Design and Fabrication of Jominy End-Quench Testing Machine

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Design and Fabrication of Jominy End-Quench Testing Machine: Hardenability

Evaluation of AISI-8620 Case-Hardening Steel
Article in Journal of Testing and Evaluation · January 2018

DOI: 10.1520/JTE20170185
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Journal of Testing and Evaluation
Design and Fabrication of Jominy End-Quench Testing

Machine: Hardenability Evaluation of AISI-8620 Case-
Hardening Steel
Fo
Journal: Journal of Testing and Evaluation
Manuscript ID JTE-2017-0185.R1
Manuscript Type: Technical Manuscript

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Date Submitted by the Author: 29-Mar-2017

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Complete List of Authors: Hassan, Muhammad; Dawood University of Engineering and Technology,
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering
Mehdi, Muhammad; Dawood University of Engineering and Technology,
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Owais, Muhammad; Dawood University of Engineering and Technology,

Nasir, Muhammad; Adamjee Government Science College,Karachi,
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Chemistry
Haider, Syed; NED University of Engineering and Technology, Metallurgy
Engineering
A01.13 Mechanical and Chemical Testing and Processing Methods of Steel

ASTM Committees and
Products and Processes < A01 Committee on Steel, Stainless Steel and
Subcommittees:
On
Related Alloys
Jominy End Quench testing Machine, ASTM-A255, Designing, Fabrication,

Keywords:
Hardenability, AISI-8620, Metallography, Micro-structures
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https://mc04.manuscriptcentral.com/astm-jote
Page 1 of 56 Journal of Testing and Evaluation
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3 Design and Fabrication of Jominy End-Quench Testing Machine: Hardenability
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5 Evaluation of AISI-8620 Case-Hardening Steel
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8 Muhammad Aqib Hassan1, Muhammad Mehdi1, Muhammad Owais1, Muhammad Nasir2 and
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Syed Muhammad Kumail Haider3
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12 1
13 Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Dawood University of Engineering and
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15 Technology, M.A Jinnah Road, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
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17 Department of Chemistry, Adamjee Government Science College, off Business recorder road,
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19 Karachi 74500, Pakistan
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21 NED University of Engineering & Technology, University Road, Karachi - 75270, Pakistan
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25 Abstract
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28 The hardenability evaluation has been in the consideration of metallurgists for a long period of time due to its
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need in formulating the hardness penetration rate of alloys with reference to its cooling curve. In this work, we
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31 designed and fabricated a Jominy end-quench testing machine by following the ASTM-A255 standard through
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33 computer aided designing. Our design possesses the novelty of water recycling, cooling tower, water-level
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35 indicator, facile interface and is compatible with the environment. Hardenability evaluation test of AISI-8620
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37 case hardening steel has been performed on the as-fabricated machine. The results confirmed that AISI-8620
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39 achieved the maximum hardness of 43.6 HRC at its quenching-end through water quenching. Metallographic
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41 studies reveal the formation of sufficient amount of martensite and other micro-structures such as retained
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austenite, bainite, sorbite and pearlite.
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45 Keywords: Jominy End Quench testing Machine; ASTM-A255; Designing; Fabrication; Hardenability; AISI-
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47 8620; Metallography; Micro-structures
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Journal of Testing and Evaluation Page 2 of 56
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3 1. Introduction:
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6 Metals are widely used in the manufacturing of various automotive parts [1], aeronautical structures [2],
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construction anatomy [3] and other engineering applications. For each of the given applications, a particular
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9 hardness and to achieve this hardness value, proper Hardenability of material is needed. [4]
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12 Hardenability is a material’s ability to attain hardness by martensite formation through heat treatment process. It
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14 can be calculated by chemical composition [5], grain size [6] and more importantly, from the amount of
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16 martensite [7]. In the metallurgical aspect, hardenability can be defined with respect to Isothermal
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18 transformation (I.T) diagram; hence manipulation of I.T diagram is possible by alloy addition and grain size of
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austenite. This alteration promotes possibility to quench at a low cooling rate while yielding maximum amount
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21 of martensite [7]. The wearability, case-hardening, and adjustability of metal are directly proportionate with
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23 hardenability whereas weldability is in inverse relation with hardenability. [8]

