S

WIT
CHE
DRE
LUC
TANC
EMOT
OR

I
ntr
oduc
ti
on

Th
er e
luct
ancemo t
orisane l
ect
ri
cmo t
orinwhi
chtorquei
sproduce
dbyt h
etendenc
yo fits
moveabl
eparttomo v
et oaposi
ti
onwh erethei
nduct
anceoftheexc
it
e dwindi
ngi
smax i
miz
ed.T h
e
ori
gi
no ftherel
uct
ancemo t
orcanbet race
dbac kt
o1842,butth
e”reinv
entio
n”hasbeenpos
sibl
y
duetotheadventofin
expens
ive,
high-
powerswit
chi
ngdevi
ces.

T
her el
uct
ancemotorisatyp
eofsynchr
onousmachi
ne.I
th aswoundfie
ldcoi
l
so faD C
motorforit
ss t
atorwin
dingsandhasnoc o
il
so rmagne
tso nit
sr ot
or.F
ig.
1showsit
st yp
ic
al
st
ruct
ure.I
tcanbes e
enthatbot
hthest
ato
ran drot
orhavesal
ie
ntp o
les
;henc
e,th
emachinei
sa
doubl
ysali
entmachi
ne.

F
ig.
1Swi
tc
hedr
eluc
tan
cemo
torc
onf
igur
ati
ons

Thero to
ri sal i
gnedwh enevert hedi ametri
c allyo pposi
tes tato rpolesar ee xcit
e d.Ina
magn eti
cc i
rcuit
,t her ot
atingp artp r
eferst oc omet ot hemi nimum r eluctancep osi
tionatt he
i
n s
tan ceo fe xci
tati
on.Wh i
l
et wor o
torp ol
esar eal i
gn e dtot het wos tatorp o
les,ano thers eto f
rotorp ole
siso utofalignme ntwithrespecttoadi fferen tseto fstatorpo l
es.T he
n ,t
h i
sse tofs tator
pol
esi se xci
tedtobr ingther otorpolesintoalignment.T h i
seleme ntaryo p
e r
ationc anbee xpl
ain e
d
byF ig.2.Inthefigure, c
onsi
de rthatther otorp o
lesr1a n dr1′ands tatorp olescan dc ′areal i
gn ed.
Appl
yac urrentt op h
as eawi ththec urrentdi r
ecti
o nass h owni nFig.2a.Af l
uxi se stabli
sh e
d
throughs t
atorpo l
esaan da′ andr ot
orp ol
esr 2andr 2′wh ic
ht endst op ulltherotorpolesr 2an dr ′
2
towar dt hestatorpo l
esaan da′,respecti
vel
y.Wh enth eyar eal i
gn ed,th estatorc urr
e nto fph ase
ai st urnedo ffan dt hec or
re sp
ondings i
tuationiss ho wni nF i
g.2 b.No wt hes tatorwi ndingbi s
exci
te d,pull
i
ngr 1a dr
n 1′t
owar dban db′ ,re
spe c
ti
vely, i
nac l
o ckwisedire c
tion.Like
wise, energizin
g
phasecwi ndingr esul
tsint heal i
gnme ntofr 2a ndr 2′wi hcan
t dc ′
,re sp
e c
tivel
y.Ac c
o rdingly,by
switchingt h
es tatorc urr
entsi nsuchas equen c
e,ther otorisr otated.S i
milarl
y,t hes witchi
n go f
curren tinthes equenceo fac bwillres
ultinth erevers alofr otorr otati
o n.Sinc
et hemo veme nto f
ther otor,hencet hepr o
ductiono ftorquean dp owe r,in vol
vesas wi t
chingo fc urrent
si ntos tator
windin gswh ent hereisav ariati
ono fre l
uctance,thisv ariables peedmo torisr eferredt oasa
switche drel
uctan c
emo t
or(S RM).
 F
ig.
2Oper
ati
onofswi
tc
hedre
luct
anc
emo t
or
(a)Ph
asecali
gne
dand(b)Ph eaal
as i
gned

2.
SRMC
onf
igur
ati
ons

Swi
tch
edrel
uct
anc
emo t
orscanbecl
ass
if
iedassho
wninFi
g.
3.T
hei
ni
ti
alc
las
si
fi
cat
ioni
s
madeo
nt h
ebasi
softhen
atur
eo ft
hemoti
on(i
.
e.,
rot
ati
ngorl
i
near
).

