Case Studies in Construction Materials 15 (2021) e00630

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Case Studies in Construction Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cscm

Case study

Recycled waste glass powder as a partial replacement of cement in

concrete containing silica fume and fly ash
K.I.M. Ibrahim 1
Construction Engineering Dept., College of Engineering at Qunfudha, Umm-Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Waste glass (WG) generates severe environmental problems, indeed owing to the inconsistency of
Waste glass powder WG Rivers. With increasing environmental challenges to decrease solid wastes and reuse them as
Silica fume much as possible, concrete manufacturing has utilized several techniques to accomplish this
Fly ash
objective. The principal goal of this study is to search the appropriateness and the effect of using
Compressive strength
Splitting tensile strength
waste glass powder (WGP) as a partial substitution of cement weight for three main types of
Glass powder effect concretes.
These three essential types are ordinary concrete, concrete containing silica fume (SF), and
concrete containing fly ash (FA). The WGP replacement ratios from cement weight were 0 %, 5 %,
10 %, 15 %, and 20 %. Some mechanical and other concrete properties have been investigated at
both hardened and fresh stages.
The test results showed the appropriateness of WGP utilization as cement in concrete. Utilizing
a 5 % WGP proportion raises the compressive and tensile strengths of ordinary concrete (group 1)
by about 8 % and 13 %, respectively, related to the control mix [without waste glass powder]. At
all ratios of WGP replacement, the compressive and tensile strengths of silica fume and fly ash
concrete (groups 2, 3) decreased compared to control concretes. This reduction was about 13 %–
14 %, respectively, at a 20 % WGP ratio. Additionally, the water absorption and density of plain,
SF, and FA concrete mixes incorporating the proportions 5 %–20 % WGP as a partial replacement
of cement weight decreased compared to reference concretes [0%WGP].The fresh and dry density
of ordinary concrete (group 1) lessened by around 3 % compared to control concrete at a 20 %
WGP ratio. The decreasing ratios in water absorption of groups 1,2, and 3 specimens made of 20
% WGP compared to control concrete [0%WGP] are 27.78 %, 14.75 %, and 18.75 % respectively.
The workability increased by increasing the WGP content for all concrete types utilized in this
study.

1. Introduction

Concrete is the most widely and extensively used material in the world. Concrete is the mixture of various materials, aggregate (fine
and coarse), cement & water. Each of them is mixed in different amounts to realize specific strength.. The concrete industry generates
severe environmental problems [1]. Cement manufacture is an energy-intensive and highly polluting process that gives about 5–8 % to
overall carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions [2]. This high influence is because each ton of cement manufacture releases one ton of CO2 to

E-mail address: kiibrahim@uqu.edu.sa.

1
On Sabbatical leave from higher Institute of Engineering and Technology of Kafr-EL-Shiekh – Egypt.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00630
Received 8 February 2021; Received in revised form 28 June 2021; Accepted 15 July 2021
Available online 19 July 2021
2214-5095/© 2021 The Author. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
K.I.M. Ibrahim Case Studies in Construction Materials 15 (2021) e00630