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26 There are various methods to evaluate hardenability of given material which includes Grossman method [5],
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28 Fracture test, however the most popular one among the metallurgists is Jominy end-quench test [9] due to its
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facile process & precision. Jominy end-quench testing machine is an important instrument for both the industry
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31 & research sectors.
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34 Many recent works were reported which offers various design, fabrication [10] and simulation of Jominy end-
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36 quench testing machine [11] and testing of various alloys on it [10,11]. Herein, we focused on design and
On
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38 fabrication of an environment friendly, water-recyclable, portable, easy user-interface and cost-effective Jominy
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40 end-quench testing machine. The design of the testing machine was aided by Solid Works and Multisim
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softwares followed by real time fabrication. Subsequent to that, hardenability test of AISI-8620 Nickel-
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43 Chrome- Moly steel was carried out followed by metallographic testing of conventional case-hardening steel,
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45 [12] mostly used in gears, shafts, pinions, arbors, camshafts and kingpins.
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48 All the activities were performed by following ASTM-A255 standard [5] which defines standard design and
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50 operating procedure for Jominy end-quench Testing Machine as depicted in Fig. 1.
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52 2. Design:
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55 Our blueprint for Jominy end-quench testing machine focuses on a design which encourages easy maintenance,
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57 facile fabrication, eco-friendliness, cost effectiveness, portability and simple operation. To achieve these targets
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2
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3 we strongly focused on the ASTM A-255 Standard [5]. The modeling of parts was contributed through Solid
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5 Works, whereas an electric circuit has been architected through Multisim.
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7 WATER TANK AND COOLING TOWER:
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10 To optimize the structure, water tank and cooling tower are jointly designed such that the upper portion works as
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12 cooling tower whereas the lower portion works as the water tank. Together, they form an L-shaped structure as
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14 shown in Fig. 2.
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16 The water tank is 8 inch high from the ground, with 18 inch in length and breadth each.
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19 Area = length x breadth (1)
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22 Volume = length x breadth x height (2)
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The total surface area of a water tank is 8.22 m2 (324 inch2 ) and its volume is 65.83m2 (2592 inch3), calculated
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26 from Eqs.1 and Eqs.2 respectively. Such high volume of water tank allows more amount of water storage which
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28 also assists in maintaining the temperature of water while performing continuous testing. The water tank has
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30 three holes; one is for drainage on the bottom, the second one is on a front where an elbow is designed to
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32 transfer water to the pump while the third one is on right side attached to another pipe for drainage of excess
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34 water.
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36 The function of cooling tower is to maintain the temperature of water. The dimensions of cooling tower are 0.25
On
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38 m (10inch) height, 0.45 m (18inch) length and breadth of 0.15 m (6inch). Its area is 2.74 m2 (108 inch2) (Eqs.1)
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40 and volume of 65.83 m3 (2592 inch3) (Eqs.2). It contains two main components i.e. a pipe of 0.05 m (2 inch)
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42 diameter, set at the upper portion of the cooling tower and the three fans 0.1x0.1 m (10x10cm) (3610kl-04w-
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44 b66) which are screwed into the wall of tower such that two fans are fitted on front side apart of 0.007 m
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46 (0.7cm) while on the opposite side another fan is mounted in center as shown in Fig. 2a and 2b.
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48 The cooling tower structure is designed by considering aerodynamics. The 0.005m (5mm) holes were perforated
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50 on the remaining two sides of the tower for exhaust as shown in Fig.2c. These holes provide an outlet for warm
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52 air. These exhausts are relatively narrow as compared to the air pressure, this technique provides an additional
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54 motion to the air flow i.e. upward direction. Since the tower is attached to the water tank and a large amount of
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56 water is stored in the tank, therefore, no space is left for air to flow except in an upward direction. Due to
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3
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3 specifically designed cooling tower with its precise components and unique air flow, it provides more agitation
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5 which supports the cooling process.
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7 The head cover of a cooling tower is shown in Fig.3 its upper section has a pipe connecting it to water tub as
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9 shown in Fig.3a while the bottom section is shown in Fig.3b which contains a large number of holes of 0.003m
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11 (3mm) diameter lying in zigzag fashion. The zigzag pattern provides more space for increasing the number of
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13 holes. This also avoids accumulation of water and improves its performance by increasing contact time with air
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15 blown by cooling fans which favors faster evaporation.
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JOMINY TUB AND HOLDER:
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20 Jominy Tub has a box-like structure with dimensions of 0.25x 0.25 x 0.3m (10x10x12 inches). There is a