F
ig.
3Cl
ass
if
icat
iono
fSR
M

2.1RotarySRM
Therot
arymac hine
-base
dS R
Msarefurt
herdiffer
ent
iat
edbyt henat
ureoft
hemagneti
c
fi
e l
dpathast oitsdirec
ti
onwithresp
ectt
otheaxiall
engthofthemachin
e.I
fthemagn
eti
cfie
ld
pathisperpe
ndiculartotheshaft
,whic
hmayalsobes eenasalongtheradi
usofth
ecyli
ndr
ic
al
statorandr oto
r ,theSRMi scl
assi
fi
edasradialfie
ld.Whenthefluxpathisal
ongtheaxi
al
direc
ti
o n
,themac hin
eiscal
ledanaxi
alfi
el
dSRM.

Radi
alfiel
dS RMsaremo stcommo nl
yuse d.Theycanbede videdintosh orte
ran dlonger
fl
uxpathsbasedo nhowap hasec o
ili
sp l
aced.Theconventi
onaloneist h
elongf luxpathSRMs ,i
n
whi
chth ephasecoili
splace
di nthediame t
ri
cal
lyo pp
osit
eslots
,ass howni nFig.1.I
nthesh ort
er
fl
uxpathSRMs,thephasecoi
lispl
acedint hesl
otsadjacentt
oe achoth e
r,assho wninF i
g.
4. S
h o
rt
fl
uxpathSRMsh avetheadvantageoflo wercor
el os
sesduetot hefactthatthef l
uxr e
versal
sdo
notoccurins tat
o rbac kir
oni naddi ti
ontoh avi
ngs hortfluxp aths
.Ho we ver,the
yh ave
di
sadvantageo fh avi
ngas li
ghtl
yh ighermut ualinduct
ancean dap os
si
bleh i
gherun even
magneti
cpullo
nt heroto
r.
 F
ig.
4Sh
ortf
luxp
athS
RMwi
th1
0/8p
ole
s

Theaxialcon
figurat
iono faS R
Mi sshowninF i
g.
5 .
Thistyp
eo fSR
Msisidealforap
pl
ic
at i
ons
wherethet o
tallen
gthmaybec onst
rai
ne d,suc
hasi nac ei
lin
gf anorinap r
o p
uls
ionapp
li
cati
on.
Thedis
adv ant
ageo fthisco
nfigurati
onist h
atthestatorl
aminati
o n
shavetobef ol
dedoneo ntop
ofth
eo th
e r,
un l
i
kethes i
mpl
es tack
ingoflaminati
onsintheradial
f i
el
dconf
igurati
on.

F
ig.
5Ax
ial
fie
lds
wit
che
dre
luc
tan
cemo
tor

2.
2Si
ngl
e-
Phas
eSR
M

Si
ngle-p
haseS RMsar eo fin t
erestast he ybearas tron
gr es
emblancetos inglep hase
i
n ductionan dun i
versalmac hinesan dsharet h ei
rlow-costman uf
actureaswe l
l.High -speed
app l
i
cat i
onsar eparti
cularlyappeali
ngf orsingl
e-phaseSRMs .Wh ent h
es t
atoran drotorp ol
e sare
aligned,thec urrenti
st urnedo ffan dtherotork eepsmov i
ngduet othes t
oredkin
e t
icene rgy.As
thep olesbe c
o meun al
igned,thes tatorwindingagai nise n
e rgi
zed,produci
ngane l
ectr
o magn eti
c
torque .Apro bl
emwi ths i
ngle-
phaseS RMo pe
rati
o nar i
sesonlywh ent hestatorandrotorp olesare
i
nal ignme ntats t
andstil
lorther otorisatapo s
iti
o nwhereth etorqueproducedmaybel o we rthan
thelo adtor queats t
arting.Thi
sc anbeo ve
rcomebyh avingap e
rman entmagn e
to nthes tatorto
pullther ot
o rawayf r
o mt healignmen t
,ortoanap propr
iatep o
sit
ion,toenablethege n
e rationof
max imume l
ec t
romagne t
ictorque,ass howninFig.6.

