12th Bio-Botany Practical Notes

12th standard Bio-Botany Practical notes
Name:_______________
Reg.No:______________
Subject:______________
Class:_____Section_____
Date:______Batch______
Session:______Time_____
S.No. Experiment Topic

No
I. A - Fresh or Preserved Specimens and Models/Photographs/Pictures
1. A1 E.Coli cloning vector (pBR322)
2. A2 Number Pyramid
A3 Biomass Pyramid
A4 Energy Pyramid
II. B - Solving the problems – Genetics and Ecology
3. B1 To verify Mendel’s Monohybrid cross
4. B2 Analysis of seed sample to study Mendelian Dihybrid Ratio
5. B3 Flow of energy and Ten percent law
6. B4 Determination of Population density and Percentage frequency by
Quadrat method
7. B5 Genetic - linkage map
III. C - Experiments
8. C1 Study of Pollen germination on a slide
9. C2 Isolation of DNA from plant materials
C.KISHORE KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc (YOGA)., B.A (HINDI)., PG ASST IN BOTANY,
GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL, THATTAPPARAI, GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. CELL : 9894807882. Page 1
Bio-Botany Practical Question Paper
Time: 1:30 hr Marks: 10
I. Identify the given specimen / model / photograph/ chart ‘A’ and give any two reasons
(Identification – ½, Any two reasons – 1) 1½mark
II. Analyse the given ecological / genetic problem ‘B’. Solve/Construct it by giving appropriate reasons.
(Identification – 1, Solve/ Construct– 1, Result-1) 3 mark
III. Write the aim, procedure, observation and inference of the given experiment ‘C’.
(Aim – 1, Procedure – 1, Observation – ½, Inference – ½) 3 mark
Total: 7½ mark
Record: 1½ mark
Skil: 1 mark
Maximum marks: 10
I.A - Preparation and Demonstration of Slides
Experiment No. A1 E.coli cloning vector (pBR 322)
Identification: The given picture is identified as E.coli cloning vector (pBR 322)
Diagnostic Features:
1.pBR 322 plasmid is a reconstructed plasmid.
2.It containing 4361 base pairs.
3.It is a widely used cloning vector.
Experiment No. A2 Number Pyramid:
Identification: The given picture is identified as numbers pyramid.
1.Grassland ecosystem is a good example of number pyramid.
2.In this pyramid, the number of organisms are gradually decreasing.
3.Hence, grassland ecosystem number pyramid is always upright.
Experiment No. A3 Biomass Pyramid:
Identification: The given picture is identified as biomass pyramid.
1.Aquatic ecosystem is a good example of biomass pyramid.
2.In this pyramid, the number of organisms are gradually increasing.
3.Hence, aquatic ecosystem biomass pyramid is always inverted.
Experiment No. A4 Energy Pyramid:
Identification: The given picture is identified as energy pyramid.
1.It shows the number of joules transfer from one trophic level to next trophic level.
2.In this pyramid, the number of energy (joules) are gradually decreasing.
3.Hence, this energy pyramid is always upright.
II.B - Solving the Problems
Experiment No. B1 To verify Mendel’s Monohybrid cross
Identification: The given Genetical problems is identified as Mendel’s Monohybrid cross.
Construction:
Result:
Generation Total Number Genotypes Phenotypes

of individuals YY Yy yy
F1 64 - Heterozygous - Yellow
Yellow
Total - 64 - 64
F2 64 Homozygous Heterozygous Homozygous Yellow and
Yellow Yellow Green Green
Total 16 32 16 64
Phenotypic Ration: 3:1 (F1 is Yellow (64)

F2 is Yellow (48) and Green (16) so, 3:1 or 75% : 25%)
Genotypic Ration: 1:2:1 (F1 is Heterozygous Yellow (Yy-64)
F2 is Homozygous Yellow (YY-16),
Heterozygous Yellow (Yy-32),
Homozygous Green (yy-16) so, 1:2:1 or 25% : 50% : 25%)
Experiment No. B2 Analysis of seed sample to study Mendelian Dihybrid Cross