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22 specimen holder bolted diagonally at the top of the tub. This specimen holder is adjustable. It consists of two
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24 thin metal rods about 0.004 m (4mm) fixed and 0.027m (27mm) apart (this distance is greater than standard
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26 specimen diameter). Additionally, two same rods (0.003 m length), are fixed cross-sectionally to form a square
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shaped cavity where specimen can rapidly be placed as shown in Fig. 4
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30 There are two holes at the bottom of the tub as shown in Fig. 4b. One of the hole is at the center of the tub while
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32 another is at the corner. Center hole is relatively small and further connected to an input pipe, having welded
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34 orifice. This pipe is threaded vertically and it is adjusted 0.2m (8 inches) high from the surface of the tub. The
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36 metal orifice is welded at the top of the pipe, having 0.01 m (10mm) internal diameter while excess water
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washes out of the tub through another pipe.
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40 MACHINE CASE:
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43 The case of the machine is established by using angle-iron bars with the dimensions of 0.015 x 0.015m. The
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45 frame is 0.15m (6inch) high from the ground to protect the components of the machine from damage. The total
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47 height of the frame is 1.01m (40inch). It has 0.508m (20inch) breadth and 0.609 m (24inch) length as shown in
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Fig. 5a and 5b. Two platforms have been built and placed at two different heights from the ground. One is at
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50 0.152m (6inch) while the other one is at 1.01m (40inch). At the lower platform, additional angle-iron bar is
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52 welded to the tank. This weld produces a good cavity for the landing of tank thus the tank is fixed without
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54 additional joining feature. A stand for Pump motor is also designed on the lower platform. At the top platform,
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56 water tub will be screwed to the frame.
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3 PIPING ARCHITECTURE:
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The piping architecture is represented in Fig. 6 which is designed in such a way that stored water is pumped out
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7 by the water pump and flows towards the tub. Before the tub, it passes through a T-joint, where it divides water
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9 flow into two routes. One goes to the tub while other direction passes through vent valve which exhausts the
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11 excess water back to the tank. The vent valve is used to control water flow for the tub. The used water drained to
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13 the cooling tower through drainage pipe before entering into the cooling tower. Water spreads into the two
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15 opposite directions by using 0.05m (2inch) thick perforated pipe, having the pores as shown in Fig. 2. These
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17 pores allow slow dropping of water, resulting in increased surface area and contact time of water droplets which
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are cooled down and later drained into the tank.
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21 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT:
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24 Electric appliances such as motor, fans and water-level indicator are used to assist machine working. The
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26 electric circuit is illustrated in Fig.7, which has been designed to implant in Jominy and computationally aided
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by Multisim. The input voltage from the source is 220Volt. A water pump (Model: MP-30RM) of 25W is
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29 attached to the circuit. Three fans of 12 V are mounted in the cooling tower. The required voltage is adjusted
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31 through a 12V adapter. A simple water-level indicator operates via 9 V transformer which is further connected
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33 to the AC circuit. Three LEDs indicate the amount of water present in a tank such that red color indicates empty
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35 tank, yellow color indicates middle tank and green color indicates full tank.
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Each appliance is attached to a separate switch with a neon bulb indicator for easy operation. Additionally, a
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breaker is attached with the whole circuit for safety assurance.
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42 3. Fabrication:
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45 Fabrication of machine follows design specifications. Fabrication was focused on cost-effectiveness and
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47 machine efficiency. We selected appropriate material and favorable joining technique for each component with
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respect to its use as given in Table 1.
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3 Table.1: List of materials used for each component and their joining techniques
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6 Components Material Joining Techniques
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8 Body sheets stainless steel Threaded Fasteners
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10 tank SAE-J403 Sheet lock system, Gas welding, Sealant
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Solution
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13 Cooling Tower SAE-J403 Sheet lock system, Gas welding
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15 Jominy Tub SAE-J403 Sheet lock system, Gas welding, Threaded
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17 fasteners
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19 Case structure mild steel Shielded Metal Arc Welding
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21 Orifice Mild steel Shielded Metal Arc Welding
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Pipes Polyvinyl chloride CPVC cement
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vent valves Polyvinyl chloride CPVC cement
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26 specimen holder Threaded Fasteners, Gas welding
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28 Pipe Joints Grey iron Jubilee Clips, Gas welding
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30 Hexagon Bushing Bronze Threading
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32 with lock nut