T
hes
ingl
e-
phas
eSR
Mso
per
atewi
thamax
imumdut
ycyc
leo
f0.
5,an
dth
ere
for
e,t
heyh
ave
ato
rquedi
scon
ti
nuit
ythatre
sul
tsi
nhi
ghto
rquer
ip
pl
eandnois
e.Ap
pl
ic
ati
ons,
whic
har ei
nse
nsi
ti
ve
t
othi
sdrawback
,suchashandt
ool
sandh
omeappl
i
ance
s,ar
eideal
forth
ismach
ine.

F
ig.
6Si
ngl
e-
phas
eSR
Mwi
thp
erman
entmagn
ett
oen
abl
est
art
ing

2.
3Li
nearS
RMs

Lin
earswit
chedrel
uctan
cemo to
rs(LSR
Ms )ar
et hecount
e r
partsoftherotat
in
gS R
Ms.In
f
act
,theli
nearswi
tch
e dre
luc
tancemotori
sobt
ainedfro
mi tsr
otaryc o
unter
partbycutti
ngalo
ng
t
heshaftoveri
tsr
adiusandrol
l
ingth
emo ut
.Fi
g.7sho
wst hecon
figurati
onofathreephaseLSR
M.

F
ig.
7Th
reep
has
eli
nears
wit
che
dre
luc
tan
cemo
tor

3
.Pr
inc
ip
leo
fOp
erat
ion

Th
et or
quep ro
ducti
onintheswit
chedr e
luct
ancemotorcanbeexpl
ai
nedusin
gt he
e
lemen
tar
yprin
cip
leofel
ectr
ome
chani
cal
energyconver
si
on.I
nth
ec as
eofaro
tati
ngmach
ine,
the
i
ncr
ement
almechani
calen
ergyi
nter
msoftheele
ctr
o magn
eti
cto
rqueandc
hangei
nrot
orposi
ti
on
c
anbewrit
tenas:

Wm =T
e (
1)
wh
ereT
eist
hee
lec
tro
magn
eti
cto
rquean
d t h
ein
cre
men
tal
rot
orangl
e.T
her
efo
re,
 Byt h
etheo
ryofel
ect
romagnet
icfi
el
d,i
fnomagn
eti
csat
urat
ione
xis
ts,t
hec
oen
ergyat
an
ypo
sit
ioni
nth
emo t
orc
anbee x
pre
ssedby:
W f'=1L(, ii
)2
(2)
2
wh
ereL(, i)isth es t
atori
n ductanceatap artic
ularp os
it
ion,andi thestatorphasec urre
nt.
1.T het orquei sproport
ionalt oth es quareo ft hec urrentan dh enc e
,thec urr
entcanbe
unip
olart op roduceun i
di
re c
tionaltorque .Thi
sisadi sti
nctadv antageinthato n
lyonep o
we r
swit
chi sreq uire
df orthec ontr
o lofcurr e
n ti
nap hasewindingan dt here
bymak esthedrive
economical.
2.S i
ncet heto rqueisproporti
onaltot hes quareo fthecurrent,i
th asago ods tarti
ngtorque.
3.B ecauset hes t
atorinductan c
eo fas tatorwi ndi
ngi saf un c
tiono fbotht her ot
orposit
ion
ands tatorc urrent
,thusmak i
ngi tnonli
n ear,
as i
mpleequivalentcir
cuitdeve l
opmentforSRM
i
sn otpos s
ible.
4. Age ne rati
o nac ti
oni smadep ossi
blewi thun ip
olarc urr
e ntduet oitso perati
ono nt he
negatives lopeo fth einduc t
an cep r
o fi
le.Asar e s
ult,thi
smac hineiss uit
ablef o
rf our-
quadran to perati
onwi t
hac o nverter
.
5.B ecauseo fi tsdependenceo nap o werc onvert
e rforit
so perat
ion,thismotorisani nhere
ntl
y
vari
abl e-
speedmo t
ordr i
ves yst
e m.

