Vinnytsia State M.

Kotsyubynskyi Pedagogical University

English Philology Department

Course paper

in English Language Theory

Telescopy / abbreviations as a productive way of word formation in modern English

media discourse based on newspapers

presented by the student of the 4th Year of

studying,
Course: 6.020303. Philology. English Language and
Literature
Ann Vdovychenko
Academic advisor:
Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate
Professor of English Philology, Faculty of Foreign
Languages
Antonina Mosiichuk
Grade_________

Examination board _______________

_______________
_______________

Vinnytsia 2022
 Contents

INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 1.............................................................................................................................................................4
THE SOCIOLINGUISTIC ASPECT OF THE STUDY OF TELESCOPIC AND ABBREVIATED UNITS AND THE SPECIFICS OF
THEIR FUNCTIONING IN ENGLISH-LANGUAGE MEDIA TEXTS................................................................................4
1.1. The concept of "telescopy" in linguistic and sociolinguistic studies...........................................................4
1.2. Telescopy as the newest way of word formation, models of formation.....................................................7
telescopic units..................................................................................................................................................7
1.3. Definition of the term "abbreviation" and its role in English media discourse...........................................9
1. 4. The concept of "media discourse" in linguistics.......................................................................................12
CONCLUSION TO CHAPTER 1...........................................................................................................................16
CHAPTER 2...........................................................................................................................................................18
PECULIARITIES OF ABBREVIATION AND TELESCOPY USAGE IN THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING ONLINE SPACE............18
2.1. The use of English abbreviations in the Internet space and mobile text messages and their linguistic
features...........................................................................................................................................................18
2.2 Features of abbreviation/telescopy usage in English internet communication (on the example of the
microblog Twitter)...........................................................................................................................................23
2.3 Analysis and Decoding of Abbreviations on the Example of Internet Communication..............................24
2. 4. The use of telescopisms by the example of newspaper articles..............................................................27
CONCLUSION TO CHAPTER 2...............................................................................................................................28
CONCLUSIONS.....................................................................................................................................................29
LIST OF REFERENCES ...........................................................................................................................................31

2
 INTRODUCTION
Modern media discourse is undergoing significant changes due to the rapid
development of information technology, the expansion of the World Wide Web, and
world globalization in general. Telescoping and abbreviation are methods of word
formation that are responsible for the formation of the largest share of neologisms.
Since this linguistic phenomenon is quite new, but at the same time it shows increasing
efficiency and, as a consequence, is becoming more and more popular in philology,
these factors determine the relevance of the research of various mechanisms of
formation of telescopic units, the study of their semantic features, and the establishment
of the spheres of their functioning. The object of the research is telescopic and
abbreviated units in the English-language media.
The subject of the research is sociolinguistic and pragmatic peculiarities of
reproduction of telescopic units and abbreviations in English-language texts.
The aim of the work is to substantiate the peculiarities of formation and
functioning of abbreviated and telescopic units available in English-language media.
Achievement of the set goal implies the solution of the following tasks:
1) To investigate the theoretical aspects of the concept of telescopy and
abbreviations, to reveal different scientific approaches to the definition of by domestic
and foreign linguists.
2) To characterize the structural-semantic and functional features of telescopic
and abbreviations.

3
 3) To describe the models of the formation of telescopic and abbreviated units
and ways of word formation with their help, to reveal their pragmatic potential in
English-language media texts.
4) Analyze the specifics and methods of translation of British telescopic units in
media resources
The practical significance of the results is that the materials and results of the
study can be used in the development of theoretical and practical courses in in higher
educational institutions.
The material of the study is 1019 telescopic and abbreviated units, obtained
through a continuous sampling from 50 sources, in particular media texts of the
English-language editions of The New York Times, CNN, BBC News, GlobalNews and
popular social networks and their Ukrainian counterparts.

CHAPTER 1.

THE SOCIOLINGUISTIC ASPECT OF THE STUDY OF TELESCOPIC

AND ABBREVIATED UNITS AND THE SPECIFICS OF THEIR
FUNCTIONING IN ENGLISH-LANGUAGE MEDIA TEXTS

1.1. The concept of "telescopy" in linguistic and sociolinguistic studies

Language is constantly changing, and its development manifests itself primarily
in the enrichment of its vocabulary, which, in turn, is also constantly transforming. The
word as a structurally integral unit belongs to the language, each time realizing its own
structure and word formation is one of the main methods of neologisms formation, as it
serves to create a sign structure, which helps to express the meaning of the word
[3, p. 27].

The reason for the formation of such neologisms is the so-called feature of
craving for compression, the economy of means of language and evaluative character of
statements. Extra-linguistic factors, the desire of the communicator to express thoughts
4
brightly and vividly contribute to the emergence of such a new concept in linguistics as
telescopy. In English today, the use of telescopic units is dictated by a specific
discourse. It is a complex process in terms of formal and functional organization, so it is
one of the controversial and simultaneously understudied phenomena that cause
undoubted interest in linguistics [6, p. 57].

Telescopy is understood as a method of formation of linguistic units when a new

word is formed as a result of the fusion of the full base of one produced word with the
reduced form of the second, or the fusion of two reduced bases of the original words.

The semantic component of the new word completely or partially "absorbs" the
meaning of its constituent elements. In the scientific literature, this means of word-
formation has acquired various definitions, such as "fusion", "recovery",
"hybridization", "contamination" [18, p. 69]. According to A. Bortnichuk, the concept
of "telescopy" emerged to denote this method of word formation due to the fact that the
process of word-formation resembles the process of assembling telescope tubes.

