Laboratory Report

Experiment 1: Voltage and Current Measurement, and

Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

Task A: Measuring DC Voltage and Current

In Task A, we will construct a circuit from a circuit diagram and measure values, in this
task we will learn about.
1) the correct connection of a series circuit
2) the use of a DC power supply to power a circuit
3) the construction of a DC circuit for an experimental board
4) use a multimeter to measure data in a circuit in the correct way and
minimise errors
5) understand the basic concepts of the Davinan equivalent circuit

1. Methodology.
1) Select resistance of 100Ω, 120Ω and 180Ω according to color and label on it.
2) According to the circuit diagram given in the lab manual, connect the resistance
and DC power supply to the breadboard through wires.

3) Use a multimeter to measure the actual resistance of each resistor in the circuit,
calculate the actual total resistance according to the formula, record them in Table 1.
RTm=R100Ω+R120Ω+R180Ω
4) Measure the output of the DC power supply to an appropriate level, and connect
the circuit after the multimeter test is correct. i.e. Vs = VT = V'T = 10 V
5) Measure the voltage and current across each resistor, calculate the RT according
to the formula RT=VT/I , record them in Table 2.
6) Calculate the theoretical voltage of each resistor by the formula, calculate the
current according to the formula, record them in Table 3.
V'?Ω=(R?Ω/Rtotal)×V'T
I'=V'T/R'T
2. Results and Discussions
3.1 Results and data

Resistor R180Ω R100Ω R120Ω RTm

Measured 178.882 100.827 118.952 398.661
Resistance (Ω)
Table 1: Measured Resistance

Table 1 shows the actual measured values of each resistance and the actual
values of the total resistance.

Vs (V) V180Ω (V) V100Ω (V) V120Ω (V) VT (V) I (mA) RT=VT/I
(Ω)
10 4.415 2.507 2.959 10 25.012 399.808
Table 2: Measuring the current and voltage for each resistor

Table 2 shows the actual voltages, currents for each resistor and corresponding
resistance.

VS (V) V'180Ω (V) V'100Ω (V) V'120Ω (V) V'T (V) I' (mA) R'T=RTm
(Ω)
10 4.487 2.529 2.984 10 25.084 398.661
Table 3: Calculate the voltage and current for each resistor

Table 3 shows the theoretical voltage and theoretical current of each resistor.

3.2 Discussion
i. Compare the values for i=25.012mA and i'=25.084mA. The measured value is
slightly less than the theoretical value with an error of 0.110mA and a deviation rate
of 0.287%. Compare the values for RT=399.808Ω and R'T=398.661Ω. The measured
value is slightly less than the theoretical value, with an error of 1.147Ω and a
deviation of 0.288%. In addition to the accidental error, the resistance of the
multimeter is the main cause of the error. When measuring current, using the
multimeter in series, the total resistance increases and the current is less than the
actual value. When measuring resistance, the multimeter is connected in parallel to
the resistance being measured. The resistance is less than the actual value.
ii. Adding up the voltage measurements between the resistors, V total = V180Ω +
V100Ω + V120Ω = 9.881V. This value is 0.119V less than the theoretical value, a
deviation of 1.19%. In addition to the accidental error, when the multimeter measures
the voltage in parallel with the resistor, the result is lower than the theoretical value.
 The resistance of the internal power supply could also be one of the reasons for the
measured voltage being lower than the theoretical value.
3.3 LTSpice simulation

3.4 Error analysis

a) Systematic errors
1) Equipment was not checked before the experiment.
2) Complex laboratory environment and simultaneous use of electrical appliances
may lead to unstable voltages.
b) Accidental errors
1) Deviation between the measured value and the actual value due to the internal
resistance of the multimeter.
2) There are fluctuations in the reading and the recorded value may deviate from the
actual value.
3.5 Further improvements
1) Check the equipment before the experiment.
2) Select a quiet and stable laboratory.
3) If possible, choose a multimeter with a low internal resistance.
4) Take the average of several experiments.

3. Conclusions
Learn the use of multimeters and the use of DC power supplies through experiments. In
experiments, there is always an error between the theoretical value and the measured
value. By analysing the systematic and chance errors, it is concluded that the internal
resistance of the multimeter is the main cause of this phenomenon. The error can be
reduced by choosing a multimeter with a lower internal resistance for the next
experiment and taking the average of several experiments.

Task B: Finding the Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

1. Introduction
Davinand's Theorem, also known as the Law of Equivalent Voltage Sources, is an
electrical theorem formulated by the French scientist Davinand in 1883. A linear network
consisting of a resistor and a separate current or voltage source at each end can be
electrically equivalent by the combination of a separate voltage source and a series
resistor. In Task B, it will be shown that the following two circuits are Davinan equivalent
circuits.