4
.St
ato
rIn
duc
tan
ce

Thetorquecharacte
ris
tic
so fs wit
chedr e
luct
ancemo to
rar ede pe
ndento nt h
er el
ations
hip
bet
weenthes t
atorfl
uxli
nkagesan dtheroto
rp o
sit
ionasafuncti
onofthes t
atorcurr
ent
. Atypi
cal
ph
aseinductancevs.rot
orp osi
ti
oniss howninF i
g.
8f oraf i
xedp h
asec urr
ent.Theinductance
cor
resp
ondstothatofas tat
or-p
hasec oi
lofthemotornegl
ect
ingthefri
ngee f
fectandsaturati
on.
Thesi
gnif
ic
an ti
nductanc
ep rof
il
ec hangesarede t
ermine
dintermso fthes t
atorandro to
rar cs
andnumbero frot
orpol
es.FromFig.
3aan db,thevario
usangle
sar ederi
vedas:

2=1+ s (
3)
3= 2+( r− s) (
4)
4= 3+ s (
5)
5 = 4+ 1=
2 (
6)
Pr
where sand rar
ethes
tat
oran
dro
torp
olear
cs,r
esp
ect
iv
ely,
inmo
stcas
e r> s,
andP
rist
he
numberofr
oto
rpol
es.

F
ourdi
st
in
cti
nduc
tan
cer
egi
onse
mer
ge:
 1
. 0~ 1an d 4 ~ 5:th
estat
orandr
oto
rpole
sarenoto
ver
lap
,an
dt hei
nduc
tan
ceis
min
imum and al
mosta c
onst
ant
.He
nce,t
heser
egi
onsdon o
tcont
ri
but
et oto
rque
pr
oduct
ion
.

2
. 1~ 2
:Po
leso
ver
lap
,sot
hatt
hef
luxp
athi
smai
nl
yth
rought
hes
tat
oran
dro
tor
l
aminat
ion
s.Thi
sin
cre
asest
heinduct
an c
ewiththerot
orpos
it
ionandgi
vesitapo
sit
iv
e
s
lop
e.Acurren
timp
res
sedi
nthewindi
ngduri
ngthi
sregi
onpro
ducesapo
sit
iv
etor
que.
This
r
egi
onc o
me st
oanendwhentheover
lapofp
ole
sisco
mplet
e.

F
ig.
8In
duc
tan
cev
s.r
oto
rpo
sit
ion

3
. 2~ 3
:Dur
ingt
hisp
eri
od,mo
veme
nto
fro
torp
oledo
esn
otal
te
rth
eco
mpl
et
eov
erl
apo
f
t
hestatorpole
.T h
ishastheeffec
to fkee
pin
gtheinduct
anc
emax imum andc on
stan
t.
T
herefore
,torquegener
ati
oniszer
o.Inspi
teoft
hisf
act,i
tserv
esaus efulfun
cti
onby
p
rov
idingt i
mef orthes t
ato
rc urr
enttoc ometoz er
oo rlowerl e
velswheni tis
c
ommut at
ed,thuspre
venti
ngnegat
iveto
rquegene
rat
ioninth
en egati
veslop
eregionof
t
hei
n duct
ance.