In English-speaking linguistics, this process of word formation is referred to as

blending, and linguistic units created by blending are called blends, blendings, fusions.
Since the late 19th century, the term preferred in Great Britain has been "portmanteau
word," introduced by L. Carroll. In the U.S., the most common term is "blend," which
was first used in 1883 and denoted the result of telescoping, namely, "a word obtained
by combining other words or parts of words" or "a hybrid word formed by contracting
two bases."

Domestic linguists such as G. Babich, V. Katermina used the term "blends". Е.

Dubenets uses "complexly abbreviated words", A. Akhmanova uses the term "words-
amalgams" [1, p. 81].

Т. Astafurova, O. Sukhorukova interpret telescopy as "an independent way of

word formation in English, representing the merger of two or more truncated (splinter)
bases or words, as well as the fusion of a full word/base with a truncated (splinter), as a

5
result of which a new word is formed - a telescopic unit, fully or partially combining the
values of all its constituent structural components" [2, p. 92-113].

The most precise definition of telescopy is offered, in our opinion, by A.

Sheveleva: "Word-telescopy is the formation of a nominative modeled unit from two
words with "cutting" at least one of them in the place of connection, with possible
overlapping and insertion of morphemes, and also with preservation of the accent
structure of one of the source words, taken as a morphological model" [11, p. 97-115].

It is necessary to enumerate the naming of telescopic units by domestic scientists

once again. I. Galperin uses the name "words-amalgams" or "words-hybrids", I.
Berman, K. Barantsev, A. Sokolenko, N. Shansky - "contractions", "words-
portmanteau" , "recovery", "amalgamation", "suitcase words", M. Oleksenko, A.
Muradyan - "word-castles", , R. Kiseleva, M. Shansky - "complexly abbreviated
words", V. Leychik, L. Omelchenko, T. Timoshenko - "telescopic words", N. Yanko-
Trinitskaya - "inter-word overlaps", В. Vinogradova - "contaminations", V. Zabotkina -
"slit words", K. Egorova - "word-merger" [8, p. 54].

Telescopisms, which first appeared in English-language literature, showed that

the authors perceived modern social life with humor. The first blends are found, for
example, in the works of W. Shakespeare (triumph + triumvirate > trimpherate), E.
Spenser (wrinkle + frizzle > wrizzled - "with deep (wrinkle) [13, p. 63].

According to A. Bortnichuk, in the twentieth century, blends began to arise.

blends began to emerge as a result of the word-formation process in the twentieth
century and began to have a more tangible effect on the enrichment of the English
vocabulary [10, c. 126]. Numerous telescopisms, which appeared in the first half of the
20th century, entered the vocabulary of literary English. For example, motel (motel) <
motorists + hotel; smog < smoke + fog (fog) [15, c. 114].

So, as we can understand from the above, the concept of telescopyis quite new in
linguistics, and that is why there is no single common definition and interpretation of
this concept among scholars, as well as an exact date since telescopy began to be

6
regarded precisely as a word-formation process in the language as a whole, and not only
as a way of creating authorial neologisms. Therefore, this linguistic phenomenon is of
undoubted interest for further study.

1.2. Telescopy as the newest way of word formation, models of formation

telescopic units.
In modern English this method of formation of new words is actively used to
create:

1) scientific and technical terminology (robodoc < robot + doctor - "robot for
microsurgical operations")

2) colloquial and slang lexical units (Mathelete <Mathematics + athlete -

"participant of Olympiads and competitions in mathematics"). So, after describing the
history of the formation of telescopy as a method of creating new words, we can
conclude that it overcame a difficult way from the role of author's playwords, pun words
to one of the productive means of neologisms formation in modern English [14, p. 85].

The main difference between contamination and word formation is that its
original consists in the recovery of bases that have partially or completely lost their
integrity. "Particles" of lexemes participating in the creation of blends, as a rule,
"absorb" the semantics of their free prototypes. The semantics of a blend is formed
thanks to universality, i.e. "imposition of meanings" of its components" [1, p. 178], and,
as a consequence, can equal the sum of meanings of components, for example, framily
< friends + family - "friends feeling like the only family".

As was said earlier, the process of the emergence of the neologism-telescopism

usually involves the universalization of the meanings of the produced lexemes, from the
fragments of which this new word was formed. For example, advergame <advertisment
+ game - "a computer game containing advertising messages". [12, c. 36].

Therefore, we can summarize that a concept of any complexity can be expressed

within a single word with the help of telescoping.

7
 In modern English there are different types of telescopiclinguistic units. As a
result of the study of the ways in which derivative telescopisms can be distinguished by
a number of models ….. To begin with, compound abbreviations can be formed through
the addition of the initial parts of word combinations, i.e. on model "ab+cd=ac", for
example, sci-fi < science fiction (science fiction) [9, p. 36].

However, scientists have come to a general consensus that in the last decade of
thiscentury the most productive model of blend formation was "ab+cd=ad" (fusion of
the initial "fragment" (apokopa) of one word with the final "fragment") (apheresis) of
another, e.g.: Denglish < Deutch + English - "a hybrid of English and German." [6, с.
59-66].

Another effective model of the formation of telescopic lexemes is ab + cd = abd"

- the fusion of the full form of the first word with the final "chip" (apheresis) The
second word, for example: deskfast < desk + breakfast - "breakfast at the workplace."
[6, с. 59-66].

Further, the following productive model "ab+cd=acd" should be distinguished -

the fusion "front" part of the first word with the full base of the second word, for
example: advergame < advertisement + game - "a computer game containing a lot of
advertising". [7, с. 49].