2. Methodology
1) Select resistance of 680Ω, 1.2kΩ, 1.5kΩ and 1kΩ according to color and label on
it.
2) According to the first circuit diagram, connect the resistance and DC power supply
to the breadboard through wires. Measure the voltage VTh and the resistance RTh
between terminals A and B, record it in Table 4.
3) Calculate the voltage VTh and resistance RTh between terminals A and B, record
them in Table 3.
4) Connect terminals A and B with a resistor of 1kΩ. Use a multimeter to measure the
current I1kΩ through the resistor of 1kΩ, record it in Table 5.
5) According to the first circuit diagram, Set up the circuit with a VTh and a RTh,
connect terminals A and B with a resistor of 1kΩ. Use a multimeter to measure the
current I1kΩ through the resistor of 1kΩ, record it in Table 5.

3. Results and Discussions

3.1 Results and data

Measured Calculated
Thevenin voltage, VTh 6.005V 5.941V
Thevenin resistor, RTh 334.750Ω 336.600Ω
Table 4: Values of VTh and RTh
Table 4 shows calculated and measured voltages and resistances for the first
circuit diagram
 Original Circuit Thevenin Equivalent
Circuit
I1kΩ 4.495mA 4.545mA
Table 5: Current through 1 kΩ resistor
Table 5 shows the current through resistors in the Original Circuit and Thevenin
Equivalent Circuit respective.

3.2 Discussion
Compare the values of VThm = 6.005V and VThc = 5.941V. The measured value
is slightly greater than the theoretical value with an error of 0.064V and a deviation
rate of 1.077%. Compare the values for RThm=334.750Ω and RThc=336.600Ω. The
measured value is slightly less than the theoretical value, with an error of 1.850Ω and
a deviation rate of 0.550%. (Table 4) proves that the Davinan equivalent circuit is
almost identical to the original circuit. The data in Table 5 also demonstrates that the
Davinan equivalent circuit model is applicable to this experiment.
II,. It is reasonable to replace the original circuit with the Davinan equivalent
circuit. Compare the values of I1kΩo=4.495mA and I1kΩT=4.545mA. The measured
value is slightly less than the theoretical value with an error of 0.050mA and a
deviation rate of 1.100%. The small error indicates that the circuit appears to be a
good replacement for the original circuit.

3.3 LTSpice simulation

3.4 Error analysis

a) Systematic errors
1) Equipment was not checked before the experiment.
2) Complex laboratory environment and simultaneous use of electrical appliances may
lead to unstable voltages.
b) Accidental errors
1) There are fluctuations in the reading and the recorded value may deviate from the
actual value.
2) When using the multimeter, connecting the leads with both hands may cause
fluctuations in the data due to handshaking.
3.5 Further improvements
1) Check the equipment before the experiment.
2) Select a quiet and stable laboratory.
3) Take the average of multiple experiments.

4. Conclusion
In this experiment, it was demonstrated that the two circuits given by the experiment
conform to the Davinan equivalent circuit by comparing the measured values with the
calculated values. In the subsequent access resistance test, it was also demonstrated
that the low error, i.e. the network at both ends of the resistor and voltage source could
be replaced by the relevant resistor and voltage source.

Experiment 2: Using an oscilloscope

Task: Phase shift signals
1. Introduction
An oscilloscope is an instrument used to measure AC or pulsed current waveforms.
In this task we will learn about.
1) Using an oscilloscope for basic signal calibration and measurements
2) Plotting signal images
3) compare and analyse the effect of capacitance on current
2. Methodology
1) Assemble the circuit from the schematic and adjust the AC signal generator to 100Hz,
8Vpp.
2) Press the "auto" button for V/div and sec/div to read the signals of CH1 and CH2.
3) Draw the displayed image and record its Vpp on Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.
1. Results and Discussions
3.1 Results and data
Figure 1
Figure 2

3.2 Discussion
 According to the data, the peak-to-peak voltage of CH1 is much higher than that
of CH2. The peak-to-peak voltage of CH1 is 80 times that of CH2 in the
figure 1. The peak-to-peak voltage of CH1 is 3 times that of CH2 in the
figure 2. The peak value of peak-to-peak voltage of CH2 reaches its maximum
value at CH1's Vpp=0, vice versa. At the same time, it can clearly see that the
frequency and period are consistent

3.3 LTSpice simulation

3.4 error analysis

a) Systematic error
1) The equipment was not checked before the experiment.
2) Complex laboratory environment and simultaneous use of electrical
appliances may lead to voltage instability.
b) Accidental error
1) There is fluctuation during reading, and the recorded value may deviate from
the actual value.
2) Wire aging and poor contact may cause data fluctuation.
3.5 further improvement
1) Check the equipment before the experiment.
2) Choose a quiet and stable laboratory.
3) Take the average of multiple experiments.

2. Conclusions
output from the digital oscilloscope to the CSI signal generator, it is related to the
frequency and inter-peak power of the signal. Comparing the inter-peak power of CH1
and CH2 in Figure 1, the voltage output from the 15kΩ to CH2 does not exceed 1µFto
the voltage output of CH1. The impedance effect of the capacitor is more effective than
the 15kΩ resistor in the graph. The peak-to-peak ratios of CH1 and CH2 in Figure 2 are
significantly smaller than those in Figure 1, which may indicate a more impedance effect
for the lowest capacity AC signal generator.'