4
. 3~ 4
:th
ero
torp
olei
smo
vin
gawayf
romo
ver
lap
pi
ngt
hes
tat
orp
olei
nth
isr
egi
onan
d
t
hei
nduc
tan
cede
cre
ases,
maki
ngan egati
vesl
opeoft
hei
nduc
tan
cer
egi
on.
Theo
per
ati
on
o
fth
emachi
nei
nthi
sre
gionr
esul
tsi
nn e
gati
vetorq
ue.

I
tisnotposs
ibletoac h
ievethei dealin
duc t
anceprof
il
eshowni nFig.
8inanac t
ualmotordueto
s
aturati
on.Saturati
onc aus
est heinductancepro
fil
etocurven earthetopandthusreducesthe
t
orqueconst
an t.
F o
rrectangularcurrent
s ,i
tcanbeseenth
att hemo t
ori
ngtorq
ueisproduc
edf or
ashortdurationinpulsedfor m,resul
ti
n ginalargetorquer i
ppl
e.Thi
scanc r
eateprobl
emso f
i
ncr
easedaudi bl
en oi
se,fat
igueo fthes haft
,andpossi
bl
es p
eedo sci
l
lat
ion
s.However
,thetorq
ue
r
ip
plescanbemi nimi
zedbyde si
gningt hemachinesucht h
att heinduct
anceprofi
l
eso ftwo
s
ucceedi
ngph asesoverl
apdur ingthee ndi
ngo foneandth ebeginni
ngoftheo t
her
.Inturn,t
his
r
equi
resth
ecor
rec
tchoi
ceofn
umberofst
ato
randrot
orpol
esan
dth
eirp
olear
cs.
Anal
te
rnat
iv
e
t
echn
iquet
ore
duceth
etorq
ueri
pp
lesi
stos
hapet
hec
urren
t.

5
.Equi
val
entC
irc
uit

Ane l
emen
taryequi
v al
entcir
cuitfortheSRMc anbede ri
vednegl
ect
in
gt h
emutual
i
nduc
tanc
ebetweenth
ephasesasfol
lows.T
heappl
i
edvol
tagetoaphasei
seq
ualtothes
umo
ft he
r
esi
st
ivev
olt
agedropandtherat
eo fthefl
uxl
in
kagesan
di sgi
venas:
thefl
uxl
ink
ageperphasegiv
enby:

=L(,
ii
) (
12)

I
nt h
ise q
uation
,thethr
eet e
rmso nther i
ght-
hands i
der e
pre
sen
tth
ere
sis
ti
vev
olt
agedr
op,
i
nduct
ivevol
tagedro
pandinduce
de mf,r
espe
ctiv
ely.
F
ig.
9ill
ust
rat
e sth
eequi
val
entci
rcui
tfo
ro nephaseofth
eS R
M.

F
ig.
9Si
ngl
eph
asee
qui
val
entc
ir
cui
tofS
RM

6.
SRMDr
iveS
yst
em
Atyp
ic
alS R
Mdr i
vesyst
emi ssho
wni nFi
g.
10.I
tismadeupoffourbas
iccomp
one
nts
:po
wer
c
onve
rter
,cont
rol
logi
cci
rc
uit
,po
sit
ions
ens
orandth
eswi
tch
edre
luc
tanc
emotor
.

F
ig.
10S
truc
tur
eofS
RMdr
ives
yst
em

6.
1Po
werC
onv
ert
ersf
orS
RMs

Si
n c
et h
et or
queinS RMdr i
vesisindep
endento ftheexci
tati
onc urren
tp o
lari
ty,theS R
M
dri
vesrequireonlyoneswit
chp erphasewindi
ng.Mo r
eo v
er,unli
ketheacmo tordri
ves,theS R
M
dri
vesalwaysh aveaphasewindinginser
ieswit
has witch.T
hus,incaseofas hoot-
thr
o ughfault
,
th
einductanceo fthewindi
nglimit
st h
erat eofris
einc urre
ntan dp r
ovidesti
met oin i
ti
atethe
pr
otect
ion.Furt
hermore
,thephaseso fSRMar eindepe
ndentan d,incaseo fonewi n
dingf ai
lur
e,
uni
nter
ruptedo pe
rat
ionispos
si
ble.Foll
owi
ngar es o
mec onfi
guration
so fc o
nverte
rsus edinS R
M
dri
ves.

