be decomposed by chemical

means into elements or simpler compounds.
B) Colloids and suspensions are heterogeneous
mixtures.
C) Tyndall effect is useful in distinguishing a colloid
from a solution.
D) A pure substance must be made of only one type
of atom.
E) None of these.
• A light beam is visible as it passes through?

A) carbon dioxide gas.

B) hydrogen gas.
C) pure water.
D) a solution.
E) None of these
• A light beam is visible as it passes through?

A) carbon dioxide gas.

B) hydrogen gas.
C) pure water.
D) a solution.
E) None of these
• Clouds in the sky are examples of a
______________.

A) suspension.
B) colloid.
C) homogeneous mixture.
D) pure substance.
• Clouds in the sky are examples of a
______________.

A) suspension.
B) colloid.
C) homogeneous mixture.
D) pure substance.
• Choose the WRONG statement in the following
classification?

A) Air in a bottle is a homogeneous mixture.

B) Helium gas is an element.
C) Seawater is a heterogeneous mixture.
D) Methane (CH4) is a pure substance.
E) Ammonia (NH3) is a compound.
• Choose the WRONG statement in the following
classification?

A) Air in a bottle is a homogeneous mixture.

B) Helium gas is an element.
C) Seawater is a heterogeneous mixture.
D) Methane (CH4) is a pure substance.
E) Ammonia (NH3) is a compound.
• Which of the following statements is not correct when a
compound forms?

A) The elements in a compound always combine in a

specific ratio.
B) A new substance forms.
C) The new compound has different properties from the
elements in it?
D) Only a physical change occurs.
E) The mass is conserved.
• Which of the following statements is not correct when a
compound forms?

A) The elements in a compound always combine in a

specific ratio.
B) A new substance forms.
C) The new compound has different properties from the
elements in it?
D) Only a physical change occurs.
E) The mass is conserved.
• Which of the following is a physical property?

A) Iron doesn’t tarnish.

B) Rust is a flaky, reddish-brown substance
C) Acetylene (C2H2) is a flammable gas.
D) Copper has the ability to form patina.
E) Canned food doesn’t spoil quickly.
• Which of the following is a physical property?

A) Iron doesn’t tarnish.

B) Rust is a flaky, reddish-brown substance
C) Acetylene (C2H2) is a flammable gas.
D) Copper has the ability to form patina.
E) Canned food doesn’t spoil quickly.
• Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Tyndall effect is useful in distinguishing a colloid from a

solution.
B) Colloids and suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures.
C) A pure substance must be made of only one type of atom.
D) Compounds can be decomposed by chemical means into
elements or simpler compounds.
E) None of these.
• Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Tyndall effect is useful in distinguishing a colloid from a

solution.
B) Colloids and suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures.
C) A pure substance must be made of only one type of atom.
D) Compounds can be decomposed by chemical means into
elements or simpler compounds.
E) None of these.

Explanation:
Because pure substance could be an element or a compound.
Answer:
Z is a mixture as it is made from different substances mixed
together but not chemically combined.

Note that:
X is a compound and Y is an element