Identification: The given Genetical problems is identified as Mendel’s Dihybrid cross
Construction:
Result:
Total Number of No.of yellow No.of yellow No.of green No.of green
seeds observed round seeds wrinkled seeds round seeds wrinkled seeds
160 90 30 30 10
Phenotypic Ration: 9:3:3:1
Yellow round Yellow wrinkled Green round Green wrinkled
9 3 3 1
Which is exactly the same as obtained by Mendel for a dihybrid cross. This indicates that the contrasting genes
for seed colour and seed shape show an independent assortment in the population of pea seeds.
Experiment No. B3 Flow of energy and Ten percent law

Identification: The given Ecological problems is identified as Ten Percent Law of Energy
Construction:
i) T1 – Grass (Producer) = 30,000 J of Energy

ii) T2 – Rabbit (Primary Consumer) = 3000 J of Energy
iii) T3 – Snake ( Secondary Consumer) = 300 J of Energy
Result:
The third tropical level T3 – Snake (Secondary Consumer) receives 300 J of Energy.
Experiment No. B4
Determination of Population density and Percentage frequency by Quadrat method.
Identification: The given Ecological problems is identified as Determination of Population density and
Percentage frequency by Quadrat method.
Construction:
Total number of individuals in all quadrats studied

Population Density =
Total number of quadrats studied
Total number of quadrats in which species occurred

Percentage freguency = X 100
Total number of quadrats studied
Result:
No.of individuals per Total number Total number of Total Populati Frequency
S quadrat of individuals quadrats in number of on Percentage
. Plant in all the which each quadrats Density (A/B) X
N species I II III IV quadrats species studied (B) (N/B) 100
o studied (N) occurred (A)
1 I 4 6 3 5 18 4 4 4.5 100%
2 II 2 3 1 0 06 3 4 1.5 75%
3 III 6 4 2 1 13 4 4 3.25 100%
4 IV 0 4 3 0 07 2 4 1.75 50%
5 V 0 0 4 0 04 1 4 1 25%
Experiment No. B5 Genetic - linkage map
Identification: The given problems is identified as Genetic linkage map
Construction:
Result:
1. The frequency of crossing over is directly proportional to the relative distance of the genes on the
chromosomes.
2. More crossing over = More distance between two genes and
Less crossing over = Less distance between the two genes.
3. In the above problem, the sequence of the genes on the linkage map is B, A, C.
III.C – Experiments No: C1 Study of Pollen germination on a slide
Aim Procedure Observation Inference

To study the pollen i) 1gm Sucrose + 100 ml Different stages of Pollen tube containing
germination. distilled water. germination pollens are tube nucleus and two male
ii) add few pollen grains. observed. gametes.
iii) after 5 minutes view the slide.
Experiments No: C2 Isolation of DNA from plant materials
Aim Procedure Observation Inference

To isolate DNA i) Grinded plant material + water DNA appears as white DNA can be isolated from
from available + Nacl. precipitate of very fine the plant cell nucleus.
plant materials. ii) filter the solution. thread like structure.
iii) add liquid soap solution and
chilled ethanol.
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12th Bio-Botany Practical Notes

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12th standard Bio-Botany Practical notes

S.No. Experiment Topic

Time: 1:30 hr Marks: 10

Generation Total Number Genotypes Phenotypes

Phenotypic Ration: 3:1 (F1 is Yellow (64)

Experiment No. B2 Analysis of seed sample to study Mendelian Dihybrid Cross

Experiment No. B3 Flow of energy and Ten percent law

i) T1 – Grass (Producer) = 30,000 J of Energy

Total number of individuals in all quadrats studied

Total number of quadrats in which species occurred

III.C – Experiments No: C1 Study of Pollen germination on a slide

Aim Procedure Observation Inference

Experiments No: C2 Isolation of DNA from plant materials

Aim Procedure Observation Inference

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