As
ymme
tri
cBr
idgeC
onv
ert
er

Fi
g.1
0as howstheas ymme t
ricbri
dgec
onvert
e r
.Tur
nin
go nt
het wopowerswit
chesi
ne achphase
wil
lci
rcul
ateac urr
e nti
nt hatphas
eofSRM.Ifthec
urren
tri
sesabovethecommandedv al
ue,the
swit
chesareturne
do ff
.Thee ne
rgyst
oredinthemotorp
has
ewi ndi
ngwil
lkeepth
ec urr
enti
nt he
samedirec
tun t
ili
tisdeple
ted.Thewavef
ormsar es
howninF
ig.1
0ban dcwithdi
ffer
e n
tswit
chin
g
str
ategi
es.
 F
ig.
10As
ymme
tri
cco
nve
rte
rfo
rSR
Man
dop
erat
ionwav
efo
rms

(
n+1
)swi
tc
hesan
ddi
odec
onf
igur
ati
on

Ut
il
izat
iono fthepowerde vi
cesispoo rinth eas ymmetri
cbr i
dgeconvert
er.Amo r
ee ffi
ci
ent
con
ve r
tertop
olo
gyiss ho
wninF i
g.1
1,whichiscal
led( n+
1)swit
chanddiodeconfi
gurati
on.Wh enT1
andT 2ar etur
nedo n,phaseAi senergizedbyap pl
yi
ngt hesourc
ev ol
tageacrossthep has
e
win
ding.Thecurr
entcanbelimi
tedtoth esetl
e ve
l bycontro
ll
ingei
the
rT1o rT2,o
rbo th.
Simil
arl
y,
ph
aseBc anbeenergi
zedbyT 2an dT3.T h
eme r
ito fth
isconver
teri
sh i
gheruti
l
izati
ono fpower
devi
cesduet othes h
aredswitc
ho perati
on.Never t
hel
ess,theci
rcui
tprovi
desrestr
ic
tedc ur
rent
con
trolduri
ngoverl
appi
ngphasecurre
nts.

F
ig.
11(
n+1
)swi
tc
hesc
onv
ert
ert
opo
logy
Bi
fi
larT
ypeDr
iveT
opol
ogy

Fi
g.
12ashowsac onvert
erconfigurat
ionwithonepowerswitchandonediodep e
rp hasebut
re
gener
ati
ngth est
oredmagn eticenergytothesourc
e.Th i
sisachi
eve
dbyh avi
n gab ifi
l
ar
wi
ndi
ngwiththepol
arit
yass h
o wni nthefi
gure
.Thevar
iousti
mingwavef
ormsoft heci
rcui
tare
sh
owninFig.
12b.I
tisshownthatt hevolt
ageacros
sthepowers wi
tc
hcanbev e
r ymuchh igh
e r
t
hanthesourc
ev ol
tage.Adisadv ant
ageo fthi
sdri
veisthattheSRMneedsabi f
il
arwi n
ding,
whi
chin
cre
asesthecompl
exi
tyoft hemotor
.

