Jlo tllllt,:tt Is\l l,:

I
r,!tr',1.(i I ., ,l l),I ll.() rll)ll)r. t! ,1,{r ,, ,'\ ,1,, ,, ()lttltlcr l6
I l{ sr l il,l' gi tttlitrd \lt.l:\tt st ' ttrll 15l. I t\l
Jlr\rl,Ll.. Nl. ll rl9r$r. \l,rnl l,)'
IL.rrl, ll l,l (MrJ). lnri'i'ig
".r'i'iql',tr.'1,,\ ','ir),Ll\./
li,r (iri r" L nt \,rxrnx,,
Coleoptera Inf'esting
li,r,,,/ il 3n1)-:lrlrr "rthods
rrrif,rl, ]\. NL, r'(l \.st,]\ S. (11)59) NoLct., tl. t,.'rln)gfr, ci(\ ot t ttu t,tt
rrrrrrrA rtiTir) ror rh| .o{ ]lr'.t11 ukt ll/1g tnrhnl i],.). Q"t. l. t.rt u7,t6t t1-2.
Irl)r,i rr t,. (I9il9). N'n'r Irl slrr]t.s \rirl ttr1fi.lht grhtnnat i_ rxr((l L xn!
Stored Products
r5.!tnj (,trliti x Il. ]\ cl. rn,'ll\ d.lirdl dn.t. or, /j,k,,.i)(A/ 81. r05 I t!.
l\n.arrtr. (r. \1. (l!illi). l lI, n'rh.iln)r'xl
'.rt"1..|'ci15
ol llrrl//rr (n"4riLt. I'111t\nn. Pr{rLLP K. ll^rtxlN* AND ED\\,]N I,- SODF]RSTIiOT'I
\l.KiLlri.l. r 1 lrl)61) l,{,nn .rt I ritrrnr, rn rri(nl St.rt,l 1't.tltLt t,tu]\ H^rnr lt t)nl Dt)\'Inti"t"tt L.IDtt. t.
\l.lanl,\, Il. Nl, i trl NI r Jrl, l, ,\ rl93i). \LLirti0r.l srurln,s iirt, tlc.o!1,hr.lr Lt s t)rlintr,rtt t)t' A!i1iltt r.
lJldt.lln ltntutitlt. t'll]litl Za.L- lO.:t6 11.
N,)1.!rl, l.L (19;(j) A,'nnfrr(l"xlli(l 1i)r r(r g,,rkrorchfs.J []t)jL. tittr,\.1.
lnt"r,$. P. (r., rrrd lrrrL\,.l ll.(t!52l.ln,rtrifrdtrl.rorlx\irncyt).rim,,,lxtln,,ln^.s.
r. s D.t)t .\it. tt t. titnat,tul. t'lIlL Qtutnnint, ja,t:]ta)j, | 1)
(.)rrlri, l\r. A rr. r1938) l'lx. lt[. hrsl(n\ rn d !ro$tt] ol DtttL|.tu:,1tli, Lnr). lJuLt l. I"nlin.rron 2,11
li,/r,,,/. fir! ,.r1. 16ri 176 rr r,nrr,'l l,r{1,, \ 212
S[kon)s, A \ , nd l).\i,!, ]. tl il1)i9). fh(. .l]itr ol I (lj,,r .o, l,Lt,,ifg riLl,dclln ,\. (lllh,rc \{.{litrL L 213
rcid,n' tlx o^rdr r (l i,nnl corsnnrlrn,, .l t\..ilondr tn!,jitlnt I tidt. lJ s. LL'll , :.11
,lrnrro/. 56. l:ll.l l2l5 li.e(ld\ .
ll L l,ixft,', xl 211
I tr,nr, \' (11)ll8). ln,x, l(\,.sistr,tra, l,) 1"s..ft nk\. S,,t I.1, 1011. A C,n,l,,s(l Flonr lnrtl. .nnl lnll Irl.rr llf.tl,' l.1i
\lrrg,nr, It 1,1.. Elnli s,$ .nxl (lhrtr,\!.tt.itl)rj.tr.,\n.ltaLrn t)rn.i.r iin.(1)r li,,tnil 253
.olLIir.lr.s if [rq. (rnl11.|"! crrs /.Iirr l.fiotu,t 57. r\Ji
'.n]n! or lnln
\\Iillis, lj ll, rrd L.\!i!, N. lt9si) 1lr. l,n'g,\t\ o1 strN(rt di [ror.hf\. / li,n
/i,r,,,)/ 50 .138-.1.1r) I. INTII')DUCTION
Urn) sp(,ies of rreerils tl,rt inlcst snrrl t xh,cts
,rnd heetles
are poprl,rr Lrlxnrrton tesi aninnls li,r l,asic lescarch in crrrl<,gr',
l,ehxrior, rct xlxiti{)n, .ud gcrrctii,s t,rd fbr applicxl rcsearcl, orr
developnrg ncw or inrPxred rrethods oI inscct cortr.ol.
'lh. rici: s,ec.vil, Situtltilu\ oryzae (L.), rLnd tlre grxDnry rvccvil,
Sitophilus Xrunati N (L.), xre majo, p(ists of st(,cd gl'in. l k i,,trnr-
trrrc *.<rlils <,flxrth spc(ics delel(,P $i(ht,, glrin ke,,rels arrd, subscr
q,urth, arc not ldrpt.(l to ordi,rarl cc<nogical a,rd k,rjcol(,gic,tl
sh,di,s. Howercr, icv and irnPru\cd nret|ods ol ,,xn)innn,g t(l
stud)ing tl,cs(i <:rrrlv st.rges havc lx*t derelopetl. (irrlirvrl flrru
l,eerlcs. Trihollun &tirr",r l.rcqtreli,1 .lu Val. rud rr:<l fl<ru l,eetles,
'I'ibalium L1lstundt t (llbst.), are serious Pests ol nrillcd prod,,<ts.
Althorrgh they rLre trerlue,rtl-'" prcscnt in grail sl,iptDe,,ts, thc)'conlinc
their:rttnck n) grtin (hrst dril tln' surfaces o1 lrrokcn $rir)s. O,,e (,fthe
" lLt.rt rltll:\,1 l)rfr'l,,o't .l lt tlinnn,)g\, l,i\lxrn) rnl \\ril,llili. t In.r
sit\ . \I r'ncn,t,L Sl l'rLl. Nli ,r nitr.
211
l.l0 l|lrltit IL l. sNll I llt
x
cr) lrl.c t.j t)r.'\. () 11)l0r ,.t,!,! l\!,1\\\ttrr,r\l!,, t.,,nt".tr1 ,
i'iii \r l)L'rll"rt ttul11)rt t\tt 1:\t)t s/d /,"// rit. I rt
Olrultltr l0
llrr(lxl. Nr rr "!\ 1r1116r l llnxl li' (rL |r! l.t,)'.r!{\ , nr,tt l. 1,)1,, t:,tt,rtt.2!.

ll.rl. I1 1,, tl1l.18l. ln.,r i,'g f,.drrls l,)' (r! i),1 ri( 1,,tr,'.,1 (,tr1,,,,.trt,,\ /./ir,/
'
Coleoptera Inf'esting
/rrr,,r./.,11. rl29 rlli0
Il.iIpr],;\ \l,.Lrl\\i,sr, \or(\,r' il\ ,, s0ari./,i,r
A. s. (19 1]] rtx. [rr1,o{.,1n
n,n1,r' ltitn' l:\' rll,,1rh,,r(h, ts/a/r,,/r/ g,rr1rtut \L..).co J zo.t.l7,\cr-ltu.
rro"{, l1 L il9.19r \ rn.iri!"rl \r|(lnr\ \rrrt BliLkLtt !. tunicu \L.) ,r,.r1l ,if(t(r
Stored Products
asrt)tn ,o,nli ,is.lt. A I l'."'i.1ll\ rl.li'n1l{lirr ri,r.Itrlr,L,r,sis/ ril, t05 ll2
\r,4.\, C. l\l 1l9rl8) r'l'c tlo,,,rl n1|rn.fm rs 1)l rr,ln,l.1t !t,nnlhn\1 t,l)ati.l Prrl-r-rp K. ll^riErN+ AND EDwrN [,- SoDEltsrtiorr
"ulr
IL(ilf i, t. l,' \ (l!01J. 11,'\n'rl coD r"', ()rli,,, t- .'l,, t.t..-.ttt.t1r."tt t-. ..
NI{ x"'t\ lr U.,dd\lx\"rr(1, 1,..\. (t!ti) N"r'itn,[l srr(lnr\ \,]ttr ttr.{.((l,r(t, US l)tNtrrtrt t)t' A! tltttu
ulatttlla !t:tnthtdt rltqttl- 7,.r1 rt), :i6,17
Nolrnd.I L. i1956) \i imfror.(l rr+lxnl li)r
'.x'i"g.o([n)rrlcs l. ])\)r t,)tnonot
l'ji(lL ctt, l'. (i , x'xl l,l.s, l.ll rl95jl.ln itr{rorl,',).xl,.sli)r.\t)c,i nrnrttn,rlDse!
li. s D.l)t. Al1. ll t 1,rt.rr)1. t)ltnt Qr(td,titr, LI30I. I l].
Qa(l'i. \r i. rl. (l.9rl8). r1,. lit. hi\r,n\ ntrt gn^1lh .t BLt n otiu)tdh\ t,jtnt lJLu l.l I
t,., k),,)l Rt, \. 29. 26:\ 21 6 21)
sirn,t.s,A.N,nfdD1\!(.\,I l,l tl951r.',lllrr.lt..rsol xdn.l r.,,!.rifitr{ g,t,Lxl. ic
xL(l rn tll. {r^irr.uxl li)rxl r.r'sIrrl,ri,r nt rt'qLdtrr ttnJit\utu l. t,i,l 27.1
Ittttrr.l. 56. 1211 )113 Ill 211
'I
',,nr,
\' Lll)rl8l. ln,.(l'cs r.s st n. n) i's.crr.id.:. S,at, 14. 101). orr ll..rt. r'(l lld Fl.or llcctl. 211
\\.,!,,,y, lt E..liln irr.\!,nn{l (rlrr[,\\.fi (11)O1] ]\'i,.l..hr.ljxrj., liflin,lifi.s
'.1,. 1,,. , i'., ,. ': til', l,,r'r,,', / 1. n t.-t r.t\;..ra
\lilli\. l,l it, rn(l l-rx:, \ {r1)57 1'ln. Ln rlr.\in ol \urvrrl (1).kturrt $ /. /iur
t)d,,,/. 50..1118 .1.r0 I. INTITODUCTION
N{n,ry slxxi(is of iveevils ,rnd l)eetles thxi inlcst store(l Pmducts
,Lre popul.rl l,rhorato! test .rninr.rl! liD l,.rsic rcscarch i,r ecologl,
l,ehr\ior, rcpro(hkti(,r, u,d gcnctics .r,rd lirnpplicrl rev:arch on
di:r,t l4rlng ,,!r' or in,pr)ved nlethods of insect .ontrl,l.
Tlrc ricc weevil, SittrylLih,|' oryzdc (L.), 1,,(l tl,e glanarl rvr:r:r'il,
Sitoitilus tunniur (L.), rrc n jor p.sts of siorcd srllin. l'l,e i,nmx
tulc rvcc\ils oflrrtlr spccics dda-loP rrithin grai,r kerncls and, srbs<r
qu.lrtlj, are i,ot ar:laptc(1 to.r.linxrl crrnogic.rl ,rnd n)xiq,l(,gicrl
studics. Ho\\e\er, ,,.\! rn(t i|rp()\cd nrtlrods of rno,,itori,,e trlrl
stuqing thcsc crLrlv sirges havc lror derelpcd. Citrrlirsc-cl 1lour
leetlet, TtiboLiu t confustr,, Jrcqudi,r drr Yal, rLnd ral ltour Lectlcs,
't'til)tliu t \kitcum (IIhst.), are serioL,s pcsts ol ,rrillcxl ptodrLcts
l\ltlrough thcl rk lie(ltrentl! prcscnt iD gni,r shiPncnts, ihcy con hne
their.rti,rclt to grain drrst ,d tl,e su{.rces ol l)rokcr, grtils. Orre 01 thc
' 1".\.rt rdtlts, lr't,,trt,,nr L ol l- n,,nroq\. l i\1,.,i.r. xr,(L \\ l(Llili U,'ir.r
sit\ ,)l Nli,r rnnr, Sr l)r"1. \1i',, .nnr.
211
 .l lrl l,lllrr.ll' ( ]\llt tN \Nt) tt)\\rN I s()r)r \ll r\r lli i ()t l.r,t'll ll\ lN\l tsllN(. s )lllt, t,t()t)l (:ts :ll]t
lrlj1 i Ir.,r ' f]1, srr,( 1,,! t1,.. ,.. i ,, , rlll,. r,-tr-t,t,,rl,, ti|) 1,,' 'lrql,ll\ l,,s,,r l, r,,Ir',.rL,ri s. '\ll(lrs(,,\sil,irs u,ill rclcrrorlrc rirl
ttnilr\tl,tlll\i,,\,\'t i! $ i,1,.\t'r .,,1 ,,\, r t tr(. $,,,l( li,r, t ,,,l( \t\ ,t,lil ,rr,l qr:rrIr,r s,r'\ il ,,,i1, s\ r,rl,(,Nvis( \p(,cifi(11.
,,,,,1 !ri,i,, t,,,,,1,,( ls I),1[rrg(, !
I( .
is , , ) ( ],,.$ i,lt olt tt,,.s,,lr,.l(t,,i
I I I{ , I I

l,(.r,, 1s, lx,ii,,g i,rlo $(!xlor srorrg(. sllr(.t &.s. l (t (,, ils trot(.( i,,
r\. (lr:l,t LIll,t \lt,:t)rINt
1r:,i l.rrqcs :Lrrrl llgs to ulloiv rrrh r(1, tor,,lt cr ijrs,a.t str! r.s. tr,rlil
( (r'rrl\, sil,di(,! (n] ttrc cxd. ,. s crc ti,,, c(t 1,.(,n,!c ,,1
,
i t,,. ,tilti(!,ll\
,.1 ,,..,,,,,: L r,. ,,.,,,t,,. ,,, rl,, t.,t ,,,.,,.,tr
r',, .,,1, rir,L r.,." ..rr.l rlr,,r,..,,' ., ,, ,.q ,,.,,1,.,r . r.., | .,t tt,, (}ul sh,,uld lx txlrcr Lo ol)trin grair tlrat i! lic.c {)f insr(rjcid(l
sntrcd pro(lrct Ci,ld,t)tcrir rr( r'irsv ro ol)rLin ard r(,rr li)r r(,stir)g. Il r(si(hrcs, irs(is, irnd rrlitcs. lnsc(Licide r(isi(lucs m{! rr,:.rrlr frrrrr
gc,rrRl, tl)c\'(lo ot x{IUir( so})hisric,rt(\l dicrs altholqlr eattr spccir,s .,,1 .'t,t,lr,.,lr,,-', 1"1,,r. ., .l,,,l,rtl., L,.,.'i,,! -.,,,,, l r r , ,1 t , . , . .

rrry hxvc sl!1ili( ro(llilrrrclts tin ccrrri (rrlx)lr\(tr,t,.,. prut,.i,,., ,r,,r. l,l,,r, 1,,,,, I. ,,1 .-r.i,,:,t,titr...,i,, l t
., ,,,,.,i,.r. ir..,,)
, , r

Iuts. \itlDriris,,trr(l othrr rr tritn)n,rl llr..rors. r\lt lrtlvc slr(nr tiic (vcl)s l,(,*rr.hca prelir to olnxi,, tl,cir supplv 01 gl,ii (tirectl\ tro,n tt,c
:,,,,1nr..,i',1\ 1,,,.rt, .1,.',.. I!,.,LIL,:,.LrL..,r.11,,r.,,,,,.,.,r,..,..r, .,rrr., r ir. r,l, ,.,,,,,r,1 rl, t,,,t ,-,i,,t ,,.t,,,,r,,,1 .",,,,.,,i r,,r ,,,,
gelrTally bc isolat.cl li), shrdv u,,(lcr (!)nln,lt(,(1(jn\ iro ,),r,i,,1 cordi_ ll"l r.'\,., L'1,, rtl,, ,,rr r" ti.r.'ti.. H,. rr,,r,:r...,.r....,,r1.
ti(nrs. Pfta,trrtir)ns nrust Lc tllrrr nr s(pa n,ctos(lv rctrLc(t iIs(,(rs ,Lrc gc,rrerrllv rc,uctl nr wl,,)iLt, Loir (rnxize), rice,,r,(l n,rglrnrr l,(,w
tr",, .t"" r, , rrllrr.. rr,,l ,., I .,,.,,. ...,.II,,.,La.I rt,,. (\t,, \\lrc,rt is tlrc nrost uli\ersrl rlltrrrc rrcrliLrnr li, Llrcs. sp..i.s.
,'r'tr,r,...r..,rr t,,r. r,,.. t.,,..1.,.,r..
'i,,r.l ,,.,. \,.r,. .,t ,t;..1,,, t.,1,
,,,. r.r.,l .1.,1, .. rr..l r. . 1, ,,, 1,h.,,. r,,\ ,, ,t..,,,:.,r,..t ,.,.i1. ). Prl)|Itit,t und Stong:
',.,r,1
if,,(,t lrtu,dli (l .rrcli,ll\. t'hc rc;,lxirxLu,c Sir.c
,d,<t trL,nri<lttv i,, rire rr,,utng (lo.kiLgri xftads thc ilfi-stirtion ol grril (l\t.G?g(,, 196.1),
.,',.. .l ,,,r1,'r,, ,,-, ,...11,..1., :, t,., ,, .r, t, ,,, rt,,..,H,,,t,r r,.,,,..,.,r. i,, f, r, .1 ,,.1,1 1.,,1,..',,,,',,t ,l:rr...l,,rt .,r,1,,'t,,, t.,,,.i;r,.,,:, ,,'" t,,r,
'.ri , L, r',,1 ,.1 , ,. ll,,.,r,.,'.r,,,,.1,,,ri,.r,,t 'tt,t L, II,,,..,r,Lr ,,.., .,.,,rll,,n. r,,,"lr rl,,rri.".,rr,l ,rr ,,," ' rl. (,,, r. r. r, r., r:. \
m(,rr is usurll\.(,1 lcss ilrtrnlurcc thrn relrJxrllluft, ur(l hnnri(lit!:. .",,,,.J t.\...r,, ,rr..i.,rr.L,. , -r,r , , ,;,.., ,,,..,. .,t.,, ( ,;r J
, , , r
, , , . ,
, .
; , ,

. \,..,r|,.,nt.' .' ll 1,, r,..,1, ,.,, ir. ,,, ,1, ,l $ rl,,.\,.\ t.,tj,.r $ i . I .tr.rrr,: ,.r ,,.r. , ri., ,.t,..,, ,,,1 I, ",,.. \t,.rr.,,,, J,/,1
,1,,,r t" rl ,i.,..,',t l,t, l\,,r '
I,, r
,,,,.. rI] r',,t,",t ;, i.. L,.,,.,,L idrd Surt(.es ( l9$) ft,1,(n.t.(l thxt tl),, lixxl p,rricl(, sizc at1i,.k,(i \ucc\ il
'
,,rr1,1r.,.r. rir'1" gr,,.rir.,,, 1.rr :r.,.,L ,,,,,, tt,.,t r I i i , \ , . | , r , , I der( lopnlo,t, ,ur(l corrclnd(t rhnr tt,,, Ilrror tl,c piDticto, tt,c hcar ier
',\ lL.,r, $,,r1, r , ',". .ll. ir..1,,,'rri,r,. " ,,,-r ,.,t r,.., ,..1.. " .
| , .

Tl,e C(,lcopt(,rr tlnt dxnrrgc srorc(l lnr)drr.rs (iiDr ])c di\j(L\t i,rio Althougl lDrluutnnrs lrtv have lx{,,r r. (e to l\oi(l (n pr(.vcrrt
t\o gcIctul ,rr(nrps. ol. ginrp ( iln!r1l 1e(1l.r s) spe|{ls rhc n i{,itv irscct rrd rritc illirltirtjons ofsrnin, Le$, $t!ii should bc sr;ili,r{1.
,, l.rit,.',,,1 r,:."r,,,.. 1,rr1 l.,r .sr.rrr tt,,... ,;.,t :,.,,.t,.,..t,.,,,.,1 ,,r' I,,.,,,.,L,|,Ii,,,,II.\ I r,, tr..r., t,,r, r't.,f
li)({l.,rl stxi,r(Ls rlx ,r,irrih ol fts titi. tir,(lilg o,, tt,c sn ,l(c ol grain Ir) r.i.,,,'F (.,tt.,,. lrx,t, I l,..,r.rr rl,, 'r.r.:,1,.
,:r..r , 'r. ,i, ...rt,...,:,\,. ,,.
1,(,,,( l! (, i,, tlrc ,rrillcrl lrrrxIr,rts ot qrain. tur,'.r,.,.,r,..., ,,.t l]r., I',IL.,rIL,L.iI,,t,,.,xrr.,, rt,.. \r,,,,,,
1,,,.1,., I lr-,1. j1,..,..,. 1,.,,,1 lr,i,l,,t rrr,.r,r t...r.,r.,r,,,,. \,\,r,r.,t,
II. INTEIiNAL ITEEDtiItS ()corgi,r"); or (3) l,r' cooltrrg thc q,rir trtos l?.8.C. lir I \\,cck
lEIn,ri)losv I)cpart]lrc t, Ka s.rs Stxrc Lrjri!(,rsir\, Ila lratta,r.
'l'his ,i{r(nlt) ol irrsrrts irrclrr<L, tLc
slur:ur \r({rilj ri(c wc.vit: k, '.. I ( ." 1,,,1 ,, rl',. I.,,.. rr.,r r ,, rl,,.l ,1,.,. .t ., , . ,,,.
,,.rrr s,,.rl. \il,.tltiltt,,tt,t,tt\ \l,,,,, l,..,r rr.r r t".r,r. E/,,7, "
prol,le,,, in \\rri.l, (iLsc tl,e,n,to(l,r\e,,k,rhod nrLsrI)(.rscd.
,

