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EFFECTIVE WIDTH METHOD FOR LIPPED CHANNEL COMPRESSION MEMBER

UNDERGOING LOCAL AND GLOBAL BUCKLING INTERACTION

Conference Paper · December 2018

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 SEC18: Proceedings of the 11th Structural Engineering Convention - 2018
Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India, December 19 - 21, 2018
Paper No. 20180358_1

EFFECTIVE WIDTH METHOD FOR LIPPED CHANNEL

COMPRESSION MEMBER UNDERGOING LOCAL AND GLOBAL
BUCKLING INTERACTION
Aayillia K Jayasidhan1 and M V Anil Kumar2
1, 2
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala, India
E-mail: 101704001@smail.iitpkd.ac.in, anil@iitpkd.ac.in

ABSTRACT

Cold-formed steel (CFS) compression members may undergo local buckling (L), distortional buckling
(D), global/Euler’s buckling (E) or interaction between these modes such as local-distortional (LD),
local-global (LE), distortional-global (DE) or local-distortional-global (LDE) before failure.The
strength of such members may be calculated using the traditional effective width method (EWM) or
the recent direct strength method (DSM). LE interaction accounted for both EWM and DSM is by
replacing yield strength, fy in the local buckling strength equation with global buckling strength, fn. In
this paper, the adequacy of EWM in estimating the ultimate strength of lipped channel compression
members undergoing independent local buckling or LE interaction before failure was evaluated. Finite
element analysis results available in the literature are used for this study. Even though EWM predicts
strength of lipped channel due to local buckling accurately, it gives very conservative results for LE
interaction especially when the global buckling mode is flexural-torsional.

Keywords: Cold-formed steel, Compression member, Effective Width Method, LE interaction

NOMENCLATURE Pule=Ultimate strength under local-global(LE)

beff =Effective width of plate element(mm)
b= Width of plate element(mm)
=non-dimensional slenderness ratio
fy=yield stress of material (N/mm2)
=Critical local buckling stress
k = Plate buckling coefficient
= Youngs modulus(N/mm2)
=Poison’s ratio
Pu-FEA= Ultimate strength from Finite Element
Analysis(FEA)
Pul=Ultimate strength under local buckling (N)
Interaction (N)
1. INTRODUCTION
Cold-formed steel (CFS) members are used as
load bearing members in lightweight structures
due to its high strength to weight ratio. CFS
members are fabricated from thin steel plates
(thickness ranging from 0.6mm to 3mm) as
strength relies more on the shape than the
thickness of the plate elements. The thin plate
elements leads to different buckling modes such
as local buckling (L), distortional buckling (D),
global/Euler’s buckling (E) or interaction
between these buckling modes such as local-
distortional (LD), local-global (LE),
distortional-global (DE), or local-distortional-
global (LDE) before material yielding(Y). The
strength of thin-walled CFS members is
calculated by effective width method (EWM) or
direct strength method (DSM).
EWM [NAS(2016), EN 1993-1-3(2004),
IS801(1975), AS/NZS2005] uses the reduced

width(effective width, beff) of different plate
elements (eg: web, flanges, lips etc.) to account
for local buckling and effective area obtained
from the reduced section properties are used for
member strength calculation. DSM
[NAS(2016), Schafer and Pekö z (1998b),
Hancock et. al. (1994), Schafer (2002), and
Schafer(2008)] considers buckling of the
member(local, distortional and global) as a
whole and ultimate strength is calculated from
elastic buckling loads using empirical equations.
The concept of the effective width of
compressed plate elements simply supported
along both longitudinal edges was originally
proposed by Von Karman (1932) and
subsequently calibrated for imperfection by
Winter (1968). Effective width formula
proposed by Winter (1968), is given in Eq.[1].
( . / )
= ≥ 0.673 (1)
1 < 0.673
If the member is slender, it may undergo global
member buckling in addition to local buckling
of the plate elements. The local-global (LE)
buckling interaction is accounted for in both
EWM and DSM by replacing yield stress, fy, in
the local buckling strength (fcr) equation [Eq.(1)]
with global buckling strength, fn. This procedure
is justified as the maximum stress in the cross
section of the long compression member is
equal to global buckling strength, fn.
This paper evaluates the accuracy of EWM for
estimating the strength of CFS lipped channel
compression member with fully stiffened
flanges under independent local buckling and
LE interaction. The finite element analysis
(FEA) results of lipped channel compression
members undergoing LE interaction reported in
Kumar and Kalyanaraman(2012,2018) are used
for this study.
2. FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
The details of the finite element (FE) model and
its validation with the test results are reported in
Kumar and Kalyanaraman (2012, 2018).
Statistical summary of FEA validation is shown
in Table 1. Constraints are used in such a way
that the failure of the specimen is either due to
independent local buckling or due to LE
interaction.
SEC18:Paper No. 20180358_1
The FE model used by Kumar and
Kalyanaraman (2012) for generating data for
independent local buckling strength is shown in
Fig.1. The translational restraints at corners 1
and 3 (Fig.1) eliminates global buckling without
restraining the Poisson’s expansion of the plate
elements. Multi-point constraints (Fig.1)
ensuring the out of plane translation of the
flange at flange-lip juncture equal to that at
web-flange juncture eliminates the out of plane
movement of flange-lip assembly. i.e., MPC
eliminates the distortional buckling mode.
Fig.1: FEA model for independent local
buckling [Kumar(2012)]
The FE model used by Kumar and
Kalyanaraman (2018) for generating data for
strength of the specimen failed in LE interaction
shown in Fig.2. The distortional buckling mode
is eliminated from the FE model by using an
artificial constraint, known as distortional
buckling constraint (DBC). DBC consists of
beam elements connecting four corners to the
shear centre (SC) as shown in Fig.2. The in-
plane hinges (H1) are provided at end of the
beam to avoid rotational restraint offered to
plate elements by the beams. This will ensure
that local buckling deformations are not affected
by DBC. The torsional rigidity remains
unaffected as the beam elements meets at shear
centre. The out of plane hinge (H2) at the shear
centre end ensures that warping behavior is
unaffected.
Fig.2: FEA model for LE interaction
[Kumar(2018)]
 SEC18:Paper No. 20180358_1

3. EVALUATION OF EFFECTIVE partial rotational restraint offered by the

WIDTH METHOD adjoining element to buckling element)
is ignored in the elastic buckling load
3.1. Local Buckling calculation.

The adequacy of EWM for estimating the local 3.2. LE Interaction

buckling strength of CFS lipped channel
compression members with fully stiffened
flanges is evaluated using test and FEA results
of specimens failed due to independent local
buckling.
The ratio of ultimate strength from either tests
or FEA to that obtained from EWM (Pul-FEA/Pul-
EWM) is plotted with respect to non-dimensional
local buckling slenderness of cross section
λL[√(fy/fcrl)] in (Fig.3). The statistics of
comparison (Sample size (n), mean ( ),
standard deviation ( ), maximum value (Max)
and minimum value (Min)) are given in Table 1.
2
LE interaction is accounted for in EWM is by
replacing the yield stress, fy by global buckling
strength, fn in Eq.(1).The ratio of the ultimate
strength from FEA to that obtained from EWM
(Pule-FEA /Pule-EWM), is plotted against non-
dimensional slenderness λLE [√(fn/fcrl)] in Fig.4
for different web height to flange width, h/b,
ratios. The statistics of Pule-FEA/Pule-EWM are given
in Table 2.
2.5
h/b=2
h/b=1.5
2 h/b=1
h/b=0.6
Pule-FEA/Pule-EWM

1.5
1.75

1.5 1
Pul-FEA/Pul-EWM

1.25
0.5
1

0.75 0
0 1 2 3
0.5 λLE
0.25 Fig.4: Pule-FEA/Pule-EWM vs λLE for LE interaction
0
Table.2: Statistical summary of Pule-FEA/Pule-EWM
0 1
λL 2 3 4

Fig. 3: Pul-FEA/Pul-EWM vs λL
h/b n Max. Min.
Table.1: Statistical summary of Pu-FEA /Pul-EWM
2 15 1.058 0.084 1.205 0.939
Reference n Max. Min. 1.5 24 1.2 0.201 1.503 0.780
1 24 1.312 0.245 1.837 0.967
Kumar
32 1.078 0.071 1.238 0.944 0.6 17 1.331 0.252 1.633 0.752
(2012)
FEA . 80 1.235 0.231 1.837 0.752
10 0.974 0.048 1.051 0.903
Validation

Following observations are made from Fig.3 Observations based on Fig.4 and Table 2 are
and Table-1. listed below;

 The statistical parameters (μ =1.078,  The statistical parameters (μ =1.23, and

and σ =0.071) of (Pul-FEA/Pul-EWM) shows
that EWM predicts the strength of
lipped channel compression members
accurately.
 For larger values of λL the EWM
predictions are conservative. This may
be because the element interaction (the
σ =0.231) of (Pule-FEA/Pul-EWM) shows that
EWM gives very conservative strength
estimates for specimens failing due to
LE interaction.
 The maximum conservative prediction
is around 83%. This shows that there is
scope of improving the LE interaction
procedure adopted by EWM

 The EWM predictions corresponding to
interaction of local and flexural
buckling (h/b=2) are less conservative
compared to predictions corresponding
to local and flexural torsional buckling
(h/b =0.6, 1 and 1.5).
4. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, the accuracy of EWM to calculate
the strength of compression members under
local buckling and LE interaction was studied
using FEA results available in literature.
Following are the conclusions made based on
this study
1. EWM accurately predicts the strength of
short compression members undergoing
only local buckling before failure. As non-
dimensional slenderness increases EWM
predictions are slightly conservative
(almost 15 to 20%). This may be because
the element interaction is not considered in
the elastic buckling calculations.
2. In general, the strength of the lipped
channel compression members obtained
from EWM undergoing LE interaction is
conservative.
3. As web height to flange width ratio, h/b,
decreases, the strength estimate by EWM
becomes more conservative. i.e., as global
buckling is flexural-torsional in nature, the
strength estimates are conservative.
REFERENCES
[1] American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI),
North American specification for the design of
cold-formed steel structural members, AISI
S100, Washington, 2007
[2] European Committee for Standardization
(CEN), Design of steel structures, Part1.3:
Supplementary rules for cold-formed members
and sheeting, ENV 1993-1-3, Brussels, 2004.
[3] B.W. Schafer, "Review: The Direct Strength
Method of cold-formed steel member design",
Journal of Constructional Steel Research,
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[4] B.W. Schafer, "Local, Distortional, and
View publication stats
SEC18:Paper No. 20180358_1
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