12th STD Bio-Botany EM Practical Notes

12th standard Bio-Botany Practical notes
Name:_______________
Reg.No:______________
Subject:______________
Class:_____Section_____
Date:______Batch______
Session:______Time_____
Identification
Q.No. Topic
I.A Preparation and Demonstration of Slides
I. A
II.B Models
II. B
III.C Solving the Problems
III. C
IV.D Experiments
IV. D
V.E Economic Importance of Plants
V. E
C.KISHORE KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc (YOGA)., B.A (HINDI)., PG ASST IN BOTANY,
GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL, THATTAPPARAI, GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. CELL : 9894807882. Page 1
Content
S.No. Ex.No. Topic
I.A. Preparation and Demonstration of Slides
1. A1 T.S of Anther Diagnostic Features
2. A2 L.S of an Angiospermic ovule
3. A3 T.S. of Nerium Leaf
II.B. Photographs
4. B1 Wind Pollinated Flowers - Anemophily
5. B2 Insect Pollinated Flowers - Entemophily
6. B3 Dicot seed
7. B4 E.coli cloning vector (pBR 322)
8. B5 Plant Tissue Culture – Callus with plantlets
9. B6 Pyramid of Number
10. B7 Pyramid of Biomass
11. B8 Pyramid of Energy
III.C. Solving the Problems
12. C1 To verify the Mendel’s Monohybrid Cross
13. C2 Analysis of seed sample to study Mendelian Dihybrid
Cross
14. C3 Flow of energy and Ten percent law
15. C4 Determination of Population density and Percentage
frequency by Quadrat method
16. C5 Chromosomal Aberration - Deletion
17. C6 Chromosomal Aberration - Duplication
18. C7 Chromosomal Aberration - Inversion
19. C8 Genetic - linkage map
IV.D. Experiments
20. D1 Study of Pollen germination on a slide
21. D2 Study of pH of different types of soil
22. D3 Isolation of DNA from plant materials
V.E. Economic Importance of Plants
23. E1 Sesame or Gingelly oil
24. E2 Rubber
25. E3 Flaked Rice or Aval
26. E4 Henna Powder
27. E5 Aloe Gel
Bio-Botany Practical Question Paper
Time: 1:30 hr Marks: 10
I. Identify the given slide ‘A’ and give any two reasons. Draw a neat labeled diagram. 2 mark
(Identification – ½, Any two reasons – ½, Diagram – ½, Labelling – ½)
II. Identify the given specimen / model / photograph/ chart ‘B’ and give any two reasons
(Identification – ½, Any two reasons – ½) 1mark
III. Analyse the given ecological / genetic problem ‘C’. Solve it by giving appropriate reasons.
(Identification – ½, Solve/ Construct– ½, Reason/Observation, Inference/Answer – ½) 1½ mark
IV. Write the aim, procedure, observation and inference of the given experiment ‘D’.
(Aim – ½, Procedure – ½, Observation, Inference – ½) 1½ mark
V. Identify the economically important plant product ‘E’. Mention its Botanical name,
useful part and their uses.
(Identification and Botanical name – ½, Useful part – ½, uses – ½) 1½ mark
Total: 7½ mark
Record: 1½ mark
Skill: 1 mark
Maximum marks: 10
I.A - Preparation and Demonstration of Slides
Exercise No. A1: T.S of Anther Diagnostic Features
Identification: The given slide is identified as T.S of Anther.
Diagnostic Features:
1. A mature anther is bilobed (dithecous) and the two lobes are joined by a connective.
2. Each anther lobe has two pollen chambers in which pollen grains are produced.
3. Centre of the microsporangium is filled with haploid pollen grains.
Exercise No. A2: L.S of an Angiospermic ovule
Identification: The given slide is identified as L.S of an Angiospermic ovule.
1.Ovule or megasporangium is protected by one or two coverings called integuments.
2.The stalk of the ovule is called funicle.
3. A mature ovule has 8 nuclei in its embryo.
Exercise No. A3: T.S. of Nerium Leaf