trcarn,u
totlt/L dartinulL (1,.| 1! x,, w.{\ i1. .\tlt n tlb\t:t,t itt\ o,at,rrrr tS,n )r o1 srrir is ,nor(,(ritical tlrtr (x)liug lHrnrsr ol th(,,hxll rdrlrrxrrtrrl
l":'\'".ir. Htr. l,t, t,t.,,4ti L I.r'.,,r,,,-,,1 ,;r. r, "-.\rt. r',,r,/., difli rr,,ti,,l l,( r\\rcI kjlling of irsc.rs r,,(l kj inr (,f tl,c sed. .r.hr
thil|\ Iatitlo'Is: ri,rd Angounn,is grairr rrrotl,. si ,ttogt ryn:utctta serrirlli()l {,1 grlil is not iriti{it(\l Ly Ic.zirrg (tJrttrrr(,n ft d/..
iOlir io). r!)61).
Tlx ric. \'rc\ il. (rtrr wc,c.iil, ard thc 1lrrnru.v rvcq il ,ne nolurrrllr
fulrcrl rrrrrL r si,,,il{r (i,rdiiiors. ttd\'$cr, ttr<: qrlrfirv vr:vtl plc,- " lll,,crli( i tt L rl 11, r! iti S,\r| rtr t_,rtnn.ro,!
,, '
.,,, i \'i. t.,,,
 'll
t\. lloi\t1r It\tli|\1|r',t
(;rxir rrr\ l! l(rrpcrc(l lo ll,{ ,1(*ir(.(1 rr(,islr1,. l(.\,1 l,\ rnr\
r,r,'lr'"1. r,,t,,'r,,r l'.1\'r':r,
tIs, iil irklii,g \rrki, (3) rrri\ilg 't,.r,,,1-.'r.,',.,,.'.r,rl.,',1.1,'r.,
ll,LIIlirrg) {rril ot (lilt(.i.,,r r)r)is
h (:s in thc proln'r tx,Pl,iriols rr Il:iciig snr.rll sa(ks ol sllri,, iIr(i
r l,rg. mxss ol srri| ol thc dcsir(11Iroistllrc ald allrrirrq ir ro rclrlr
Nloistrrk q)llclt rrrrv lr rlclc|rnirred lrv thc xir o\rl lrcthod rs
,j. , ,,r, ,l , 'l ,. (,th, r., \t, ,l ,,1. ..t \,,,ti... .,t r1,,. \ .,..r.,ri,,, ,,'
(,th, r.,l \! i,.,rl,' , I r r,, ,,,i , l,r t.,ir.,rr, ,.1., rr,,r,r,. r ,,,r.,rrr,.
tcstd! rrc xlso ,,s,)li,l lor this p,,,ths, izclcr\, 1960), lnti thc\ nrav
not I)c rs rccuun ls thc .tir ovcl Ircth,)d. Tlre \lotolr(.o UoistLue
Nlctcr is .urr(:ntlY Usdl l,v thc Sl\rrilrlr l,iLh,.rk),). Elect(nri(l
,,u,;.t,,'., ,l.t".t,ri slr(nrld hc chlrcled 1;rrllcnrl\ r(, (l;erIjDri rhcir
accL,r.r$. llrr' (,.r(rratioIs rLs(\l l)\' rnt(nrrol(,gists xt thc Kxls{s
St,rt(, Lrln,,itory k) d(,r( r,,iI( rh(. xnr(,,tr,t,,f\.,iti; k) x.l(l r(, grrir li,
n rirpcri,r{ rr(, a! li)l1o\1sl
100 ,, r,l t!F\, rt lr\l rt | ,i,
IIJO ./,, ,l ilrsir,rl rrrrstrrn
/,'x(nl,l qlxil. Irl oiwltcl ncc(lc(t n, l,ingihr gl.1il rotlr(,drisira{l
.roisturc.'l(rrt!r'c(l grxlI sh(,rLl(l lx storcd irr rir-ti,llrt('r)rrttLi,rcrs
,rrl nriLinlr i,,(,,J ,,1 :10'al
l]. S r.(xr( (ltir,t Lrruis
t. (:ol.l(Ltit,r t)l \\:t\\ ilr
llirl l, (l g,u[tr\ $1!\ils tuf crrsrrrolrrlitrn i,, dist l)utior]j rhos
tLc_\ inrr\ lx. (!,ll(,(t((l ln),n stor.d g ins throuslrrnrt thc urrrld.
L(lutt s(,.vils ,,i,i\ l)c c(,llc.r(,(l l)v sitiins g i,,s tl,in,gh tl \o.6 (, 8
sicvc.+ Surpi( s ol i,rlcst(\lsrrir !h(,ril(l lxr c1,ll(,(t(\l il rlr(.inrnrih (l
strscs ol th( {ri(.!ils lrr.rL,sjt.rl.
\\'Lctlrcr ils,rts ,rrc ol)t.ri,,(,(l li(,,,, tl,c licl(l (n l,(,,, cstxl,lislrc(l
.rrltrrcs lrrn rLlotlro ilstihrli()1. tlr.\ |rIst ln isolxt(,(1 Intil it is
(lcllrrrirr\ltl)lt th(.\ ur1, ft,c ol IrLllrsili.s. lrrrrl:Lto*. rLrrdror diser*<:s.
IsoLriior slr(,uld l! in an rrcrtlrLtjs s(.Ilrlt11l lr(,nrrlk srr)cLculrru(,
r(x,r. li!s (ontli ils irrli.strrl |rrltL[r's rrrrrr 1x,Placrrl iI c(nrtrincrs
ol nril(.lrl oil l,) prc\cIt d,Lwli,rg ils(\.ts ,ur(l r)rit(.s liolr.sc,Lt)jng
ur(l irl(,sli,rg lL( suD,,rnr(lilg a(.1. Nlil(s IrtL\' 1,c colir,ll(11 l,\,
t,h( ir{ (lic(,li,l ol tlr(, sriLin, xs d( s.rilr1l l)\'Sl()r g.t a/. I lSl59).
"l'l'ii.n'1 .rll Lil"n,rfi,irrrr,\r!\n\.ryilltr.l,rr1L1)r,rtI.lr s srr!trrrts,,1,,
lli. ( ()r,t ()r, tt\ t\tts \c I5
.l Ith tttilUi ,it:llthtt-tI ti:t| \
lii(( \(r'!il l(l Its Ir,\ lx i(l(,Ilili(,(l l)\ li,,,r Ii{lrt stn,rs oI ttr(.
,1\lrIrj,(l l,\ rrrrrrrl lrirs i,rr th. tr1)thorr\. l'hc srrurrur \\rr,ril h:Ls
,, rii(1,1(,r,rrs ( l\ l ll(l ,,v,rl t)its (nr th(. frollror.ix. L,tr v,r. inxr 1r, i(l(,I
I',,.1 1,. rl,, rrr,,l, r.,t .,,1,1. t,,. l,;,1. ..q.,,,.,,r ,,, ri,,.\,-,il
l,i\ i,,g (,,ri li)l(l ,r,(l tl,, qrtLnrrv \\,rc\ il h\ o. I\,pac ,tlr\ lx, idcnrilic(l
l)\ tlre Pits (nr th(i l,r)thortr\:rs ltivrrr lor ldult iderrtifirllriorr.
lri,, .'r,l ,:r ,j'.,-. '\, ,.' rl. r,.,' l" ., ,-l ,,. r.{ rl,, ', 1,.' ." r,.'r.,',,
(l(is(rj1,cd l,\ Rc(l(lr (195r). Fe,,rrl, s hr\c snrxll pits (,r rhc prolnsr.is
\l,ilc rl,c orxlcs l,iNn t,rrgc pirs. C(n,s,\trcnrl\, rl,(, +ii,,ltc s s,,o,,r
nppcars sl,ir) q,nrp,rrc(l to tl! ,ralc s sri,,ut.
4. Lill cattr
'11,,i
rduh.l,css ,r holc i,,to rr krrnr:l ol gtuir, d,lr)sils D,,f,j{
,.,,, ,,,. 1,,,1....rr.1 .,.1 .r
",,1,. .,,:,r,,,,,,.,,,..,,ri.t. ,, ,#
lrat(trcs, .lnd tlle lrr\l lccds sitlrin ihc Ldrrcl rnrril ir is rc,trlr ro
I,r',.,,, P,,t,.,,r,i' r.[,.. I'l ',,. irr.r, ^ir, ,,rrr,,,l I, rl,, ,,,' tin.,l
rr .t.rr. ll,, .r,lrrlr r, rl,, 1.. rr,, I t,,r .,,,-r,'l ,1.\ t,,.t.,r,
t. \.,\..,,' \1.',r,1 ,,1 r, \,-'rt. ',r.''.",'r, r,',1.i , t:
'lr,..rrr,:
1, ,,,, .,1r, ' rl,, \ ..r., I I 1,.,r, il,, 1.,.r ,, l.sr,:|,. ,,,1\,.,1, I r.,.,,, Irx, r.
Sodclsrnrrr (1960) sho*dl tl)rr rj(c wce\il l,Nxrj c,rtr)rg(\l ti,nr
thc egg in tj k) f) dx."s 1r.(,n thc .Lrt( ol r)\.iposition; t1r<: [Ll\II sr.rgi,
t,.t,.,tri r,. t5.t:,\. ,1,, t,.,.t.,r1,. Lr.,.r, LL,, rl,, l,, t,,t .,.,qF tlL, ::,
chrs] 1x r:ncrged rrlnlts, 2 (o 3 dr\sj tli rdlllislive(I.1to5nr)rtLs.
Do ellrncnt lronr eqg t(, rL(lultrcquilql iS tr) ilI dl\s. Tlnrsc crlrurcs
", r,,,..,,1 i,, .. r,,,t .t,,,,"1 r'r., r,,.,r' r,'rr,r.,r',,,L|| -^.r, I',r,rt,U,.
rcLrti!c lrniri(litv. TLc grurtr\'\!r'cvil's l.tte (,f(lcvcl(,ptrr.,Dt is si^1cr
thul tl,,rt,)l thc Inr \(a,\jl. (;,.Ir.uv ${r:\il l,rrvxe c,,,e,g,rt trom 11,e
cgg jn 6 to I drLrs; thc lrlr.rl st{g( llstcd 6to3rl(hvs: Lt,. p,.1,,1,ut
.r.,r, l.l,\ ,1,, t.,,t,..| .',-,.. .i r,,,,,, , ,.r,1.,. . , ,,..,,1,,1r t,.,.,1 -,
kl o p n utrt
5. Moltit o ti' L! I )c
Slr\.irl nr.il,(xls ,,iL\c l)ccn (le\ isc(l r,) locrLc ,ri{l (,txcr\r irhLiLt
inlcstrti(,rs ir qlnin. I,'lotrtiorr oI snjr i,r r sr)lrltion ol sodirnl
silj(rtc rr(l srnr Nith l spccilic grr\it\ ol L16{l rr ir l nri\tul,ol
nrctl,vl chl(n(,linL ,rnd clc,orlriz<:rl kci,sc.rrc sitlIi !x.cifi. qrxvitv
ol 1.30 $rrc rs(jl1 l)\ Wl,ite tl95r, ro loc,rr{ i,,tisrcd }(rlcts. trgg
pl,,gs iI k(.r,,.1s ,Ir\ ln (l,tc(rcd l,\ stxiIi,,g tr,irl, ttri(l h,.lrsi,)
(l,lirrkc,rl(.1(1, l9.18Jr siinljalr \ioL)t (C(hssrris, 1949)r l)crllril(.
 l,fifi r n, K IA]IEIN .\Nt) Et)\\',I\ L, SOD.IRS fltoNl
2.16
sullatc (NIil,,d .r,r/.. 1950), (tr i(xtir( (Walldcn, ls)57). r\cid ti,drsin
is preli rrctl 1,v tl! rtrrtlrors snr.c sr)hrti(nrs ofthe stxin rrrtl\ t)e storc.l
lnr long p.rirxts witlro,,t d.rteri(ntti(,, , d thc sti,ilqt egg Pltlgs rrr(l
(rrsi.r to lo(xt.. If irrtested g)xln ist(,1). uscd irtc\Pojnrorts,flotrtion
an(l stairi,,g.1.r1 l;c tndesinl,le.
Cl(,sc ol,s( aii(,,1 ol m,rgnifi<rl It rrrcls will discl,,*, tl,e Prosritrl
of egg plugs NitL(rl s(xiningr |orverer, lhcv rrii rli1{i(Ilt to loc.rtc.
X rr1, tr,i(r)nr)pe has lrccn dorlrtp:d 1rl, otrsovjrrg s,eevll cgts,
^r
lrri.re, px:pr1,rc, p,rp.rc, lnd prr-c,,re,gc-d nd,,lis {llrlerse,t xnd
llrrr,r, 1960). Kirkl):rtrick (l962tL) uscal x Gc,rcral l'il.ctric Clr.rjrl
Inst)ectiur Unjt t() sttr(l) thc l;iologv oltlre gr.llary x'tr:vil. Sltiil.rl
shrlios were condtrct(:(l with thr rirc rvrtvil (Pedelscn, l9rj0l. Eggs
trd lirst instrr l,rrvac ,rrc ttillirult to see. but larv,rl inst s l, 3, ,rnd
4, prepupnr, pr\rr(i, arrrl pru cn,crgr:d rL<hrlts ,rr.r1 Lc obscrrrr I reaclih .
Sodrrstu,, ( 1960) rcmovul ricc ,nrd p rrrarl r'ccvi l l,tn at: fionr whcat
kcrncls rirrd dttcrnrincd inst[s l,y hc,rd r:Ll)suie mcas!rrrr,(r,t,
using l)vars l,rl as girr:rr l,v L,n,,s l1l)57). llgg plrrgs ,urd lrnal
developnrcnt llLve lrerr oLsorr:d irr rrnr l,v hoklirg k<rrr:ls in an
inicnsc lran, o1 light. In rrrnr rnuv lrlac tunn(il in tl,e c,,dr)sPorrt
(lhtrnge of larval
itrst llcncrrtl, tl,e sccd c,)n( .rnd rr<: rerdlly \ isiLlc.
inst s m,r] t)c {l(:iernri,rt'd bv ,r changc lrr tle tunncl sizi: ,urd 1,1 thc
preserrce ol thc dlrk<rrlorc-d m.uclil)lcs ir t)re fiass packcd i,r the
luval tuulrcl. O|rc i,rfirrrn.rtnrrr has bccr olrt,rirred o,i strg.rs, tl)e nfle
of rrrltures lionr tlr' lirst drte .r.lults [crc phd]d Lr o\ iPositjon ,naY
Lc uscd to ol,tairr a high pcrcdrtLge of .r gi\ cn stxgc.
6. Disseclion and Ilunrll.ntg
Egusrlar bc obtainc(l l)y rlissecfitn liom ,r kr:nr<:l of grairr, ot L1
.rllo\'in{ rarvils to o\ iposit in l,n,,t)s of stu.h. Thc cggs mar tltc,r bc
$.ishcd out o| thc starch with lukcnlrn w.lter (Dal \l(n,k, 1S16'1).
\\trtvil lrr vre rt us[rllv usul for tests *,hilc thcv rtre \\ ithin x L(r! l
.l :i, ,, ll,,v,'\,',.:l l.,r',-.,,',1,'.r ,,1 ,,r.,l ll- l, r ', lrl', \,,,.'\ 1,,
1(,c:rted Lr X rrr) (n strini,,g rnrl ihclr rcrrrql l,r disscctiot. Ltirv,tr'
rvill livc ,urd ln,p.r(. in 11,nrr (Kirkpatrick, l9ij5), b,,t,rlurv tL, rro(
crrrqnete\ cscapc tl,riir ptrpal cise rnd dic.
Plc'pupac arr<l ptrpre rr.rr atso bc rcnroretl lirnr thc Lcrrrcls lrr
rlissdtirrr. TLe nrost sltisf:(t(n) rrFthocl ol tliss.ctiorr is l)\ (,rlli,,g
x not.h jn ihc k<r rrrl ,rl1d crlr king tlrc Lt'r rrr'1 op|rr $ illr a ts ist ol llrr
hrili. Ali< r arlults lrIc crr{fscrl l,r,rrr tlr. L.r,rt l tl,r'r rrr:rr lr' ,rlr
i,rir(al 1)\ \iltir( {rxilr \\illr ir N,). (j ri, \(.
16. (r)Lr()r"rr,illl lNlrlst t\(l sr()ltDD PLt(r)u(ifs ll7
,-- Rt\ttitg
Itice urcl grtn,rrv rveevils arc gcncnllr re,rrcd ln glrss iars closcd
s ith ,r prrp.r or cloth tovcr to rrllow .ril int.r<lrrrtgc- arrcJ t() |rererrt
othor iisc.ts tiorn ertt'rnrg thr: <[lture.
At thc S,\',rnnalr LrlnrxtoD, I (lurt wirlc moutl, ghss ixrs ,rr(l
htlll:fillert rith $,hc,rt, t50 tdults trc i,,trr,.lu.cd into ea(h i.u.rnd
rllow(\l to o!i})sjt li)r I wql(, at whidr titr. tLe .rdults xrc rerrtoved
l,r scrcr:,ring. TII: cultt,x,s x,(i store.l in 1 r(ntrr ,rxh txin(l ,It alnLrt
,ri'Cl r|d 70'7 riilirtivc lrtrrnidit\,. II notrsedwithin:l\\eel(sliom th.r
d.rtt ol arlrrlt rveoil cnrrrgcrrre, tLe cultrrrcs sl,oukl l)c is(,lated to
la{h& tlre possibilitl of rrite irlli'stati(tr)s.
III. EXTIIRNAL FEEl)TltS
l. Clo\r, usriD l,r-()Uri llEElLr AND RriD l.L()urt BlDrt,li
i\ro spc.ics xrc rct)reserrtrti\c olsk)rdlr< rLctColcoptoa
't'lrese
th,rt lr:rrl rrr tlic o,,tsidc oJ clrlck<:tl or l,rokcn kotcls ofgr n,olni
gr.inr drsi or tl,e l)r)ducts ol millcd grairr. Bnsrd oir thii{ geler:rl
lccdifg chun.t(i istics, thesr insc( ts rrlN l)e r cxrcd in trltrr)si trr) knrd
ol cncked g,ail, irc,rl, or firtr.'l'l,esc nr.rtoitlls Ie eisi]) oLttrinql
liom co,rrrnercial sourccs or l,v grirrdirrg tl,c snrrneJ<errcl gtain olr
txi,,ccl lin tl,e wee\il .u1turcs.
l. PtcNtin!: Cuhurc llcdiun.
TLe nrxtc ril s<:lected lbt thc (\rlhDe rncdiLrnr should l,e grourtd
$.nh ot it should ]rc silicd througli tpproP.iaki s.reens Lo Providc
,L strnrd.ucl partirlc si?,),,fall conrponcnts. lltis is nc(css,I"r to ol)trit,
a urrilirl rnd rrlxrdrcil)lc totxl (r,virortrnenl lor tl,e i sects xnd kl
Iucilitrrtc re,iloval ol ihc ins(rts lio,n thc nrrrliunr. Thc'inHlr.lcc (,f
|rxl particle sizc on tl,e rrtc o1 llnll ur<l pup.rl rlclt)rlrnenl o1
rrr,tused ltour 1)cctl,s wxs in\cstigrte(l l)) l IiLnrl)t(nI (1114!l) rLnd
tlc cllict oI florrr partlclc size on pupll hil) \'cight ol ral {lrrut
1)( (.llcs wirs stu.lied 1)\' Brrrtlett (1962). l]rrtlett tuund tlltt tl)e PUPnc
ruurrl irr llorrr silied ihrough ,i N(,.2 silk l lting cloth h,rd,r rnearr
lnrlv v iglrt ol 1.323 rng+0.015 nrg: i,r flour siltcd tltrorLgh a \o.
8 r Lnlr. lrxlv utiqlrt rlxs 2.229 nrg + 0.01'1 mg.
'Ilrc r.rrltrrr<, rrdiurn rurrotl-r' rLsed lirl rr:ari,rg tlre coulirscd
lli,,,r lnt.rl, ,n,,l ilrl ,cd IIo,rr lrr:tle xt thc Sitvtln,rlt Lll)or.rk)N
il,,\i\r\ ol \\1,ir( ll1),,r,r',d trn, Irrc,rl 147.;% crt:h) rrrrt hc*'cr's
r,,rsi (i.o'l). ln,li)r(,rri\irr{ Ilrtsr'(!)rrr|)1,rrorIs. tlrt flrru is sillctl
 l\ll\'ll\(r slr)llllt) l'lll)l)l( ls lll)
lli. rr)l l()l'llltr
rlr, I iN \1\D lil)\llN l' s()l)lillsllro\r
,r,,1 1.."',,, 1, lrr,,) r.l r'-lrrr'''r''"r"lr'" J'" 'r"L
rl , ,, \,, l' , r, .,,,.lrlr r, rll ll rrr 'r''lt 'r'
,1, , l rrr"l''r' "'r'" 1'" 'l l',,1'. .,r,.1 l r' ''"'r! l"': ri (
'r" "r'r' 'r' '"rrr'a" l'rrr"''
;;,;,,;,;.i,.,,L r r,, rh 1, t,,,...',', .", ;r, ., trll'',|, I''' i'''' l',
1
I
" l9{i0r
,'i r/., N:Lr1,rr. ll)ljl).
.,, ,'.,''',.,.,. t,,,'',f,,''",r'"'r'""' ' "'l"l"r'''r ' ''r''l'I'r'r'' rl"'',
rr't,rrir,,l irr l, Ir"1"'r'r ''' " ""Llrl '''lrF'l:'1"'\'"'r"r "'rrr"
.'r'rilr,'''r"l H"r" r'* /'''rl' /r,t 2. Obtnini,!gl'ur Sto.)k OuLtuttt
,i ,.i'i '', . , .- i
, I'r '
1" "'
\1.,.r ,', i.' ,il L,1.,,1,1, ,1, ll.'l rr',' 'l '"'r"l l" "lrr' l' ' rr" '' rl'
r , L , ' . I , ,