(
a)

F
ig.
12B
ifi
l
art
ypedr
ivean
dop
erat
ionwav
efo
rms

C
-DumpC
onv
ert
er

TheC -
dumpc o n
ve r
teri
ss h
o wni nF i
g.
13awi thane nergyr ec
overyc i
rc
uit
.Thes t
ored
magn e
ti
ce ner
gyi sp art
iall
ydi
vertedt othec apaci
torCda n
dr ecovere
df romitbyt hesingl
e
quadrantchopperco mpri
sin
go fTr,Lra ndD ra nds enttot heD Csource.Fi
g.1
3bs ho
wst he
wav e
formsofthisconverter
.
Thi
sc onf
igurati
onh astheadv antageo fmi ni
mum powerswitc
hesal l
owi
ngindepen
de n
t
phasecurre
ntc o
n t
rol.Themaindisadvantageist hatthecurre
ntc o
mmut at
ionisli
mit
edb ythe
di
fferenc
ebe tweenv o
ltageacrosC
s d,v oa n
dt h
eD Cli
nkv ol
tage.Furth
e r
more,theenergy
ci
rcul
ati
ngbe t
we enCda ndtheD
Clinkresul
tsinadditio
nall
osse
sinthemac hi
ne.
 F
ig.
13C
-DumpC
onv
ert
erf
orS
RMs

6.
2Po
sit
ionS
ens
ors

I
nth
eS RMdri
ves,rot
orposi
ti
onisesse
nti
alforthest
atorphaseco
mmut ati
onandadvance
dan gl
e
c
ont
rol
.Theroto
rp os
it
ionisusual
lyacqui
redbyt h
ep o
sit
ionsens
ors.T
h ecommonl
yusedposi
ti
on
s
ens
orsarephot
otransi
st
orsandp h
otodi
odes,Hal
lel
ements
, magne
ti
cse ns
ors,
pul
seenc
odersand
v
ari
abl
ediffe
rent
ialtr
ansfor
me r
s.
P
hot
otrans
is
torSensors

T
hepho
tot
ran
sis
torsen
sorisbas
edo
nth
eph
oto
ele
ctr
icp
ri
nci
pl
e.F
ig.
14s
howst
hebas
ics
truc
tur
e
o
fth
ephot
otr
ansi
sto
rsenso
r.
 F
ig.
14P
hot
otr
ans
is
tors
ens
ors

Asshowninthefigure,arevolv
ingshut
terwit
ha1 20°elect
ri
can gl
egapisi
nstall
edo ntherot
or
shaf
t,rot
ati
ngwi thther oto
ro ftheS R
M.P h
otot
ransis
torso ft hesamenumbe rast hemo t
or
ph
ases(thre
ep hasesint hefi
gure)arefix
edo nthes t
ator.Wh enthegapisalignedwiththe
ph
o t
otr
ansi
storP T1,thep hotot
rans
ist
orwi l
lge ner
atea c urr
entdue tot hel i
ght
,wh il
e
ph
o t
otr
ansi
storPT2an dP T
3h aveonl
yav erysmalll
eakagec ur r
entsbec
aus
eth elighti
sblo
cked
bytherevol
vings hut
ter.I
nt hi
scase
,thestatorphaseassociatewi t
hPT1s
houldbet ur
nedo n
.
Si
mil
arsit
uati
onwi l
loccurwhenthegapofrevol
vin
gs hutt
erisal i
gnedwit
hPT2o rPT 3
.

Hal
lPo
sit
ionS
ens
ors

Thefunct
ionofaHallsen
sorisbasedonthephysi
calpr
inc
ip
leo ft
heHallef
fec
tnamedaf t
erit
s
di
sco
v er
erE .H.Hal
l:I
tme an
st hatav ol
tageisge n
erate
dt rans
vers
elytothecurr
entf l
ow
di
rec
tioni
nane le
ctr
icc
onduct
or(theHal
lvol
tage)
,ifamagn et
icfi
el
disapp
li
edper
pen
dic
ularl
yto
th
eco n
ductor.