Identification: The given slide is identified as T.S. of Nerium Leaf.
1.Presence of multilayered epidermis with thick cuticle.
2.Sunken stomata are present only in the lower epidermis.
3. Mechanical tissues are well developed.
II.B – Photographs
Exercise No. B1: Wind Pollinated Flowers - Anemophily
Identification: The given Photograph is identified as Wind Pollinated Flowers – Anemophily.
1. The flowers are small, inconspicuous, colourless, odourless and nectarless.
2. Anthers and stigmas are commonly exerted.
3. Pollen grains are light, small and powdery and produced in large numbers.
Exercise No. B2: Insect Pollinated Flowers – Entemophily
Identification: The given Photograph is identified as Insect Pollinated Flowers – Entemophily.
Diagnostic Features
1. The flowers are showy, brightly coloured and scented.
2. The flowers produce nectar or edible pollen.
3. Anthers and stigmas are commonly inserted.
Exercise No. B3: Dicot seed
Identification: The given Photograph is identified as Dicot seed.
1. Seeds of gram have two cotyledons and an embryonal axis.
2. Each seed is covered by two seed coats (a) Testa – outer coat (b) Tegmen – inner coat.
3. The embryonal axis consists of tradicle and plumule.
Exercise No. B4: E.coli cloning vector (pBR 322)
Identification: The given Photograph is identified as E.coli cloning vector (pBR 322).
1.pBR 322 plasmid is a reconstructed plasmid containing 4361 base pairs and most widely used as cloning vector.
2.In pBR, p denotes plasmid and B and R respectively the notes of scientists Boliver and Rodriguez who
developed the plasmid.
3.It contais two different antibiotic resistance genes.
Exercise No. B5: Plant tissue culture – Callus with plantlets
Identification: The given Photograph is identified as Plant tissue culture – Callus with plantlets.
1. The callus is an unorganized mass of undifferentiated tissue.
2. Roots and shoots are differentiated from the callus.
3. The mechanism of callus formation is that auxin induce cell elongation and cytokinin induces cell division.
Exercise No. B6: Pyramid of numbers
Identification: The given Photograph is identified as Pyramid of numbers.
1. The number of organism that are present in successive trophic levels of an ecosystem is shown in the pyramid
of numbers of a grassland ecosystem.
2. There is a gradual decrease in the number of organisms in each trophic level from producers to tertiary
consumers.
3. Therefore, pyramid of number in grassland ecosystem is always upright.
Exercise No. B7: Pyramid of biomass
Identification: The given Photograph is identified as Pyramid of biomass.
1. Pyramid of biomass represents the total biomass or standing crop (dry weight) of organisms in
each trophic level at a particular time.
2. In a aquatic ecosystem, the bottom of the pyramid is occupied by the producers, which comprises very small
organisms.
3. Therefore, here the pyramid of biomass is always inverted in shape.
Exercise No. B8: Pyramid of energy
Identification: The given Photograph is identified as Pyramid of energy.
1. Pyramid of energy represents the number of joules transferred from one trophic level to next.
2. The bottom of the pyramid of energy is occupied by the producers. Graducally decreases the energy from
producers to tertiary consumers.
3. Therefore pyramid of energy is always upright.
III.C – Solving the Problems
Exercise No. C1: To verify Mendel’s Monohybrid cross
Identification: The given Genetical problem is identified as Mendel’s Monohybrid cross.
Construction:
Answer:
Generation Total Number Genotypes Phenotypes