the air from both fuel and cement raw material burning [3–6]. The waste materials recycling in concrete as a partial substitution of
cement is a practical policy for reducing cement use, Therefore, lessening the environmental influences of concrete production [7].
Glass as a raw material is a 100 % reusable element. It can be reused without any value loss [8]. WG recycling and reusing as cement
leads to saving landfill places and reduces the extraction request of cement for the construction sector [9]. Many pozzolanas as FA and
SF are manufactured waste products that do not require extra processing. Their usage in cement decreases the consumption of energy,
raw substances, and the emission of CO2. As concluded by the earlier studies in the WGP used in concrete creation, there were
contradictions in the accessible test results. These illogicalities involved hardened and fresh concrete proprieties [10]. Many studies
have confirmed the usefulness of glass as supplementary cementitious material. In most of the works, it was observed that 10–20 % of
GP can be used as a cement replacement [11–13]. According to previous research, the compressive strength of concrete increased until
10 % GP content [14,10]. The reviewing papers investigated the GP influence that sieved through 0.06 mm sieve and noticed that the
compressive strength increment until 25 % substitution of cement. The increment peak was at 20 % substitution [15]. The previous
behavior of the concrete in compressive strength is also observed in tensile and flexure strengths [6,11,13,15, and 16]. It was found
that GP could be used in interior and exterior slabs and structural wall elements. GP replacements of up to 20 % yielded significant
improvements in the mechanical properties of concrete, especially at later ages, due to the pozzolanic activity of glass [17]. Other
research shows that adding GP to concrete yields better performance for concrete which is conserved in a sulfate environment [18].
Another study stated less drying shrinkage when GP was used as a cement substitution at 10 %. In this case, the drying shrinkage was
lower than in reference concrete at 28 days owing to the denser matrix due to the pozzolanic influence of GP [19]. According to one
study, the water penetration of concrete is reduced by increasing the replacement level of GP up to 60 % [20]. Research shows that
glass powder reduces the permeability of concrete by up to 16.41 % less than control concrete [21]. Additional investigation is
necessary required for the durability and microstructure analysis of WG as a substitute for cement in concrete. This study aims to
explore the influence of the GP on the properties of three types of concrete.

2. Materials

2.1. Cement

In this research, locally ordinary cement was utilized and tested according to the ESS 2421/2005 [22]. The cement properties
displayed its appropriateness for the creation of concrete. Tables 1 and 2 illustrate the cement engineering properties utilized in this
paper.

2.2. Recycled WG

WG was brought from a glass factory wastes then pulverized in apparatus of abrasion (Los Angeles), and then was ground in a mill.
Glass powders of grain size less than 0.075 mm are utilized in this research. Fig. 1 illustrates the mill used and WG samples before and
after grinding.

2.3. Silica fume

SF is a byproduct resulting from the loss of high pureness quartz with coal in electrical core furnaces during the creation of silicon.
The fume, which owns a high content of amorphous silicon dioxide and includes hugely fine rounded particles, is obtained from the
gases leaving from the furnaces. Table 2 shows the silica fume chemical properties.

2.4. Fly ash

ASTM C618 (ASTM 2012a) defines FA as the finely distributed sediment collected from the crushed or powder coal burning. Table 2
shows the FA chemical properties.

2.5. Aggregates

The sand of 4.75 mm maximum size and basalt with the largest size of 9.5 mm and a unit weight of 1.68 t/m3 were used in this
study. The characteristics of sand and basalt conferred with ESS 1109/2002 [23]. Table 3 presents the aggregate properties.

Table 1
Cement properties.
Properties Results

Soundness (Le Chatelier) mm 1.1

Initial 117
Setting time min.
Final 161
3days 21.9
Compressive strength MPa
28days 49.5

2
K.I.M. Ibrahim Case Studies in Construction Materials 15 (2021) e00630

Table 2
Chemical properties of WGP, SF, FA, and cement.
Composition SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MgO CaO K2O Na2O SO3

Glass powder 70.82 2.22 0.51 1.41 10.82 0.28 12.95 0.10
Cement 21.23 3.21 1.42 3.1 62.8 0.9 0.96 2.22
SF 96.4 0.25 0.45 0.45 0.25 0.5 0.2 0.15
FA 33.46 19.53 6.28 5.54 26.28 – 1.43 2.4

Fig. 1. The mill used and WG samples before and after grinding.

2.6. Mixing water

In this study, portable water was used for mixing concrete.

2.7. Superplasticizer (SP)

SP is considered a great water-reducing agent in manufacturing concrete. In this study, a product of Sika Company was utilized. Its
dosage for use was 0.3–3 % of the binder.

3. Experimental procedure

3.1. Mixture proportioning

A sum of 15 mixes of concrete was produced, all the mixtures were by the same sand to basalt ratio = 1:2. The investigated mixtures
were distributed to three groups; each group consists of five various mixtures according to five replacement ratios of cement by WGP.
These ratios were 0 %, 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, and 20 %. The first mix of each group was with a 0% GP content, taken as a reference mix. The
first group contained cement content 400 kg/m3, water/binder (W/B) = 0.5 and without SF and FA as second group contained cement
content 500 kg/m3, W/B = 0.4, and with SF addition ratio = 10 % of binder content. The third group involved cement content 500 kg/
m3, and W/B = 0.4 but with FA adding ratio = 20 % of binder content. Table 4 illustrates the concrete mixes ratios.

3.2. Testing of specimens

As stated by BS 12350-2:2009 [24], the slump test was fulfilled on fresh concrete mixes to define the concrete workability. The
density and the water absorption tests of all groups were fulfilled according to B.S.1881:1952 [25] andASTM C642 [26], respectively.
Also, By ESS 1658/2006 [27], compressive and tensile strengths were achieved. Three specimens were tested for each mix, and the
average was listed.

Table 3
Physical properties of basalt, sand, and waste glass.
Property Sand Basalt Waste glass

Specific weight 2.70 2.62 2.60

Density [t/m3] 1.72 1.68 1.46
Water absorption% 1.45 0.35 0.20

3
K.I.M. Ibrahim Case Studies in Construction Materials 15 (2021) e00630

Table 4
Concrete mixes proportion.
Group no Mix no GP% GP kg/m3 C kg/m3 W/B W kg/m3 Basalt kg/m3 S kg/m3 SF% FA% SP%

1 0% 0 400 0.5 200 1188 594 0 0 1

2 5% 20 380 200 1188 594
1 3 10 % 40 360 200 1188 594
4 15 % 60 340 200 1188 594
5 20 % 80 320 200 1188 594
6 0% 0 500 0.40 200 1132 566 10 0 2.5
7 5% 25 475 200 1132 566
2 8 10 % 50 450 200 1132 566
9 15 % 75 425 200 1132 566
10 20 % 100 400 200 1132 566
11 0% 0 500 0.40 200 1132 566 0 10 2.4
12 5% 25 475 200 1132 566
3 13 10 % 50 450 200 1132 566
14 15 % 75 425 200 1132 566
15 20 % 100 400 200 1132 566

B = binder (cement + glass powder) W/B = Water to binder ratio, SP = superplasticizer (percentage of binder content), and GP = glass powder. W =
water, S = sand, C = cement.

4. Results and discussions

4.1. Slump tests

The workability of all concrete mixes groups was defined by the slump test using. Table 5 and Fig. 2 show the slump test values, the
slump values of groups 1, 2, and 3 which were determined to be [6.5, 7.5, 8.6, 9.3, 10.2 cm], [8.1, 8.7, 9.4, 10.5, 11.1 cm], and [8.4,
9.5, 10.2,11, 11.6 cm] for specimens composed of 0 %, 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, and 20 % WGP respectively. The results illustrated that the
slump of all concrete mixes increases as the WGP increases. This performance may be owing to the smooth surface and low WGP water
absorption that increases the fluidity of mixes or may be referred to as the coarser particles of WGP related to the cement. Also, because
the WGP particles are fine so it can fulfill better the porosity of the coarse aggregates. All the mixes have a slump equal to or over 65
mm and display no segregation. This may be referred to as low paste size (viscosity) achieved in these mixes. The viscosity importance
formed from the fact that improving the viscosity that maintains good suspension of coarse aggregate during the deformation of the
mixture; this can decrease inter-particle contact and concentration of coarse aggregate grains. Hence, enhance the capability of the
grout mixture to fulfill the formwork and offset blocking. Also, increasing the viscosity improves the bond between the mortar and
coarse aggregate, therefore decreases the segregation risk. Also, from Table 5 and Fig. 2, it can be noticed that the slump of FA concrete
is higher than that of SF concrete despite that the SP amount of FA concrete is lesser than that of SF concrete. So it can be said that the
fly ash addition enhances the workability of waste glass powder concrete. A study by Ali A. Aliabdo et al. [2] also reported that
increasing the mixing ratio of WGP increased the slump of the plain concrete. Finally, it can be said that WGP gave approximately the
same influence on the slump values of the concretes containing silica fume and fly ash compared to the ordinary concrete.

