INDUS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE HUMANITIES & LIBERAL STUDIES

Semester: I

Subject: CALCULUS

Faculty Name: Ronak Patel

UNIT-1-PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 1 / 42

Overview I

1 Basic Formulae

2 Function of Several variables

3 Limit

4 Continuity

5 Partial Differentiation

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 2 / 42

Basic Formulae
Integration
Z
Differentiation 1dx = x + C
d
(ax) = a Z
dx
adx = ax + C
d n
(x ) = nx n−1
dx x n+1
Z
d x n dx = + C, n 6= 1
(cos x) = − sin x n+1
dx Z
d sin xdx = − cos x + C
(sin x) = cos x
dx Z
d cos xdx = sin x + C
(tan x) = sec2 x
dx Z
d sec2 xdx = tan x + C
(cot x) = −cosec 2 x
dx Z
d cosec 2 xdx = − cot x + C
(sec x) = sec x tan x
dx Z
sec x tan xdx = sec x + C

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 3 / 42

 Differentiation Integration
Z
d cosecx cot xdx = −cosecx + C
(cosecx) = −cosecx cot x
dx Z
d 1 1
log x = dx = log |x| + C
dx x x
d x
Z
e = ex ex dx = ex + C
dx
d x Z
ax
a = ax log a ax dx = +C
dx log a
d 1 Z
1
sin−1 x = √ √ dx = sin−1 x + C
dx 1 − x2 1 − x2
d 1 Z
1
tan−1 x = dx = tan−1 x + C
dx 1 + x2 1 + x2
d 1 Z
1
sec−1 x = √ √ dx = sec−1 x + C
dx |x| 1 − x 2 |x| 1 − x 2

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 4 / 42

Basic Formulae

More Formulae:
R
tan xdx = ln | sec x| + C or − ln | cos x| + C
R
cot xdx = ln | sin x| + C or − ln |cosecx| + C
R
sec xdx = ln | sec x + tan x| + C
R
cosecxdx = ln |cosecx − cot x| + C
R
ln xdx = x ln |x| − x + C
1 x 
dx = sin−1
R
√ +C
a2 − x 2 a
R 1 1 −1 x
 
dx = tan +C
a2 + x 2 a a
R R R du R

uvdx = u vdx − dx vdx dx + C

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 5 / 42

Function of Several variables

Definition of a function of two variables

Let D be a set of ordered pairs of real numbers.If to each ordered pair (x, y ) in
D there corresponds a unique real number f (x, y ), the f is called function of
x and y.The set D is domain of f , and the corresponding set of values
forf (x, y ) is the range of f .

Notation:
Notation for the function of two or more variables is same as single variable.
For example,
z = f (x, y ) = x 2 + xy Function of two variables w = f (x, y , z) = x + 2y − 3z
Function of three variables

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 6 / 42

Limit

Definition
Consider a point (a, b)R 2 . A δ disk centered at point (a, b) is defined to be an
open disk of radius δ centered at point (a, b) —that is,

(x, y)  R 2 | (x − a)2 + (y − b)2 < δ 2



Notation
The function f (x, y ) is said to be tend to the limit L as x → a and y → b if and
only if limit L is dependent of the path followed by the point (x, y ) as x → a
and y → b.Then

lim f (x, y) = L
(x,y)→(a,b)

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 7 / 42

Limits

Working rule to find the limit:

STEP I: Find the value of f (x, y ) along x → a and y → b
STEP II: Find the value of f (x, y) along y → b and x → a
If the values of f (x, y ) in step I and step II remain the same, the limit exists
otherwise not.
STEP III: If a → 0 and b → 0, find the limit along y = mx or y = mx n . If the
value of the limit does not contain m then limit exist. If contains m, the limit
does not exist.

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 8 / 42

Solved Examples

Example: 1
x2 + y3
Evaluate: lim
(x,y )→(2,3) 2x 2 y

Solution:
x2 + y3 x2 + y3
   
lim lim lim lim
y→3 x→2 2x 2 y x→2 y→3 2x 2 y

4 + y3
   2 
x + 27
= lim = lim
y →3 8y x→2 6x 2
31 31
= . . . (i) = . . . (ii)
24 24
Limit exist

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 9 / 42

Solved Examples

Example : 2
x2 + y
Evaluate: lim
(x,y )→(1,2) 3x + y 2

Solution:
x2 + y x2 + y
   
lim lim lim lim
y→2 x→1 3x + y 2 x→1 y→2 3x + y 2
   2 
1+y x +2
= lim = lim
y →2 3 + y 2 x→1 3x + 4
3 3
= . . . (i) = . . . (ii)
7 7
Limit exist.

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 10 / 42

Solved Examples

Example : 3
x 2y
Evaluate lim
(x,y )→(0,0) x 4 + y 2

Solution:
x 2y
 
x 2y
 
lim lim 4 lim lim 4
y→0 x→0 x + y 2 x→0 y→0 x + y 2
 
0
 
0
= lim = lim
y →0 0 + y 2 x→0 x 2 + 0
=0 . . . (i) =0 . . . (ii)

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 11 / 42

Solved Examples:

Solution:
for y = mx n
x 2y
 
x 2y
 
lim lim lim lim
x→0 y→mx 2 x 4 + y 2
x→0 y→mx x 4 + y 2
x 2 mx 2
 
x 2 mx
 
= lim = lim
x→0 x 4 + x 4 m2
x→0 x 4 + x 2 m2  

mx
 m
= lim = lim
x→0 1 + m2
x→0 x 2 + m2
m
=0 . . . (iii) = . . . (iv)
1 + m2

From (i),(ii),(iii) and (iv), limit does not exist.

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 12 / 42

Solved Examples

Example: 4
Evaluate: lim x3 + y3
(x,y )→(0,0)

Solution:
   
3 3 3 3
lim lim x + y lim lim x + y
y→0 x→0 x→0 y→0

= lim 0 + y 3
  3
= lim x + 0
y →0 x→0
=0 . . . (i) =0 . . . (ii)

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 13 / 42

Solved Examples

Solution:
for y = mx n
   
3 3 3 3
lim lim x + y lim lim x + y
x→0 y→mx x→0 y→mx 2

= lim x + m3 x 3
 3
= lim x + m2 y 6
 3
x→0 x→0
=0 . . . (iii) =0 . . . (iv)

From (i),(ii),(iii) and (iv), limit exist.

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 14 / 42

Exercise

Try yourself!
Evaluate followings:
2x 2 + y 2 3
1 lim Ans :
(x,y)→(1,2) 2xy 2
xy
2 lim , x 6= 0, y 6= 0 Ans : Limit does not exist
(x,y)→(0,0) y − x 2
x −y
3 lim , x 6= 0, y 6= 0 Ans : Limit does not exist
(x,y)→(0,0) x 2 + y 2

x3 − y3
4 lim , x 6= 0, y 6= 0 Ans : Limit exists.
(x,y)→(0,0) x 2 + y 2

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 15 / 42

Continuity

Definition
The function f (x, y ) is said to be continuous at a point ( a, b ) if

lim f (x, y ) = f (a, b)

(x,y)→(a,b)

A function is said to be continuous in a domain if it is continuous at every point

of the domain.

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 16 / 42

Continuity

Working rule for continuity at a point ( a, b ):

STEP I : f (a, b) should be well defined.
STEP II : lim f (x, y ) should exists.
(x,y )→(a,b)

STEP III : The limit of f = value of f at (a, b)

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 17 / 42

Solved Examples

Example: 5
Test for continuity
 3 at origin of the function defined by
3
x − y
 x 6= 0, y 6= 0
f (x, y) = x 2 + y 2
0 x = 0, y = 0


Solution:
x3 − y3 x3 − y3
   
lim lim 2 lim lim 2
x→0 y→0 x + y 2 y→0 x→0 x + y 2

0 − y3
 3   
x −0
= lim = lim
x→0 x 2 + 0 y→0 0 + y 2

= lim {x} = lim {−y }

x→0 y→0
=0 . . . (i) =0 ...

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 18 / 42

Solved Examples

Solution:
x3 − y3 x3 − y3
   
lim lim 2 lim lim 2
x→0 y→mx x + y 2 x→0 y→mx 2 x + y 2
 3
x − m3 x 3
 3
x − m3 x 6
 
= lim = lim
x→0 x 2 + m2 x 2 x→0 x 2 + m2 x 4

x(1 − m3 ) x(1 − m3 x 3 )
   
= lim = lim
x→0 1 + m2 x→0 1 + m2 x 2
=0 . . . (iii) =0 . . . (iv)

From (i),(ii),(iii) and (iv), limit exist.

f (0, 0) = 0 . . . (v)

Now, as limit of f (x) at origin is equal to value of the funcion at origin.

Hence, the function f is continuous at the origin.

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 19 / 42

Solved Examples

Example : 6
Test for continuity at origin of the function defined by
 x
p x 6= 0, y 6= 0
f (x, y) = x2 + y2
2 x = 0, y = 0


Solution:
( )
x
( )
x lim lim p
lim lim p y →0 x→0 x2 + y2
x→0 y→0 x2 + y2 ( )
0
 
x = lim
= lim √ p
x→0 2
x +0 y→0 0 + y2
nx o  
= lim 0
x→0 x = lim
y→0 y
=1 . . . (i)
=0 . . . (ii)
Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 20 / 42
Exercise

From (i),(ii), limit does not exist.

f (0, 0) = 2 . . . (iii)
Hence, f (x, y ) is continuous at origin.

Try yourself!
 2
 x + 2y
1 Test the continuity f (x, y ) = x + y2 at the point(1,2).
1 x = 1, y = 2

Ans : Not continuous (
x 3 + y 3 x 6= 0, y 6= 0
2 Test the continuity f (x, y ) = at origin.
0 x = 0, y = 0
Ans : continuous

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 21 / 42

Partial Differentiation

Consider a function u of three independent variables x, y, z,

u = f (x, y, z)
Keeping y,z constant and varying only x, partial derivative of u with
∂u
respect to x is denoted by and is defined as the limit,
∂x
∂u(x, y, z) f (x + ∆x, y , z) − f (x, y , z)
= lim
∂x ∆x→0 ∆x
Partial derivative of u w.r.t y and z can be defined similarly and are
∂u ∂u
denoted by and .
∂y ∂z
∂u ∂f
Notation : The is also denoted by or fx (x, y , z) or fx or Dx f or
∂x ∂x
f1 (x, y , z)

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 22 / 42

Partial Differentiation

Higher order partial derivatives :

If u = f (x, y , z) then
∂2u ∂2f

∂ ∂f
1 = = = fxx
∂x 2 ∂x 2 ∂x ∂x
∂2u ∂2f
 
∂ ∂f
2 = = = fyx
∂x∂y ∂x∂y ∂x ∂y
∂2u ∂2f
 
∂ ∂f
3 = = = fxy
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x
∂2u ∂2f
 
∂ ∂f
4
2
= 2
= = fyy
∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y
∂3u
    
∂ ∂f ∂ ∂ ∂f
5 = = = fxyz
∂x∂y ∂z ∂z ∂y ∂x ∂z ∂y ∂x

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 23 / 42

Solved Examples

Example: 7
∂w ∂w
Find the first order partial derivatives and when,
p ∂x ∂y
(i) w = ln x 2+ y2
y
(ii) w = tan−1
x

solution:
(i)
∂w 1 1 1 ∂ x
=p . (x 2 + y 2 )− 2 . (x 2 ) = 2
∂x x +y 2
2 2 ∂x x + y2
∂w 1 1 1 ∂ y
=p . (x 2 + y 2 )− 2 . (y 2 ) = 2
∂y x2 + y2 2 ∂y x + y2

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 24 / 42

Solved Examples

solution:
(ii)
x2
 
∂w 1 ∂ y  −y −y
= .
 y 2 ∂x x = = 2
∂x x2 + y2 x2 x + y2
1+
x
x2
 
∂w 1 ∂ y  1 x
= .
 y 2 ∂y x = = 2
∂y x2 + y2 x x + y2
1+
x

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 25 / 42

Solved Examples

Example: 8
Find partial derivative of f (x, y, z, w) = x 2 e2y+3z cos(4w) with respect to each
of the independent variable.

Solution:
∂ 2 2f
fx = e2y+3z .cos(4w). (x ) = 2xe2y+3z .cos(4w) =
∂x x
∂
fy = x 2 e3z .cos(4w). (e2y ) = 2x 2 e2y+3z .cos(4w) = 2f
∂y
∂
fz = x 2 e2y .cos(4w). (e3z ) = 3x 2 e2y +3z .cos(4w) = 3f
∂z
∂
fw = x 2 e2y +3z . (cos(4w)) = −4x 2 e2y+3z .sin(4w)
∂w

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 26 / 42

Solved Examples:

Example: 9
∂3u 2 2 2
Find if u = ex +y +z
∂x∂y ∂z

Solution:
∂u 2 2 2
= 2xex +y +z
∂x
∂2u
 
∂ ∂u ∂  2 2 2
 2 2 2
= = 2xex +y +z = 4xyex +y +z
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
∂3u
 2 
∂ ∂ u ∂  2 2 2
 2 2 2
= = 4xyex +y +z = 8xyzex +y +z
∂z∂y∂x ∂z ∂y∂x ∂y

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 27 / 42

Exercise

Try yourself!
Find the partial derivative of the given function w.r.t each variable:
x −y 2y −2x
1 f (x, y ) = Ans. fx = , fy =
x +y (x + y)2 (x + y )2
(u 2 − v 2 )
2 f (u, v , w) =
(v 2 + w 2 )
2u −2v (u 2 + w 2 ) −2w(u 2 − v 2 )
Ans. fx = , fy = , fw =
(v 2 2
+w ) 2
(v + w ) 2 2 (v 2 + w 2 )2
3 f (x, y , r , s) = sin 2x cosh 3r + sinh 3y cos 4s
Ans. fx = 2 cos 2x cosh 3r
fy = 3 cosh 3y cos 4s
fr = 3 sin 2x sinh 3r
fs = −4 sinh 3y sin 4s

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 28 / 42

Miscellaneous solved Examples

Example: 10
 
x y  ∂u ∂u
If u = sin−1 + tan−1 , then find the value of x +y .
y x ∂x ∂y

Solution: 10
 
x y 
u = sin−1 + tan−1 . . . (i)
y x
Differentiating ( i ) w.r.t x, we get,
∂u 1 1 1  y  1 y
=s . + 2
. − 2 =p − 2
∂x  2 y
x
 y  x 2
y −x 2 x + y2
1+
1− x
y
∂u x yx
x =p − 2 . . . (ii)
∂x 2
y −x 2 x + y2

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 29 / 42

Miscellaneous solved Examples

Solution: 10
Differentiating ( i ) w.r.t y, we get,
 
∂u 1 x 1 1 −x x
∂y
=s  2 . − y 2 +  y 2 . x = p 2
y y −x 2
+ 2
x + y2
x 1+
1− x
y
∂u −x yx
y =p + 2 . . . (iii)
∂y y2 − x2 x + y2
Adding (ii) and (iii), we get
∂u ∂u
x +y =0
∂x ∂y

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 30 / 42

Miscellaneous solved Examples

Example: 11
If u = 2(ax + by )2 − (x 2 + y 2 ) and a2 + b2 = 1, then find the value of
∂2u ∂2u
2
+ .
∂x ∂y 2

Solution: 11
∂u ∂u
= 4(ax + by )a − 2x = 4(ax + by)b − 2y
∂x ∂y
∂2u ∂2u
= 4a2 − 2 = 4b2 − 2
∂x 2 ∂y 2

∂2u ∂2u
2
+ = 4(a2 + b2 ) − 4 = 0
∂x ∂y 2

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 31 / 42

Miscellaneous solved Examples

Example: 12
1
If u = (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 , find the value of xux + yuy + zuz .

Solution: 12
Differentiating partially w.r.t x,we get
1 3
ux = − (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 (2x) = −xu 3
2
1 3
uy = − (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 (2y ) = −yu 3
2
1 3
uz = − (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 (2z) = −zu 3
2
xux + yuy + zuz = −x 2 u 3 − y 2 u 3 − z 2 u 3
= −u 3 (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
= −u 3 .u −2
= −u

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 32 / 42

Miscellaneous solved Example

Example: 13
If z = x + y x , Prove that zxy = zyx

Solution: 12
z = x + yx
∂z
= xy x−1
∂y

f = y x−1
log f = (x − 1) log y
1 ∂f
= log y
f ∂x
∂f
= f . log y = y x log y
∂x

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 33 / 42

Miscellaneous solved Examples

Solution: 13
∂2z
= y x−1 + xy x−1 log y . . . (i)
∂x∂y
Again,
∂z
= 1 + y x log y
∂x
∂2z 1
= xy x−1 log y + y x = xy x−1 log y + y x−1 . . . (ii)
∂y ∂x y
From (i) and (ii), we have zxy = zyx

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 34 / 42

Miscellaneous solved Example

Example: 14
∂2z
y   
x
If z = x 2 tan−1 − y 2 tan−1 , then find the value of .
x y ∂y ∂x

Solution: 14
y   
∂z 1  y  1 1
= 2x tan−1 + x2 − 2 − y2
∂x x y2 x x 2 y
1+ 1+ 2
x2 y
∂z y  x 2y y3
= 2x tan−1 − 2 2
− 2
∂x x y +x y + x2
y2 + x2
 
∂z −1 y
 
= 2x tan −y
∂x x y2 + x2
∂z  y 
= 2x tan−1 −y
∂x x

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 35 / 42

Miscellaneous solved Example

Solution: 14
∂2z
 
1 1
= 2x −1
∂y ∂x y2 x
1+ 2
x
∂2z x2
 
=2 −1
∂y ∂x y2 + x2
∂2z x2 − y2
= 2
∂y ∂x y + x2

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 36 / 42

Miscellaneous solved Examples

Example: 15
 2  
2 2 ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z
If z(x + y ) = x − y ,then − = 1− −
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y

Solution: 15
x2 + y2
Here, z =
x +y
∂z (x + y ).2x − (x + y )2 .1 x 2 + 2xy − y 2
= =
∂x (x + y )2 (x + y )2
∂z (x + y).2y − (x + y )2 .1 y 2 + 2xy − x 2
= 2
=
∂y (x + y) (x + y)2
Now,
(x − y)2
 
∂z ∂z 4xy
1− + =1− 2
= . . . (i)
∂x ∂y (x + y ) (x + y)2

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 37 / 42

Miscellaneous solved Example

Solution: 15
2(x 2 − y 2 )
 
∂z ∂z 2(x − y )
− = =
∂x ∂y (x + y )2 (x + y)
2
4(x − y)2

∂z ∂z
− = . . . (ii)
∂x ∂y (x + y )2
By comparing (i) and (ii),
 2  
∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z
− =4 1− −
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 38 / 42

Miscellaneous solved Examples

Example: 16
 2
∂ ∂ ∂ 9
If u = log(x 3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz), prove that + + u=−
∂x ∂y ∂z (x + y + z)2

Solution: 16
Differentiating partially w.r.t x,y and z, we get
∂u 3x 2 − 3yz
= 3
∂x x + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz
∂u 3y 2 − 3xz
= 3
∂y x + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz
∂u 3z 2 − 3xy
= 3
∂z x + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 39 / 42

Miscellaneous solved Examples

Solution: 16
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − yz − xz − xy
 
∂u ∂u ∂u
+ + = 3
∂x ∂y ∂z x 3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz
3(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − yz − xz − xy )
=
(x + y + z)(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − yz − xz − xy )
3
=
 2 x +y +z
  
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂u ∂u ∂u
+ + u = + + + +
∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂x ∂y ∂z   ∂x ∂y  ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂ 3
= + +
∂x ∂y ∂z x +y +z 
1 1 1
= 3 − − −
(x + y + z)2 (x + y + z)2 (x + y + z)2
9
= −
(x + y + z)2

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 40 / 42

Miscellaneous Examples

Try yourself!
3 ∂2z ∂2z
1 If z = tan(y + ax) + (y − ax) 2 and 2
= m 2 , then find the value of m.
∂x ∂y
Ans. a2
3 3
∂ u ∂ u
2 If u = x y then find and
∂x 2 ∂y ∂x∂y ∂x
Ans. x y−2 [y (y − 1) log x + 2y − 1]
 2
∂ ∂ ∂
3 Let u = x 2 y + y 2 z + z 2 x.If + + u = A and
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂2u ∂2u ∂2u
+ + = B, then establish the relation between A and B.
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
Ans. A = 3B

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 41 / 42

 Questions??

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.1 42 / 42