of individuals YY Yy yy
F1 64 - Heterozygous - Yellow
Yellow
Total - 64 - 64
F2 64 Homozygous Heterozygous Homozygous Yellow and
Yellow Yellow Green Green
Total 16 32 16 64
Phenotypic Ration: 3:1 (F1 is Yellow (64)

F2 is Yellow (48) and Green (16) so, 3:1 or 75% : 25%)
Genotypic Ration: 1:2:1 (F1 is Heterozygous Yellow (Yy-64)

F2 is Homozygous Yellow (YY-16),
Heterozygous Yellow (Yy-32),
Homozygous Green (yy-16) so, 1:2:1 or 25% : 50% : 25%).
Exercise No. C2: Analysis of seed sample to study Mendelian Dihybrid Cross
Identification: The given Genetical problem is identified as Mendel’s Dihybrid cross.
Construction:
Answer:
Total Number of No.of yellow No.of yellow No.of green No.of green
seeds observed round seeds wrinkled seeds round seeds wrinkled seeds
160 90 30 30 10
Phenotypic Ration: 9:3:3:1
Yellow round Yellow wrinkled Green round Green wrinkled
9 3 3 1
Which is exactly the same as obtained by Mendel for a dihybrid cross. This indicates that the contrasting genes
for seed colour and seed shape show an independent assortment in the population of pea seeds.
Exercise No. C3: Flow of energy and Ten percent law
Identification: The given Ecological problem is identified as Ten Percent Law of Energy.
Construction:
i) T1 – Grass (Producer) = 30,000 J of Energy

ii) T2 – Rabbit (Primary Consumer) = 3000 J of Energy
iii) T3 – Snake ( Secondary Consumer) = 300 J of Energy
Answer:
The third tropical level T3 – Snake (Secondary Consumer) receives 300 J of Energy.
Exercise No. C4: Determination of Population density and Percentage frequency by Quadrat method.
Identification: The given Ecological problem is identified as Determination of Population density and Percentage
frequency by Quadrat method.
Construction:
Total number of individuals in all quadrats studied

Population Density =
Total number of quadrats studied
Total number of quadrats in which species occurred

Percentage freguency = X 100
Total number of quadrats studied
Result:
No.of individuals per Total number Total number of Total Populati Frequency
S quadrat of individuals quadrats in number of on Percentage
. Plant in all the which each quadrats Density (A/B) X
N species I II III IV quadrats species studied (B) (N/B) 100
o studied (N) occurred (A)
1 I 4 6 3 5 18 4 4 4.5 100%
2 II 2 3 1 0 06 3 4 1.5 75%
3 III 6 4 2 1 13 4 4 3.25 100%
4 IV 0 4 3 0 07 2 4 1.75 50%
5 V 0 0 4 0 04 1 4 1 25%
Exercise No. C5: Chromosomal Aberration – Deletion

Identification: The given problem is identified as Chromosomal Aberration – Deletion.
Reasons:
1. The deletion of the chromosomal segement A and D.
2. When there is a loss of a segment of the genetic material in a chromosome it is called deletion.
Significance:
Most of the deletions lead to death of an organism.
Exercise No. C6: Chromosomal Aberration – Duplication
Identification: The given problems is identified as Chromosomal Aberration – Duplication.
Reasons:
1. When a segment of a chromosome is present more than once in a chromosome, then it is called duplication
2. The order of the genes in a chromosome is A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H and I. Due to aberration, the genes B and C
are duplicated and the sequence of genes becomes A,B,C,B,C,D,E,F,G,H and I.
Significance:
Some duplications are useful in the evolution of the organism.
Exercise No. C7: Chromosomal Aberration – Inversion
Identification: The given problem is identified as Chromosomal Aberration – Inversion.
Reasons:
1. When the order of genes in a chromosomal segment is reversed due to rotation by an angle of 180°, it is called
inversion.
2. The order of genes in a chromosome is A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H and I. Due to aberration, the sequence of genes
become A,D,C,B,E, F,G,H and I.
Significance:
Sometimes inversion is responsible for evolution of the organism.
Exercise No. C8: Genetic - linkage map
Identification: The given problem is identified as Genetic linkage map.
Construction:
Reasons:
1. The frequency of crossing over is directly proportional to the relative distance of the
genes on the chromosomes.
2. More crossing over = More distance between two genes and
Less crossing over = Less distance between the two genes.
3.In the above problem, the sequence of the genes on the linkage map is B, A, C.
IV.D – Experiments
Exercise No. D1: Study of Pollen germination on a slide
Aim Procedure Observation Inference
To study the pollen i) 1gm Sucrose + 100 ml Different stages of Pollen tube containing
germination. distilled water. germination pollens are tube nucleus and two male
ii) add few pollen grains. observed. gametes.
iii) after 5 minutes view the slide.
Exercise No. D2: Study of pH of different types of soil
Observation
Aim Procedure soil sample pH value Inference
To study pH of i) 1gm soil + 100 ml 1.River soil 7.0 pH value is required for
different types of distilled water. 2.Pond soil 5.5 plant growth
soil. ii) filter the solution. 3.Lake soil 7.5
iii) dip a small piece of pH paper.
Exercise No. D3: Isolation of DNA from plant materials
Aim Procedure Observation Inference
To isolate DNA i) Grinded plant material + water DNA appears as white DNA can be isolated from
from available + Nacl. precipitate of very fine the plant cell nucleus.
plant materials. ii) filter the solution. thread like structure.
iii) add liquid soap solution and
Chilled ethanol.
V.E - Economic Importance of Plants