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34 Wires Copper Soldering and Taping
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Upper-case Plywood Lock System
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On
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40 To reduce the operational cost, several parts were joined together and minimum joining operations were used to
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42 manufacture the machine. The most important feature of the machine is that the water tank and cooling tower
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44 are fabricated together as shown in Fig. 8. The aforementioned feature was carried out to optimize the structural
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46 design, which helped to reduce the dimensions of machine and a separate structure of water tank and cooling
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tower required a pipe and pump for transferring the water from one to another part is no more required.
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49 Therefore the cooling tower is fabricated above the water tank which did not require any additional part for
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51 transferring the water due to gravity. Water tank comprises of a long sheet bent in specified design. The other
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53 pieces were sectioned and special lock system is produced between the sheets so that the water pressure could
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55 be borne by the structure. These sheets were locked by the mechanism and especially the corners were welded
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57 by gas welding. Rest of the portion is sealed by sealant chemical which is used to avoid any leakage of water.
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3 With the help of the gas welding two elbows and a socket is welded to the tank at different position. Each part
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5 has its own unique purpose. One is welded for pump’s connection, while the other was welded for diverging the
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extra pressure of water while the last and lower one was welded for evacuation of water from tank, when
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needed. A round space is separated from the cooling tower by using cutter and a number of holes are perforated
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10 through punching. For each fan; four holes were drilled for bolting it as shown in Fig.9. From the top most part
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12 of the tower 0.003m (3mm) thin rod is insulated by sheet, which supports the structure in maintaining the shape
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14 of tank. An additional cover is present which contains a porous pipe represented in Fig.10. Additionally it
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16 contains a large rectangular hollow for pipe’s fitting. This cover protects the tank’s water from any undesirable
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18 impurity into the tank.
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20 There is a pump beside the tank of water as shown in Fig. 11. This pump is connected only to exert pressure
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22 upwards for the water to flow. This kind of pump is not suitable for suction of water; therefore, the absence of
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24 water can damage its propellers. These types of pump wear out in the absence of water. Addressing the above
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26 problem, the pump was connected to the tank at the ground level. This design helped the pump to receive water
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28 continuously from the tank, as the water moves downward due to gravity. Because of this; the need of chuck
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30 wall eliminated and to flow back of water is remedied. This pump operates at very low power, therefore, our
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machine favors energy saving.