,,',.,,f.,, ",.,"r .,,.,"'*r,,ttu rrt thc I\tLr|ixs Stutt)

' '
L'Llx)rrtt(')'
'
usirrq
li, '\1".'r '''r"r -"lrr r,, ,,it.""',r',.,,', .,' ,',,r :" rr" ' \l '" 1''l''r""r ' "'"rL'rr i/:'ri"r'
, " ''] ""
', i;,,,.,fi',,., 'r',r',t
'1,"r1
,,l,,. i"11'-l ll rr"rllr '' \"' 2 ';" ' 'r 'l ll"'" 'l"rF'l '' 't1'( rl, , ,'.,. i,'.,..1, l,,r " ., rr,l, ,r lr.'rrri.''i l'rrrl'^' 'r ''r''ll " r''t "'
)rr\ intusttttion' ir,, i. ,.. , ', fr"'," r', rr ,1'1, rr1'1'l 'rl rrr''" " '"'rr
l'r' 'lil'r 'i"i' llri' "
i,r sr:,rlcr1 ,nrt,rl crnrs ir 7 <trivs to clirrrir"t"
:i:i,",,.,l',,,,., (t,rkrrt .f ihosc p''pa'"d
"ilxr"rcs
sh.rrld lx- l"' rrl, -rr.,. ',triri ri.l'ri'\.. \ 'r""r' 'r ' "l'r'l''"'' 'il'l':'r 'l L"r''r '
.r1,,,,i'ri, 'rL;1"'r'r:rl"'rrr l'':"' l,l" rr"\rr'rr .,,,;,,i,,,"';,1'i,'"r''n'r''r"r"irrrl"'rr'"'rr'"'"''r''l'
',,, ',-ri.a,.,,,r lr; i,,,,,.r ,", Lil":1r,r,,, lr,"'rrr.,'i",( li'rll' rrr"rrl'l; rlr' l)''1" ''
,1,r'tu''l ''r'' l" : llrr r'"1 l'' r' r'rL" ri"': {rlrr $:'l' | "r 'lIi':
rr':'rr
,,,,' ,, , , ", lr, ' rri\''r'i' ''r ''l'l"rrri'r
I ll' "''ll'\
_!''l' \' (
:,.,1;, ir,,;; ;;,.-;."; ',i. ,-.i'a..t.i".r ,"rtrrorrs .'':rir.rrr'l 'r'l"rr" '
^.i
;:;, ,i , , ,' ,- 't', ,'',' r'.,, , ',, ',','r ", 1r''irr rr"r r'rrll'"1 I
r'"1':' t' ' \l u,\ .r," , i",ll," r' 'l "Hir|i
rr l' 'r' ' r 'l' rr" '
'
ll r,, ,1,1,,'\ d. ' ,' , l:,1,1' , rl,' rrr' 'l'rr''
"'r'l''rrl "l 'rllrrl "r'rrr' orr-rrr' r''''\ r,,,,,, !.'," .,",r t;,.,, 11i',r. " r""\,q r''' \"\ l'';r I "r'r r'
' ' ',i,,ir, '"'rr" "t t" '"1 l"r'lrr' I i'r'' ' l'
i;" l;l;;;,',,,,,,1 .,t thr' (lcsir(rl lercl Ll *oling it in 'r
u)nr sitlr 'r.,i"
'i;,,' ".t',',',",,r. ' r ., 1"'' r' i'i,t,t,,.,r,,r',.1,,,r,r,,,,1,1,..,rr1,,,
i,'t,rr,,,i ,.,r*,-, hruni(lii! irr cqrriJllrriunr \!ith th(i pcr(1'irtitqc nn)is- ,,,,,,,.,t,..,.,, t1.,,,..,r
,,.",..,,]'i,, ,l'..1 ll,'l I r' . ".rn'rr' r' 'l ' ' l''lJ" ''' l{"'r 'rl' rrr'u
"
,i,r,,,,,.r, .,,rrrt.,.,t ,,,rI r,,.r1,. ..".1 r,,l ll,.'r' 1", rl,. l, rr, 1.,', t,\, r., tl,L Lr' ,l .1.,{, . ,,r IL,'',' i''.I" L
r.,,r,,,'. r'.,',' l'..r, r.,','l' ti''"1 "'ll " t l t;lilj,ttt l'l' r''r':r "
,,,..,,..',,,i, ,,.,,,.t ,,,, . .,,1, \ ,r,, '\ ,'l .',,1r,,,, ,,,-,1,.,. rl,' ' rr,' '
r'
.,,,",".',,i' r,,., 'r,,',1-, l'""1 Ir'r'inr"1 ' ""1 'rrhiri"r''r'r'"lrriI ,rrxir;1...,,1,i.,1.'rr..r,,.,,''''r','i"l .,:l'r'" r''l "'I'^"1 r''rr 'r"
', ',
, ,',,'t ,;' , ,, 'I,,,,';.1 rl,'r .,, 1' '"'r,r',rrrirrL
rl, l'i11"'l r.,',.,.,r".,.',,,';li..ll'',l,,,'l,.l,,|l',,'',.lj'
, i ' ,', . .
, . , ,, , L ,

ll"'':r"rlr'lrrrrr'r'"r"1 :.1,'l,l ,l'irl,ll' ,,r, r 'lI lil'',r"1 'r'l"rl"'r""'llr"l r'"' 'l' ll' \'
!i''l'
'lr,:.1 r'' 'r:'IIIh'L 'I "'rrlrr ''r l' lrr'
','r.r'"1,"u,,
ir,,,, r,.,,l. '. rr. .,1 ,' r,,r,,IrL , L,,,'| , ,''.IIII:''L''I 'ijriili' 'rr rl\ rrr'r' .,',' ,,f,-.f ,', i',f, i,' 'r ,,'ll' "' n; l' ''l rr 'r' 'l ':r:r;r' 'r''l' 'rl.'
i"'". i' ,1,,,, "",,.,,. t".u, rrrrl th'rt r tr rcid Lr 'trr wrLs lcss 'rth rrcti\tr'thru I , i .
, , , tl ,t '1, ,r '," ' " r:n [''r'': I r"i tr'rlrr'|:i'''
, , , , .'i ,
'\'r)r'
,,,,',,i ,.i,.r ,ttl',,'r, r" rl . tl. l,i-r," ;''
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'l5l t,l t,t lt, I Alt tN \ND l..t^\tN I sot,l ksllil,\t
Il.rr.l,1rrrr, rrt i,oir (.gg l{, rrrlrrlt rr[[ t,rl,r t)1,!, sitl,l, ;{r,Lr\\ I),rt
rrrrr! lr',rs Lrf g rs li(jli rll\ s. rrs r,lrs, rr,rl lrr ll,!1,u,(l (i,ll,,i, (lll!(j).
2- lluttittt
llo,rd rrrd Nlrrro (195.1) dc\clopcd ,r procrxlL,r'c li,r rr',rrirg l,ug.
nrrmtr,:,rs ol c,rdcllc. Two t)pcs oI rne(liu,,r serr: usrrl su.(r'sslrll!:
tlr- irrrlrly oabrr:rl tlltux:" ,ind thc icrsi oat,ncll culturc. Sit( s
lor csg lxvine wcrc pro\i(led l,v pl,r'i,rg tlo s(1,,irs ,,i plusiic n)
g(iil,cl with x thin sptl(tr ol prpcr I,.,t'vcerr the,rr. Tlre lirnrle pltu s
hcr ct+as i,, thc creyi.e l)et$?e,, tl!) pl,$tic l)l(xks whcrc thc\' xrc
e,Lsill obsrllrl lnd rcmovctl li)r rc,rri,rg. TLe cadelle is rearerl
srrrccssli,llv at thc S.tvarr,.th L.tln,rat(D! i,r,tr) {)atn,, rl-l)tLsii,nc(lirtn,
firr tlre rrhlts rn,rl in a rvholc {hcat llour basc mdiu,u lar the lrrvxe.
'l'hc ort,nc.rl nrcdiu,n js prcpxred l,! rnixi,,il 95
l),rrts olo,rt,n, rLl \\'iih
5 prrs (,f lnuv,r's vo,rst (N/wl.'1-hjrrr rrl ol wnLrr. co,,r.ri,rirg 2 gm of
ai+r, is 1,,),1t,!l to lx)ilinJt. xnd ihci ,'ddcd to cach 100 gni of tlre ont-
nrcal ) c,$t n)i\turc. Thc' rlrole s lr:rt flrrrr rrulirrn rrrrt,Lins 95 parts
rvholc *hc:rt il(run[rt 5 plllts ],re\.fs \c,Nt {s^!).'l'hc flonr is xuk)
cL\e(l 90 nri,,trtes rt 116'C ,m,l q!)lcd t0 roonr tcDDcrnturos l)d;re
l,ci,,e mirc(l *ith ilte l)reser's \e$t.
To strrt th. cult,ues, 3 grn of tlrt: <,,,rrrcal ,.cdiunr is placcd in .l
P(,tri dish corrlxirrnr{ 3 rdult rrrrlcs, ll attult linalcs, an(l n pl.rsli.
"css l.lvirs' l)lock rs (]i'soilxrl l,v Bond anrl \'lonro (195,1). Alicr the
dcsired tnue, tlre crdi:llc eqgs trl.(: rcrnovc(l l]onr tlic plxstic l)lo.ks
ilnd nrc Ians{i.rrcd kr thc lrr\rl c,Lli,,re dtrrt,ri,).rs.
'l'1tr, larv,rl (r,lhm (ontrincrs arc I ql Uxson
i.trs cort1lnii,rg l pnrt
of the rvlx,le *trerrt lirru ,nc(lirrDr tlnd.loscd wiih Iilrer p.rpcr Inls.
About 100 c,rdelle eggs {rc pl,(ral jn ,i,,.h itlr. Altcr l(l \\ccks, Lhc
luvre .rre sihe<l (n,t ol th. r,cdlum. AbouL 50 l.ir!.ie are lrlacnl il
clch pupxtiol cort.tnrer. Thc lnrt)iLtion q,rttLincrs urc I qt NIxsl)n jnrs
co,,tainn,g 1-ir(.1, <r,lrcs ol co,rrsc l)uikli,ig corlt arrl 150 prr of tlr.
wholc whc.l( IL;ur mednurr. Ati(T 7 \(\rks, thc crlxs ()1 corl .trc
l*,kr:,r opo to rollc.t thc rdults. ]\ll rearilg (rnrttLinos xrc sto,cd in
i r(nxl rorintrilr\l rrt 2rj.7"c 1 1' xnd 60% relxtive lntrnirlit) 15.
3. Pro Lct:tittg gai tt Mitc utul I)isc st Coitunindtioi
a rh1 .rolnil.f ,,l ilr stniri,r g',)uP. tc(n.,,l*o,. li''n'lli.tri(h.r ltttll llrt.Ml
tf,,
t,,"i,lc iL btLnicr 1or n)itr'(, (lise,rse (r,rtminaiioD in thcsr
rrrlttrrcs. l07r orcr shoukl 1,e sprirkl<,rl rrr thc p,rpcr corcrs oI tht:
crltures .rrrrt ..t(telle lxNre rrrc trcxtcd with o\e\ l,eftre the) ,rr(l
placcd i,r tl,e pu|rti{,, dnriLino!. Thc L'nxc xrc trelte(l1,." c(^rrilg
Lhcnr !vith I l,ixt re of o\1x ard fhcrLt lloLrr (l pi,rt ol s,Jre.rt {Ixu
lli ( rlt tx)t,ll.lr\ ltlt rsllN(i sr()rr t) t,t()t,l { ts 55
rltlr : t,rLI|s1rrrrrs ,'1 ,'\, \r ir rL wi(l( i[,lllr I rlt jtr. .4.11 crrltrrl.(s
sl,,,,,lrl li , \i,,ri,,, (l 1r lrrlir:rllr li,r nitts, slr,ilrrgc, trrl tliscasc.
t,it'lltili\clls
lr.r.. l'1. 1., r,,l(i,rr,,,, lt. l.il1)16) llr,',.xl(11..Li5.l)ul)t A!r.. thll. ]42n.
lrtr.L\.lt ll Lll);5.\n.rv,,,llxnlli)rlun(lll"qi,'nalcsi.is (i,, li,/,,r)/.9,!r-l-t 87, 3'l l
lrlrl,rr.,\ (r (19(il) l|c cllill ol Ao',r rruricl \i7.o| l)"t),]nrl! * ti'dr.t. boli u i
ln,rl.li. l,r (l Nlo,n,i.ll.A.L.(lrl51l ll,!n "qtlr..r.1.ll.,7i,rrrrrl.r,rkru,r,rirxs
ll,I la,,lu,tJl(, : ()sr.mnll.) r x l(\r i \.ct lo, in*!l](ii(hl n'k',r-,th (rrr lrno
,r,/,1i1 86..101-.108.
lrrr,*,,', l.(i., Ii)ss(l.n,C.l,l,r\11,r,,1,..4.(ll'.llorl,l) (19(ill []rclitg!sr1.(nfl"
:r,)' grrif na!l rrhrnr. LI,/ir.., rrgr t:rl,t. Stt Lt1t11.t.l. 2
"{
(rl,r,ln,',,,rn'. lt, r'nl Ii'nrnxl, A. l1rri0). lr.r,l(f,tili.(l qro\'lh lir(n,s n' lnl\\1 s
L N.cc\s \ oilln\.l:rcrors 1,, ?,,1,,/r,,r.r,y' r,, lr,n,t a,h /.2../ ilrr,
l.rn
Oliriso!. \r A.,\n s\,.\.N.,1'rn!,,),.1 l, ,dTr)lor,Nl \\'ll9(j0).(:n^Ythr.\}n'! 1n
rlr. .o,,hr1al lltnr lnttl.,, t)ilrniltDl .r,y'nMr l)r,\:,1, 1,, :i\ 5rl..t.(l l)r.nirl
nn,rcc\ ./. Nzlr. 72- 1:l I31)
(inl(rr, 1t I (l!6.1). IligI t($|crrhn,\, ll,^t thr\ rftl\t l,'s(1r |rc\t\ N,,r/ruIl.
Irrlra 270. rl0 :12.
l)rl \l,n'11,. (1. (196,11. Hicc,.lx, .',ll' nlistr,lo,n {l:L i,,!,tti (lcllc lt\n xli:'nrrlrri
Njcn!1,) r)., "lih,,arc' 1. uov|li t)1"'l('nrri ilfv.stigrlntrs o L rns..t iflc*tirn'
olr)isn* A"n.rln ri,' i.l,rrl"g tht.ir{!,)lN..rils).li.lttiltrliats.t)':) t75
I l.rflrrr, Ir. \\' rr9l2l. lrrL)'rc f.\t\ s.rtSnrit.Ch.n lri. I li I19, lll,r,trl11l
I..rIlk,., C., r.d l'r'ift\ ai li. 19511. Tl,. rnnx, x, nl ,,rt,,irrm.nt ol rl'c ,r,,iL*,al
lln'r lnr,l ,.. 7,ir./,r,r d,l/sr,r l)u\rl Br)/. Brl/ l0li. l1!-15i.
l,in'l,rrli.l(1, l.(r il9.l8). slri" n{ nr.tl,ods i,r d.l(1titg s.cvil lnlistiinn,\ i,' grrin
I S Dt,tL ,\!'.ltu' t:tnnnbl ?Lt"tt Quutrniru, Lf236
(;1nxl, N. E. (1136l. ll,cHo,,rlntlli:s.lthcgcfIs l,lll,i,un.L'.S D./r '\it.Bull 19n.
(](!a$i\,11. 1. 11.9.1!1..\ nrftl,,!l ti, \Lriti g ins..tr(gJrngs i,L slicrl. C/r.d/ (r/r.,r
(irlrx,",\\'\1.11!ailr Trxpprngl\lln,i,,rl,'stoag..\P.riInrrls.l-1,1,.,19,t/r)r./on)
l h,"lin', \\. l: r 19.1!1. !-ll'c.t,n l,irl |rx, tirl srzo on tll,i11, oi l \.] aid lulxl (1.
v.ll)l),,."t ol 'Irildln,, i lnnn D'n. trnPUl)llslxll '1tn,1 . r Pdr.n, orl
(hcnrl nn sr,)'.d huhnt L's,al lr\(\Ligrlions, l)(ln,,lli'11) l,log\, D.l)1 .1
llifnf,,rl 1r. il9.1ll) ls\rx)tsrsoltln g,rrLr /-ril,1r,, \L.l.I, siil, !) r.'( r[lis,i]
t.. .r9, ll :'
Il(),t-.K ll)tjl)) l)lnri "rtr..l).ls,!,il,, tnrt)tol?,il,.hl,,,r/i/(,,Dt\'nfd
? .,rra,trr,r, (lll*r I ((i)l(,In.u: l,,,.lnnnrnli('1 ,\,, /r,n,,xr. S,,r' ,\,r 53,
llo. l-. K. (l!61r (\)in ,ngr',\ ol l'tib.li1,r tr lue." r.{l 7 (arlrr,, r'nl th.rr
rrn+"l,n,s\ n rgf d.tf,f,l,':Lti,n' 1(i,lrotterr T.f.lni,,' (lxc) Ann Linrtul Snt.
 l(i {l()l,li()l'lIlll\ l\l llsIlN(l sl()ltl'll) l'l()l)ti( ls
JitT
PHtLr-lP K. IlAll!llN ]\Nl) Ill)wlN l" s()l)l:llsll()Nl
rr]rr/ner!'' Il llr'df(1ol
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qtn 'tilblir"t lrll
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l"''""rir';''1r"' 'r' r '1"'l'_ 'n
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i. iii,;;,r ,u,rJr,r rrnrr) t\rJn*.'rs t{' rt.drc nlnnrte n'\ccts J' E'on' . ;,,, r ,,,,,
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k,,^,,. r,-., "' r'- t"t lt!
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li.il'ill,iijii-i. i ri""i"fe"u, 'o" "" a'"r'p*'n "r ttr' {"\ il
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.r irristcd rror rnnr irrest.dwhert
3ii-

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,i-..,.',r,t,.,.ttt.,'. l.t "t"t' ''r ililii:' ;' l;. ii;;;,..ii;.".s or sirartir)r l-'l
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Olttrltttr I7

Lepidoptera Infesting
Stored Products
Il. ?. BoLEso AND F. C). IIAIZKTI
S ttct tt Rts?aLlL a
tt,tetl Ptud1n1 1 t tL tn cel.pnnt Lab.tntolt,
U. S. D.Wttntnt ol AuidlttuL,

t. NuL itn,'rl Rcqtrir.'morrs

n. 2{n)

IV.
265
2(i5
vll, !66
VIII 267
IX, ,67
x. 268
xI 268

The nujor str;rcd product n,sects, wlich include some of thc

most destmctivc to m.u, are nrrmd anrong \,rrious species L,i Cole-
optera ard Lepnloptera. The reai,g of such irsects is ,,f inrpor
tancc in Iinchrg meth(nls for prcvcnting drmage to man's food srrpplv,
but some specics are .rlso ideally sutcd lbr genetic shrdics and
for prLnsjtc rerrnrg. Tl,e colonizrti(n, of seleded coleopterors
spccics is desoiLcd irl tllc precednig chapb. The sraternents in
thc irtro.lucttun to thtt ch.rpter on the erLsc as \\,ell ils the precrrr
tions lbr rerrn,g thc colcopterous species tre, in gerleIiil, also appli
cable to ren rg thc lcpidopterons 1,eclcs. Lcpidoptera spccics
rrc cosmopolitrn and c.lsil) collected, insccts .u.c e:lsilr' lrandlcd.
culture rne(lirL urc rchti\elv eas) to prcp.rro, rerx.n,g c{n bc done
Lrrder r rungc t)1 enviroutental coDditiols dthoug], ar optirDurn
' 1'tct."t .dtltu t: Nld \{.* Cnn' lns..rs Lncstioruon\. sn,..d tutu]t\ h,*a ir
1, .. ' \t"l.,l\r' ri, h,- 1t,,.. \1r,u,,.,I.,.,.t,\,..i,..\t,.,t,,.r...
kxrsr( " ',
259
 . r,. lJ()l.r'is \Nlr l (, \l,\llzLl 17. ttt, xlt,tr ll\ tNt t.is N(, sll,t :t) I't()t)r (:rs lr;t
t(n)
\i\i,,,,,,1 iur rrrl,rlrlrt, lr 1,rrl:rrrrrrl (li(1.,)r itl l(irsl or( (1)ri,tir)irq
rrrst ln scl(tral il r(rrilrg is lirr rIs|rLrlr l)(rrlrrs' s rrrrrl 'lrllrrrirlr IL, ,\\,,,Iii,I grrNtlr srLl,.t,rIrts rksirilrrl Irriorrsly, is rcccssrry.
r,1.1',,!,nr( s rLurrirr lrrtl! 'n:!" .
llrrirl,rl, s rrrirlrrrr tll:trllk, l!)llti) lr,Ls lxtr ridely nsett firr
r, ,.1,,, rr,,i . ,,,,r rr r,l.rr,.rrr L, l,i,l,,l,r, r, r'1,'.ri"L .r',,,'.1 1,,,"1
ul rl,, l;,,1i.,,,."', ,r ",it'. rl,"t,, ,t,t tt"t't,t'IL '|||'| ''' \l'"1i" i- rinirq rrur) sl(nr1l-tn,!Lrci irsccts, cspc(ialll thc nroths. 'l'his
'll"rr'. \rr,..,,\t,r kiil ,ti'll,t /*ll, t r ,' I rr"'"1 rrr"t"' is rorrrlx,scdol r rLy ,,,ir il1 .1 gnrol corn Horrr,24rr rnrrvhole sheat
r.,",.r', H,,"' IL,r,r, 2 gnr ol uil<:,Lt ,rrirl<llnrgs rr l,ra,r, t gur o1 dricd porvdcrcd
C"i,",.""n, \\'allel'it is thc rt'uring oi ilresti sPCcics that $ill
y crst, ,rrxl .r thricl mir r, (.(iual pxrts ol honc) ,mrl glr ttrirrt: l,l roJu,rre.
l,e discusscd in this chtPtcr. Shcpard (19'13) notes "ilre snggrs \\'1,.,, read! to rLsc, erlrrrl pxrts ol Lhc dry anrl llrrirl nri\cs rr'(ll)rrts
tr,,''\ 1,., ,,'.,rir,{,,,,, '1,,'''i' ' "'.' '11 1' r" 'tl" -'' "' 'tr' rrl''rlr u itl"r' l,jrrrrl ,urd to sturd li,r 2.1 houls l,elbrc tsc. Pctcrsoo (1953)
r1,,. .'n'-:,,,,rt, ll,i i'g-r,, r 'rl' rrr' "l ll" { tl"'" ;''i ' rt)l)xrirtl\ 'L)lorved
rrtes this rirediu the nrost s.rtislrct(rv li)r rcxrjlg Indirln
rr.ll rrotlrs ur(l rotcs tlrirt it,rlso is s.itisl:rctorv fi,r othcr nn)tlr spc(ics.
l.
NU -IRITIONAL REQIIIRITI IIN'I S Ai thc Siorcd llrxhrct Ir)sr\ts Heseax:L arrd De!eloprrcrit L.rl)o
l n lr su.crr L . .r,-, il' ''rrirrirrir'.' r'llrrrr''r "'i'l'' \""'r'lirrL lrn,\, Sl\in,),r1,, C<r,rgia, rr li,rnlrlated ntcdiuol that has manv
r,, t',,.',1, 1.,".1 lll.u,ir telri:,'. 1,,\."',,1 ..ii 'l'n, .1",,' ' ,.,r' l" ol thc dralrctcristics ol tlrwd,rk's ,rrrtiuru is uscd. This mcdiunr
is sitishcti)D lirr xll ihrcc sfccicsi it is rcprrxhrced nr T.rLle L
qt,', ,.,. I 1,.,'. j,., r. r y,,,'. ,1,,'1,.r-r,,1 I l,,rr sl-:'r r' rrri "il .|AI]LE I
I ',"1. Nl.ii,l "", ' ',lr ,n,''','-, .,r.'l lrr 1':'rr' \ rr' r' \rr\ FJrr' ror llri\rrNc
'i,,i, rr, rl, 'r",,""r , l I1,,,"," '-r1,,rr'l\ '.1r"'r\ Llr"$rl"'l rl' \l"li l.l)rMr.r trirDruN,
^
r.rr,r,,..,rr ll,,rrr r'.,11,. L,' rl 'l.n'1,,r\ ,lr" ll' "l 'lr' lr'1 "' rr"''l
,r,,rtr.,,,,1 ,1rr.,,,,r .,,,,rt, u..,,1, g1,,,,^, r r, Jrr., ,l . . .,rrl tr
"t,,,,,i,,
rrs ure thir<l. h dirts tirl tlre \lc(litcntnctu flrrul rrrrth
glurost, tan I
l,c rpltccxl b) sl.ud,, l)ul such nrc(lit rrc InrsuitNbl( firr thr: otlrcr 1
j
i,cLiL\.
lt:ll "r,,,..r r.,,.r,', "'rr,, ' it.,r,r,r,-Lj
,,,rrrl,l,
' ,, ,rl'lrhrr.'l ll" I
l
tlre vcxst. thc irse.ts $os' rcltrti\elv well lnrt tLc growtlt rttte is l
slo$cd. Thjanrnre, nid;tirric '( nl, p).idorlnr:, rtrrd Parrt(nhcDic 'r'id
xrc esscnti,rl lirr tlre Ilcrliterranr:rur llour rnoth: irr thc trl'sencc ('f l

riLoflrNirr it 41'vs slrvll'. Inr)sitol Jlcrrerxlll iuD(^as thc gro\!th
of thr: Nlcdiirrnnc,rn fli,ur rrroth lliotirt is tr inYntrlrt gr(^vtlr
tictor lirr rhc l\lt:clitcrranearr florrr nn)th rnd thc hrclianrne'rl nroth'
Tl \lrext serm oil is onriited. t}( Nleditcrrartc.u {|rru nrot}r glorvs
,,,,,rtr t..r..,,t-t .,n,t r,t,,,,.,,, t llril,, ,,. :,, ri,, .It*r.. ,,, ir, rl,,
1..,,,',,iti..',t, t{,'ri, ,, ,l rl',' .,.r i. li,,,,l-i, ! ,,1 ,,,'l ,,, r'," rr', ,l''r'i
i.rl,l, h.rtti,'n, r it.,rnrrr E 1,, hr",l'lrLr" l.
II, REAIIIN(] NlEI)tr\
\1.,r.\ ":. i ,. "' ,li l.'.. l"- r 'l' - 'rl'"1 " r rrr' 'lr " l'' r'*
,,.,.1 ,,1 '.1 r.l .,r, I '', ,l ''r, l''"1 tl' i r* ' r' \' n l"'rr"r " i'rl'''l'
ll,ruIrIr. thc r:llicicncr of thcsc "rrtrh .rl lirrxl rl]cdirr rarics corr
r,r.r..,1. l,,r ,. .,,,r,1, r1..,.. rr,..r .,.r.', , .rll I, r "l tl,. ," L'
.,., l. r.r,".,, t1,,,., tr,,.,, .,,,'rtl,,.r,r.'r, 1,, 1,"r,r, ,.,',.1. Pr,.
" ll,nni"r llr!1. n)\l,.xf ,'n,tr1, *ln.rt,"i(l,lln,g:. "x,rt rtrl l,o,'c rncrl, r'lLQt '(l
..,,,,1 ,, r'll\ r, ,,.. ,1,..,1 ,1,,,1..' ,' l. ..
t s ,,rrifirl l,nnl ,,)1,tr, vlirr,l,' lrr \"ptrl,r ,rl, vtadi" E sL,ptlurl l, !itrDrr1
A ri,l)tl,Jf,r't i,nl ritx"'i, l)! frt)t,1.,,tr,"1.
Thc r,lrrnc, \,hcxt llour |tld colr erl portnnrs .rr(' xriocl.r\e.l 1i)r
90 mi,r,tes .tt 12-16ll, ofpressrre at 2'10"F. N1etil plrs, 5 to 6 inclres
decp, r,lri<h ,ur: sh'Lllow <:rrrngh to dlrv c,ven rnd io,rJ)letc ltr,Lt
p(rr.tuti(,r, arc usul to lrol<l thc rrrrtr:rials durlng rntrxlrvirrg. 'l his
trcutrn.jrt rlilrinrtes rlv nrites rrrd nrsects thnt Irigh( Lc prescnt
rrn,l rrt tl! s,i,,,c ti,rrr: o,rditirns tl,r'ingrali.,,ts t(, iL h\(nirl,l;i n,ois'
h,re lerel. Alirr u,t(xilavi,,g, tlrc n,xterirls rre c(r,le(l to ir tdrpelr-
turc thxt will pc,lni( h.ui.l i\ing. Thc two ingrcdi(nts arc thcn
urrrl,inrrl rurtl lil,,(l-,ni{(\1 until ,rll irkircss" is rtrnove<l arrd thc
ingrcdic,r(s th(,'oughlv ,irircd. Thc nririturc, alicr li,rtho (ooli,rg
 ,|,,.
v,rr,zx',
r', ,1,),,(. I sl,,,,Ll(l l,, sl,ir,!l i,l i,lr)L,l lo lr, irr scrrlr"l ,.rrrt rrlrlts
ll,, r, rr.r rr,r( i,,gk'(li{rls ,li, ,r,,1 r(,lrLir, lrrlx1:rrIr,r:,,rrrl :rrr
.r,l,l,,l .rrrrl rrrlrrrl i,, ll ll! linr( ,,1 ,rrIIrLr( I)I( I)r'IrIIi,)L. ll(^\(\r'f. I's
(;iri!,( r)r',Ll rrlrr lrrorrr irlisl((l $rll) irrs.cls, it slrorrkl lt crrr
lrrllr .r:rrrirrcrl: il lin rd to lx' irrli strrl tlrc in*rts slrorrlil 1rI r-
,,,,,i.,t ,,',,1 tl,e nranrriitl aut<,cl.rrctl ol,.w nt,rtcrial skrrltl lr olr
ttri,,c.l. No tL{tditiorrxl nroishDt is re(luirc,1 fi,t tLc Iinislrt:rl rrrtrlirrrrr
sirrcc ihr: glrteii c horrc) ir) 1l)irntiotr lrrlirtrlls thr: srurr: lirrrc
tiorr .rs it d(x,s 1()r llnvdak s l,rsic nrcdlrnrr. llr: honci absrrlrs rllois
turc fr(,n thc,rjr ruril thc gl)'(tri,)e Prc\(nts,rrrnrLng ls rv<'ll rs
dDrtr ilrting to thc soltrrcss ol thc nrr:<lirurr. Thr: pxrnrtirrr oI nrokl
is inrtx)rturt, Lcc,ursc rllo]d qnrpctes with th(i l.trv.tc llo\11'\tr,
Alxlel nxhn,ti,, (1{)63) xnd NIisra LI9{il) liruDd thc lndiarr nrcal
rroth.(,,1(l cl,nplct.r its lili: cyclc on s,\tnl spc(i(:s (,f,'Lsi)rrSi/rrs.
l-l,c Sr!aintLl, lalrlrton lrrLs also us,,d ,r rrrediurl crrnyrsnl ol
$holc shcrt llrur |rrrtairrirrg 5% glrrrcrirre. This rnrrlirun is sltis-
llctorv li)r maitrttLirirg stock orliures, l,ut xdrrlt l)ro(luc(n)i rrntrll)
arclrgcs less than 95% oft],e potcntiitl P,,nl,,( rion.
Suc.cssfirl re.rring ol tl,e thrcc sP,\,ies o,, u varict) of nc(litI
l,rs bccrr rlescribcrl 1,v.t rrtrnrlxt ofrescarchr:rs. l'he U. S. l)elnrt
rnJ)i ol r\gri.rrlture SLorcd-ll(nlucl lnscrts Lalr)rxt,)il i liesno,
Calili;rnia, r<:,rrs thc Indi,trF,nerl nn)th (tr, r nrc(lirrrrr d,rsistiis
ol 1 g,rllon oi rlriclen maslr to I Pi,,t ol rrlurl parls r,1 h(nre\' trd
glvrtrine {rr-tlsrr,. 196.1). l-zurrrkakis 1l!l5rl) [strl .r mcdlrurr of 7
ptnts .il,ictcn mash,* Yu part glvo-,irrc,,rn<l Y: p.ut honi:v lrl volunrcr
ir., al',,,,scd raisirrs a,rrl wt,h,,,t,lcxis. I{rurrIlr t:tai (19:11) liis<rl
Indiul+,crl nr)tl,s (n, Iigs. lurrrcs, antl raisirrs. Skl,rr(l (19'1rl)
r,t',1,,1 r',,., ll,,' r ' , " 1 . , , \ , , t " , 1 ",ll ,r,,,,,,i'' .',' ll.'l '''rr,
1 1 , rcrLr(:d. Il oltlr' .r fe* rroths rur: rcrpircd nr r sltort timr', l nnno
,';,1 ,.,' ,,, $l'.,1. \l"l, llr'.1', ''"' l'lh{ ,,,,,,1 '1.,r rl,' l:r'.'
prclirr\l ihc gorrr ol thc l<rrcls,,1 c,rrr, rurtl t)ll Nlrrrte tl9ti0)
n t",rt,"l rl'. ' ir, 1,. ',(r i,"',,' s''r, ll, ,'l'r,,,1,',1 ",rr' l. r r"1'rrr'"1
1,,, ,.,, l' :,,':. l,' rl ,, , ,,,:,r,,r'l\. \\rlli.,,,r. l,r'l. irr''' rr'-'r'r'- I
nrrnrlrr o1 storr:il conrnrorlitics. li)rrr,(l No. il N NltLrrin,l,s 1'(nrglr
rlrcal in(lu.rd ih(: qrrickrsl docL1rr,,i "t 'rl rlr. L'rli'jn rncrl nroth.
' (ii,,'tr^itnrr if tr)LL'nlr
300 l,i\i rr (LqJ,,,LLln ',('rl l0
' Lr
lir (r,,nL'xl .st,,'x 15
DrIlfl 100 lnfr. rx.rl ll
lo s.,ll i III, oI]TAINTN(] C]ULTUR]I S'I'OCKS
l,ii) l,al", .rl Nl,is() 0.5
100 l )'liti.(l lirl' ,iil ,.5
so!ln':tr orl n.rl 100 li r)l[\ir] L i!n,
l; r rr,ttx,t,lr |l\ r\r t\tt\'. \r',rr r, t.ri,t,r, t\
$ lril,. r,,Lr1( rrr.,rl q:,r, tlr, txn)i(,sl r(,sIlls. (t,.,1,,rr(lt irr(l l,ir)(lgri ,,
rl1),1) r(iLn!l tlr. lrrrli rr rrr,,rLl lrollr ol ,i l)i\trn (,1 slr)1( \'h(.ul
11,,,,, ,,,,(l Ir,$(1i,, (l rrrll, tirrsscll (1n{il) ti,,,,id sxltod pisrr(ihio
,,,,r\ $! ,( ,,s( 1,,1 irr rr.:rrirr( ,1 Liivelv srrrall nLrnrbcrs o1 larvrt:.
SL{ l)af(l (1l),lil) i tx)rl(rl tlrtrt ihc Vcrliterrxretr florrr n]oth cul
l! n.an(l sn(tissl,,llv on x co,r'se cererl D,i\trlrc strch as wholc
rylrctt fLru ,trr(1 r{,ll(rl otlts. Nl.rnslxidse (193]l) rlso rclrcd rhex,
r,r rr,,rxr rvl,ol, *,1,.,r Hi,l,,,*l-," il1126) fiund th:rt high gfu(te
11,rrr Prrxl,ccd smrll lrr|r. \\'ith ,L long derel,p,ne,rt pcriod. Ku,rilte
(l9ll8) rctn,ls thnt tl,e st,e(rl (,f dcvclopnlc,,t srs l,igl,cst ii llottrs,
$irsi.s, and llalcs tlrai <rrrtriD th.r br1ln .omt)olelts. l,urgc morhs
wcrc rcred flrrrr l,rn,rc lcd orr lxrrr \v,Ntc, s\\'cli( rLnorrds, ,urd
oirtn,,,il, whilc surall rrres dcv.lopcd on b.llk:r, orLts, ,urd lrtrcL
rhcat. Cr v (r9.13) usd coru nie.rl \ritl, rr intlll qunririti (,f wl,otr
\\,1,( rt Ilour i,, tl,e ( ,,t(, to| ol thc rIc,rl. Egcs $.r) tLddcd to tl,e
*icat fl,nr to gi\1 tl,, vo,rng larvao r "U(xxl strrt' lxili)rc Lhc),
spro,(l intr) thc.orlr rnerl. Pctrrn,r (1953) stries tlrrt tlrc 1tL).\.ae
shoukl l,e ke1,t in wholc whc.rt lhur d,rrtng rl,c d('velop,D.rt (,1
tl)c 6rsi instur lnd thel tItr)sli!(\l k) rr)r1r nre.tl or otlrr.srrital;lt
mlr("i.. Wl,iti,)!r lI9il7) nsd r0llc{ slk,Lt lxrLkl,rst lirorl. Ullycir
rrII \l, rr, l',1; ,,,1r.I,,1 ,lr- rr,,rtr .,, \ ri,.,,. l-,rti,,r. ,,t 1,, u.
r, flo r dnd (,btiinc(l o,,l\ sliqlrt difii,u).os in b(!l\'\\cight \\itl,(n,t
r rreiNurtLl)lc ch,r,rgr irr (levelolD,c,,t ti,,,c.
Norris (193.1) r.rri\l thc,,lnro,rd nrotlr rrr crnrr llLkcs or coarsely
-,'. ql'," rir,-
-r,'rrr|1 1".,rrr.1.. III{,. 'lei,, I,J.,$1,,,r t,""1t,1,,.
nlirtre rs ir rcrrrjng nrcdium.
Tl,e 6r,Ll .l,oi( 01 x me(tium vill lx, dctolni,rcd l,\ rlre,,itrnlxr
,,1 r,.,"r.,1,.ir.,1 ,r,,1 tlr, t,,rl"^, l,,r $l,r. l,tl-ir,.,,r .,r,. l,,.r,S
cgcnsire rrrediurr ld,rpted lirl n p$tictrl,rr slr{ir:s nuv Le used;
e.g., Rrssclls {l9til) pinaclrio rut ,ncdiuDr lbr the L,(tirLtr,nrctLl
,,,,)ih. Ior mrss .ultrDing r drcrpcr rncdiurn oLL rnrrlnrnr lbr rvhicl
tl,c ingr'(licnts ,uc- rerdily ol)ttLinc(l is plr.linlne. \\th<rr sr:vcral
specns rrc lxiing rcxrrd, rle tnediu,rr s.lqtfil shoLrkl lx- snital,L,
li, rs(i rilh .rs riarrv ol th<: pccic.s as possiLle. \\rlratr)\rr nrcdil,nl
is stlc<trrl, it must hn\e iIe r?(lIn'.\l nUhicrrts id drc lnpr:r
(,nsistcncv (Li|le, 1957).
Fi(ild shxi, s ol rnotlrs ,rttiriking sk,cd ploducts cLrr ll .asil\
colldt(rl tN lhc.r llc ursrrxrJrrlitm. ll(uLsc ol thc possil)ilii\ thlt
rrrrnl ol (hc licld *r,rins rrrav Lll|c lx,cr cxPserl to irscrticidc
 r1(i.l lr, 1,. lx)l I\ l\Ntr I o \r\|l7t\t Ii. LIII'II)()I'IIII\ l\llsll\(l slolllll) l'l()ln( ls :'l(i5

n.si(l .s, (,\lr(.r,(, (,rn. rlr(,,r1(l t, r, t,,.,, r,, liririliiq ll!1,,r. ll,r,, ,i ril. (11);5) (l(siriln llr( 'r)rrslrr({io'r ()l'
t)n.\i ri , , ,,lt , , , , 1 , 1 , , j ,
) , (1,(.
{)l urv ,.srrl)lislr(,(l hlr,rirr(,f\ ,t,r.t., I t,{.!.1o,,,, $ t,,.I lir.IJ srrr.t,s
,, ,t,,,,,,1",r i,,' ,( iri,,( rl,(' rt)l)acc,r rl.,]i lI,ll^ttu cldtlld 1l Iulrrrrr)l
irr. ro l)r .,)loniz.(1, r,, is()li,iii,,, ,,r,:, ,rlrt ,r n.:,rirr(,rrr,,, ( { ( ,,,, , r ( .
r
.
I tl,rr crir l)c l,,,ilr i,, \t!',,sir.l). \\irg,,o lrr d/. (19(j5) also descrilr.
sqraratctl 6o,r c{cl, or1,,,f i,,,(t t,,,,,, ,, \ ,r(.,, st,(.r. sr,rDrt,,,,tt-,,r | _\

l:rl",rrt,,r. ,rrlrrrr,..rr t".,r,u ,,,.,r,r.,,,,,,r .t.,,,,1,1 t,, ,\.,rt,t.1,.. t,,. a lor cr,* prrrrrl,L' r'rriirrrnrrrerrtll! drlrnbcr tlt'1( urn Le lruilt b)
Ixln,r,lor,\' t,erso,,,,(,1.
$,1,J .r,,..1,. ,1..,,,t,t t" ,.,, r,, ! ,,rr,rr,,,I t,r ,\i.t,.,," ,,t ,,, ,.., ,.,
irjl,ry, r(l pre(L(oN. s)nlprDis x,,(t \. ( , ( , I t,(,ssit,t. ,,l,,,orn,rl
( , ( . (
\T. III-,,\R]NC] C]ONTAINERS
i I , ( )

,,n.l r;,,,,, rr- ,1,.,ril""t t,) s,,.:r,t .,,r, .t,,i:,. \ ,,1!(t i,.,,r.
.1,,,,r1,1 r,,. r,.n,,,,,"t .,1,t ,t,.,,,.,\,.,t r,,,tr\i,t,r.,t.
r.,.ir .,t,ri.,r rr. i. il At tlr S,rv,rnnrl, Lnln)rtit(,). I grlL,i $'id(!rnouth ltlrs L't!c
,',, J' .\i,,tr,,, r. .tr,,rrt,t ," ,,t.,.,.,t ,,., ., , t,,, , ..,,"t,,, ,,'.,,,t t,, t,t ,, 1,,"r t,,rr ,, 1,, l"'ll,',,,,,.' ..,ir l', 1,,,\ l\t" 'l ",,.-r'.,rrr'1 ''',_
tl,, i..,1:,ri,,r.:,r,.r rl,r,,Ill,,,, t,.., r,.,,,. J_,.,,.,.,rr,,.,,,t n.,r:r.! 1,u,,,r, l:,i,r,r Tr,,'' :r, , r.rlr ,,l tr',',1. ,l.,"".rrrri r:rr,'. ' l'''r"'l ""1
,n,,\ r,.- tl,, ,,, .r,r,, t1,,.r,:, .,".,r,.,. skx:(l. L, in* l,r\i,tg ti t\!oPic(( screw k)| tLe ccnb.li.l is r'-
I-:.r rl.lr 1,,.J lrl",r.rr,,rr .ir:rrr,. ,,, rn,.,t,,.,.,..rt.,, r,.,,r,t,t,.
re ,,1.,., ,1 rll, lilr, r ,,:.,n , r,, li,.'\ i,l' lr:'rrl '"'r''r llr''l 'trll 1" rrr'it '
,r.,.,,.,,r, l,.rr.,rrr. lr.r rl,rrrr ,,1,.,r,rr-,-. n,, 1,,.,-.t,,,1,.t Lt,. ',
1,"1,.
'r,.
.,' , " l, i,q,. I rl,, lr, r',,1 ,,,-t,i,'" '."''r''r'ri"r. rrr'
, ',rr,rr.'r,,' 1r,,s1.,1,,,.,,t ,t,,,, ,r,,,J,,,,r,,.1,,,,,.,,,i.,1 ,,,,,
,.,,',"1",',i.,,.,,'rl,,'li
:Isrrii
l' 'l r-1'l ,",' r'lr '' lr''l' 1"''r
,.,r,,,u,1 i,rsr:rt. (11163) r*rl l'ctri (lislrcs lirr rlrrnrg thr: lrrdi.tr rrc:rl
r,,,Ii, r,. /{ ,lrnir,.,tr,,,, ,,t n,irF.. 1,.,r:,,r, .rr ,LJr.,...,.. .rr.,1 ,t ,,u,th an<l tiugcs llsl56) uscd ,l,v I inch h1l,cs tLs rcrrittg.hitnrl'ers
1,,.t1,,,,,'r.,,.,,..t.,.,rr.r.,i,,.,,r,,,t;,,,,,t,,,., ,,.,J,,.,,t .!t\.r.,. lbr tlrc rrl,nond rrrctlr.
lrL. :, r1'.,, ,,r, l, .lIL. r,.,. ,,,,r r, ,1",rr,t rr. rl,, ..,r,, ,,,..,, ,,. . . ,, tLl
.r,,,.1. ir' ,,,\r,",1,,Lr,.,J .,r,,1 , I . , . . t r . t , " , , , .rr. r,,,, ..

,r, lr.,. 11,,,., tl..,t rr, i,,.,"ii,r,,," r, r.rrrr rr,,,rlr, i,

, II | | . , J |
rl,,t .,r, ,,,r,u,t
rrsolirl fir gercti. sh(lics ll Lrboiiiol1 lJ|rLY l)e thc oll\' soru1tj. Si(x,k{
.,1,,,ir,,.t tr,,r, ,,rtr-r Irt",,.,r,,,i-. ,t,,,irt,t .,t.., t, .t,j,r.,,,rir,,"t rt.r ,,r,r,
ri lcllst dro g.ncr.rtn,r un].ss ilro sxlitir\ .,,.firi,,,. uf 0,,,
phirq lxlx,t|t(r\ rur: krro,,r'rr. tl ir is Dccess,!\ ro ri..l| tlri.,.,,tn,r,,( ",ii-
, r,.1, L,.,.,t:, ,,,,,,iit,,,,. ,r,, r,,,.t1,,,,1 .,t 1.,,..1,. .,,.1 lt..r. 1...,,,fr,,r,
1r,.,7 ,,'.,. 1., rr.,"t r rt i ,,- rt.,"t rt,, ;.;.r. ,,, ,, ,,,. ,_t r,,, t
mi)ukrs ir 0.1% rr(rcuric drl(nidc s(,lurior tn(l tlr(.,r rirs(11 tl,r,r.
lL, i,,,lr.rill.,J tr.,-r. T1,,. r..,Jr.L,'r ..r,.,.t,,r,.
tx: rcred shoukl l)c st(iriti,(!t t)\ t,,i,,r.
IV. ItEAHINC (]II-{ ]\,I IJ IiRS
A11 tlrrc(.rr(,ths (i,rr lx, nrus! r(.lr\t wittr nn!lcrurc
sL(rt,ss rn.le
,,i,,,r.t r,,,r. ,,,rItr,r.,r, . ;,r,, r,t,,J ,r,, r,..,,, .,,, r.i.r.,rl,.,r ,..r,,.,,,.t\
lr'jl, .,r.,1 .1,,,'.,, r.,,i, |,r,.r,... ,..,,,r ,,,r.,1 l,lr, l, .ri,,.,r,,,. .,.
.rlr. \"ll l', ,,r,r.rrrr,,r.,r l. .rt,,.rr rt,,.r. ,.i., ; ,J.,r,,. i ,,.,.,, ,r,,,.
,,,
rvhjrh rrnsr.rnt tc,rpcrati,rcs ,!,r(l h,,,ri{liiics ,,,,, r,., ,,,,,i,,t,,i,,..r.
At tl,c Srlln,,rl, Lrln,xr(,D, rlr. nr(,r),s ,, rc.tri i rooDs
tril(rl tLi .r t.nrperxrrire r)l 80"li rr:2,, rrrrt l rr,larivt: hurli(l \ nrain r)t 60
;',. \ ,,, r.1" r i..l ,.r\ I.,,,r., r ,,, . t,,r.,1" , ,',.,, | ,.,
vi.lc Y,diors n:nrt)enltrres rtrl hu ri(tiri(,s rrc ,rvlihl)tc. lf prie is
, , . , J r ,
\II,
SJjED]NG WITII AI)ULTS
()rc to tlrrec d,rvlld adult nroths selcrtr:d tiorr soeral cultrrres
shoulrl l,c L,st:d l cgg'h\ i,,g. C(rlectiorrs shoulrl Le rnadc |v gcrtle
,rst)irati(n, or br',nrestictizirti0D \\'itlr COi. At thc sr\'lnnnh Lnlx)lir
t ,r\ .'rit,,\',, ,li'l\ I'rxr r,, , l ,,.i ,- r ,''lrrr ,r i' I lr""lirr "' lr
l-. ll,i, i,'.,",1 .rrrr,;,,1 t,,, r1",, '1,, qr,.',, 'r 'rrrr.r'"'r':r. l'lr\
...,.,1,,,s ,.l"tr' rr, 1 1.,,, ,l irr ' i,'l' ;.', , ,,1 rl,, l, ",.1 'l "'tl, ' 'r'l
sl,,- ,,r.r,rlr ,. 1,.r.'l'l ,,,1 srllr (r"'l "'r"'r''l'rrrril 'rrrrr'r rl
i.,,.,.,,, r,, air crclra,rge. Il reari,rg c,lrtunrc* (,f olhcl sizcs n dcsi'ctl, thel
slrorrld lx irrxkr:d sith th<: smrc rittn) ol rrroths to (tt'tnrl)cr spn(c'
I ltr s.rrlrrrr .ul,rll L,,,rl.l ,,r",j'r',' .rl'''rj' l( '(' l" l5rlo r"'\r 'r rl
, ,,,, .',l,,ll-. ll ll., .,,,1: ,t ,,i,rll. ,r' '"1" r"''rl I r'"'"rr'"rl''rrr '
',r
;G50 scx utio is us rLlh olrtrrirr<|. 'llr sc'xcs ofthe nrotlrs 'rrc rcrtlill
(listin$, isl,od. .llre t$ri chspcrs at rlre cnd of tbc rnale llx|rrrerr arc
...,.,1r r,".,:rrrz,"l \\r,,,, ' ,-r,, rr.rl,' rr.l l' ,,,'l' '- 'l' 'i '" '' '-
rr ,. ,r 1" ,1,,,,, lr; , rr', r ,., ,l.:,,,'.l ll r ,,lr' l rt l,'r1'rr1'.,1 t.":', '
'Ilrt, rrrLlc I'uv.rc," olxt idll irr ihe ttLrx,rd nroth, c.ur lxr irlcntihcd lrl
th(.(LtrL lcstcs tlut nr( (lsih's(ierr \fith(ntt thc ri(t ol x rrri(roscoPr'-
tlr, .tlri...",1" .,',.,1.," ,r,1rrr': r,,llr,','1,.,.,, 1,r.,,.,ri'",1
t,\ 11,,t,,rl,'
, ,, ,lr :, ,1,, lrtr''/. ll,, I rrr, ., l.,r , \:.'l '9, .,rr r"'r r'alr irrJ
tlrc rdllts |rrrl ,,ot h renn^1\l lro,I tlr. rctrilrg dl.rnrl)cls snicc
tlrr rill lll <lic lrclirl tlre ncxt qencrxti(,r cmcrges. tlowr\r'r,
 !ri(i ll. r' r!(!rr\ \\l' I ir [,\ttltl
sl,,.r,,,,, \,k.t ,rr, ri l.l( ,)l t1,, j,,.\t !(.,,(.,.,ti,,1 is
\ ,,,1. tl,(. ,(l,,lls
(1,
\1,,,,ri,1 lr ,,.r1,)\(al l,\ Ist),ritiii,r ,,tt,.r
tlr(, r(rtri,,1l ,.q11 t,,\ i,,q
lx,i,xl (),,1|,,,( stnti,s slr(,rt(t t,, t,,r,(lt(.(i rl ,i ti,,,, r,, t,r,.i,.,,1
( n)s\ (l,lliulirltiol (,f (rr1hrn,s strorrttl trrl r,(tUIls (.n.irtn..
\itr(,1
lrt rr(nlrs rr(.prescrt, thcy rrrrLv lar cggs urourrd ttrr.irlgrs ot rtrc
c,,1h c itrr lids rn<l thc vourg ixt".. i,t,.. rlrcy hrrch .;iNvt i,,r,,
ll,, ,,r1,r,, r.,..lrr ,, u-l.rrrrr.,r,rir,,rr. rr
VII, SIJEI)INC WITH XG(]S
Thc- rrse <,i cggs lirr s(rJing a <rrlturc polrits closer rrutrot over
tlre extxicrc.l laN,rl dcnsir) r,irl or,c.r'tlr,rgc ftige (,1 thc dutts ol
thc rrexi qorcrirtifir. !lges u r lx cltlc.cttrl by sr:verul rnctllrds.
\l ll',. \.,\.,i,r .,1 l..l".r 't,,r\ .,,rli,r-i,t , {,t.,,t ;ll .f,,i,..,r,.,,.1
lccre.l r,v Isc (,1 x,, (^iposiinn, ,,t,,,,"1).,r ;i;,,ih, to rlie rnc rscd l,r
l].,r, ,, r/ ,l,r-,s\ t,,,,',t.,r, t,,1,,,a,, rr..,,l,,.gr \,1rr.,rr ,.r Ji,lt,,ir
t.., ,,,r,1., i,r.t ,,l,rlr . i.:r,',rt,..| ,,\,.. :. ,rr.,r ,l rt.
srrerrr is thel plarcd over ,trr cga c(,ll(rri,1g c(,rtirincr liul whi(h
tlro cggs c.llr ln: r:lsil_r' rerrrovcd. r\ srnlll l)ox \ittr n Lt.tck lx,tbln
li,nctiotls vll as the o,llccti]ig trrit. A hole in rlc h)tton, ()1 rt,e
lx,r .rllns thc cggs t{, l)c rolle(l ,nlr xr.l c(n rtcd rs tl,cr drop ont,
the su hrt ol the,n,)(liunr. Tlrc scrcerr nu['( is (rr.rhiU\ l);trsl,d
1,,.1s," ,, ,." l, ,.11," rr'r li ,,, ,., ,r, ,. r., ,,t,t,.r rLL. t,,,r , ,Jr,t,frnts
,l,,ur, ,lr rir,_ ,lr, ,,.\' ,.,,1,,...tL- t" ,"t tI rl,r. r,:,r,r,, r. rt,, .,;,.
(,fihc cggs.rtrr l)c colh\),ld \\itli| \rirv ruro{ tirn s. AI Llrec;i-
sulv 1,r,(lljD{ shoull bc c-li,Iinarr{ r(, pr(j\cnr n,i,u.r k) it,e cggs.
If (l(:sila{l, tl,e cggs c.ur lx pt.rced in snnll (rDr,ri;ers trfttr li^!
rir:rs anrl thc cortiLi)ros tlrer put orr th.r sLrr.fuce o1 thc nredirnn.
'lhc. ntoishua ol tlre rrritljrrrir pftrvrrrts rhe eggs
lrolrr drvlng outr
lr"r the lrrlrc hatch, thcv will (nrr,I out o| rhc cort,rin.r'r,,rt iri,,
ihc 1i)0(1. A ount oftl! rrnhxtclrd cggs i:rrr thc,r L,rs,i k) detir-
rniro p(r cextage ol hntcl.
\\thcn l.use rrrlrl;cr.s ofegrs are irrrotrctt, rlrcv,rra! l,e o cttcd
(r tr llxt_sl,n)t olI.lper rnd the,) tr)urc(l irn) tr nrxrlc(l stxss rtrlxl
nr('.rs,ntrl lor the dcsi,l d ,,trrrl),r. 'Il,c rrrott, sc.alcs, rq1,r.,,(l,r{.,, .,d
,,t1,,.. a ,I r., r,I r ., r .,. L,,,..i..1 Irr..r r,r... ..1.,,
. . rl,r,,,r,_1, r1,,. .. r,,
1,.
, rr, 1,, , rr,".,r l,r ., r,, rjr,t t1,,...r,. ,j,,r,, , r,.,t,,.r t,,,,,.t :. ,,1 tl,, r
r!lli,rr thc t,rrcl ll.om sid, k) sidi,. t'hc sc,ri(,! rt1nr p,Lss rhmugt,
( v.n x 1i,,e scrc(.n rill ,(lhcre to rt,(. rrrrrglr torvcl su1;(!,
nner,;s
thr cgijs will ,(n. t'lrc roll{1tcd cgrs rt,cn shotrl(t tic. spri,rktcd
oro' tlrc rrrcrlirrnr srtrtic(i tr) crstrr( ihxt tlr(, rr,\\'lv trrklrrrl tenre
,r, ,,1,.1,.,r, 1\.1,',.,,1 rt ,,,'(t,,,,,t '1,.,,,.,,r L
l', t.r l, x,t,lt ll\ tNtl,:s Nr] st(,llt l, t,llot,r I ls
l,', ,,r\\ r',,,i,|1 11,,.s.,\,,,,,,11, lirl','1,,t,',\ ,r.,.. ., r,lh ,,1 lln) i
O l, rrr ,'i r!.(li, , lr., I I1r. l'lrlrrtirLts i tt)51)) ,i\,.,1 I rirli,) ,)l I 5
rrr ,,1 ,,kili,,r'r 1,, r'.rr lr r.(s. jJIru( s (11)ni) ,,s, (1 ,]i)t |,,,r(. tl,r,, rJ(j
r'(gs,rrrl riqrrr (,1 rr(,,lirrr trr21,\ l in l, trl" k,r,il,,. (l9jls) uv!l
l(X)0,sgsirr r 11jt,r iiu lilIal olc tlrir(l $ill, t(nrl tlt,!) lriLr\ (,g(s
rn ,rs(\l li, llr( si,( (,J tl){.(nltur( cr)Iliriro ( lrx(.r (,r ti,rt1,,,,,,,),),,,,r
(,1 ,,,(rliL,,,,,Lsc(1, tl,. siz, ol thc l,rr\,( :1,,(l (.,,,(,,r{ii,{ irt,,tr\ silI
Itr aHi dc(I. N{(,rtv(r, thc crpectcd runrl!,r ol ,.,,,(,,(ijr{ :(trrtr\
,,,x\ lx. rcduccd throush ercessi!c orojst,n(, t!,,(t t,(,rl l)r(r1,,(.ti(,,1
1rv tl,t. la,'vre, nhich irLcrerrs<:s molclnrq ,urd spoihgc ol it,(.cL,tr,r(,
ni,,t;,,,,, ,rna ihe Irossjbilitr of x discasci or nriti: irtrist.rtn,rr.
S1,.t),trr1 (19.13) ,cporrs rhrt e(gs o1 rhe Nl txljtcr rarc-rr r ltorrr
nrotl, ,r' c,rsi\ ol,t{iDCd b\' .orfi,ring sc\e]1.t r,(,tt,s in n snr,rI widc
rrrorrth lxrttkr phisged vith cothl. l'h. cggs .uc lxi{l oD rhc cottdr,
,'lri, lr I t1,,,, ,,,.,,,',.,1 .,,,,1 nl',.".| .,', r1,..',,r:,,,.,,r rr,, ,,,r,,t
,,'-,lr '. (:f..\ t1,tt, .,1.,.,ir,F,1 t1.,. ,.1.1. ,,. tr,r. .,,,,r1, 1,, ,,.rti,,||rS
'1,. r, ir' I $ir, ., r," r,,\it",.rri.,n,...-,.$itl .,.,,,",, 1", ,,r, pl:!-,r
over l)olri,rg cl(,t|,.
VIII, SEEDINC \VI'I'I I I,AR\AII
lf ltLrvlr .rre d, sircd ls strrtinj{ skrclt, tl,(,v sh,,utd ln) tlkc,, tro,.
.,1'rr.,,.'rt,"l $i,1,..,1, 1t.,.,,r ,,,1,., iil,,.,l 1,r,rr,.rr,h..r..,.
s,rcfi larvre vill l)c of,rlxn,t rnil;r,, ,rqc. 'rhc rutio ol htre to
rr,-,trrrr., .t,,.rrl.ll,, ,1,, ,r,'. ,, t,,r ,r,, ,..!..L,r\ ,, .1.,.t-.1r,, \\,., r.
thc, secrnl rnrl hst i,,srar nrust lx scp,u.ire(l f,(,J, rhe ,,krlirrnr.
Tl,is ctln 1)e (lon( in p.ut l,\' rcmovi,ig tl,c nrecliu,n firrrr thc c<nr-
trlincr rnd stnctLdnrg jt e\'(Ilv over x sl,ccr oI pxtxr !vhi.l1 is tt,cn
l,lrrcd uD.lelr Iight. 'l'he lisht will c:rtrsc ,r,rnv ot rlre 1:uvac ro crr\.1
hxld n plratcd fr.rrn thc rrslium. Lm\,:r ,,,,td pupxti(nr m,1v l,e
.(,11,\rc(l l)\ pl,Lcing rolls of tt,c colrrrqatcd po{i;ri ol (orrugrtc(l
, ,r'll,,..il ,,r. rl,, ,,,r1.,,"..,1 tl.,
',,,1i, r,. 11,,. l.,r\..,.$,ll ,.r:.$t iI
skle il,c r(,11, $4ricl, is tlrcn ururnlcrl and rLi,insccis c(,lt({rcd. Carc
iLq:Lih rrust l)e trkiin rt.tll tirncs L(, pre\1It iniurv tl) th(. laryar).
r
IX, SEJII)T\G WITI{ PT]PA]],
Pupu. r,N I)r coll('ctd l)\ wlitilg uDiil rlr(, tlrvlc rtLrr crx$t
irto tlrc corrlgrt(,d <ardLoard rlcscrilrrt il th(, previ(nrs sc(iion
l,r\(.p,,t),rt(.d. NI(,st ol tLe prpae willdn,p l,(. $l);,, thc car(ltx)nrd
is Ulloll(\1. (i,ll,rtio,, ,trd s(?xrrti,,r ot 1,r1,ac rlnu,tt! tirrn ttrc
 ll 1,. rll)r I\ IND I o Nt,\|lz||t l7 l,t:t,rx)r, .r\ lNt.tsl.lN(: st()llt,:D t,tk)t)r (]ts lt;lt
rJr!lin,r IIrst lr, rL,rr. sirlr (.\lr.M,,r(.. ,\ t,,rt,irl ,,. ,r,ll,..t(rl 1i1,,.,,,1 ,,\,. ,,1 ,r Iritr ](1, \ r lr llr( ( IIl,,,(, slr.lvcs rrrtl
1,,,, ,,,.,1:,,, ,.,,, 1,, l,,.l,l \,rt ,,,,, .,..,, ,,r t,,,,,.t. ,,..t rr,. ,,.Jt ,,,, ll,(, ixr li(ls rvill LIr'I tlr| ,,,itc prol)Lrn ,it x trriljrrrrrrr. llo[r,r<:r,
t,'r,J,'.1 , ' t , , , . i r l ' ' r , r , , . , r il,l,,,,.ll r, r,,rrr.,,l'.,i.,rr,.r r1,, .i,1,
, . : , 1
1 sl!)ul(l ,r rril, i,,li stlti(,1 l)ccoure wi(lcsprcad, otlrer nroilsures
ol tlr. crrltrrrc coltiLino, r lj( Itl(. prrrllirr{ s,ith a pllir ,,1 l,,rr.t,s $,ill
' '

\\,ill lx ,c(1,,i((l ro.udic,rrc rhrm. Str(n)g., i,l. (r959) dcscrilxl

usu,rllv ope,r tl)c ccll witlr{nrt dtmrxg. t(, (l,c pupx.
X. LIFE II]STOHY
UDdcr the re.trilg (I],rdiriols ol 80.I ald rjo% Ietutivc humiclirv
j.,, r',., ,,..1 .,r ,1,. s.,\.,, ,,.,1, L:,1,,,.,tn \ rt . ,t, ,, 1.,1.,,,.,,r rir ,,.
hun c{g to idrrlt li)r i],e h,(ljrn meill r,oih [rges fion 23 ro l]0
drts arith nu\nrirnr oncrgerrce (,ccx,rirrg l)etwcrir 23 and 97 dars.
The Iitu historv lirr the otho two stxlics is soxre\\rrrr simil.rr. t;hc
filtLlcs l:ry u, nvoagc of 90 cggs, $lricl, hxr.h ni rlxnrr il dr\s.
ll,- rr,'rt,. r, r, r, rr, rlr, t..r,.,| t:.,j, t.,r.,1h,, I t; d,\. ,,,,,1 | ,1,,
1,rr1,,1 .t .e, 1,,, ,l[,,t ; .l:,\. ll,, .,1, It rr-,r1,. li,-.,r :,,, .,^, .,t
l3 dxrs. H(^vo!cr, accordl:ig to Tsujj (19(il]), srocts of Indian'rni:,rl
nroths rJlr\ dlso bc ol,tai,r<:d th,rr erter di,rpxuse. llrr: 0nsct oldir-
p.tuse is govcrnod l)\' t,i,pcr.rrure rnrl l.rrrrl de,rsitv. The coi(xnr
,.1 rl.- ,lr. l,.,U.i L I:,.\ r. J,,L- . .l .', nl.l, r, l. . t,;.,,t .. t,rt,. rt,
'
re,:ul,u pupal coc(x,n is Itimsv rnd opc,, nnti' (,.1.r'to pro\id.r tu1
exit lor tlre rdllt ll culLures s|ow cxtrerrres in dc\elo|nr.nr rjmc,
tlre possibilitv of dir|rusc o.curilg shoril.t l)e ilrcsrigrk{.
XI. RI]AIi]NC] PITECAUTIONS
Witlr (hr.i prc.rutn,rs thc rcruirrg (,f Droths ilii-stiIg storcd prod-
ucts is rot dillnult. H(,w1\'cr,.1s rnrftn),rcd previ(,usi.,, rLe t)res-
cncc ()1 diseasc, purl$itcs, or prcdlkns is ilNlvs,r pote,,iirl hlzar.t.
I1 peiritt.lt n) gct out oI hiLnd, arv rnr<: ol thcso [r.t(ns (un rcsu]t
ir complcie l(,ss (,1 thc (.ultu.es. ailc ilnrc,ss should l;e prriticcd
nt xll tir,(is. ltcxri,rg e,luitnncnr used or a rcgul.rr l,rsjs shoutd l,e
,n rLl,,1 lr..t,.-i,tl.- \,," [ .,rlr,rn. l,1,, t,,r ,,,..r,r,
1,,,,1,1 1,,.,.\.,r,ir,.,1 .. tr,.t'r.,,rl)
'. i|, rl,.r,,d,
r,,'..'1,'",. \o,,.1
ture sh(n,ld bc kept l,ngcr rhu,, ncccssrri, 1l possitrlc, shorld
Le dis.rrdcd irnruediriclv aft..r s.rvirg its prtrpor. ,\ltt(ntsh itl
.,r. rr.,\ 1,.,\, r,, 1.,..,.,'t t,,:, lx"i.,lr.t t,.r i,l, nt 1,.,rr..r,;..,,.
Pected discr$e or othci llcr(,s, rhc cu.lic,rtiur progrrrrr should Le
stutcd .rL orLce (nr thc Isslrut)tjon rhnr tlrc (l)rlrlirnnr nrtrv l)c.]ue to
l,rtn dcscriLed l,v Stfinhrus (I953). I,Iites .,dr xlso l)e rN grcai.r
d.',rgo rs (linrsc- as tl,cv sprer(l rxl)i(llv ri.l *t11 artrck all stagcs
oi storcd prodr(t insc.ts. -^. ficqucrt trDrrovcr of <rrlturcs .rrrd rr
l,r!r\h,rcs n) l;llo!v should tl,is (x,rrrr.
ItI.]I'EREN(:ES
Alxl,.l ltrlrnraLL, ll A llr)6rl) l studr o,, tl,f c.ol.g! ol rln, I'(ltinHn..l,r,tt) //r/rr
itn.:\,1,tt.llt Itl,. \r L cnrphrsi\ oI ih r.h!.n)r ri, rr(nHI qrrnr tirrgi DirM.
, t .-, \L t,.2t. ,tl
Brr., ai 1). f.nh.'t, l.,rnII lhrl)n.ld, lt.W tt!)55). Imfror(rt n{hnr.1nc\ tr)rnr$s
,.r,nrFoltlx,,irr,.ttril)ritlerr(ltln,roLr...nnnl'.1,'S 7)./rr.,1qr.,.{rrrsilit.
lr"'g.s ll D. i1!;6). srrn..lircrs 1'l rlxr B.thsh rli ,inr..nd .onsLlr,r Llj]rlntutr t
on tlre lili,.!,l,.ol /ifl',j/in dnL.ll( t\.,l'll<) l9r//. lrlr,,,1. tt.r il6. rJl3 835.
lJrtt. Il. ]\.. ri,(l Crnh,, E r1gaji). s.r (lfk,nlL,.ili,nr ol l.pi(t.pr.rnr l)upr.. U. s^.
/)qrr 1{r,.,{^:" AliS 13-75.
Drl Ni,)"t., (; (r!40). r1,,. I'd)ts.1 rln.,,r'rti /,/d/tu itltdl ttru! Mdtti tlatnt
r l.:ll tt7
F\.r.nlrl, (r., x,xl r!lcr.tt, \'I. (19.14i,rt. ILIdictoli.sotrlx..,rrc,ti r,\olrl,,!,/,;lr.rrid
llotliu itntal) \.1dlu- I. L,attl. Bnl.22,lt z 11l.
I rrllr.l,
(; , a,(l lllcw.tl, NL 1l9.1(iln t,tnolrr.r(ji(t,vtirrft,'!lrr.loltiilrrn,lrl)l1l
s,lrsrrnra\ i,' rlr. rurr.irnn ,)l ..,trif ijrn,crs, t;,l,tutti( kuLhj) ,ut, t: .t1tt.ltl,
L .tutLiln tr.lt)lulit it)tttt ttLt,ll4lIil.t-J t:\ttl.ltitl 22,172 t1t)
c.rhr,rlt. I l),rf(l Li,!lg'.", t) L. lt!;:1) tr{rrhrtnr).l \rinf s t)r(krgj.g tjt,,*
l)r.onrnr),, \nn,rlU.durl i"s.cls. /. /i1,r L k,bl 1i.)a2 2a7.
C.x\'. 11. E. (l9.1ll). sn,..l liorl i,r{r rs. /,r "lt.rr ir g t"n! rt thir ]\lrr.l, ptrnt\.', I)',t,J
No l0 t)ti 51 ;6. .\ As*{ Adk..r 51i., \\,.$l,nr{nnr, il. aj
lh,,,li,, J. (1., I.ral, \l 'l).. r d l,hi]litJs, Nl li. rI 1). tlj,)t,,gy ol LIe t,rtirf,n.r]
nrnlr .n,lr i.(1 1,!it r. (lrlilinr)n Li 5. Dr t t. A gr . t rch. U u Ll. 212.
llxv(]xk. Nr lt. rr936l Atitrxlnn.r.rri,rghtrtrxn,rnrs.ds /. iir,, t.itton.t.29, t026
.l!.olJs, s. l,l. ntrd l1rdl)!rllnny, D. P. Lr9tr7) soE .hi,n.t.risrics.t aJ,///rrnr
/ii,/r,r,lrr rcnrcilrnrle, rn,tni.,r,iitn)ns {hn. \)tl. uitl 24, 03!-6.0)0
Ktrri[.,(] (lc3lJl. lln, rJft.nninrrnr) dl lltr,,n \11u.oi rrrjr)ur nxtdtils t,v lfd
/ ,,.,, /, I ,.t ,ii.
r,rtkr" H. 1l!5i). \rLrririrnr.l ...snldxrnrr\ lor r.rI s i]r!r.t:. r,r,.. L-ntr),rr. s,.
No h (r.rh1n Etttu lt t2 ]tt et
^n.
\lrtrsl)ri(1g,., (r ll (1113:l). Tln, ln,rrling.l Ej)iArrr l lnldla Z!11. i,] trrgcrL,nL
lnr: litr.)ll.,inx{,rxl ro, lr .\, t t,\l)l)l - 1l id. 20, 7i t 7i 1.
Illis,x, C. P trtOtl. Sr'nltrs ,n' rt{i .chii. stril) txrrv,!, Siknn)k tlruLl.lLr \))i\.
1l'iLornui\ g i,, r(tl,l, flrlrr inktt rt:tt,Llt ltl) ll (lirn nr.rl m,tLr,trrd
sn,rg.I'r"gl /ri$rrdrn,r ]!rrrr 91, t681)
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