Exercise No. E: Economically important plant products:
Ex.No. Identification Botanical Name Useful Parts Uses
E1 Gingelly oil Sesamum indicum Seeds 1.Used for culinary purpose.
2.Used to make soap, paints, lubricant.

E2 Rubber Hevea brasiliensis Latex 1.Used to make erasers, footwear, rubber bands.
2.Used to make gloves and balloons.

E3 Flaked Rice Oryza sativa Seeds 1.Used as a breakfast.
(Aval) 2.Used as a snacks.

E4 Henna Lawsonia inermis Leaves 1.Used as a hair dye.
powder 2.Used to colouring skin and nails.

E5 Aloe gel Aloe vera Leaves 1.Used as a skin tonic.
2.Used to make shampoos and shaving creams.
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Diagrams:
A1: T.S of Anther Diagnostic Features A2: L.S of an Angiospermic ovule
A3: T.S. of Nerium Leaf B1: Wind Pollinated Flowers – Anemophily
B2: Insect Pollinated Flowers – Entemophily B3: Dicot seed
B4: E.coli cloning vector (pBR 322) B5: Plant tissue culture – Callus with plantlets
B6: Pyramid of numbers B7: Pyramid of biomass B8: Pyramid of energy
C1: To verify Mendel’s Monohybrid cross C2: Analysis of seed sample to study Mendelian Dihybrid Cross
C3: Flow of energy and Ten percent law
C4: Determination of Population density and Percentage frequency by Quadrat method.
C5: Chromosomal Aberration C6: Chromosomal Aberration C7: Chromosomal Aberration– Inversion
– Deletion – Duplication
C8: Genetic - linkage map D1: Study of Pollen germination on a slide
D2: Study of pH of different types of soil
D3: Isolation of DNA from plant materials
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12th STD Bio-Botany EM Practical Notes

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12th standard Bio-Botany Practical notes

Time: 1:30 hr Marks: 10

Generation Total Number Genotypes Phenotypes

Phenotypic Ration: 3:1 (F1 is Yellow (64)

Genotypic Ration: 1:2:1 (F1 is Heterozygous Yellow (Yy-64)

i) T1 – Grass (Producer) = 30,000 J of Energy

Total number of individuals in all quadrats studied

Total number of quadrats in which species occurred

Exercise No. C5: Chromosomal Aberration – Deletion

V.E - Economic Importance of Plants

Ex.No. Identification Botanical Name Useful Parts Uses

Ex.No. Identification Botanical Name Useful Parts Uses

Ex.No. Identification Botanical Name Useful Parts Uses

Ex.No. Identification Botanical Name Useful Parts Uses

A1: T.S of Anther Diagnostic Features A2: L.S of an Angiospermic ovule

B2: Insect Pollinated Flowers – Entemophily B3: Dicot seed

B6: Pyramid of numbers B7: Pyramid of biomass B8: Pyramid of energy

C3: Flow of energy and Ten percent law

C4: Determination of Population density and Percentage frequency by Quadrat method.

C8: Genetic - linkage map D1: Study of Pollen germination on a slide

D2: Study of pH of different types of soil

D3: Isolation of DNA from plant materials

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