1
in constant motion. Democritus’ views were
TOPIC ONE
DEFINITION OF PSYCHOLOGY
 Etymologically, the word psychology is
derived from two Greek words: PSYCHE
meaning “soul” or “mind” and LOGOS meaning
“study of.”
 Literally, it meant the study or science of
the soul. That was what psychology was when it
was coined by Philip Metanchthon (1497-
1560),the collaborator of Martin Luther.
 The term PSYCHOLOGY came into
general use only about 100 years later from its
coinage. Other name that were used
simultaneously for this science in the 18th and
19th centuries are: mental philosophy; anthology
(science of one’s self) ; pneumatology (science
of spirits)
CHANGES IN THE DEFINITION OF
PSYCHOLOGY.
Psychology as an independent discipline
acquired separate status about a century ago.
 Psychology as the science of Soul:
 Formerly, psychology was studied as a
sub-branch of philosophy. The arm-chair
philosophers were interested in the nature of
soul.
 Democritus was the first Greek
philosopher who argued that everything is
composed of indivisible, unitary material atoms
opposed by contemporary philosophers who
argued that soul was not defined in definite
terms. Hence, the definition of psychology as a
science of soul was given up.
 Psychology as the science of mind:
This definition was evolved by the philosophers,
it remained in vogue for a long time but the
same controversy arose on the nature of mind.
As a result, this definition was given-up by
philosophers.
 Psychology as the science of
consciousness or immediate experience:
 Psychologist also rejected this definition
on the ground that consciousness is very
insignificant portion of our total personality.
 In the same vein, Harlow and others
(1971) concluded that psychology lost its soul,
then lost its mind and finally lost consciousness.
 A great revolution occurred during and
after the renaissance in the field of
psychological thought which helped in
developing a science of psychology. Psychology
began to gain recognition around early 1900
when individuals from backgrounds ranging from
medicine to engineering, or working in areas as
differ as industry and education, began to
recognize a shared interest in human behavior.
 Today, a generally held definition of
psychology is the scientific study of
human behavior and mental processes.
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WHAT PSYCHOLOGY IS NOT
Psychology is not:
1. Phrenology: the old study of the
conformation of the skull to learn about
the faculties of the mind.
2. Astrology: the pseudoscience of the
influences of the stars on human affairs.
3. Palmistry: the practice of telling fortunes
and judging human traits in studying the
palm of the hand.
4. Magic: the production of effect by either
legerdemain or the mastery of secrete
forces in nature.
5. Parapsychology: the study of the
perception of objects and events by some
mysterious sense not yet identified with
any organ of the body.
6. Mental telepathy: the affection of one
mind by the thoughts of feelings of
another outside the ordinary channels of
communication.
7. Mind reading: the art of perceiving
another’s thought without communication
8. Spiritualism: the spirit of the dead
communicating with the living.
9. Psychical research: the investigation
phenomena on the hypothesis that there
is mental activity quite apart from the
body.
10. Religion: psychology is a field of empirical
knowledge, it is not religion which has to
do with faith.
2
AIMS AND GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY.
 Psychology is majorly aimed at
increasing our understanding about why we
behave in the way we do. Similarly, psychology
aims to apply an understanding of behavior to
an overall improvement in the human condition.
 The goals of psychology are:
 Describe
 Predict
 Understand
 Control, human and animal
behavior and mental processes.
SCOPE OF PSYCHOLOGY
 The family of sciences to which
psychology belongs is known as the
BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE. But psychology leans
also toward physiology and physical science. It
is chiefly the influence of physiology that led
psychology’s separation from philosophy and its
emergence as an independent science. Many
instrument such as amplifier, electronic
computers, time-measuring instruments come
out of physics or engineering laboratories.
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 According to Hoch(1962), the kind of
problem psychologist address is everywhere.
However, the following are some of the areas of
specialization within the field today:
experimental psychology, industrial, social,
educational and school, developmental ,
military, personality, counseling, clinical,
psychobiology, research, psycholinguistic,
community, genetics, environmental, animal,
general psychologist, etc.
KEY WORDS:
 Science- identifying problems, making
observations, formulation hypothesis, testing
hypothesis (experimentation.)
 Behavior- any activity which is directly
observable and measurable in an objective way.
It can be overt or covert.
 Mental processes- activities in the brain
that cannot be observed.
TOPIC ONE: QUESTIONS
1. Etymologically, the word psychology was
coined from_____word? (a) Latin (b)
French (c) Greek (d) Spanish.
2. “PSYCHE” means _____ while LOGOS
means_______ (a) soul and love (b) mind
and soul (c) soul and science (d) soul and
study of
3
3. The word psychology was coined by
____ (a) Martin Luther (b) Philip
Metancher (c) Philip Metanchton
(d)Wilhelm Wundt
4. List the other names used for psychology
in the 18th and 19th century
……………,………….,……………..
5. ______ is to science of one’s self as
_____ is to science of spirit.
6. Itemize systematically, the changes in the
definition of
psychology:…………..,…………,…………
7. ______is associated with this saying;
“psychology lost its soul, its mind and
consciousness (a) Wilhelm (b) Harlow (c)
Skinner (d) Pavlov.
8. Which of these is true of scientific
method? (a) a field of belief (b) a field of
enquiry (c) a psyche study (d)
introspection
9. The art of perceiving another’s thought
without communication is
called______(a) psychology (b)mind
reading (c) telepathy (d) astrology
10. Four major goals of psychology are to (a)
Describe, direct, control and explain (b)
describe, predict, understand and direct
(c)describe, predict, understand and
control (d) predict, examine, control and
explain
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11. The family of sciences to which ANSWERS TO TOPIC ONE

psychology belongs is known as_______ 1. C…….Greek
12. Name three instruments used in a 2. D…….soul and study of
psychology laboratory 3. C…….Philip Metanchthon
13. The kind of problem psychologist address 4. Mental philosophy; anthology;
is______ (a) somewhere (b) everywhere pneumatology
(c) nowhere (d) dynamic 5. Anthology and pneumatology
14. Name five areas of specialization in 6. Soul, mind and consciousness
psychology: 7. B…….Harlow
…………..,……….,………….,………….., 8. B……a field of enquiry
………. 9. C……telepathy
15. Psychology is not except (a) 10. C…..describe, predict, understand and
parapsychology (b) scientific study of control
human behavior (c) spiritualism (d) 11. B……behavioral science
astrology. 12. Amplifier, electronic computer, time-
16. The founding fathers of psychology measuring instruments
are____and _____ (a) William Wundt and 13. B……Everywhere
Wilhelm James (b) Sigmund Freud and 14. Industrial, social, education, cognitive,
B.F Skinner (c) Wilhelm Wundt and clinical
William James (d) B.F Skinner and Ivan 15. B…..scientific study of human behavior
Pavlov. 16. C….Wilhelm Wundt and William James
17. In the past, psychology was studied as a 17. A…..philosophy
sub-branch of______(a) philosophy (b) 18. A……dynamic
telepathy (c) physiology (d) religion 19. C…..mind
18. As a social science discipline, the field of
psychology is____(a) dynamic (b) static
(c) obsolete (d)broad
19. In the history and development of the
definition of psychology, the second definition
was psychology as the science of the_____(a)
soul (b) heart (c) mind (d) consciousness

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 5

philosophical era called POSITIVISM, a

TOPIC TWO system based exclusively on facts that
are objectively observed and not
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN
debatable, was adopted. Positivism was
PSYCHOLOGY.
expressed by two other groups of
Psychology source from the contribution from
philosophers:
the following:
I. The Empiricists: they were concerned
 Contribution From Philosophy
with the method of acquiring knowledge
 The ancient Greek and Roman
from sense experience.
philosophers were interested in knowing
II. The Materialists: they believe that all
what the mind was, its location and
things could be described in physical
relationship with the body.
terms.
 Aristotle (384-322 BC) introduced the
concept of the mind as a blank slate
 Contribution from physiology
tabula rasa. He perceived the mind as an
 Physiology is the scientific study of the
empty slate upon which experience can
normal functions of living things.
be written. Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
 Johannes Muller (1801-1858) is of great
opposed the reigning view of most
importance to both physiology and
scholars who took a dualistic position in
psychology for his perspective of the
an attempt to address the simple
specific energies of the nerve. The
question ‘are mind and body distinct?’.
doctrine of the specific energies of nerves
 He suggested that the interaction
states that the stimulation of a given
between body and mind took place in the
nerve always give rise to a characteristics
pineal gland, a tiny organ in the brain.
sensation because each sensory nerve
 Descartes also believed the doctrine of
has its own specific energy.
Nativism that people were born with the
ability to think and reason. This doctrine
was rejected in the late 1600s and early
1700s by a group of philosophers called
empiricists.
 By the middle of 19th century, psychology
gained a scientific look. The European
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 Muller and other early psychologists
made substantial contributions to the
study of brain function and became
widely used in later physiological
psychology and cognitive psychology.
Note: Johannes Muller (1801-1858), and
Marshall Hall (1790-1857), reflect
behaviors. G. Fritsch and F. Hitzig (1870)
introduced electrical stimulation approach
to brain study.
 Contribution from experimental science.
Experimental science gave psychology a
scientific outlook. The following scholars
contributed:
a) Gustav Theodor Fechner (1801-
1887)
b) Herman Von Helmholz (1821-
1894)
c) Ernst Weber(1795-1878)
d) Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
The four of them are Germen and
were well trained in physiology and
science.
PSYCHOLOGY AS AN INDEPENDENT
SCIENCE.
 Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) a German is
most closely linked with the establishment of
psychology as an independent science.
 Wundt studied with both Johannes Muller
and Herman Helmolz and was well trained in
6
physiology, physics, and philosophy. He
concentrated on the problems of psychology,
and he established the first psychological
laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879.
 Wundt saw the task of psychology as the
analysis of conscious experience into these
basic elements. According to him, conscious
experiences can be investigate through a
method of self observation, or technically, the
method of INTROSPECTION.
 Wundt published the following books:
Principle of physiological psychology published
in 1873 and 1874 ; Volker psychological
published between 1900 and 1920 ; Erlebtes
and Erkanntes, his autobiography written
in1920.
 In 1883, Wundt began the first course to
be titled experimental psychology.
 He became chair of ‘Inductive
Philosophy’ at Zurich in 1874 and then a
professor of Philosophy at Leipzig in 1875.
 He trained Oswald Kulpe and Hugo
Munsterberg, Russian behaviorists Bekhterev
and Ivan Pavlov and Stanley Hall, the father of
developmental psychology in America.
 Wundt is the founder of the school of
thought-STRUCTURALISM and adopt the
method of INTROSPECTION (self-observation)
 E.B Titchner was Wundt’s interpreter to
English
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 7

QUESTION: TOPIC TWO 11. The first psychological laboratory was

established by (a) Williams James (b) Thorndike
1. The concept of the mind as a blank slate
(c) Wilhelm Wundt (d) b.f. skinner
was introduced by (a) Sigmund Freud (b)
12. The view of psychology as the analysis of
Descartes (c) Aristotle (d) carl Jung
conscious experience into its basic elements
2. The doctrine of nativism was rejected by
was associated with (a) Ebbinghaus (b) Wundt
the (a) functionalist (b) empiricist (c) structuralist
(c) James (d) skinner
(d) positivist
13. ____is mostly known for the
3. What do you understand by the doctrine
establishment of psychology as an independent
of the specific energies of nerves?
science. (a) Wilhelm James (b) Williams Wundt
4. According to Descartes, the interaction
(c) William James (d) Wilhelm Wundt
between body and mind took place where? (a)
14. The book “physiological Psychology” was
soul (b) pineal brain (c) heart (d) pineal gland
written by (a) Oswald Kulp (b) Sigmund Freud
5. The perspective of the specific energies
(c) Wilhelm Wundt (d) Ivan Pavlov
of the nerve was taken by (a) Sigmund Freud (b)
Aristotle (c) Johannes Muller (d) Ivan Pavlov
6. According to Descartes, the believe that
ANSWERS
people were born with the ability to think and
reason is term (a) gestalt (b) functionalism (c) 1. B----Empiricists
nativism (d) naturalism 2. States that the stimulation of a given
7. ___is associated with ‘reflect behavior’ nerve always give rise to a characteristics
(a) Stanley Hall and Johannes Muller (b) Alfred sensation because each sensory nerve
Adler and Ebbinghaus (c) Johannes Muller and has its own specific energy
marshal hall (d) b.f. skinner and Sigmund Freud 3. C-----Aristotle
8. Name the scholars that contributed to the 4. D------Pineal gland
scientific outlook of psychology 5. C-------Johannes Muller
9. Psychology gained a scientific look in the 6. C-------Nativism
(a) functionalist (b) empiricists (c) structuralist 7. C-------Johannes Muller and marshal hall
(d) positive
10. Contribution from ____gave psychology a
scientific outlook. (a) philosophy (b) physiology
(c) experiential study (d) experimental science

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8. Gustav Theodor Fechner (1801-1887)
Herman Von Helmholz (1821-1894)
Ernst Weber (1795-1878)
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
9. C-----1800’s
10. D-------experimental science
11. C--------Wilhelm Wundt
12. B------Wundt
13. D--------Wilhelm Wundt
14. C--------Wilhelm Wundt
15. Introspection
16. A--------German
TOPIC THREE
GREAT PIONEERS OF PSYCHOLOGY.
 THE BRITISH EMPIRICIST ARGUMENT
AND THE ASSOCIATIONIST.
 John Locke: the founder of British
Empiricism. He rejected the nativist belief in
innate ideas. He argued that the mind was like a
blank piece of paper, to be written on by our
experiences both sensational and reflectional.
 George Berkeley: he rejected Locke’s
primary/ secondary qualities distinction, and he
countered materialism and proposed subjective
8
idealism. He wrote a detailed analysis of visual
perception.
 David Hume: an empiricist/associationist
known for his distinction between impressions,
which result from sensation, and ideas, which he
said were faint copies of impressions. He also
identified the rules of association as
resemblance, contiguity and cause/ effect.
 David Hartley: he is considered as the
father of associationism. He argued that the
essence of association was contiguity and
repetition. He developed a model of nerve stem
action and his position on the mind-body issue
was that of parallelism.
 John Stuart Mill: unlike others who
describe the mind in mechanical, building-block
terms, J.S Mill described it holistically.
He analyzed the logic of science and described
three methods of trying to arrive at scientific
truth:
 Agreement
 Difference, which underlie today’s
experimental method.
 Comitant variation, similar to the modern
correlational method.
 G.E Muller:
 He and his students significantly
extended contemporary research on color
vision, the psychophysics research of Fechner,
and the memory research of Ebbinghaus.
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 He was the first to identify retroactive
inhibition( forgetting as a result of interference
from new learning.)
 Oswald Kulpe:
 He and his students created the
Wurzburg school of psychology.
 In their research, they found evidence for
mental sets, imageless thought, and conscious
attitudes.
 George Romanes
 The founder of comparative psychology. He
provides extensive descriptions of the behavior
of many species.
 Comparative psychology is the study of
differences between and similarities among
species on various traits e.g intelligence.
 A more experimental approach was taken by
Douglas Spalding, who argued that behaviors
were the result of instinct, not experience.
 C.Lloyd Morgan argued for more parsimonious
explanations rather than the excessive
anthropomorphism shown by other comparative
psychologists.
 William James (1842-1910)
 America’s first modern psychologist.
 In 1890, he published ‘the principles of
psychology.’
 1892, he published the briefer course refer to
as
‘the Jimmy’
 In1889, his title changed to professor of
psychology.
9
 He is the father of functionalism.
 William James’ general approach to
philosophy is called Pragmatism
 He believed that consciousness was personal,
constantly changing, continuous, selective and
active, and it helps individual to adapt quickly to
new environments.
 In his later years, James was criticized that he
was harming the fragile scientific status of the
new psychology because of his interest in the
possibility that there could be some validity to
spiritualism.
 G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924)
 Stanley Hall is best known for his efforts in
professionalizing psychology.
 He founded the first psychology laboratory in
America(at John Hopkins.)
 He published America’s first academic journal(
the America Journal of Psychology)
 He was the pioneer of the American
Psychology Association.
 Hall studied the origins and development of
consciousness and behavior.
 His study was generally reffered to as gene
psychology. The importance of evolution ws a
consistent theme in his work.
 As a developmental psychologist, Hall
pioneered the child study movement.
 Hall was interested in development, sexuality
and abnormality. As a result, he invited Sigmund
Freud, a psychoanalyst, to America.
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 He was assisted by Wolfgang Kohler and Kurt

Koffka.
 E.B Titchener
 He is the founder of the school of thought
 He earned a Ph.D with Wilhelm Wundt at
called GESTALT.
Lipzig, Germany.
 Wolfgang Kohler (1887-1967)
 He established the school of thoughts called
 He wrote his most famous book, “Mentality of
STRUCTURALISM at Cornell University.
Apes” in 1917.
 The goals of structuralism were to analyze
 He wrote “Gestalt Psychology” in 1929.
human conscious experience into its elemental
 He became the Director of the psychology
units and show how the units could be brought
laboratory at the university of Berlin.
together to form mental processes.
 He belongs to the Gestalt school of thoughts.
 He promoted an experimental laboratory
 Kurt Koffka (1886-1941)
approach to psychology
 He was born in Berlin, Germany
 He formed a group of fellow male researchers
 He wrote the book “Growth of the Mind:An
called Experimentalists.
introduction to child psychology” in 1921.
 He identified Wundt’s method of introspection
 He published Principles of Gestalt psychology
as psychology’s primary method and defined
in 1935.
experiments as observations that could be
 He belongs to the Gestalt school of thoughts.
repeated, isolated and varied.
 Kurt Lewin (1890-1947)
 Titchener identified the main elements of
 Lewin earned a doctorate in stumpf’s
conscious experience as sensations, images
laboratory.
and effects.
 He hoined Kohler and Wertheiner at Berlin
 Titchener’s primary contribution was to
during the 1920s.
promote laboratory psychology.
 He left Germany in 1933 for work at Cornell
 Max Wertheimer (1880-1943)
university and later worked at the Child welfare
 Max Wertheimer was born in Prague.
Research station at Iowa.
 He published his seminar paper in 1912
 He founded the research centre for group
”Experimental studies of the perception of
Dynamics at MIT.
movement”
 He wrote the book “productive Thinking” but
was published after his death by his son,
Michael Wertheimer.
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 Lewin developed the field theory which is
centered on the factors influencing a person’s
actions in a given moment. These factors
include those within the person (P) and those in
the environment (E). therefore, B= f(P,F)
 Lewin is often considered a founder of modern
social psychology.
 He expanded the Gestalt vision.
 John Broadus Watson (1878)
 He was trained at the functionalist university of
Chicago, where he developed distaste for
introspection and a love of animal research.
 He proclaimed that introspective psychology
should be replaced by a psychology that
specified the relationships between stimuli and
response.
 He argued that fear, rage and love were the
three fundamental emotions, each resulting from
specific stimuli.
 He is well known for the conditioning
experiment he conducted in 1920 with the help
of his laboratory assistant Rosaline Rayner at
Johns Hopkins university.
 He used a 9 month old child called ‘Little
Albert’
 He invented the slogan “LSMFT – Lucky
Strikes Means Fine Tobacco.”
 He is popularly refer to as “radical
environmentalism”
 He called the brain a “mystery box”
 In 1914, he wrote the book: ‘Behaviourism- An
introduction to comparative psychology.’
11
 In 1919, he wrote the book: ‘Psychology from
the standpoint of a Behaviourist.’
 He published the book ‘Behaviourism
designed for the average reader’ and revised it
in 1930.
 In 1928, he published ‘psychological care of
the infant and child.’
 John B. Watson is the father of Behaviourism
and he is well known for Operant conditioning.
 Edward C. Tolman (1886-1959)
 Tolman is a purposive behaviourist.
 He used maze learning in his research on how
rats learn.
 He believed that all important behavior are
goal directed or purposive.
 Tolman developed the concept of intervening
variable.
 Clark Hull (1884-1952)
 Hull is well known for his study on the theory of
learning( animal studies)
 He is an hypothetico-deductive behaviourist
 His hypothetico-deductive system of behavior
develops theory through experiments which
were created to test hypotheses from highly
formalized postulates.
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 Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904-1990)
 He was a radical behavourist
 He is the most celebrated psychologist since
Sigmund Freud.
 His entire system is based on Operant
Conditioning.
 Operant conditioning is a conditioning in which
the consequences of a behavior determines
whether or not the behavior will re-occur.
 Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
 He is the founding father of
PSYCHANALYSIS.
 His book on Hysteria that was published
in1895 is usually considered the founding event
for psychoanalysis.
 Hysteria is and old term for conversion
disorder.
 He wrote extensively on unconscious
behaviours of human being, personality and
sexuality.
 Freud identify that personality structure
centers on the EGO, which mediates between
the instinctive demands of the ID, the moral
restrictions of the SUPEREGO.
 Two of his loyal followers are Carl Jung(
analytical Psychology) and Alfred Adler
(individual Psychology.)
 Carl Jung
 His theory divides the psyche into three parts:
1. Ego
2. Collective unconscious
3. Personal unconscious.
12
 In his exploration of the unconscious, the
SHADOW is reffered to as the primitive
companion of the ego.
 Jung identified that he components of the
collective unconscious are the ARCHETYPES-
an unlearned tendency to experience things in a
certain way.
 Alfred Adler
 He wrote on aggression instincts
 Adler postulates a single drive or motivating
force behind all our behavior and experience
 Another term he used was “the assertiveness
drive.”
 Adler sees motivation as a matter of moving
towards the future, rather than being driven
mechanistically by the past.
 When drawn towards our goals, our ideas and
our purposes is termed Teleology.
 Adler was influenced by the writings of Hans
Vaihinger, the philosophy of “As If” and Jan
Smuts, “Holism.”
QUESTIONS
1. _____ is the founder of British empiricism.
(a) George Berkeley (b) John Mills (c) John
Locke (d) Muller
2. ____ is considered as the father of
Associationism.
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3. According to Locke, the mind was like a
blank piece of paper, to be written on by our (a)
taught (b) feelings (c) emotions (d) experiences.
4. “subjective Idealism” was proposed by who?
(a) Stuart Mill (b) George Berkeley (c) David
Hume (d) David John
5. Retroactive inhibition was identified
by____(a) Muller (b) Ebbinghaus (c) Freud (D)
Jung
6. David Hartley’s position on the mind-body
controversy was (a) positivism (b) nativism (c)
b.f. skinner (d) dualism
7. The Wurzburg school of psychology was
created by (a) c. Morgan (b) George Romanes
(c) Oswald Kulpe (d) Stanley hall
8. The holistic description of the mind was
done by (a) J.S Mill (b) G.E Muller (c) b.f.
skinner (d) E.B Titchner
9. Write succinctly on comparative
psychology…………………………………………
………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………….
10. __ is the founder of comparative psychology
(a) Williams James (b) George Romanes (c) carl
Jung (c) Sigmund Freud
11. ‘the jimmy’ was published by___ in 1892 (a)
William James (b) Wilhelm Wundt (c) Sigmund
Freud (d)B.F. Skinner
12. _____is best known for professionalizing
psychology. (a) William James (b) Stanley hall
(c)William James (d)carl Jung.
13
13. _____is America’s first modern psychologist
(a) E.B. Titchner (b) William James (c) Sigmund
Freud (d) Kurt Lewin
14. William James is considered the father of
what school of thought (a)structuralism (b)
functionalism (c) gestalt (d) behaviorism
15. The study of Stanley Hall was generally
referred to as (a) conscious psychology (b) gene
psychology (c) infant psychology (d) occupation
psychology
16. The American psychology association was
pioneered by (a) E.B Titchner (b) Stanley Hall
(c) Williams James (d) Carl Jung
17. The book “productive thinking” was written
by (a) Max Wertheimer (b) William James (c)
E.B Titchner (d) Kurt Lewin
18. The structuralism school of thought was
established in America by (a)William James (b)
E.B Titchner (c) Kurt Lewin (d) Wilhelm Wundt
19. The gestalt school of thought was Founder
by (a) Stanley Hall (b) William James (c) max
Wertheimer (d) Sigmund Freud
20. The ‘experimentalist’ was formed by (a)
ebbinghaus (b) titchner (c) james
21. The book “productive thinking” was written
by (a) max Wertheimer (b) ebbinghaus (c) john
Locke (d) Michael Wertheimer.
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 14

22. According to titchner, the main elements of 5. a--------Muller

conscious experience 6. c---------parallelism

are;…………,………,………. 7. c---------Oswald Kulpe

8. a----------j.s mill
23. _____is the father of behaviorism
9. the study of differences between and
24. ‘mentality of apes’ was written by (a) kurt
similarities among species on various traits
lewin (b) wolfgang kohler (c) kurt koffka (d) john
e.g intelligence
b. Watson
10. b---------george romanes
25. Purposive behaviorism 11. a-------william james
means_________________________________ 12. b-------stanley hall
26. The laboratory assistant of John Watson at 13. b--------william james
John Hopkins university is (a) little albert (b) 14. b--------functionalism
Rosaline rayner (c) clark hull (d) Edward tolman 15. b-------gene psychology
27. ________is a purposive behaviorist 16. b---------stanley hall

28. ‘the field theory’ was developed by (a) kurt 17. a---------max wartheimer
18. b--------e.b titchner
lewin (b) kurt koffka (c) j.b Watson (d) Edward
19. c-------max Wertheimer
tolman
20. b-------titchner
29. When drawn towards our goals, our ideals
21. a--------max Wertheimer
and our purpose is termed (a) motivation (b)
22. sensation, images, affects
teleology (c) emotion (d) feelings 23. john B. Watson
30. Sigmund Freud is the founding father of 24. b--------wolfgang kohler
what school of thought (a) functionalism (b) 25. that all important behavior are goal-directed
structuralism (c) psychoanalysis (d) behaviorism or purposive.
31. According to Jung, the components of the 26. B------Rosaline rayner
collective unconscious are the (a) prototype (b) 27. Edward C. Tolman

archetype (c) monotype (d) ego 28. A-------Kurt Lewin (b) kurt Koffka (c) j.b
Watson (d) Edward tolman
29. B-------teleology
ANSWERS 30. C------psychoanalysis
31. B-------archetype
1. c-------John Locke
2. David Hartley
3. d--------experiences
4. b---------George Berkeley

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 15

TOPIC FOUR with the work of Albert Bandura who

implemented some of seminal studies in the
THE SUBJECT MATTER OF PSYCHOLOGY. area and initiated social learning theory.
 Albert Bandura called the process of
 LEARNING
social learning Modeling and gave four
Learning refers to any relatively permanent
conditions required for a person to successfully
change in behavior which is as a result of past
model the behavior of someone else.
experiences or practice.
 Attention to model
 Basic learning processes.
 Retention of details
 The most basic learning process is
 Motor reproduction
IMITATION.
 Motivation and opportunity
 The most basic tasks needed for survival
 PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY
are:
 The term personality comes out from the
a. Attention: being mentally aware and
Latin word “persona” meaning “mask”
focused.
 Personality psychology is a branch of
b. Habituation: reduction in response to
psychology which studies personality and
persisting stimulus.
individual difference processes.
c. Classical conditioning: association
 The two views of personality psychology
between stimulus and involuntary
are: to create a coherent picture of a person and
response.
to study individual differences.
d. Instrumental conditioning: also referred
 Personality is a collection of emotion,
to as operant conditioning.
thought and behavior patterns unique to a
e. Vicarious learning: learning by
person.
observation.
f. Communication: the process of Note:
transferring meaningful information
 Allport (1937) in an outstanding effort to
through a system.
deal with the nature of personality
 Observational Learning
definitions, classified the definitions into
 Observational learning or social learning
three main categories.
is learning that occurs as a function of
observing, retaining and replicating behaviors
observed in others, MODELS. Most associated

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 Biophysical definitions:
These focus on the “uniqueness of the
individual” This definition equates personality to
the characteristics or qualities of the person
himself.
 Biosocial definitions:
“the reactions of others to the individual.”
 Omnibus definitions:
“The characteristics of the individual.”
Personality is seen as including everything
imaginable about the individual.
 Psychoanalytic theories.
 Psychoanalysis theories explained human
beaviour in terms of interaction between the
various components of personality.
 Sigmund Freud was the founder of the
psychoanalysis school.
 Freud divided the human personality into
three components:
 Ego
 Superego
 Id
 Behaviorist theories
 Behaviourist explain personality in terms of
reaction to external stimuli
 B.F. Skinner was the founder of the
behaviorist school.
 These theories conclude that human
behavior is as a result of processes such as
OPERANT CONDITIONING.
16
 Cognitive and social-cognitive theories.
 These theories explain behavior as being
guided by cognitions about the world around us
 Albert Bandura was the founder of the
social learning theories.
 Bandura suggested that the forces of
memory and emotions worked in conjunction
with social influence
 Humanistic theories
 Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers were
the propenents of the humanistic theories.
 These theories emphasized that people
have free will and that they play an active role in
determining how they behave.
 MEMORY
 Memory is the ability of the brain to store,
retain and subsequently recall information.
 Philosophy, neuroscience and cognitive
psychology were associated with the
development of the study of MEMORY.
 From an information processing
perspective of the memory, the following are the
stages in the formation and retrieval of memory:
 Encoding
 Storage
 Retrieval
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 The three distinct types of memory are
the classification of memory based on duration,
they are:
o Sensory memory: this corresponds
approximately to the initial moment that an item
is perceived.
o Short term memory: this stores information
for a short period of time.
o Long term memory: this stores information
for a long period of time.
Additionally, the working memory refers to a
short-term memory needed for certain mental
tasks. It processes and stores information for a
short period of time.
 Classification by information type.
Long Term Memory
Declarative Memory Procedural
Memory
(Explicit) (Implicit)
17
Semantic Memory Episodic Memory
Note:
 Declarative memory requires conscious
recall.
 Semantic memory allows the encoding
of abstract knowledge about the world.
 Episodic memory is used for more
personal information
 Autobiographical memory is for
particular events within one’s own life.
 Visual memory is part of memory
preserving some characteristics of our
senses pertaining to visual experiences.
 ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
 Abnormal psychology can be defined as
behavior which is unusual, socially
unacceptable, dangerous to themselves or
others, or whether a person is in a significant
amount of personal distress.
 It is important to note that; before any
behavior can be defied as abnormal behavior,
cultural and social aspects must be put into
consideration.
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 MOTIVATION
Motivation is the driving force behind all human
action. It is a desire to achieve goals combined
with the energy to work towards that goal.
Physiological needs: these include hunger,
thirst and escape from pain.
Other biological motivations: these include
sex, parenting and aggression
 There are two types of motivation, they are:
 Intrinsic motivations: they are inborn.
Example is hobby.
 Extrinsic motivations: they are not innate.
Example is satisfaction.
 Secondary Goals
Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs:
 Direct motivation( the action satisfies the
need e.g. job satisfaction)
 Indirect motivation( the action satisfies an
intermediate goals e.g. money.)
 Coercion
 Coercion means the avoidance of pain or
other negative consequences has an immediate
effect.
 The most obvious form of motivation is
coercion.
 When coercion is permanent, it is
considered slavery.
 Self- Control
 The self-control of motivation is increasingly
understood as a subset of EMOTIONAL
INTELLIGENCE.
18
 It is often contrasted with automatic
processes of stimulus-response of the
behaviourist’s paradigm of B.F Skinnner
 ATTITUDE
 Attitude are positive or negative views of an
attitude object: a person, behavior or event.
 Attitude are expected to change as
experience changes.
 There are numerous theories of attitude
formation and attitude change, they are;
 Dissonance-reduction(Leon Festinger)
 Self-Perception (Daryl Bem)
 Meta Programs (NLP)
 Persuasion
 Social judgment
 Balance
 PERCEPTION
 Perception is the process of acquiring,
interpreting, selecting, and organizing sensory
information.
 It was the study of perception that gave rise to
the Gestalt school of psychology with its
emphasis on holistic approaches.
 INTELLIGENCE(TRAIT)
 According to the “mainstream science of
intelligence” which was signed by 52 intelligence
researchers in 1994, Intelligence is usually said
to involve mental capabilities such as the ability
to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly,
comprehend ideas and language, learn quickly
and learn from experience.
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 Etymologically, the word ‘emotion is from two

Latin words. ‘ex’- out, outward + ‘motio’-
 Similar definitions are;
movement, action, gesture.
 David Wechsler: “…the aggregate or global
 Emotions are essentially impulses that move
capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to
an organism to action, originating involuntary
think rationally and to deal effectively with his
reaction behavior which has been adapted
environment.”
through evolution as a survival need.
 Cyril Burt: “…innate general cognitive ability.”
 Paul Ekman identified six universal emotions,
 Howard Gardner: “to my mind, a human
which are:
intellectual competence must entail a set of
 Anger
skills of problem solving-enabling the individual
 Disgust
to resolve genuine problems or difficulties he or
 Fear
she encounters.”
 Joy
 Herrnstein and Murray: “…cognitive ability.”
 Sadness
 The most influential approach to
 Surprise
understanding intelligence is based on
Psychometric testing.
 Psychological test include:
QUESTIONS
 Stanford-Binet
 Raven’s progressive matrices 1. c-----tolman mental test
 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 2. b------semantic
 Wechsler Bellevue 1 and others. 3. a-------cyril burt
 Intelligence, narrowly defined can be 4. b-------slavery
measured by intelligence test, also called IQ( 5. a------working memory
Intelligence Quotient) test. 6. b------coercion
 The Intelligence Quotient(IQ) is an index 7. b------IQ
calculated from the scores on test items judged 8. c------perception
by experts to encompass the abilities covered 9. b-------motivation
by the term intelligence. 10. d------extrinsic
 EMOTION 11. a-------sex

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12. abnormal psychology
13. b--------psychiatry
14. c--------cultural and social
15. b---------processing
16. reactions to external stimuli
17. d-------any relatively permanent change in
behavior
18. observational learning or social learning
is learning that occurs as a function of
observing, retaining and replicating
behavior observed in other models.
19. B--------imitation
20. Attention to model; retention of details;
motor reproduction; motivation and
opportunity
21. A collection of emotion, thought and
behavior patterns unique to a person
22. C------albert bandura
23. Interaction between the various
components of personality
24. C------latin
20
TOPIC FIVE
SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT IN PSYCHOLOGY.
 School of thought in psychology refer to a
group of psychologists with the same theoretical
opinion.
 The seven schools of thought in psychology
are:
 Structuralism
 Functionalism
 Behaviorism
 Gestalt
 Psychoanalysis
 Humanistic psychology
 Cognitive psychology
 Structuralism
 The first school of psychology, and focused
on breaking down mental processes into the
most basic components.
 Their view- that psychology was to describe,
analyse and explain conscious experience,
particularly feelings and sensations.
 Identification- they identified four basic skin
sensations: (1) warmth (2) cold (3) pain (4)
pressure
 Method of research- INTROSPECTION (in
which subject were trained to observe and
report their mental processes, feelings and
experiences.
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 Structuralists are- Wilhelm Wundt (1832-
1920) and Edward Bradford Titchener (1867-
1972)
 Functionalism
 Functionalists- Williams James (1842-
1910), John Dewey (1859-1952) and Harvey
Carr.
 Their view- that psychology was the study of
the mental process which enable the organism
to adjust to its environment. They were
interested in the functions of the mind.
 Method of research—mental tests,
questionnaires and objective description of
behavior
 Behaviorism
 Behaviorists- John B. Watson (1873-1958),
B.F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov, Edward Thorndike.
 Their view- that psychology should
investigate behavior and event that are
observable in response to the human nature.
 Method of response- they emphasized
scientific method and conditioning in studying
behavior.
Note:- Scientific Method: objectivity and
systematic observation.
Observation: a learning process in which a
response becomes associated with a new
stimulus. Conditioning include: OPERANT
CONDITIONING AND CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING
 Gestalt
21
 Gestaltists- Max Wertheimer (1880-1943),
Kurt Koffka (1887- 1941), and Wolfgang Kohlar
(1887-1967)
 Their view- that psychology should study the
mind as a whole and not a sum of the
constituent parts.
 Gestalt began in Germany and Austria
during the late 19th century in response to the
molecular approach of the structuralist
 Psychoanalysis.
 Psychoanalist- Sigmund Freud (1856- 1939)
the pioneer, Anna Freud, Carl Jung. Erik
Erikson.
 Three important predecessors of
psychoanalysis:
 Franz Anton Mesmer: who discovered
mesmerism or hypnotism.
 Phillippe Pinel: who treated the mentally ill.
 Jean-Martin Charcot: who is often
considered the father of Neurology.
 The conscious mind: this is what you are
aware of always.
 The preconscious: also known as
“available memory” which Freud suggested as
the smallest parts of the mind.
 The unconscious: this is the largest part. It
includes all the things that are not easily
available to awareness, including many things
that have their origins there, such as our drives
or instincts. According to Freud, the
unconscious is our seat of motivations.
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 Freud identified the following: id, the ego
and the superego.
 Id
 The part of the mind in which innate
instinctive impulses and primary processes are
manifest.
 The id works in keeping with the pleasure
principle which can be understood as a demand
to take care of needs immediately.
 The translation from need to wish is called
the primary process.
 Ego
 The ego relates the organism to reality by
means of its consciousness.
 The search for problem-solving activity is
called the secondary process.
 The ego functions according to the reality
principle which says “take care of a need as
soon as an appropriate object is found.”
 Superego
 This operates on moral principle
 There are two aspects to the superego:
1. Conscience: which is an
internalization of punishments and
warnings.
2. Ego deal: which drives from reward
and positive models presented to the
child.
 Psychosexual stage theory
1. Oral stage: (birth to 18 month).sucking
and biting are favorite activities.
22
Problem associated: weaning
2. Anal stage: (18months-3 or 4 years).
Defecation is the major source of pleasure.
Problems associated: potty training
3. Phallic stage: (3 or 4-5,6,7 years)genitalia.
Problems associated: Oedipus complex.
4. Latent stage- (5, 6 or 7 years to puberty
around 12 years)
5. Genital Stage – (begins at puberty)
characterized with sexual intercourse.
 Freud identified the following defense
mechanism in resolving conflict: denial,
projection, regression, rationalization, repression
and displacement
 Psychoanalysis, a method of therapy,
adopts the following techniques in treating
abnormal behavior:
 Free Association
 Interpretation
 Dream Analysis
 Resistance
 Analysis of Transference
 Humanistic Psychology
 Humanistic psychologist- Abraham Maslow
and Carl Rogers
 They emphasizes an individual’s capacity
for personal growth, freedom to choose his or
her destiny and positive qualities.
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 Humanistic psychology focused on
individual’s free will, personal growth and self-
actualization in contrast to other schools who
centered on abnormal human behavior.
 Method of research: discussion of feelings.
 Cognitive Psychology
 Cognitive psychologist: Jean Piaget.
 Their view: that psychology should focus on
how the mind acquires, stores and processes
information. They emphasized that mental
processes are in control of human and animal
behaviors
 They describe the subject matter of
psychology as including perception, memory,
thinking, images and other cognitive concepts.
 Method of research: experimentation
QUESTION
1. The ______stage lasts from five, six or
seven to puberty i.e. around 12years. (a) anal
(b) latent (c) oral (d) genital
2. _______is most associated with Humanistic
psychology (a) carl jung (b) Abraham maslow (c)
Sigmund freud (d) john Watson
3. The goal of ______psychology is to help
people function effectively and fulfill their own
unique potential (a) gestalt (b) psychoanalysis
(c) humanistic (d) behavioural
23
4. _____ is the pioneer of the cognitive
psychology school of thought.
5. ______operates on moral principle (a) id (b)
ego (c) superego (d) unconscious
6. The following are defense mechanism in
resolving conflict except (a) denial (b) revolution
(c) projection (d) regression
7. The pleasure principle is associated with,
___ (a) ego (b) id (c) conscious (d) superego
8. Define secondary
process________________________________
______________________________
9. ______stage is characterize with sexual
intercourse. (a) sexuality (b) anal (c) genital (d)
latent
10. Define primary
process_________________________
11. _______functions according to the reality
principle (a) ego (b) unconscious (c) id (d)
superego
12. _____is the problem associated to the
phallic stage in the psychosexual stage theory.
(a) weaning (b) Oedipus complex (c)potty
training (d) defecation
13. ______ is the father of neurology (a)
Sigmund freud (b) jean-Martin charcot (c)
Oswald kulpe (d) max Wertheimer
14. According to Sigmund freud, another name
for ‘available memory’ is (a) short term memory
(b) preconscious (c) conscious (d) unconscious
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15. The part of the mind in which innate

instinctive impulses are manifest is the _____(a)
id (b) preconscious (c) ego (d) superego
16. Hypnotism is associated with______ (a)
francis galton (b) franz anton Mesmer (c) ANSWER
Christian ehrenfels (d) jean-martin charcot 1. b-------latent
2. b---------abraham maslow
17. According to freud, the largest part of the
3. c--------humanistic
mind is (a) conscious (b) unconscious (c) 4. jean piaget

preconscious (d) minor 5. c------superego

6. b------revolution
18. ______school of thought focuses on
7. b-------id
breaking down mental processes into the most 8. the search for problem solving activity

basic components. (a) structuralism (b) 9. c--------genital

10. the translation from need to wish
functionalism (c) behaviorism (d) gestalt
11. a------ego
19. Introspection is associated 12. b------Oedipus complex

with__________school of thought 13. b---------jean martin charcot

14. b-------preconscious
20. Which of these individuals was the most
15. a--------id
famous Russian researcher (a) Ivan Pavlov (b) 16. b----------franz anton Mesmer

William james (c) john b. Watson (d) Wilhelm 17. b---------unconscious

18. a--------structuralism
wundt
19. structuralism
21. The four basic skin sensations identified by 20. a--------Ivan Pavlov

the structuralist 21. warmth; cold; pain; pressure

22. b-------max Wertheimer
are:……….,……..,…………,………..
23. Wilhelm wundt
22. A principal leader of gestalt psychology was 24. C----------experimentation

(a) John Watson (b) max Wertheimer (c) john 25. William James

dewey (d) William James

23. ________is the father of structuralism
24. The functionalist method of research include
the following except (a) mental tests (b)
questionnaires (c) experimentation (d) objective
description of behavior
25. _________is the father of functionalism

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TOPIC SIX
PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF
PSYCHOLOGY
 Psychology adopts some scientific
principles in the process of studying human
behavior and mental processes.
 Demarcation is a word that has been used
to divide the world of ideas into those that are
scientific and those that are not.
 Psychology has all the keys to scientific
empiricism, because psychology is objective
 Psychology is a science not because of
what it investigates (behavior) but because of
how it investigates issues of behavior.
 The scientific methods of research in
psychology are as follows:
1. Observation: it involves observing human
behaviours that are of interest and which could
offer useful explanation to human problems.
Observation can be done in the laboratory or in
the natural environment.
2. Experimental method: this helps
psychologist discover or confirm cause and
effect relationships in behavior.*the researcher
divides subjects at random into two groups: 1.
Experimental group(in which the researcher can
manipulate) 2. Control group( the experimenter
does nothing to)
25
3. Survey: this is also called a public opinion
poll. It measures people’s attitudes and activities
by administering questionnaires and conducting
interviews.
4. Case study: in this method, intensive
information is collected about one or very few
individuals.
5. Psychological testing: this measure the
difference between individuals or between the
reactions of the same individual on different
occasions.
They are standardized test: example of
psychological tests are: Stanford-Binet
Intelligence Test, Minnesota Multiphasic
personality Inventory (MMPI), Projective tests
(yield clues to a person’s inner feelings),
Rorschach test (the subject describes what he
or she sees in a series of ink blots.), Thematic
Apperception test( the subject invents a story
about the characters in each of a series of
pictures.)
Note: the principles and methods in psychology
are meant to help a psychologist achieve:
 Description: telling about what events
actually occur
 Explanation: telling why events occur.
 Prediction: forecasting of future events
 Modification: changing or controlling
aspects of the environment.
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QUESTION 9. In a case study, ______ information is

collected (a) few (b) intensive (c) many (d)
1. _______ method helps psychologist
complex
discover or confirm cause and effect
10. All but one are used in psychological
relationships in behavior (a) experimental (b)
research (a) experimentation (b) artificial
observation (c) case study (d) survey
observation (c) case study (d) naturalistic
2. _______method enables scientists to test a
observation.
theory under controlled conditions (a)
11. The experimenter does nothing to the
observation (b) experimentation (c) survey (d)
_______ (a) control group (b) random group (c)
case study
placebo group (d) experimental group
3. A______ is also called a public opinion poll
(a) survey (b) case study (c) projective test (d)
questionnaire
4. In an experiment two groups
exist______and _______ (a) control and free (b) ANSWERS
experimental and control (c) experimental and
natural (d) artificial and natural. 1. a-------experimental

5. _______is a word that is used to divide the 2. b-------experimentation

world of ideas into those that are scientific and 3. a-------survey

those that are not scientific. 4. b--------experimental and control

6. ______yield clues to a person’s inner 5. demarcation

feelings (a) projective test (b) a survey (c) 6. a------projective test

philosophy (d) telepathy 7. a-------Rorschach test

7. In _____test, the subject describes what he 8. b--------thematic apperception

or she sees in a series of ink blots (a) 9. b--------intensive

Rorschach test (b) standardized test (c) 10. b--------artificial observations

thematic apperception (d) projective test. 11. a--------control group

8. In______test, the subject invents a story

about the character in each of a series of
pictures (a) standardized test (b) thematic
apperception (c) Rorschach test (d) stanford-
binet intelligence test.

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TOPIC SEVEN
Psychology And Other Disciplines
 Psychology and Physiology
Physiology studies the internal organs and their
processes in human beings and animals.
 Historically, physiology and psychology
began as the same discipline.
 The works of Wilhelm Wundt, William
James, Edward Thorndike, Karl Lashley, Ivan
Pavlov, contributed objective, reliable and
quantitative measures of behavior with which
physiological psychology began.
 Physiology studies COVERT
behavior(unobservable) while psychology
studies OVERT behavior (observable)
 Psychology and Law
Psychology and law involves the application of
psychological principles to legal matters and
interaction of psychology and law for individuals
involved in the legal process.
Psychological participation attempts to apply
new findings about perception, memory and
physiological reactions associated with emotions
to assess witness’ reports
 Psychology and linguistic
 Linguistic is the science of language.
27
 Developmental and Cognitive psychology
have had an interesting contribution to this field.
 Noam Chomsky (1972) contributed in the
area of language development from infancy.
 Chomsky asserted that: 1. There is an
innate language acquisition device(LAD), which
provides the basis for human linguistic
competence. 2. Each sentence has both
surface structure (the actual form taken by the
sentence) and a deep structure (the idea,
underlying the sentence.)
 Psychology and sociology
 Sociologists study people in groups while
psychologists study individuals and their
behavior.
 Sociology is associated to an area of
psychology called Social Psychology
 Social Psychologist study how a person
thinks about other people, is influenced by them
and relates to them.
 Psychology and Economics
 The goal of psychological economics is to
man happy, all other things being equal, when
his needs such as; food, clothing and shelter are
met.
 The branch of psychology called Industrial
Psychology studies individuals in a business
place.
 Psychology and Artificial Intelligence.
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 Artificial intelligence involves the study of
cognitive phenomena in machines and its
practical goals are to implement aspects of
human intelligence in computers.
 Cognitive psychology is of important
contribution to the field of artificial intelligence.
 The cognitive psychologists provide
expertise that fuses humanness and humanity
into the machine(e.g Roberts)
 Psychology and Education
 Human education is concerned with certain
changes in the intellects, characters and
behavior of men.
 Foundational learning principles in
psychology such as thee classical conditioning,
operant or instrumental conditioning and
Observational learning are the bedrocks of
education today.
 Psychology and Medicine
 One area of medicine that has had the
closest interaction with psychology is psychiatry.
 Clinical psychology and Health psychology
also have relationship with medicine.
 Psychology and Military.
The field of military psychology can encompass
every aspect of the researchers in this area
focus on the psychology of military organization,
military life and psychology of combat.
28
 Psychology and Philosophy
 Philosophy is the cradle of all knowledge.
 Great Philosophers like Wilhelm Wundt, E.B
Titchener, Herman Ebbinghaus, Sir Francis
Galton made critical thinking that later evolved
into the various schools of thought that formed
the pioneering walls of psychology.
 Psychology separated from philosophy in
the 19th century under the need to have an
independent science that studies human
behavior and mental processes.
QUESTIONS
1. ______involves the study of cognitive
phenomena in machines (a) Roberts (b)
computer psychology (c) artificial intelligence (d)
technological intelligence
2. The following philosophers contributed to
psychology except (a) Wilhelm wundt (b)
Sigmund freud (c) e.b. titchner (d) sir frances
galton
3. ________psychology is of more contribution
to artificial intelligence (a) developmental (b)
cognitive (c) social (d) community
4. _________studies the overt behavior
while_____studies covert behaviors (a)
physiology;psychology (b) psychology;
physiology (c) science; philosophy (d) philosopy;
science
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5. _______study people in group

TOPIC EIGHT
while_____study people individually
6. _______deals with topics such as mental
Psychology For Africa
representation and thought processes (a)
military psychology (b) cognitive psychology (c)
 Psychology was introduced to Africa by non-
industrial psychology (d) clinical psychology
Africans.
7. Developmental and cognitive psychology
 It has been argued that WESTERN
contributed to the field of (a) law (b) economics
PSYCHOLOGY is only partly appropriated to
(c) linguistic (d) military
Africa, because it originated and it is still rooted
8. Psychological participation in law applies
in industrialized societies.
the following except (a) perception (b) stimulus
 Western psychology is mechanistic and
(c) memory (d) physiological
materials because it developed within a
9. _______studies individuals in a business
technologically oriented society unlike in Africa.
place (a)social psychology (b) industrial
 Mehryar criticized psychologists for teaching
psychology (c) developmental psychology (d)
or implying that individuals are responsible for
military psychology
what happens; yet in Africa, individual are often
ANSWER helpless to control or modify their world.
 C. Wright Mills argued for a social science
1. C--------artificial intelligence
of ‘melieux.’ The need to investigate the many
2. B---------sigmund freud
environments in which people react in terms of
3. B---------cognitive
their individual and collective needs.
4. B-------psychology; physiology
5. Sociology and psychology
Colonialism and Psychology
6. B---------cognitive psychology
 It is on record that in her past as well as her
7. C------linguistic
present, “African” has greatness.
8. B--------stimulus
 It is often said that the wealth associated
9. Industrial psychology
with the United States is a result of the surplus
generated by the labour of at least 15million
Africans taken as slaves.

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 Several reasons could be advanced to
explain the so- called “scramble for Africa” which
was legitimized by the congress of Berlin( 1884-
1885) that provided the enabling environment
for European powers to divide African pie
among themselves.
 In order for the colonial masters to achieve
their aims and objective, they put some
“structures” in place.
Consequently, the following were introduced:
 Indirect governing system.
 Modern education.
 Their (European’s) version of “order”.
 Transport and communication.
 These “structures” were to change the
perspectives and the reasoning of the Africans.
 This section is meant to reveal the impact of
colonialism on the educational system in Africa
in general and Nigeria particularly.
 It must be noted that much of what is taught
in psychology in Nigeria today is “Western-
oriented.”
30
TOPIC NINE
Career in Psychology.
 What psychologists do and where they
do it.
It is concluded that among social science
disciplines, psychology is dynamic.
WHY?
 Psychologist conduct research
 Psychologist promote and help to maintain
physical and mental health.
 Psychologist help people learn
 Psychologist study and contribute to the
work environment.
 The kind of problem psychologist address is
in everywhere.
 Areas of specialization in psychology.
 Clinical psychologists
Assess and treat mental, emotional and
behavioral disorders.
 Counseling psychologists
Help people recognize their strengths and
resources to cope with their problems.
 Development Psychologists
Focuses on the biological and environmental
factors that contribute to human development
throughout life.
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 Social Psychologists
Study how a person’s mental life and behavior
are shaped by interaction with other people.
 Cross-cultural psychologists
These psychologists compare the nature of
psychological process in different cultures to
discover whether or not psychological
phenomenon are universal or cultural specific.
 Forensic Psychologists
They apply psychological principles to legal
issues. Also conducts professional research on
jury behavior or eye witness testimony.
 Educational psychologists.
Focuses on how effective teaching and learning
take place.
 Health Psychologists.
Specialize in how biological psychological and
social factors affect health and illness.
 Industrial/organizational psychologist.
They apply psychological principles and
research methods to work place in the interest
of improving productivity and the quality of work
life. They train, select and place, and motivate
workers. They also ensure a favorable working
conditions and leadership styles in the
organization.
 Community Psychologists
They provide accessible care for people with
psychological problems and help people
maximize their stay in their environ.
 Experimental Psychologists
31
They work with the empirical facts gathered in
research with the aid of experimental methods.
 Sport Psychologists
They help athletes refine their focus on
competition goals, become more motivated and
learn to deal with the anxiety and fear of failure
that often accompany competition.
 Job Opportunities
First degree graduates of Psychology (B.sc
Psychology) can work in the following areas:
 Business
 Research
 Social/Human services
TOPIC 8 AND 9 QUESTIONS
1. ______psychologists specialize on how
biological psychological and social factors affect
health and illness (a) health (b) clinical (c)
hospital (d) forensic
2. _______psychologists assess and treat
mental, emotional and behavioral disorders. (a)
health (b) clinical (c) hospital (d) forensic
3. Psychology is said to be (a) static (b)
dynamic (c) strong (d) weak
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 32

4. The psychology taught in Nigeria is (a)

African oriented (b) American oriented (c)
western-oriented (d) German oriented
5. ________argued for a social science of
‘melieux’ (a) mehryar (b) C.Wright Mills (c) albert
bandura (d) Sigmund Freud
6. Psychology was introduced to Africa
by______(a) west africans (b) non-Africans (c)
south Africans (d) African philosophers.

ANSWERS

1. A----------health
2. B--------clinical
3. B---------dynamic
4. C-----------western-oriented
5. B-----------C. Wright Mills
6. B--------non-Africans

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