Dictionaries also prove that there are several lexical innovations, created by the
method of combining apheresis of two words, according to the model "ab + cd = bd"
model, considered unproductive in previous years: netizen (internet user Internet) <
Internet + citizen [9, с. 59-66].

8
 1.3. Definition of the term "abbreviation" and its role in English media
discourse
Many abbreviations are firmly rooted in our language. Sometimes we pronounce
certain words without even knowing that they are acronyms, that is, these
abbreviations have become independent words in our language.
An abbreviation (from "abbrevia" - abbreviated) is a compound word composed
of of the first few letters or other parts of a word contained in a name or concept, which
is used in spoken and written language. Abbreviations can ensure, that most information
is conveyed with the least amount of linguistic means, that is, to increase the
effectiveness of speech communication [21, p. 85]. Abbreviations - are abbreviations of
spelling that are spelled out. For example,
 BTW-by the way (by the way)
 TIA - thanks in advance (thank you in advance) [21].
Abbreviation is a combination of capital letters [21, P. 48].

9
 The existence of abbreviations is one of the typical typological characteristics
Internet texts. Abbreviation is a way to preserve language and compress information at
the lexical level. For example,
 USA-United States of America)
 WWW - World Wide Web
Spelling rules can predict exactly where and how a dictionary unit and how the
original abbreviation is pronounced. The source of an abbreviation is a combination of
words denoting objects and phenomena. In order for a phrase to be transformed into an
abbreviation, it must meet the following requirements:
1) have a single meaning;
2) have a sufficient frequency of use;
3) have social significance and communicative orientation.
Researchers believe that the main condition is that the abbreviations of specialists
in specific industries are clear. This ensures the power of its elements. Any element of
the abbreviation must be a positive response to the original phrase [22, с. 49].
So far in modern linguistics there is no unified view on the classification of
abbreviations. M. Belozerov refers abbreviations to abbreviations: CAT - computer-
aided testing, and compound abbreviations: V-day - Victory day [21, p. 10].
In recent times, English is an addition to a new generation of once-in-a-lifetime
abbreviations . This abbreviation is associated with the emergence of a common form of
communication (SMS language). The emergence of the short form of SMS was
facilitated by the widespread use of high technology (e.g. cell phones and various
Internet chat rooms).
Over the past five years, short message service (SMS), an auxiliary service to the
basic voice service, has evolved into a popular tool communications tool. For many, the
ability to send short messages is better than calling. With text messaging, they can meet,
plead guilty, and even save lives. The emergence of text messaging contests in the
media proves the growing popularity of text messaging language.
In the United Kingdom, linguists at Oxford University have published a book on
the art of abbreviations, including a dictionary used to write text messages in the Oxford
10
Short Dictionary; Genie published the world's first dictionary of the most commonly
used SMS abbreviations, the FBI believes that learning through SMS is a nationwide
challenge.
The telegrapher was the first to start skipping vowels in words when sending
messages. After all, they are limited to filing morphemes, introducing "dot," "whom,"
"JK," "LPC," and "okb" in writing. Nowadays, this method of abbreviation in verbosity
is called "loud speed" and has developed a special terminology:
 msg - message
 pls - please
 adds - address
 gds - goods
 acct - account
 exx - examples
 exps - expenses
 rwy - railway
 mdnt - midnight
 bldg - building
 bkg - banking
 blvd - boulevard
 script - scripture [21]
In addition, this idea was continued in Morse code, where the radio operator used
the original syllable instead of the full word. In modern English, the word formation has
several options:
to reduce the number of elements in the form of truncation:
 vac – vacation
 hols – holidays
 dino – dinosaurus
 armo – armoured
 grad – graduate
 techno – technology
11
  doc – doctor
 demo-demonstration
 crim-criminal
 ad-advertisement
composition of a source word:
 telephone-phone
 defence-fence
at the beginning and at the end of the word:
 flu – influenza
 fridge - refrigerator [21]
Abbreviations of the weekend phrase began to spread during World War II via
telegrams from the hometowns of American and British soldiers:
SWALK (Sealed With A Loving Kiss) and TTFN (Ta Ta For Now (Bye Bye).
This is how Marina Yurievna Sidorova describes the main characteristics of
visualization SMS-shortness, immediacy, and the private (not public) nature of the
content, it strongly depends on how the information is transmitted - mobile telephones
allow you to send only a small number of messages and have a limited set of keys
(sometimes containing only Latin letters), each key consists of not one, but several
letters.

1. 4. The concept of "media discourse" in linguistics.

Studying the history of the development of the concept of "discourse," it

should be noted that at first the word "discours" in French linguistics meant language in
general text. In the middle of the 20th century, E. Benveniste, working on the theory of
expression, finds this The concept has a linguistic use and was one of the first to
consistently give it Terminology, defining discourse as "speech appropriated by the
speaker , as opposed to narrative, which unfolds without the explicit intervention of the
subject utterance" [18, p. 296].

