OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY - BSMLS
BIOE211 OMBION / MEDTECH 2-YA-2
BIOSTATISTICS & EPIDEMIOLOGY
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
 is a continuous probability distribution that describes
data that clusters around a mean.
 The graph of the associated probability density
function is bell- shaped, with a peak at the mean
 The normal curve was developed mathematically in
1733 by Abraham de Moivre (1667-1754) as an
approximation to the binomial distribution.
 The normal distribution can be used to describe, at
least approximately, any variable that tends to
cluster around the mean.
PROPERTIES OF NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
1. The distribution is bell-shaped.
2. The mean, median, and mode are equal and are
located at the center of the distribution.
3. The normal distribution is unimodal.
4. The normal distribution curve is symmetric about the
mean (the shape are the same on both sides)
5. The normal distribution is continuous.
6. The normal curve is asymptotic (it never touches the
x-axis)
7. The total area under the normal distribution curve is
1.00 or 100%
DATA DISTRIBUTION
SKEWNESS - asymmetrical or abnormal distribution of
data in relation to the mean.
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TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION
A. SYMMETRICAL DISTRIBUTION
 When the data values are evenly distributed on both
sides of the mean.
 Also, the distribution is unimodal and the mean,
median, and mode are similar and at the
distribution's center.
B. POSITIVELY SKEWED DISTRIBUTION/ RIGHT-
SKEWED DISTRIBUTION
 When most of the values in the data fall to the left of
the mean and group at the lower end of the
distribution; the tail is to the right.
 Also, the mean is to the right of the median, and the
mode is to the left of the median.
C. NEGATIVELY SKEWED DISTRIBUTION/LEFT-
SKEWED DISTRIBUTION
 When the mass of the data values falls to the right of
the mean and group at the upper end of the
distribution, with the tail to the left.
 In addition, the mean is to the left of the median, and
the mode is to the right of the median.
MEASURE OF SKEWNESS
- sk or sk < 0 : left skew
+ sk or sk > 0 : right skew
Sk + 0 : approx. Symmetrical distribution
PEARSON’S COEFFICIENT OF SKEWNESS
EXAMPLE NO.1
A motorcycle dealership pays its salesperson a salary
plus a commission on sales. The mean monthly
commission is P8,800, the median P9,000, and the
standard deviation is P1,200. Determine the coefficient
of skewness. Comment on the shape of the distribution.
SOLUTION:
Collect the following information such as the value of the
mean, median, and standard deviation.
Mean (x)= P8,800
Median= P9,000
Standard deviation (s)= P1,200

Solve for the COEFFICIENT of SKEWNESS

CONCLUSION : This indicates that there is a slight

negative skewness in the distribution of commission on
sales.

SOFTWARE COEFFICIENT OF SKEWNESS

 Computation of coefficient of skewness from

Microsoft Excel output that is based on the cubed
deviation from the mean

Where:
sk = coefficient of skewness
n = sample population
x = the value of any particular observation or
measurement
X̄ = sample mean DATA DISTRIBUTION
s = sample standard deviation
KURTOSIS - peakedness of the curve (of data) relative
EXAMPLE NO. 1 to frequency.
The daily rate of a sample of eight employees at GMS
Inc. Are P550, P420, P560, P500, P700, P670, P860,
and P480. Determine the COEFFICIENT OF
SKEWNESS.

SOLUTION

STEP 1.
Determine the value of the mean and standard
deviation
X̄ = 592. 50
S = 142.90

KURTOSIS

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 STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

 A normal distribution can be converted into a

standard normal distribution by obtaining the z value.
A z value is the signed distance between a selected
value, designated x, and the mean, μ, divided by the
standard deviation. It is also called as the z scores,
the z statistics, the standard normal deviates, or the
standard normal values. In terms of the formula:

STANDARD NORMAL VALUE

Where:
z = z value
x = the value of any particular observation or EXAMPLE NO. 1
measurement Determine the area under the standard normal
μ = The mean of the distribution distribution curve between z = 0 and z = 1.85 .
∑ = Standard deviation of the distribution
SOLUTION:
 Draw the figure and represent the area as shown in
the figure below.
 Since Table A gives the area between 0 and any z
value to the right of 0, we only need to look up the z
value in the table. Find 1.8 in the left column and
0.05 in the top row. The value where the column and
row meet is the answer, 0.4678.

1008 + 1(32) = 1040 [+1SD]

1008 - 1(32) = 976 [-1SD]
1008 + 2(32) = 1071 [+2SD]
1008 - 2(32) = 944 [-2SD]
1008 + 3(32) = 1104 [+3SD]
1008 - 3(32) = 912 [-3SD] P(0 < Z < 1.85)

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 OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY - BSMLS

BIOE211
OMBION / MEDTECH 2-YA-2

BIOSTATISTICS & EPIDEMIOLOGY

THE NORMAL CURVE AND PROBABILITY

4
 OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY - BSMLS

BIOE211 OMBION / MEDTECH 2-YA-2

BIOSTATISTICS & EPIDEMIOLOGY

STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION EXAMPLE NO.3

Find the area under the standard normal distribution
curve to the right of z= 1.15

SOLUTION:
Draw the figure and represent the are as shown in the
figure.

P(0 < z, 1.85) = 0.4678

EXAMPLE NO. 2
Determine the area under the standard normal
distribution curve between z= 0 and z= -1.85

SOLUTION
The desire area is shown below

CONCLUSION:
The area to the right of z= 1.15 is 0.1251 or 12.51%

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EXAMPLE NO. 4 Determine the are under the standard normal distribution
Find the area under the standard normal distribution curve between z= 0.75 and z= 1.85
curve to the right of z= -1.85
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: Draw the figure and represent the are as shown in the
Draw the figure and represent the are as shown in the figure.
figure.

CONCLUSION: Hence, the area is 0.0322 or 3.22%

EXAMPLE NO. 5
Determine the are under the standard normal distribution
curve between z= 0.75 and z= 1.85

SOLUTION: APPLICATION OF THE NORMAL

Draw the figure and represent the are as shown in the DISTRIBUTION
figure.
EXAMPLE NO.1
The average PAG-IBIG salary loan for RFS Pharmacy
Inc. employees is P23,000. If the debt is normally
distributed with a standard deviation of P2,500, find the
probability that the employee owes less than P18,500.

SOLUTION:
STEP 1
Draw a figure and represent the area.

CONCLUSION: Therefore, the area is 0.1944 or

19.44%

EXAMPLE NO. 6
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STEP 3
Find the appropriate area. The area obtained in Table A is
0.4641, which corresponds to the area between z = 0 and
z = - 1.8

STEP 4
Subtract 0.4641 from 0.5000.