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34 The machine case is more typical as every machine required a strong and tough but lighter case. We chose Mild
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36 steel angle-iron bars due to which machine structure becomes quite strong and light. Its structural anatomy as
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38 shown in Fig. 5 which provides stability to the machine and helps other parts to join easily. These bars are safe
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40 against bending, corrosion and cracking. These angled bars are also easily available in the market and are
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cheaper. Initially, four same size angle-iron bars were selected then 2 square shaped frames were welded by
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43 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), having required dimensions. These frames were then welded to the 4
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45 angled iron bars at 2 different positions. After welding, all the joints were properly tested by applying force in
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47 all possible directions. These bars are welded together in a special manner so that a platform for a tank was
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49 achieved which clamps the tank and help to fixed it at its original position. The machine case is high as 1.01 m
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51 (40inch) as shown in Fig. 12. The machine case is expanded vertically rather than horizontally because of water
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53 flow. Since the water is needed to be directed towards the tub. In case of horizontal structure; several pumps
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were required, such that 1 pump would reserve for pushing the water from the tank to tub, while the other one
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56 would require for pushing the water to the cooling tower which will increase the operational cost of our machine
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3 therefore our design expanded vertically in which only one pump is attached which only through water to the
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5 tub, it flows down to the tank following the gravitation. The difference between the 2 frames was calculated as
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the outlet of the tub is directly attached to the pipe of a cooling tower which eliminates the need for a connecting
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pipe between the tub outlet and cooling tower as shown in Fig. 5. Each component of machine is joined by using
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10 threaded fasteners, as they provide ease at reopening of each component. Beside this, machine case frames are
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12 covered by using the metal stainless steel sheets. These sheets are bolted to the frame and bisected at appropriate
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14 dimensions in spite of welding with the case. This bolting mechanism will help in future maintenance and each
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16 part or component can be repaired or dismantled easily.
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The Tub is located at the top of the machine as shown in Fig. 13, which is fabricated by bending the metal sheet;
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20 some sides of the tub are joined together by the locking system, often used by sheet workers. The tub depth is
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22 relatively greater, which prevents spilling of water from the tub during the operations.
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25 4. Experimental:
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28 By following given specifications of ASTM-A255 [5] for Jominy Specimen and test as demonstrated in fig. 14.
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We performed our experiment for hardenability evaluation of AISI-8620 case-hardening steel.
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32 SPECIMEN PREPARATION:
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35 A cylindrical specimen as shown in Fig. 15 with length of 0.101 m (101.6mm) & 0.05 m (25.4mm) diameter
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37 was carved of AISI-8620 steel by using Lathe machine. The head of Specimen has sufficient diameter to put on
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Jominy specimen holder on specified height while performing a test.
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JOMINY END-QUENCH TESTING:

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44 The specimen was first preheated for half an hour for attaining the required temperature which was then soaked
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46 for 1 hour at an austenizing temperature of 900oC [13].The heat treatment was performed in Muffle Furnace
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48 (NEYO M-525 Series II). After the heat treatment; material was directly transferred to dry specimen holder
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within 5 seconds. When the specimen was placed in the specimen holder vertically, the distance between
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51 specimen & orifice was 0.012 m (12.7mm) as shown in Fig. 16. The hot specimen was left there for end-
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53 quenching by water with flow rate 0.19 L/S for 10 minutes calculated by Eqs 3. The observed temperature of the
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55 water was 200C, before contacting with the specimen. Drain hole spontaneously drained water into the tank
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57 through the cooling tower. Cooling tower maintains the temperature of water for its re-use.
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( !)
3 Flow rate of water (L/s) = (3)
# ($%&')
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6 HARDENABILITY EVALUATION:
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9 Grinding was performed on specimen to create a flat surface .During grinding chilled water is used to avoid any
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11 structural change because of heat of friction [14]. The results of hardness penetration rate were taken from
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bottom to top end of specimen with difference of 0.002 m (2mm) between each reading by using Rockwell
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14 hardness tester (Zwick Roell) as shown in Fig. 17.
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17 METALLOGRAPHY:
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20 As shown in Fig. 18, first 4 specimens were sliced by wire cutting from Jominy specimen after testing from
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bottom to top with thickness of 0.002m (2mm) each. Later these Specimens were cut into two parts to evaluate
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23 change in microstructure with difference of 0.002m (2mm) followed by hot mounting. The Polishing and
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25 Etching was performed on each Specimen to improve visibility of structure for microscopy [15].
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28 5. Results and Discussion:
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31 The Specimen (AISI-8620) is the case hardened steel which shows decline for graph of its hardness penetration
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rate obtained by Jominy end-quench test as shown in fig. 19. End-quenching test is used to evaluate different
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cooling rate [16] for given specimen to achieve required hardness. This hardness depends upon microstructures
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36 formed because of variation in cooling rate [17, 18]. Similarly this graph justifies above stated phenomenon.
On
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38 Hardness is inversely related with the distance from quenching-end this is because I.T diagram defines that the
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40 faster the cooling rate, there will be more chance of forming a harder structure such as martensite formation [19,
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42 20] .At the height of 0 m to 0.002 m (2mm) from quenching-end of the specimen hardness obtained is 43.6HRC,
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44 which describes the maximum hardness of material, can be achieved by AISI-8620 by water quenching. Since
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this alloy is well known as case hardened steel [12] therefore additional operations are feasible to improve its
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47 hardness. The metallography of this specimen reveals marks that resemble the presence of trapped carbide as
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49 shown in Fig. 20a. Due to rapid cooling, carbon trapped in lattice and formed body centered tetragonal structure
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51 (BCT), known as martensite. Also the fined grained structure, observed in microscopic results, ratifies the
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53 formation of martensite structure. This confirms that due to high cooling rate at the quenching-end, sufficient
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55 amount of martensite was formed [21].
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3 While going away from the quenching-end, hardness declines due to reduce cooling rate of material that resulted
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5 in formation of less amount of martensite and depicts a hardness of 40.5HRC.
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7 During quenching, due to swift cooling rate of the material, some amount of austenite remains inside the
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9 structure of material [22]. Since there is not enough time for austenite to transform, therefore it remains as
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11 residue and provides softness to the material but increases durability and ductility of the material. The large
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13 grain size, having the white appearance in microscopic testing, is an indicative of the formation of retained
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15 austenite [23] during quenching process as shown in Fig. 20b.
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When the Specimen of hardness 33.8HRC was microscopically tested as shown in Fig. 20c, an additional
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19 structure was observed along with the martensite. This Needle-like structure is basically the transformation to
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21 bainite [24] which initiates with the birth of ferrite needle and filled by cementite marks. Since the material is
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23 alloy steel and contains an appreciable amount of molybdenum, chromium, nickel and manganese. These
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25 elements provide ease of transformation into martensite and bainite by manipulating the position of the nose in
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27 I.T diagram.
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29 On further declination of hardness, circular structures can be observed in Fig.20d more prominently due to
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31 fewer amounts of martensite and bainite. With the hardness of 26.3-26.0HRC circular structure, known as
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33 sorbite also formed, along with the formation of fine pearlite. It provides unique round structural appearance.
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36 When the distance between quenching-end and inspecting place retardation in cooling rate was observed,
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pearlite forms. On inspecting nearer to the quenching-end fine pearlite was observed along with the bainite and
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sorbite as shown in Fig. 20e. On exceeding the distance, amount of pearlite increases and coarse pearlite was
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observed in the microstructure of specimens. From the above microscopic result, coarse pearlite is mixed with
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43 the fine pearlitic structure thus revealing a combined effect.
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46 The amount of fine pearlite decreases with the enhancement of coarse pearlitic structure which results in
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48 increasing the softness of the material [25] and indicates a downward slope in hardness from 26HRC onwards.
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50 6. Conclusion:
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53 The fabricated machine has been tailored on an optimum design. Machine operation confirms proper water
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55 recycling by cooling tower which supports its eco-friendly approach and cost effectiveness. Its facile interface
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57 such as water-level indicator, felicitate the operator throughout the operation. The metallography and
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3 hardenability results show martensite and other microstructures formation in AISI-8620 with the maximum
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5 hardness value of 43.6 HRC. Hence, such modifications in testing machines should be considered to improve
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testing techniques which support ease and precision in evaluated results.
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8
9 Acknowledgement:
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12 Authors acknowledge faculty of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department, Dawood University of
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14 Engineering and Technology, M.A Jinnah Road, Karachi 74800, Pakistan, for their support.
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17
References:
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20 [1]Kuziak, R., R. Kawalla, And S. Waengler., “Advanced High Strength Steels For Automotive
21 Industry.”, Archives Of Civil And Mechanical Engineering,Vol.8,No. 2,2008,pp. 103-117,
22 http://dx.doi.Org/10.1016/S1644-9665(12)60197-6
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25 of Advanced Scientific and Technical Research, Vol. 6. , No.3, 2013, pp. 2249-9954,
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29 and Opportunities”, Journal Of Constructional Steel Research, Vol. 64, No. 11, 2008, pp.1199–1206,
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38 [6] Hall, E. O., “Variation Of Hardness Of Metals With Grain Size.” Nature, Vol.173, 1954,pp. 948–
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41 [7]Sidney H. Avner, 1974, “The Heat Treatment of Steel” Chapter 9, Introduction to Physical
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42 Metallurgy, pp.276-281.
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44 [8] Wang, Yong-Yi, And Steve Rapp., “Weldability Of High Strength And Enhanced Hardenability
45 Steels “Presented At International Pipeline Conference2016. , Calgary, Alberta, Canada, October
46 4-8, 2004,pp.1–8.
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48 [9] Hickey, C. And Fopiano, P., "Heat Treatment Effects On The Mechanical Properties In Ti-6a1-6v-
49 2sn," Journal Of Testing And Evaluation, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1973, Pp. 166-169,
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52 [10] A.A Yekinni, “Fabrication of End Quenched Machine: Hardenability Evaluation”, Journal of
53 Minerals and Materials Characterization And Engineering, Vol.2 No.2,2014, pp. 107-113,
54 https://dx.doi.org/10.4236/Jmmce.2014.22014
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56 [11] D. Humberg, “A Numerical Simulation of the Jominy End Quench Test”, Acta Materialia
57 Vol. 44, No. 11, 1996, pp. 4375-4385, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1359-6454 (96)00084-5
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7 [13] Mehmet Erdogan, “The Effect Of Martensite Particle Size On Tensile Fracture Of Surface
8 Carburized Aisi 8620 Steel With Dual Phase Core Microstructure”, Materials & Design, Vol.
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11 [14] Congo Mao Et Al, “Experimental Investigation of Surface quality for Minimum Quality Oil-
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17 [16] Bhaskar Chandra Kandpal, “A Review On Jominy Test And Determination Of Effect Of
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19 Journal Of Advances In Engineering & Technology,Vol.1,No.3,2011,pp.65-71
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21 [17] Adnan Calik, “Effect Of Cooling Rate On Hardness And Microstructure Of Aisi 1020, Aisi 1040
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23 514-518, September 2009,