12
 The notion of mass media discourse was established in scientific research
practice thanks to the works of T.G. Dobrosklonskaya, in whose opinion it is "a
message in conjunction with all the other components of communication (sender,
receiver of the message, channel, feedback, communication situation or context)"
[19, с. 22]. In order to comprehend the specifics of mass media discourse it is necessary
to have in mind that the peculiarity of modern mass media providing the process of
interaction of all social subjects and the process of social self-knowledge, the obligation
of which "is constantly in the present, in the point where the action takes place at this
particular moment in time" [19, p. 123], where reality is converted into a social fact, on
the other hand, the increasing need for projectivity, the essence of which is that the mass
media in relation to all aspects human existence" [19, p. 46].
The mass media provide the process of mass communication and implement
their worldview resource, aimed at "cognitive processing of society and the individual
in order to form a special picture of the world" [17, p. 79]. The discourse of the mass
media is sensitive to the ontext of the actual social being indicated by the social fact, as
well as in the context of actual ideology. It is directly aimed at the public consciousness
and the formation of actual public opinion.
Mass-media discourse is characterized by its specific, mass character in
relation to the audience. "The masculine word is oriented toward evaluative nomination
as a struggle for basic values and metaphor as "the basic mental operation, as a way of
knowing, structuring and explaining the world" [17, p. 105-106], it reflects both
personal and social meaningful human attitude to reality.
The concept of "mass-media discourse" refers to the problem field of mass
communication as a process of information exchange between all subjects of society,
aimed at the formation of public opinion regarding a socially significant fragment of
social being.
The recipient of a mass media message is a wide audience - the mass, in the
space of signs is relatively heterogeneous, dispersed, so the mass media text should be
understood by the mass (average) consumer [20]. The media is a communicative and
cognitive phenomenon demanded by society in order to ensure the process of its
13
"gathering", self-knowledge and formation of public opinion, i.e. judgment about
reality.
The media style, which includes in particular newspaper news texts, is a kind
of newspaper and journalistic style, which is characterized by the consistency of the
story, a clear presentation of facts and events, expanded statement, often the presence of
terminology from certain areas (political, economic, etc.), distribution into logical
segments. These characteristics bring this style closer to the scientific style. On the
other hand, this style is characterized by the use of emotionally expressive, evaluative
means, there is an image of the author expressing his personal opinion about a certain
situation or problem (which expressing personal pronouns, expressing his point of
view), bringing this style closer to the style of fiction prose and journalism.
The main function of the newspaper style is to report certain information that
may be of interest to the recipient. Coverage of information from different industries
leads to the need for the use of different terms: political, if we are talking about political
events, economic, if economic analysis is given, etc.
The peculiarity of the addressee of media discourse lies in its involvement into
pragmatic situation and, as a rule, requires a direct reaction to the speech act. In media-
space discourses, the addressee's intentions are perceived by the addressee as his own.
Media space is the environment in which media discourse exists in the
broadest sense. The varieties of media discourse differ according to the channels of
communication and information used and are realized using different linguistic tools
and strategies. The types of discourse displayed in the media acquire certain pragmatic,
stylistic, functional features, so we can distinguish the following types of media
discourse:
- political media discourse;
- economic media discourse;
- scientific media discourse;
- sports media discourse;
- educational media discourse and others.

14
 We believe that highlighting the discursive features of the news text instead of
genre-forming ones will make it possible to "correctly and operationally "introduce"
them into the system of genres of mass and public communications" [16, с. 29].
The first characteristic is hypertextuality. The main peculiarity of hypertext is
that it creates a system of links between separate documents with the help of embedded
hyperlinks. However, this concept is not is not limited to the Internet, because hypertext
as a connection of textual elements as a whole existed before it came into existence.
Many linguists consider hypertextuality to be an inherent feature of any text, since
explicitly or implicitly within the text are references, semantic correlations and intra-
textual, and often inter-textual, relationships. Hypertext links to different sources give
the former a unique opportunity to improve the quality of information, namely its
completeness and reliability, and the latter to use alternative sources and independently
participate in the interpretation of facts and draw their own conclusions. Hypertext is an
opportunity to expand the context of each specific content element, this is what allows
the reader to better understand the meaning of what is happening helps to navigate in
the flow of information[3]. At the same time, hypertext can unlimitedly expand the
thematic field through links to publications on the proposed or related topics.
The second discursive characteristic is intertextuality. Intertextuality refers to
the general property of texts expressed through the presence of links between them,
through which texts (or their parts) can refer to each other in different ways explicitly or
implicitly.
The third discursive characteristic is crealizability. The very nature of the
content of contemporary news consists in combining two non-homogeneous parts: the
verbal and nonverbal. Crealization becomes an important tool of communication -
attracting and content of the addressee's attention.

15
CONCLUSION TO CHAPTER 1

Today, media discourse is considered one of the most important and relevant
practical effective means of communicative action, since much knowledge about reality
comes to modern man indirectly through the media.
So, as we can understand from the above, the concept of telescopia is quite new
in linguistics, and that is why there is no single common definition and interpretation of
this concept among scholars, as well as an exact date since telescopia began to be
regarded precisely as a word-formation process in the language as a whole, and not only
as a way of creating authorial neologisms. Therefore, this linguistic phenomenon is of
undoubted interest for further study.

16
 When translating constructions with abbreviations, it is necessary to identify the
area of use of the abbreviation. The best method is to consult a reference book or
dictionary or consult an expert. However, keep in mind that context plays a crucial role
in deciphering, interpreting, or translation of any abbreviation. Abbreviation poses
many problems from the point of view of the theory of word formation, as a large
number of studies consider abbreviation as one of the ways of word formation, while
others deny it.
Media discourse is considered a reality created by the media, which mediates the
production, storage and dissemination of socially relevant information. Media discourse
is also interpreted as a hierarchically organized,
multilevel set of texts, in which texts of less structural and semantic volume are
included in larger textual units (texts of the press, radio, television, Internet).

17
CHAPTER 2

PECULIARITIES OF ABBREVIATION AND TELESCOPY USAGE IN THE

ENGLISH-SPEAKING ONLINE SPACE

2.1. The use of English abbreviations in the Internet space and mobile text
messages and their linguistic features

People have entered the modern era of high technology and have huge
opportunities for communication. Although, on the one hand, the desire to speed up the
pace and improve the quality of life encourages people to save as much money, energy
and time and therefore incline them to oral communication, and on the other hand,
communication develops new methods and programs. SMS messaging is a rather new
type of written communication: SMS (Short Message Service service)).
Here are some examples of abbreviations for SMS English:
 100S (Hundreds)
 1DAY (One day)
 2DAY (Today)
 AFAIK (As far as I know)
 AMBW (All my best wishes)
 ATM (At the moment)
 BTW (By the way)
 CM (Call me)
 CYL8R (See you later)
 DK (Do not know)
 DGT (Do not go there)
 F2F (Face to face)
 G2SY (Glad to see you )
 GB (Goodbye)
 GM (Good morning)
 H2CUS (Hope to see you soon)

18
  HBTU! (Happy birthday to you!)
 HRU? (How are you?
 MC! (Merry Christmas!)
 NC (No comment)
 NP (No problem)
 O4U (Only for you)
 YW (You're welcome) [18].
Scientists believe that SMS messages are a means of informal communication
and do not contribute to the establishment of business contacts. However, the popularity
SMS Argo is so high that it has begun to have a major impact on modern English
language. Increasingly, abbreviations.
Text translations of Shakespeare's works are appearing to appeal to British
students and schoolchildren to help them better absorb classic literature and prepare
more effectively for examinations. The key passages have been selected from works
cited in exams and seminars. In Britain, many are already concerned about the declining
literacy of young people interested in SMS-argos.
The process of word formationis conventionally called colloquial shorthand, the
purpose of which is to shorten the components of individual phonetic formulas in order
to condense them into written form under time of Internet communication [17].
Thus, from a structural point of view, colloquial abbreviations can be fall into the
following categories:
1)acronyms (or colloquial abbreviations) - abbreviations formed by combining
the first letters of the constituent parts of a word to form a new unit, and in most cases
are indivisible. As the analysis shows, the most common commonly used colloquial
abbreviations on forums:
 LOL (Laughing Out Loudly (laughing very hard and loudly))
 IMHO (In My Humble (Honest) Opinion)
 OMG (Oh, my God! (My God!))
2) chaotic-an abbreviated form in which non-algorithmic components, and are not
decisive in the decoding process (there is reception and interpretation). Obviously, the
19
decisiveness and indecisiveness of the graphic component of the initials is determined
by the main creator of such abbreviations, so the order of such colloquial of such
abbreviations is impossible to trace. For example:
 v (very-very)
 pls (please)
 abt (about)
 fren (friend);
3) lexico-phonometatichni - abbreviations, formed by replacing components or
whole words with letters and digits, and its lexical form has the same (or close to them)
phonetic characteristics of the replaced components, such as:
 S U (see you)
 b4 (before)
 2morro (tomorrow)
Е. Korotkikh believes that the most numerical constructions of this abbreviation
are such numbers as: 2, 4 и 8. Only in the context of phonetic abbreviations of certain
words can be distinguished from numbers or letters.
For a limited number of text messages
people try to write SMS in a short and accessible way to allow the recipient of the
message to understand the text [20].
However, note that SMS messages are emotional in nature, in which the author
can emphasize the emotional nature of the message (repetition of large letters, emoji or
punctuation marks).
Anna Albertovna Ionina provided the following categories of learning via SMS:
1)replace a whole word with a letter or a number, for example: be - b (to be); for -
4 (four);
2)replace a part of a word with a letter or a number, for example: before - b4
(2) Replace part of the word with a letter or a number, for example: before - b4;
today - 2day; wait - w8;
3) Change the meaning of characters, for example: ss -$; oo - %;

20
 4) reduce the number of letters and punctuation marks in the following situations:
vowels are excluded and the meaning of the word is defined, a sequence of consonants,
e.g: between - btw; message - msg, text - txt;
5) Use the abbreviation "/": homework - h / w; use transcription, language, or
dialect variants (if available). For example, they are shorter than of the original words
instead of you-u [13].
Due to the growing popularity of SMS speech, short text messages began to form
a separate primitive layer of English vocabulary. The new method of forming
morphological new nouns not only has economy of graphic means, but also has the
characteristics of numerically replacing of each component of the original word [13].
This can be seen in the work of a 13-year-old student from Scotland on "How do
I spend my summer?" She wrote this text in SMS language:" My smmr hols wr CWOT.
B4 we usd 2go2 NY 2C my bro, his GF & thr 3 kds FTF. ILNY it's a gr8 plc."
Translated into Shakespeare, the text would read, "My summer holidays were a
complete waste of time. Before, we used to go to New York to see my brother, his
girlfriend and their three kids face to face. I love New York, it's a great place. " In this
example you can not only see the familiar abbreviations (smmr, hols, CWOT, NY), but
also those models that are not part of the model we are considering: 2go2, 2C, gr8. The
Internet has a list of the most common abbreviations based on this principle, and this list
is constantly updated. Let's take a look at the influence of the language SMS and its use
in various areas of human life [7].
Several years ago, at the beginning of the development of SMS, it was suggested
that SMS language could become the language of business communication, for
business. In this sphere, we see a large number of abbreviations:
1)abbreviations are accepted in official documents
 abt – about
 dols – dollars
 exps – expenses
 FX - foreign exchange
 Ltd - limited, etc
21
 2) abbreviations used in business correspondence:
st – street
sq - square, etc
3) abbreviations in company name:
 J & S (Journey and Study)
4)abbreviations used in advertising to promote shopping;
5) commonly used abbreviations used in documents, etc [21].
However, according to recent data, although SMS is used to communicate
employees about layoffs in some European companies, SMS have not yet caught on in
the business sector. Experts believe that SMS language is a means of informal
communication and will not contribute to the successful establishment of business
contacts (for example, it is forbidden to use it for official invitations).
The popularity of abbreviations in SMS is so high that they have begun to
seriously influence on the modern English language. More and more everyday speech is
being replaced by abbreviations and conventional language. Increasingly, the works of
Shakespeare are being translated into text messages to the attention of British students
and schoolchildren, to help them better understand classical literature and prepare them
for examinations. The key passages were selected from works cited in exams and
seminars. This is what Hamlet's famous monologue "To be or not to be? That is the
question," translated into text:
"2 b? Ntb? =?"
"To be or not to be? That is a question."
The author of such an experiment believes that when translating literary English
works into the language of text messages under the sign of the famous popular phrase
"brevity is the sister of talent" you can highlight the most important plot elements. This
is what a rather classic English "Romeo and Juliet" looks like, condensed according to
the rules of writing SMS messages into dozens of lines:
"FeudTween2hses - Montague & Capulet. RomeoM falls_ <3w / _JulietC @
mary Secretly Bt R kills J \ 's Coz & isbanishd. J faces Death. As Part of Plan2b-w / R
Bt_leter Bt ItNvr Reachs him. Evry1confuzd - bothLuvrs kilselves."
22
 Not abbreviated, it would look like "Feud between two houses - Montague and
Capulet. Romeo Montague falls in love with Juliet Capuletti and they married secretly,
but Romeo kills Juliet's cousin and he is banished. Juliet faces Death. As a part of the
plan she wants to be with Romeo, but the letter never reaches him. Everything is
confused and both lovers kill themselves" [31].