F
ig.
15Hal
lpo
sit
ions
ens
or

Atypicalstr
uctureofHal
lposi
ti
ons e
nsorfo
rthreephasemo t
orisi
l
lus
trate
di nF
ig.
15.I
tismadeup
ofth r
e eHallcompo
n e
ntsandar ot
ati
ngplat
ewi t
hp ermanentmagnetfi
xedo nt
h erotorshaft
.
Si
milart othegapo fthephoto
transi
st
o rs
enso
rs,thepe r
manentmagnetont h
ero t
ati
ngp l
ateis
i
nstall
eds ui
tablysothattheoutputoftheHal
lcomp o
ne nt
scanindi
catethepr
operrot
o rpo
siti
on
f
ort hep has
ecurrentcon
tro
l.
7.C
o ntrolofSRM
Gi
ve nthein
ductanc
eprofi
l
es h
owninFi
g.16,f
ormoto
rin
go per
ati
on,t
heph
asewi
ndin
gsareexc
it
ed
att heo n
se to
fi n
cre
asinginduc
tanc
e .Thetor
quep r
oducedino neph
asef
o rmoto
rin
gan d
re
ge nerat
ionisalsos h
owni nF i
g.
14
.Anav er
aget orquewillre
sul
tduetot hecombi
ned
i
nstantaneousv
aluesoftor
quepul
sesofall
machi
nephases(F
ig.
17
).

F
ig.
16Mo
tor
ingan
dre
gen
erat
ionac
ti
onso
fth
eSR
M

F
ig.
17Av
eraget
orqueo
fth
ree
-ph
aseS
RM

FromF i
g.
16,itcanbes eent hatt heav eraget orqueisc on t
roll
edbyadj usti
ngt he
magn i
tudeo fwi ndi
ngcurrentIporbyv aryingt hedwe l
langle d.Toe nsureinst
an t
aneoustorque
product
ioni tise sse
nti
althatt hede s
ire
dc urrentcomeo natt hei
n s
tan tofincreasi
nginductance.
Fromap racti
c alpoi
ntofview, t
hec urrentc annotin
stantaneousl
yr i
seo rfalli
nanR -Lci
rcui
t.Thi
s
necess
itatesadv ancedappl
icati
ono fv ol
tagef o
rs t
artingthecurr
e ntan dadv ancedc o
mmut ati
on
tobrin
gt hec urrenttozer
obe for
ean egat i
ves l
opi
ngi n
ductanceprofi
leisencoun t
ered.Hence,t
he
actualcur r
en twav efor
msar eli
kel
yt obeass howninF i
g.1
8.Thev ol
tageisap pl
i
e dinadvan ceby
aa ndt hec ur r
entturn
-offisini
ti
at edinadv anceby co.No tethat aan d coar edependenton
themagn i
tudeo fthepeakwi ndi
ngc urrenti pandther oto
rs p
eed.Fig.
19s howsth etypi
calcurre
nt
wav ef
or msf orv ari
ousadv ancedan gle
san ddwe ll
an gl
es.
 F
ig.
18C
urr
entc
ont
rol
ofS
RMdr
ive

Wi
thasui
tablecurre
ntcontr
ol,
thet or
que/sp
eedchar
acte
r i
st
ic
sc anbeobtai
nedass
hown
i
nFig.
20.I
nthesp
eedr angefro
m0t o b, wh ereist
hebasesp
eedo rtherat
edspeedatwhi
cht
he
i
nducedemfbal
anceswiththeter
minalvo
ltage,th
eproduc
edtorquecanbec o
nstant
.

F
ig.
19T
ypi
cal
cur
ren
twav
efo
rmsatdi
ff
ere
nts
pee
dsan
dadv
anc
ean
gle
s
 F
ig.
20T
orque
/sp
eedc
har
act
eri
st
ic
sofS
RM

Wh e
nthes
peedi
sintherangefrom bt o d,t
heproducedaver
aget
orquedecre
ase
sb ut
t
heout
putp
owerT cankee
pc o
n s
tantbyinc
reasi
ngthedwellan
gle d.
Whentheope
rati
onspe
e d
2
i
sov
er d,eve
npowe
rcannotbemaintai
nedcons
tant
.I
nt h
iscase
,T c anbeco
n s
tantbyke
epi
n g
t
hemaxi
mum d.