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26 [18] Jenan Mohammad Nagie, “The Effect Of Cooling Rate On Mechanical Properties Of Carbon
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[19] Jabbari Behnam, M. M., P. Davami, And N. Varahram. “Effect Of Cooling Rate On
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36 [21] Ron, M., A. Kidron, H. Schechter, And S. Niedzwiedz, “Structure Of Martensite.” Journal Of
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39 [22] G. Thomas And Et.Al, “Retained Austenite And Tempered Martensite Embrittlement In Medium
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43 [23] Sidney H. Avner, 1974, “The Heat Treatment of Steel” Chapter 9, Introduction to Physical
44 Metallurgy, pp.258.
45
46 [24] Bhadeshia, H. K.D.H,“Martensite and Bainite in Steels : Transformation Mechanism &
47 Mechanical Properties”, Le Journal de Physique ,Vol.4,1997,No.7,pp.367-376,
48 https://doi:10.1051/jp4:1997558
49
50 [25] Sidney H. Avner, 1974 , “The Heat Treatment of Steel” Chapter 9, Introduction to Physical
51 Metallurgy, pp.298-311
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3 Appendix A
4 Fig.1: Schematic diagram of our work.
5 Fig. 2: Design of L-Shaped water tank and cooling tower. (a)Side view (b) Front view(c) Back view (d) Top
6 view.
7 Fig. 3: Design of tank cover (a) Top view (b) Bottom view
8 Fig. 4: Design of tub and specimen holder. (a) Top view (b) Bottom view
9 Fig. 5: Design of machine case (a) structural anatomy (b) machine case body
10 Fig. 6: piping architecture
11 Fig. 7: Electric circuit design on Multisim
12 Fig. 8: Fabricated L-shaped structure of cooling tower and water tank
13 Fig. 9: Fans mounted on cooling tower at their specific position
14 Fig. 10: perforated water tube situated on the head of cooling tower
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Fig. 11: Water pump bolted on the bottom of machine case
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Fig. 12: Fabricated machine case (a) Front view (b) Rear view
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Fig. 13: Tub and specimen holder
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Fo
19 Fig. 14: ASTM-A255 standard specifications to perform Jominy End Quench testing
20 Fig. 15: Standard dimensions of Jominy specimen by ASTM-A255
21 Fig. 16: Performing Jominy End-Quench test of AISI-8620
22 Fig. 17: Hardenability evaluation test on Jominy specimen
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23 Fig. 18: Mounted specimens for microscopy