23
24
2.2 Features of abbreviation/telescopy usage in English internet communication
(on the example of the microblog Twitter)
Let us focus on the linguistic function of the most representative Internet object
(Twitter Weibo) at the level of vocabulary and syntax. First, let's talk about vocabulary.
Twitter stores a large number of "strange" words, and it is difficult to find the meaning
of these words in modern vocabulary. So, what methods of word construction do
Twitter members use? [22] One method of word formation on Twitter is telescopy.
For example:
 fantabulous < fantastic + fabulous – beautiful
 gritch < grouchy female
 grouch + witch - hag (about a woman)
According to A. Obukhova, the most frequently used word is twitter. She gave a large
number of examples:
 twaf ic (Twitter + traf ic)
 twoops (twitter + oops)
 twype (twitter + type)
 pwrty (party + Twitter)
 twerk (Twitter + work)
 twart (Twitter + Art,) [20, p. 121]
The language of Twitter is also characterized by the use of short language forms
(abbreviations), which usually can be understood only by communicators themselves.
For example: "nsta is like Bbm pin city tonight" or "My ol lady can not hang round no
hoes".
On Twitter, acronyms are common and have been used in deciphering obscene
content for a period of time. In short, it has been somewhat forgotten, lost its obscenity,
and became merely indicative of an informal style of communication. In its abbreviated
form on Twitter, the acronym usually also means:
1) opinion: AFAIK-as far as I Know, IMHO-in my humble/ honest opinion;
2)emotion or evaluation: HHOK-ha-ha only kidding, LOL-laughing out loud;
3)greeting or farewell: BB- be back / bye-bye, HAND- have a nice

25
 day [22].
At the same time there are popular abbreviations of words on Twitter, sometimes
using whole word combinations with one letter, for example: "Live ya dreams" or
"Read my interview w Tom Ridge." Obviously, the word-formation process on Twitter
follows the rules of the English word system. It turns out that the very productive and
most common word formation techniques are: prefixes, suffixes, word fusion, backward
word formation, and abbreviation. The tendency to use known word formations in
language is logical and natural. People who speak any language seek to understand each
other so that those who listen and those who speak can easily understand them.

2.3 Analysis and Decoding of Abbreviations on the Example of Internet

Communication

Communication on the Internet has become an objective speech reality because it

is the most extensive form of virtual communication in the world. With its help, it is
possible to to abandon the normative basis of the genre, its patterns, rules and spelling.

26
The famous British linguist D. Crystal pointed out that if the emergence of the Internet
can be called a revolution, it must be a linguistic revolution [27, c.24].
An electronic English language called Weblish (Internet + English). This type of
modern Internet communication, is represented by linguistic vocabulary, has the
following linguistic characteristics:
1) lack of understanding of the rules of spelling and grammar, the use of capital
letters,
violation of punctuation rules, use of abbreviations, acronyms and emoticons;
2) constantly adding new expressions created by Internet users, proving that the
development of Weblish vocabulary does not depend on the system of general
linguistics.
One common method of creating Internet words is to combine two individual
words into a compound word. Some compound words are repeated and used repeatedly.
For example, the word "mouse" can be seen in forms of the compound lexemes "mouse
click", "mouse pad", "mouseover", etc..
In addition, in Internet communication is very often used slang lexicon:
 room - all in chat
 kookie - cool (cool)
 google - to google (to google, look something up on the Internet)
 to cam chat - to chat online with camera chatting with a camera) [24]
The most striking feature of the language of the Internet is the extensive use of
various acronyms. The Internet community has inevitably turned to the abbreviation of
the language communication, the main reason being that the flow of information is so
fast that it is inappropriate and wasteful to respond to it with properly formatted phrases
and large syntactic structures of choosing the right words.
There is a distinction between acronyms and abbreviations. It is important to note
that every acronym is an acronym, but not every acronym can be an acronym.
Acronyms are abbreviations of words or phrases. Abbreviations are abbreviations
consisting of the first letters of each word in the name, and their pronunciation is similar
to the word [24]. For example:
27
  FYI-for your information
 FAQ-for frequently asked questions
 ATM-for at the moment (at this moment, now)
The lexical unit ASAP in its entirety sounds like "As Soon As Possible," has
semantic meaning "as soon as possible." The abbreviation was first widely used and
written in capital letters. However, due to the fact that it is constantly used outside of
virtual communication, its spelling is similar to common word "asap" and is pronounced
according to the rules of English reading [24].
The letters and numbers of the abbreviation are usually a combination of letters
and numbers:
 BE4 – before
 4GET – forget
 F2F - face to face
In this case, the numbers will replace their sounds with the corresponding words.
One word can be abbreviated to two or three letters:
 PLS - Please
 THX – thanks (thank you)
 PPL-people (people) [24]
It is worth noting that the functions of abbreviations are not limited to words and
phrases, they can constitute a sentence:
 CID-Consider it done
 CIO-Check it out
 GTG-Got to go
 WDYS-What did you say?
 HAND - Have a nice day!
Thus, although the normative literary language seems simplistic, English
vocabulary is certainly enriched by the function of Internet communication. And the
emergence of Internet communication is determined by modern technologies and the
pace of life. The Internet vocabulary subsystem is constantly evolving: it stands out

28
with its speech characteristics, expands its scope of use, forms a new type of method of
Internet communication and affects the speech behavior of the whole society.

2. 4. The use of telescopisms by the example of newspaper articles

Newly created neologisms are not always easy to understand, because they
require the recipient of information to know the meanings of the forming words. For
example, the neologism roliblogger (roliblogger + blogger) - "a politician who
systematically studies Internet magazines" is relatively easy to understand, and to
understand the meaning of telescopisms: rumint (rumour + intelligence) "intelligence
obtained from unreliable sources"; spamalanche (spam + avalanche) - "a huge influx of
commercial information", perviwor (pre-+ survivor) " a person with certain signs of
cancer" [10] - you need to know the forming words from which this neologism is
formed. It is also much easier to understand the meaning of this or that neologism-
telescopism in context. The addressee does not purposely intend to confuse the reader,
but rather to draw even more attention to the information that is covered. Here is an
example from The Guardian (23/12/2006):

"Barclays is refusing to settle with the US Department of Justice over allegations

it deliberately sold mortgage bonds to investors that i knew contained "craptacular
loans"[11]. This sentence uses the neologism crapartacular (crap +spectacular), which
means "entertainment of dubious quality" and is used for greater information richness
and interest of the reader. Usually, telescopisms are used in advertisements, headlines,
and the actual text of articles without translation, so that readers can interpret them for
themselves. In the newspaper The Press Tribune (September 15, 2011), we see the
headline |12] "But the faminazi lawyer ogles men plenary," in which we encounter the
neologism "faminazi" that is used to strengthen the meaning of the word "feminist" and
the use of telescopisms "very feminist attitude" instead, which is not too difficult to
understand. A similar headline in “The Economist (January, 2008) is "Son of

29
Frankenfood?" where "Frankenfood" (genetically modified food) consisting of the
words "Frankenstein" and "food" is telescopism.
There are still a number of examples that contribute to the perception of the text
of newspaper articles by the presence of neologisms-telescopisms in them:
"Televangelist Ermest Angley has long controlled members of his Akron-area
congregation by advising them not to have children [11] televangelist
(television+evangelist) - preacher on television.
While 7.3 million Americans are vegetarian, an additional 22.8 million are
flexitarian - they primarily eat a vegetarian diet, but enjoy meat occasionally [14]).
Flexitarian (vegetarian -fexible) - "a vegetarian who eats meat occasionally.
- I don't know how you feel! [15] three-peat (three + geriatric) - the third victory
in a row.
Doctors even coined the symptom "Nintendinitis" to describe the aches and pains
a player experiences after hours of consistent game play [14].
Nintenditis (Nintendis - tendonitis) is a condition of pain arising from an
excessive amount of time spent playing computer games," where the meaning of the
newly formed term is explained directly in the article.

30
CONCLUSION TO CHAPTER 2
The emergence of the short message format is due to the widespread use of of
high technology (such as cell phones and various Internet chat rooms and social mobile
phones (such as mobile phones and various Internet chat rooms and social networks).
Over the past five years, short message service (SMS) has become a popular means of
communication. The popularity of SMS abbreviations is so high that they have begun to
seriously influence the modern English language.

English has now become the most widely used language on the Internet. Many
abbreviations are inherited from movies. Abbreviations are a way to preserve language
and condense information on a lexical level. Abbreviations are used only for their
intended purpose - greatly expanding vocabulary functionality, and that's their value.

Twitter is more likely to skip the subject than the predicate. The language of
Twitter is grammar. Although there are millions or even billions of facts on Twitter
around the world, it is difficult to say today whether the practice of virtual
communication will lead to the full integration of written and spoken language and a
corresponding change in language proficiency. It is important to note that every
abbreviation is an acronym, but not every acronym can be an abbreviation.

Many neologisms surprise the reader with their novelty. The results of the study
showed a high performance of the process of telescoping in the English-language
media.

CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions can be drawn from the tasks set in the introduction:

1. Abbreviation and telescoping in real life are a tool for word building
and a way to

31
 to save time when communicating in the Internet space. In the age of
globalization.

English is gaining momentum, and English has become the dominant, interethnic

language. In other words, borders have disappeared in the 21st century, and they
do not allow communicate with people of different traditions and languages.

2. We studied Internet and SMS texting and Twitter speech. Also

considered examples of merging words in newspaper articles.

A significant feature of abbreviations in the language of Internet communication

is the abbreviation of frequently used phrases and whole sentences in colloquial speech.
Many abbreviations are characterized not only by their spoken but also by their visual
expression. In many cases this visual representation is achieved by means of numbers.
Scholars explain the use of numbers in the abbreviation process by adopting formulas,
symbols, and numbers to encode words, phrases, and sentences to save time when users

communicate in writing.

For the same purpose, English letters are used to decode individual words,
phrases or whole sentences: CU - See you; CUL - See you later; IKWUM - I know what
you mean; OIC - Oh, I see; U - You; Y - Why. Some abbreviations can have several
meanings, and these meanings usually have opposite or are not relevant at all. For
example: BBS - Be Back Soon / Bulletin Board System.

3. The study analyzed the concept of abbreviation and telescopy and

indicated their classification. The language of network communication can
confirm the fact that they mostly have the characteristics of the traditional
English model of word formation.

Thus, we can conclude that everyday speech is supplemented with newer and
newer abbreviations with different structure and semantics, so in the future, scientists
should study a large number of unstudied abbreviations. Obviously, with the advent of
32
the Internet, it has become possible to create new tools and environments served by
language, and they have also led to the emergence of a new problem domain of
knowledge, Internet linguistics.

LIST OF REFERENCES
2. Алымова Т. В., Михайлова Е. В. Функционирование телескопных единиц ванглийском языке // Нова
філологія. 2009. №34. – С. 150 – 153.

3. Бабич О. А., Джурило А. П. Підходи до розуміння телескопії як новітнього способу словотворення //

Проблеми лівгвістичної семантики: Збірник матеріалів Міжнародної науково-практичної інтернет-
конференції (23 листопада 2017 р.). Рівне: РДГУ, 2017. – С. 126 – 129.

5. Бортничук Е. Н., Василенко И. В., Пастушенко Л. П. Словообразование в современном английском

языке. К.: Вища шк., 1988. – 262 с.

6. Галишин І. М. Телескопія як один із новітніх способів словотвору в англійській мові. Науковий вісник
Волинського національного університету імені Лесі Українки. 2011. №3 (ч.2). – С. 82 – 86.

7. Голець В.А. Неологізми в сучасній англомовній молодіжній пресі (1990 -2014 рр.): Автореф. дис... канд.
філолог.наук. – П’ятигорськ, 2015. - с.28.

6. Дудник С. И. Образование. Коммуникация. Ценности. (Проблемы, дискуссии, перспективы). По

материалам круглого стола «Коммуникативные практики в образовании». СП. : Санкт-Петербургское
философское общество, 2004. – 465 с.

7. Єнікєєва С. М., Єнікєєв Д. С. Роль телескопії в збагаченні лексикону сучасної англійської мови // Вісн.
Житомир. держ. ун-ту ім. І. Франка. Житомир, 2012. Вип. 78. – С. 57.

8. Зацний Ю. А. Неологізми англійської мови 80-90 років ХХ століття. Запоріжжя: РА «Тандем-У», 1997. –
396 с. 72

9. Карабан В. «Переклад англіїської наукової технічної літератури». Вінниця. : Нова книга, 2001. – 291 с.

10. Козьмик Г. О. Світ сучасної людини в контексті мовних змін. Інноваційні процеси у лексичній системі
англійської мови на межі ХХ і ХХІ століть. Запоріжжя: Класичний приватний університет, 2007. – 111 с.

11. Круць Л. Б. Омельченко Л.Ф. Телескопійні слова сучасної англійської мови та їх структурно-
семантична характеристика // Збірник Львівського університету. Іноземна філологія. Л., 2003. Вип. 15. с.
– 49.

12. Левицький А. Е. Зіставлення функціональних особливостей систем номінативних одиниць англійської

й української мов 1999. – 204 с.

33
13. Люта А. А Словотворчі моделі англійських скорочень та абревіатур // Вісник Дніпропетровського
університету. Серія «Мовознавство». № 11. 2015. Вип. 21(3) – С. 79-83.

14. Потапенко С. І. Орієнтаційний простір сучасного англомовного медіадискурсу: дис. ... доктора філол.
наук: 10.02.04. Київ, 2007. – 454 с.

15. Халіновська Л. Особливості абревіації в українській авіаційній термінології. // Вісник Нац. ун-ту
«Львівська політехніка». Серія «Проблеми української термінології» 2010. № 675. С. 50 – 53.

16. Арнольд И. В. Стилистика. Современный английский язык / И. В. Арнольд. – М.: Наука, 2004. – 383 с.

17. Басов Е. С., Кобзар І. М. Ментальний вимір метафори: матеріали наук.- практ. конф. (Краків, 29–31
січня 2013 р.). Краків, 2013.

18. Бенвенист, Э. Общая лингвистика / Э. Бенвенист. – М.: Эдиториал УРСС, 2009. – 448 с.

19. Добросклонская Т. Г. Вопросы изучения медиатекстов (опыт исследования современной английской

медиаречи). Москва: Едиториал УРСС, 2005. 211 с.

20. Кубрякова Е. С. О понятиях дискурс и анализ дискурса в современной лингвистике. Дискурс, речь,
речевая деятельность: функциональные и структурные аспекты: Сб. обзоров. М., Институт научной
информации по общественным наукам

21. Моделирование динамики словарного состава языка. – К.: ИПЦ ";Киевский университет" Кудрявцева
Л.А. ;, 2004. – 208 с.

22. Стаття G: @ ASTERA. В мире www.rambler.ru

23. Стаття G: E-страна www.rambler.ru

24. Теорія перекладу : статус, проблеми, аспекти / А. Д. Швейцер. – К. : Освіта, 2003. – 48 с.

34