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MEASURES
DESCRIPTIVE
The descriptive measures provide the main properties of the
data studied, both grouped and non-grouped data, and these
are divided into:
A. Centralization: These indicate to us where the data is
inclined or grouped more and these are divided into the
following
• AVERAGE: It is the arithmetic average of the observations,
that is, the quotient between the sum of all the data and the
number of them. If xi is the value of the variable and not its
frequency, we have that:
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If the data is grouped, we use the class marks, say ci instead of
xi
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• MEDIAN: It is the value that separates the observations in
half ordered from smallest to largest, in such a way that 50%
of these are less than the median and the other 50% are greater
than the median. If the number of data is odd, the median will
be the central value, but if the number of data is even, the
median will be the arithmetic mean of the two central values.
For grouped data, we have:
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For ungrouped data, we have:
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• MODE: It is the value of the variable that is repeated the
most times, that is, the one whose absolute frequency is
greater. It does not have to be unique.
o If it has a mode, it is unimodal.
o If it has two modes, it is bimodal.
o If it has three modes forward it is
or multimodal.
Where for ungrouped data will be the highest Fa.
For grouped data, we have:
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B. DISPERSION: They provide information on the variation
of the data considered as a variable
• VARIANCE: It is the average of the square of the
distances between each observation and the arithmetic mean
of the set of observations.
For grouped data, we have:
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For ungrouped data, we have:
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TYPICAL DEVIATION: the same units of the variance, but
at 1⁄2 give it.
This is defined as the positive square root of the variance as
follows:
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COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION: When you want to
compare the degree of dispersion of two distributions that
are not given with the same units or that the means are not
equal, the typical coefficient of variation and the absolute
value of the mean are used, represented as follows.
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RANGE: It is the difference between the maximum value of
the observations and the minimum of these as shown below:
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ASYMMETRY
• A distribution is symmetric when it’s mean = median =
mode
• A distribution is skewed to the right if the relative or
absolute frequencies decline more slowly to the right than to
the left.
• A distribution is left skewed if the relative or absolute
frequencies decline more slowly to the left than to the right.
All this can be represented with the following graph:
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For ungrouped data where K = 1, 2, 3:

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For grouped data where K = 1, 2, 3:

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• Percentiles:

If As < 0 ; has asymmetry to the left (Negative) For ungrouped data where K = 1, 2, 3:
If As = 0 ; has symmetry (symmetric curve)
If As > 0 ; has right skew(Positive) Ecuacion
As = xҧ− Mo
S For grouped data where K = 1, 2, 3:

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KURTOSIS

Determines the degree of concentration that the values of a • Interquartile Range: It is the difference between quartile 3
variable present around the central zone. and quartile

RIC = Q3 − Q1

BIBLIOGRAFIA:

• Mesokurtic: Presents a degree of concentration
around the central values.
• Leptokurtic: It presents a high degree of
concentration of the central values.
• Platykurtic: It presents a reduced degree of
concentration of the central values
QUANTILE
They are values that divide the total of the duly ordered data
into k equal parts.
 https://www.esan.edu.pe/conexion-esan/que-es-la-
estadisticadescriptiva#:~:text=Estas%20medidas
%20descriptivas%20pueden%20ayudar,de%20los
%20fen%C3%B3menos%20bajo%20investigaci
%C3%B3n.
 https://economipedia.com/definiciones/
curtosis.html#:~:text=La%20curtosis%20es%20una
%20medida,conocida%20como%20medida%20de
%20apuntamiento.
 https://www.universoformulas.com/estadistica/
descriptiva/curtosis/


• Quartiles: They are measures of position that divide the total

of ordered data into four equal parts.

For ungrouped data where K = 1, 2, 3:

Qk = k(n+1) ; n is odd

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Qk = k n ; it's even
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For grouped data where K = 1, 2, 3:

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• Deciles: