Multiple choices

1. Which of the statements below are TRUE for expressing the concentration of a 54.9-ppm Fe
solution in terms of molarity?
A) Iron’s molar mass must be known to calculate the moles of iron in solution.
B) Iron’s density must be known to calculate the mass iron in solution.
C) The density of iron must be known to calculate the solution volume.
D) The type of glassware used to prepare the solution must be known.

2. Calculate the molarity of a 30.0% hydrogen peroxide solution. The reported density of 30%
hydrogen peroxide is 1.135 g/cm3. (H2O2 = 34.0147 g/mol)
A) 7.77 M
B) 0.0100 M
C) 0.100 M
D) 10.0 M
E) 8.82 M

3. Calculate the mass of a heterogeneous mixture containing 139.32 grams sand, 34.99 grams
gravel, and 9.372 grams salt.
A) 184 g
B) 183.7 g
C) 183.68 g
D) 184.0 g
E) 183.684 g

4. expresses the margin of uncertainty associated with a measurement.

A) Nominal uncertainty
B) Maximum uncertainty
C) Relative uncertainty
D) Minimum uncertainty
E) Absolute uncertainty

5. cannot be eliminated but it may be reduced by a better experiment.

A) User error
B) Internal error
C) Systematic error
D) Random error
E) Determinate error

6. The density of a solution is determined using a class A 25-mL volumetric flask and an analytical
balance. If the mass of the empty volumetric flask is 26.9872 ± 0.0003 g, the mass of the flask
filled with solution is 53.9820 ± 0.0003 g, and the tolerance for the flask is ± 0.03 mL, what is the
density of the solution?
A) 1.07979 ± 0.00001 g/mL
B) 1.0798 ± 0.0004 g/mL
C) 1.0798 ± 0.0003 g/mL
D) 1.080 ± 0.001 g/mL
E) 1.0798 ± 0.0005 g/mL

7. The Gaussian distribution is characterized by the and the .

A) mean; precision
B) accuracy; standard deviation
C) mean; standard deviation
D) accuracy; precision
E) precision; standard deviation

8. Which of the statements below are TRUE regarding the mean and standard deviation?
A) As the number of measurements increases, 𝑥𝑥̅ approaches µ if there is no random error.
B) The square of the standard deviation is the average deviation.
C) The mean is the center of a Gaussian distribution.
D) The standard deviation measures the height of a Gaussian distribution.

9. The density of a solution is measured six times with the results of 1.098, 1.100, 1.089, 1.095,
1.097 and 1.101 g/mL. Calculate the 95% confidence interval for the density.
A) 1.0967 ± 0.0043 g/mL
B) 1.0967 ± 0.0038 g/mL
C) 1.0967 ± 0.0041 g/mL
D) 1.0967 ± 0.0045 g/mL
E) 1.0967 ± 0.0039 g/mL

10. Which term is INCORRECTLY defined?

A) linear range: the range over which the response of an analytical method is proportional to
analyte concentration
B) corrected absorbance: the average absorbance of the blanks is subtracted from each
measured absorbance
C) blank solution: solution containing all reagents and solvents used in the analysis to which
no analyte is deliberately added
D) standard solutions: solutions for which the standard deviation is known
E) dynamic range: concentration range over which there is a measurable response to analyte,
though the response is not linear

11. There are many studies required to validate an analytical method. Which of the studies
below is not required for method validation?
A) method specificity
B) linearity
C) range
D) calibration
E) limit of detection

12. A set of five solutions are prepared by delivering 10 mL of unknown sample and increasing
volumes of standard (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mL) into 50-mL volumetric flasks. Analytical reagents
are then added and diluted to volume. The x-intercept is −3.90 mM. What is the unknown
concentration?
A) 39.0 mM
B) 156 mM
C) 19.5 mM
D) 0.390 mM
E) 195 mM

13. For the reaction aA (aq) + bB (s) ↔ cC (l) + dD (g), all of the statements below are TRUE,
except:

A)

B) concentrations of solutes are expressed in moles per liter.

C) concentrations of gases are expressed in bars.
D) concentrations of pure solids, pure liquids and solvents are omitted because they are
negligible.
E) quantities in the equilibrium expression are the ratio of the concentration of the species to
the concentration in its standard state.

14. Which statements below are NOT TRUE for enthalpy and entropy?
A) Enthalpy is the heat flow, q, under constant applied pressure.
B) Standard conditions for entropy and enthalpy changes are 1 M concentration, 1 bar pressure
and 298.15 K.
C) The entropy change for a system is the amount of energy, at a given temperature, that is
dispersed into motion of the molecules in the system.
D) When the value of ∆H is negative, heat is released. When the value of ∆S is negative,
entropy is increased.

15. In which solution is solubility of silver chloride the largest?

A) Pure water
B) 0.05 M CaCl2
C) 0.10 M NaCl
D) 0.10 M FeCl3
E) 0.15 M AgNO3

16. Which of the following is INCORRECT for Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases?
A) Acids are proton donors.
B) NH4+ is the conjugate acid of the weak base NH3.
C) When an acid and a base react, the acid and base neutralize each other and form a salt.
D) Water reacts with itself to form hydronium and hydroxide, a process called autoprotolysis.
E) CH3CN is a protic solvent.

17. All of the following are strong acids, except:

A) HCl. B) HNO3. C) HBr. D) HClO4. E) HF.
18. Which statement below is INCORRECT for the increased solubility of a sparingly soluble
salt, AgCl, in an inert salt solution, NaNO3?
A) The ionic atmosphere around the silver cations becomes increasingly negative as the nitrate
anions are attracted to the silver cations.
B) The ionic strength around the chloride anions becomes increasingly positive as the sodium
cations are attracted to the chloride anions.
C) The ionic atmosphere increases the attraction between silver cations and chloride anions,
increasing solubility by creating more AgCl (aq) in solution.
D) Ions continually diffuse into and out of the ionic atmosphere.
E) The negative ionic atmosphere around silver cations results in an overall positive charge
less than the positive charge of the silver cations.

19. There are seven common strong acids. Which of the following statements is NOT true for
strong acids?
A) Dilute solutions are completely ionized.
B) HNO2 is a strong acid.
C) For strong acid solutions with a concentration between 10−6 and 10−8 M, the pH is
determined using systematic equilibrium.
D) For strong acid solutions with concentrations ≥ 10−6 M, the pH is calculated from the
concentration of the strong acid.
E) For strong acid solutions with concentrations << 10−8 M, the pH is always 7.

20. Which of the following statements is NOT true for weak bases?
A) Weak bases partially hydrolyze water.
B) The conjugate acid is BH+ and its strength is strong.

C)

D) for the conjugate acid.

E) B + H2O ⇋ BH+ + OH−

Calculation

1. A researcher has developed a new analytical method to determine the percent by mass iron
in solids. To test the new method, the researcher purchases a standard reference material sample
that is 2.85% iron by mass. Analysis of the iron standard returns values of 2.75%, 2.89%, 2.77%,
2.81%, and 2.87%. Are the results of the new method significantly different from the standard
reference sample?

Answer: you can calculate tcalc, by 2.85-2.818 = t*0.0610/√5; tcalc = 1.173 < ttable of 2.776 at n=5
and 95% C.L. So null hypothesis is rejected and no significant difference observed.

Or, you can calculate the 95% confidence level for the new method which is 2.818 ± 0.076% by
mass Fe or 2.75% to 2.88%. The accepted value falls within the 95% confidence level.
2. The concentration and absorbance data below was collected for compound X. The least
squares line for concentration versus absorbance is y = 6.83x + 0.0881. If a sample of compound
X of unknown concentration has a corrected average absorbance of 0.6521 (three replicate
measurements) calculate the concentration compound X and the uncertainty in the concentration.

Concentration (mg/mL) Absorbance

0.050 0.4426
0.075 0.5744
0.100 0.7841

Answer:
0.6251=6.83x+0.0881
X=0.08258

m=6.83; k=3; n=3;

y = corrected absorbance of unknown = 0.6521
�=average of 3 y values = 0.60037
𝒚𝒚
x = 0.050, 0.075, 0.100
�=average of 3 x values = 0.075
𝒙𝒙

Final answer: 0.083 ± 0.004 mg/mL compound X

3. Calculate the pH of a 0.2 M ethylamine solution. Kb = 5.0 × 10−4

Kb=X2/(0.2-x)=5.0x10-4
X=0.00975
Answer: pH = 12.0