4.2. Fresh and dry density results

The density value predominately depends on aggregate specific weight. Consequently, the substitution of cement may not alter the
concrete unit weight clearly [28]. Table 6 shows the fresh density values of plain, SF, and FA concrete. The decreasing ratios of groups
1, 2, and 3 samples composed of 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, and 20 % WGP are [1.25 %, 2.04 %, 2.54, and 3.34 %], [1.28 %,2.27 %, 2.68 %, and
3.14 %], and [2.03 %, 2.72 %, 3 %, and 3.37 %] respectively, related to control concrete. As presented in Figs. 3 and 4, the reduction of
the fresh density values of the WGP concrete mixes can be related to the specific gravity of the WGP that is lesser than the cement.
Despite the fresh density value reduction of WGP concrete mixes, they are still closer to the reference mixes. Table 7 presents the dry
(bulk) density test results of all concrete mixes groups. The decreasing ratios in dry densities of group 1,2,and 3 specimens made of 5 %,
10 %, 15 %, and 20 % WGP are [1.3 %, 1.93 %, 2.39 %, 3.31 %], [1%,1.83 %,2.41 %,2.79 %], and [1.11 %,2.06 %,2.23 %, 2.43 %]
respectively, as presented in Figs. 5 and 6. Similar values were reported by Canbaz and Topcu [29], which established the conclusion
that the concrete unit weight with WG is lesser than that without WG. Despite the drop in the dry density rates of WGP concrete mixes,
the values are yet similar to the control mixes [0%WGP]. Finally, it can be said that the presence of silica fume and fly ash in concrete

Table 5
Slump results.
Group SP % WGP 0% 5% %10 %15 20 %

1 1% 6.5 7.5 8.6 9.3 10.2

2 2.5 % Slump (cm) 8.1 8.7 9.4 10.5 11.1
3 2.4 % 8.4 9.5 10.2 11 11.6

4
K.I.M. Ibrahim Case Studies in Construction Materials 15 (2021) e00630

%WGP
14

12

10

Slump cm
8 Goup1

6 Group2
Group3
4

0
0%WGP 5%WGP 10%WGP 15%WGP 20%WGP

Fig. 2. Values of the slump [cm].

Table 6
Fresh density results.
Group % WGP 0% 5% %10 %15 %20

Fresh density kg/m3 2397 2367 2348 2336 2317

1
% of fresh density reduction control 1.25 % 2.04 % 2.54 % 3.34 %
Fresh density kg/m3 2421 2390 2366 2356 2345
2
% of fresh density reduction control 1.28 % 2.27 % 2.68 % 3.14 %
Fresh density kg/m3 2465 2415 2398 2391 2382
3
% of fresh density reduction control 2.03 % 2.72 % 3% 3.37 %

WGP%
2500

2450
Fresh density kg/ m3

2400

Group1
2350
Group 2
Group 3
2300

2250

2200
0%WG 5%WG 10%WG 15%WG 20%WG

Fig. 3. Values of fresh density.

% WGP
0
0%wg 5%wg 10%wg 15%wg 20%wg
-0.5
Decreasing ratios %

-1

-1.5
group 1
-2 group2
group 3
-2.5

-3

-3.5

-4

Fig. 4. Decreasing ratios in the fresh density.

5
K.I.M. Ibrahim Case Studies in Construction Materials 15 (2021) e00630

Table 7
Dry density results.
Group % WGP 0% 5% %10 %15 %20

Dry density kg/m3 2384 2353 2338 2327 2305

1
% of dry density reduction control 1.3 % 1.93 2.39 % 3.31 %
Dry density kg/m3 2405 2381 2361 2347 2338
2
% of dry density reduction control 1% 1.83 % 2.41 % 2.79 %
Dry density kg/m3 2427 2397 2377 2373 2368
3
% of dry density reduction control 1.11 % 2.06 % 2.23 % 2.43 %

WGP %
2440

2420

2400
Dry density kg/m3

2380

2360
Group1
2340
Group 2
2320
Group 3
2300

2280

2260

2240
0%WG 5%WG 10%WG 15%WG 20%WG

Fig. 5. Values of dry density.

% WGP
0
0%wg 5%wg 10%wg 15%wg 20%wg
-0.5
Decreasing ratios %

-1

-1.5 group 1
group2
-2 group 3

-2.5

-3

-3.5

Fig. 6. Decreasing ratios in the dry density.

does not change the effect of WGP as a reduced factor for the density of ordinary concrete.

4.3. Water absorption

Water absorption property is an essential mark of concrete durability. Decreasing water absorption can considerably improve long-
term concrete performance in aggressive service conditions. Liu [30] assumes that water absorption phenomena can be one of the most
primary agents for predicting the deterioration of concrete exposed to freezing and thawing cycling and carbonation. Table 8 rep­
resents the level of water absorption ratio for all mixes. Fig. 7 shows that the rate of water absorption decreased with the increase of the
WGP content for all groups. Fig. 8 represents the decreasing ratios in the water absorption of WGP concrete mixes below the control
mix. The decreasing ratios in water absorption of groups 1,2,and 3 specimens made of 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, and 20 % WGP compared to
control concrete [0%WGP] are [5.56 %, 11.11 %, 20.37 %, and 27.78 %], [3.28 %, 8.20 %, 11.48 %, and14.75 %], and [6.25 %, 12.5
%,16.67 %, and 18.75 %] respectively, this was expected because the glass water absorption ratio is almost zero. Moreover, the filling
influence of tiny milled WG particles results in enhanced particle packing, resulting in the denser and hence less permeable micro­
structure. Water absorption of concrete had been noted to be significant, decreased with the introduction of milled WG as a partial
substitution for cement in mixes. The utilization of grounded WG as a partial replacement for cement also results in reducing the
volume of voids in concrete. The same results were stated by Muzamil Liaqat et al. [31]. They verified that the WG concrete water
absorption ratio is lesser than that of concrete without WG; they also reported that with the increasing of the WG ratio, the concrete
water absorption ratio decreased.

6
K.I.M. Ibrahim Case Studies in Construction Materials 15 (2021) e00630

Table 8
Water absorption results.
Group % WGP 0% 5% %10 %15 %20

Water absorption % 1.08 0.96 0.90 0.86 0.78

1
% of Water absorption reduction Control 11.11 % 16.67 % 20.37 % 27.78 %
Water absorption % 0.61 0.59 0.56 0.54 0.52
2
% of Water absorption reduction Control 3.28 % 8.20 % 11.48 % 14.75 %
Water absorption % 0.48 0.45 0.42 0.40 0.39
3
% of Water absorption reduction Control 6.25 % 12.5 % 16.67 % 18.75 %

WGP %
1.2
Water absorption %

0.8

Group1
0.6
Group 2
Group 3
0.4

0.2

0
0%WG 5%WG 10%WG 15%WG 20%WG

Fig. 7. Values of % water absorption.

% WGP
0
0%WGP 5%WGP 10%WGP 15%WGP 20%WGP
-5
Decreasing ratios %

-10
group 1
-15 group 2
group 3
-20

-25

-30

Fig. 8. Decreasing ratios in the water absorption.

4.4. Compressive strength tests

A compression test usually provides an overall view of the property of concrete because strength is correlated directly to the
formation of the hydrated cement paste. The compression test is a significant test to define the strength enhancement of the samples of
concrete [32]. The compressive strength values of the reference and WGP concrete mixtures through 28 days are summarized in
Table 9. Each obtained value is the mean for three measurements. For group 1(plain concrete), it is obvious from Fig. 9 that the
performance of reused WGP as a cement replacement increases the concrete compressive strength at a 5 % ratio then decreased after
this ratio compared to the reference mixture. As exhibited in Fig. 10, the increase value at 5 % ratio was 7.51 % and the reduction were
3.48 %, 6.98 % and 21.65 % at 10 %, 15 %, and 20 % ratios respectively. The same results were said by Lalitha et al. [33]. They
announced that at a 5 % WGP ratio, the compressive strength increased then decreased after this value. This result matches the

Table 9
Compressive strength results.
Group % WGP 0% 5% %10 %15 %20

Compressive strength [MPa] 33.54 36.06 32.37 31.20 26.28

1
% increasing or decreasing control 7.51 % − 3.48 % − 6.98 % − 21.65 %
Compressive strength [MPa] 48.53 47.44 44.63 44.14 42.10
2
% increasing or decreasing control − 2.25 % − 8.04 % − 9.05 % − 13.25 %
Compressive strength [MPa] 52.51 49.87 48.06 47.23 45.12
3
% increasing or decreasing control − 5.03 % − 8.47 % − 10.06 % − 14.07 %

7
K.I.M. Ibrahim Case Studies in Construction Materials 15 (2021) e00630

WGP%
60

Compressive strength MPa

50

40

Group1
30
Group 2

Group 3
20

10

0
0%WG 5%WG 10%WG 15%WG 20%WG

Fig. 9. Values of compressive strength [MPa].

% WGP
Inecreasing or decreasing ratios %

10

0
0%WGP 5%WGP 10%WGP 15%WGP 20%WGP
-5

-10

-15

-20

-25

Fig. 10. Increasing or decreasing ratios in compressive strength.

obtained results in this investigation. It is apparent from Table 7 that the usage of recycled WGP as a cement substitution decreases the
compressive strength of the SF and FA concrete mixes [groups 1, 2] compared to the reference mixtures. As displayed in Table 9 and
Fig. 10, the reduction in 28 days compressive strength of recycled waste glass powder SF and FA mixes were [2.25 %, 8.04 %, 9.05 %,
13.25 %] and [5.03 %, 8.47 %, 10.06 %, 14.07 %] respectively. The high smoothness of recycled WG leads to cracks that drive to
inadequate adhesion among the recycled WG and cement paste inter-phase. Finally, it can be said that the presence of silica fume and
fly ash in concrete does not change the effect of WGP as a reduced factor for the compressive strength of concrete.

4.5. Tensile strength

The observed splitting tensile strengths after 28 days are displayed in Table 10. Every value is the mean for three measures. Fig. 11
displays that the splitting tensile strength inclined to increase at a 5 % ratio of recycled waste glass powder substitution in the concrete
mixture then decreased after this ratio compared to the control mix for group 1 [plain concrete]. As exhibited in Fig. 12, the increased
value at a 5 % ratio was 13.15 % and the reduction was 7.67 %, 10.41 % and 16.99 % at 10 %, 15 % and 20 % ratios respectively. The
same results were stated by Lalitha et al. [33]. They announced that at a 5 % WGP ratio, the tensile strength increased then decreased
after this value. This result coincides with the obtained results in this investigation. It is apparent from Table 10 that the usage of
recycled WGP as a cement substitution decreases the splitting tensile strength of the SF and FA concrete mixes [groups 1, 2] compared
to the reference mixtures. As displayed in Table 10 and Fig. 12, the reduction in splitting tensile strength of groups 2and 3 mixes (SF

Table 10
Splitting tensile strength results.
Group % WGP 0% 5% %10 %15 %20

Splitting tensile strength [MPa] 3.65 4.13 3.37 3.27 3..03

1
% Increasing or decreasing Control 13.15 % − 7.67 % − 10.41 % − 16.99 %
Splitting tensile strength [MPa] 4.17 4.14 3.92 3.85 3.74
2
% Increasing or decreasing Control − 0.72 % − 6% − 7.67 % − 10.31 %
Splitting tensile strength [MPa] 4.7 4.48 4.33 4.1 3.97
3
% Increasing or decreasing Control − 4.68 % − 7.87 % − 12.77 % − 15.53 %

8
K.I.M. Ibrahim Case Studies in Construction Materials 15 (2021) e00630

WGP%
5

4.5

Splitting tensile strength MPa

4

3.5

3
Group1
2.5
Group2
2 Group3
1.5

0.5

0
0%WG 5%WG 10%WG 15%WG 20%WG

Fig. 11. Values of splitting tensile strengths [MPa].

% WGP
15
Inecreasing or decreasing ratios

10

0
0%WGP 5%WGP 10%WGP 15%WGP 20%WGP
%

-5

-10

-15

-20

Fig. 12. Decreasing ratios in splitting tensile strengths.

and FA) were [0.72 %, 6 %, 7.67 %, 10.31 %] and [4.68 %, 7.87 %, 12.77 %, 15.53 %] respectively.

5. Conclusions

1 Cement can be substituted by WGP at a 5 % ratio without reducing compressive and tensile strengths of group 1 (ordinary con­
crete). From 10 % until 20 % WGP ratios, the compressive and tensile strength of group 1 (plain concrete) were reduced. This
reduction may be due to the high smoothness of recycled WG that leads to cracks that drive to inadequate adhesion among the
recycled WG and cement paste inter-phase.
2 5 % WGP replacement, in ordinary concrete [group 1], showed an approximately 8 % and 13 % increase in compressive and tensile
strengths, respectively.
3 At all ratios of WGP replacement, the compressive and tensile strengths of silica fume and fly ash concretes [groups 2, 3] decreased
compared to control concretes. This reduction was about 13 % and 14 %, respectively, at a 20 % WGP ratio.
4 With increasing, the substitution ratio of WGP, the water absorption ratio decreases in ordinary, SF, and FA concrete [groups 1, 2,
3]. The decreasing ratios in water absorption of groups 1,2, and 3 specimens made of 20 % WGP compared to control concretes[0%
WGP] are 27.78 %, 14.75 %, and 18.75 % respectively. This reduction was expected because the glass water absorption ratio is
almost zero. Moreover, the filling influence of tiny milled WG particles results in enhanced and denser particle packing, resulting in
a less permeability of microstructure.
5 The fresh and dry density of all concrete mixes, lessened by around 3 % compared to control concretes at a 20 % WGP ratio. This
reduction of the density values of the WGP concrete mixes can be related to the specific gravity of the WGP that is lesser than the
cement.
6 The workability increased by increasing the WGP content for all types of concrete [group 1, 2, 3]. This performance may be owing
to the smooth surface and low WGP water absorption that increases the fluidity of mixes.
7 The best dosage of WGP substitution is 5 % for the ordinary concrete [group 1].

9
K.I.M. Ibrahim Case Studies in Construction Materials 15 (2021) e00630

8 During utilizing WGP, the color of concrete doesn’t change for all concrete mixes.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors report no declarations of interest.

References

[1] G.M. Sadiqul Islam, M.H. Rahman, Nayem Kazi, Waste glass powder as partial replacement of cement for sustainable concrete practice, Int. J. Sustain. Built
Environ. 6 (2017) 37–44.
[2] Ali A. Aliabdo, Abd Elmoaty M. Abd Elmoaty, Ahmed Y. Aboshama, Utilization of waste glass powder in the production of cement and concrete, Constr. Build.
Mater. 124 (2016) 866–877.
[3] W.Z. Taffese, K.A. Abegaz, Embodied energy and CO2 emissions of widely used building materials: the Ethiopian context, MDPI Build. 9 (6) (2019) 1–15.
[4] A. Al-Mansour, C.L. Chow, L. Feo, R. Penna, D. Lau, Green concrete: by-products utilization and advanced approaches, MDPI Sustain. 11 (19) (2019) 1–30.
[5] C. Meyer, The greening of the concrete industry, Cement Concr. Compos. 31 (8) (2009) 601–605.
[6] M.N. Bajad, C.D. Modhera, A.K. Desai, Effect of glass on strength of concrete subjected to sulphate attack, Int. J. Civ. Eng. Res. Dev. 1 (2) (2011) 01–13.
[7] R. Gopalakrishnan, D. Govindarajan, Compressive strength and electron paramagnetic resonance studies on waste glass admixture cement, New J. Glass Ceram.
1 (03) (2011).
[8] K. Sobolev, P. Turker, S. Soboleva, G. Iscioglu, Utilization of waste glass in ECO-cement: strength properties and microstructural observations, Waste Manag. 27
(7) (2006) 971–976.
[9] M. Rakshvir, S.V. Barai, Studies on recycled aggregates based concrete, Waste Manag. Res. 24 (3) (2006) 225–233.
[10] J.M. Khatib, E.M. Negim, H.S. Sohl, N. Chileshe, Glass powder utilization in concrete production, Eur. J. Appl. Sci. 4 (4) (2012) 173–176.
[11] G.M.S. Islam, M.H. Rahman, N. Kazi, Waste glass powder as partial replacement of cement for sustainable concrete practice, Int. J. Sustain. Built. Environ. 6 (1)
(2017) 37–44.
[12] Z. He, P. Zhan, S. Du, B. Liu, W. Yuan, Creep behavior of concrete containing glass powder, Compos. Part B 166 (2019) 13–20.
[13] D. Patel, R.P. Tiwari, R. Shrivastava, R.K. Yadav, Effective utilization of waste glass powder as the substitution of cement in making paste and mortar, Constr.
Build. Mater. 199 (2018) 406–415.
[14] N. Kumarappan, Partial replacement cement in concrete using waste glass, Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol. 2 (10) (2013).
[15] J.S. Dali, S.N. Tande, Performance of concrete containing mineral admixtures subjected to high temperature, in: 37th Conference on Our World in Concrete and
Structures, Singapore, August, 2012.
[16] G. Vijayakumar, H. Vishaliny, D. Govindarajulu, Studies on mechanical properties of concrete containing waste glass powder as a partial replacement of cement
in concrete, Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Adv. Eng. 3 (2) (2013) 153–157.
[17] A. Omran, A. Tagnit-hamou, Performance of glass-powder concrete in field applications, Constr. Build. Mater. 109 (2016) 84–95.
[18] R. Chaïd, S. Kenaï, H. Zeroub, R. Jauberthie, Microstructure and permeability of concrete with glass powder addition conserved in the sulphatic environment,
Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng. 19 (2015) 219–237.
[19] R. Wattanapornprom, B. Stitmannaithum, Comparison of properties of fresh and hardened concrete containing finely ground glass powder, fly ash, or silica
fume, Eng. J. 19 (3) (2015) 35–47.
[20] H. Du, K.H. Tan, Transport properties of concrete with glass powder as supplementary cementitious material, ACI Mater J. 112 (3) (2015) 429–437.
[21] K.L. Jain, G. Sancheti, L.K. Gupta, Durability performance of waste granite and glass powder added concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 252 (2020) 1–11.
[22] ESS 2421/2005 – Egyptian Standard Specification, Cement – Physical and Mechanical Tests.
[23] ESS 1109/2002 – Egyptian Standard Specification, Aggregate for Concrete.
[24] BS 12350-12352, Testing of Concrete: Slump Test, British Standards Institute, London, United Kingdom, 2009.
[25] British Standard Institution, Method of Testing Concrete B.S.1881, BSI, London, 1952.
[26] American Society for Testing and Materials, Standard Test Method for Density, Water Absorption and Voids in Hardened Concrete. ASTM C642, Annual Book of
ASTM Standards, 1997.
[27] ESS 1658/2006 – Egyptian Standard Specification, Testing of Concrete.
[28] M.G. Beltran, A. Barbudo, F. Agrela, A.P. Galvn, J.R. Jimenez, Effect of cement addition on the properties of recycled concretes to reach control concretes
strengths, J. Clean. Prod. 79 (2014) 124–133.
[29] I. Topçu, M. Canbaz, Properties of concrete containing waste glass, Cem. Concr. Res. 34 (July) (2004) 267–274.
[30] M. Liu, Incorporating ground glass in self-compacting concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (2011) 919–925.
[31] Muzamil Liaqat, Mudasir Liaquat Shah, Mirza Aamir Baig, Effect of waste glass as partial replacement for coarse aggregate in concrete, Int. J. Tech. Innov.
Modern Eng. Sci. (IJTIMES) 4 (June (6)) (2018).
[32] M.S. Hameed, A.S.S. Sekar, V. Saraswathy, Strength and permeability characteristics study of self-compacting concrete using crusher rock dust and marble
sludge powder, Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 37 (2012) 561–574.
[33] S. Lalitha, M. Alaguraj, C. Divyapriya, Experimental study on use of waste glass powder as partial replacement to cement in concrete, Int. J. Eng. Sci. Res.
Technol. 6 (10) (2017).

10