24 Fig. 19: Distance (mm) versus Hardness (HRC) Graph
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25 Fig.20:Microstructures observed by metallography (a)martensite(b)retained austenite(c)bainite

26 (d)sorbite(e)pearlite
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28 Appendix B
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Eqs.1:Area = length x breadth
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31 Eqs.2:Volume = length x breadth x height
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( !)
33 Eqs.3: Flow rate of water (L/s) =
# ($%&')
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Fig. 17: Hardenability evaluation test on Jominy specimen
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Fig. 20: Microstructures observed by metallography (a)martensite(b)retained austenite(c)bainite
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Fig. 2: Design of L-shaped water tank and cooling tower. (a)Side view (b) Front view(c) Back view (d) Top view
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Fig. 13: Tub and specimen holder
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Fig. 15: Standard dimensions of Jominy specimen by ASTM-A255
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Design and Fabrication of Jominy End-Quench Testing Machine

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Design and Fabrication of Jominy End-Quench Testing Machine: Hardenability

Article in Journal of Testing and Evaluation · January 2018

Aqib Hassan Muhammad Mehdi

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Muhammad Owais Muhammad Nasir

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Design and Fabrication of Jominy End-Quench Testing

Manuscript Type: Technical Manuscript

Date Submitted by the Author: 29-Mar-2017

Owais, Muhammad; Dawood University of Engineering and Technology,

A01.13 Mechanical and Chemical Testing and Processing Methods of Steel

Jominy End Quench testing Machine, ASTM-A255, Designing, Fabrication,

23 hardenability whereas weldability is in inverse relation with hardenability. [8]

32 with lock nut

machine favors energy saving.

JOMINY END-QUENCH TESTING:

23 514-518, September 2009,

37 Applied Physics,Vol. 38 ,No. 2, 1967,Pp. 590–94, https://doi:10.1063/1.1709379

23 Fig. 18: Mounted specimens for microscopy

25 Fig.20:Microstructures observed by metallography (a)martensite(b)retained austenite(c)bainite

42 71x72mm (300 x 300 DPI)

23 Fig. 6: piping architecture

25 79x37mm (300 x 300 DPI)

79x77mm (300 x 300 DPI)

37 Fig. 9: Fans mounted on cooling tower at their specific position

16x41mm (300 x 300 DPI)

32 62x43mm (300 x 300 DPI)

42 Fig.7: Electric circuit design on Multisim

32 Fig. 16: Performing Jominy End-Quench test of AISI-8620

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