IRRIGATION ENGINEERING BY SAGAR SIR (MADE EASY)

RIVER TRAINING
• River training implies certain measures to be
adopted on a river to stabilise the river
channel along a certain alignment with a
certain cross section.
RIVER TRAINING & • The river training works are required to
achieve the following;
PROTECTION WORKS 1. Prevent out flanking of the structure
2. It protects the river bank
3. Prevent flooding by the river lands upstream
By Sagar Dodeja, Ex.IES 4. It contracts a river channel to improve its
depth
5. It trains the flow along a certain course

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MORPHOLOGY OF A RIVER CLASSIFICATION OF R.T. WORKS

• River/Stream Morphology describes the
shape of river channels and how they
change in shape & direction with respect
to time.
• THALWEG of a river - a thalweg or talweg
is the line of lowest elevation within a
valley or watercourse.
• High Water Training – It is undertaken
with the purpose of providing the
efficient disposal of the maximum
floods & thereby protecting against
damage due to floods.
• It is also called as training for
discharge.

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• Low Water Training - It is undertaken • M e a n Wa t e r Tra i n i n g – I t i s

with the purpose of providing sufficient undertaken to provide efficient
depth for navigation during the low water disposal of bed & suspended
season. sediments and thereby protecting the
• It is usually concerned with contraction of river channel in designed shape.
width
• It is also known as training for
• It is also known as training for depth.
sediments.

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GROYNES/SPURS
• Groynes are structures constructed transverse to
the river flow and extend from the bank into
river up-to a limit.
RIVER • This form of R.T. works perform one or more
functions such as:
TRAINING • training the river along the desired course to
reduce the concentration of flow at the point
WORKS of attack,
• creating a low flow for silting up the area in
the vicinity, and
• protecting the bank by keeping the flow away
from it.

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TYPES OF GROYNES 1. REPELLING/REFLECTING GROYNE

Groynes are classified on the basis of function
1. Repelling/Reflecting Spur,
2. Deflecting Spur,
3. Attracting Spur
4. T-Shaped (Denehey), Hockey (Or Burma)
Type, Kinked Type, Etc.
• It points towards the U/S at an angle of
10-30 degrees to the line normal to the
bank,
• The head of this spur causes the flow to be
deflected in a direction nearly
perpendicular to itself
• A still water pocket is formed U/S of it and
suspended load gets deposited in the
pocket

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IRRIGATION ENGINEERING BY SAGAR SIR (MADE EASY)

2. DEFLECTING GROYNE
• It has much shorter length than repelling
•
groyne and it is built perpendicular to the
bank
• It only deflects the flow, locally

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3. ATTRACTING GROYNE
• The Attracting Groyne points D/S of the
direction of normal flow.
• It causes formation of scour holes closer
to the banks than the repelling groynes.
• Therefore, they tend to maintain deep
current close to the bank.

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IRRIGATION ENGINEERING BY SAGAR SIR (MADE EASY)
Meandering of Rivers
• A meandering type of river flows in
consecutive curves of reverse order
connected with short strait called as
crossing.
Causes of Meandering as per 

Ingus’ Theory
• When there is heavy load of bed material in
movement during floods, excess turbulent
energy is developed due to unevenness of the
bed and the banks
• In such a condition, it is observed that
symmetrical axial flow is not maintained & the
flow tends to concentrate towards one of the
banks
• Due to this concentration of flow, further
erosion takes place & finally giving the
meandering shape to the river

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Sinuosity or Tortuosity
It is the ratio of the Actual length (along the
curve) to the Meander Length (along straight
line) between the end points of the curve of
a meandering river.
• MB = 153.42 √Q
Effect of Meandering
• ML = 53.61 √Q
The meandering action increases the
• W = 8.84 √Q length of the stream or river and tends to
Where Q is in m3/s ; reduce the slope.
MB, ML, W in metre

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IRRIGATION ENGINEERING BY SAGAR SIR (MADE EASY)

DIVERSION HEADWORKS GUIDE BUNDS OR BANKS

• Guide Bunds/Banks are made for guiding
the river near a structure so as to confine
it in a reasonable width of river.
• The Guide Banks usually consists of a
heavily built embankment in the shape of
Bell Mouth on both sides of constricted
channel.
• It is necessary at many instances to narrow
down and restrict the course of the river
through the barrage and it is achieved by
the use of the guide bunds.

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LEVEES OR MARGINAL EMBANKMENTS

• Embankments & dykes also known as
levees are earthen banks constructed
parallel to the course of river to confine it
to a fixed course and limited cross-
sectional width.
• The heights of levees will be higher than
the design flood level with sufficient free
board. The confinement of the river to a
fixed path frees large tracts of land from
inundation and consequent damage.

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IRRIGATION ENGINEERING BY SAGAR SIR (MADE EASY)
DIVIDE WALL
• The wall which divides the waterway into
two parts, one is the weir portion and the
other from which canal takes off is called
the divide wall.
FISH PASS OR FISH LADDER
• Some barrages require providing special
structures to allow migratory fishes to
flow up and down the river through
structures called Fish Passes or Fish
Ladders
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UNDERSLUICES
• They are gate controlled openings in the
weir with crest at low level.
• They are located on the same side as off
take canal
• They lower the highest flood level
• They preserve a clear and defined river
channel approaching the canal regulator
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SILT EXCLUDER & SILT EXTRACTORS
• Silt Excluders are those works which are
constructed on the bed of the river upstream
of the head regulator. The silted water enters
the silt excluders and clear water enters the
head regulators.
• In this type of works, the silt is therefore,
removed from the water before it enters the
canal.
• Silt Extractors or Silt Ejectors remove the
remaining silt in the off-take canal and are
constructed some distance downstream of the
head regulator at the bed of the canal.
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RIVERBANK
PROTECTION
WORKS
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IRRIGATION ENGINEERING BY SAGAR SIR (MADE EASY)
Cutoffs
• Cut-offs are barriers provided below the
floor of the barrage both at the upstream
and the downstream ends. They may be in
the form of concrete or steel sheet-piles.
The cut-offs extend from one end of the
barrage or dam up to the other end (on
the other bank). The purpose of providing
cutoff is two-folds as explained further –
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2. During flood flows or some unnatural flow condition,
when there is substantial scour of the downstream
riverbed, the cutoffs or sheet piles protect the
undermining of the structures foundation
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1. During low-flow periods in rivers, when most of the
gates are closed in order to maintain a pond level, the
differential pressure head between upstream and
downstream may cause uplift of river bed particles. A
cutoff increases the flow path and reduces the uplift
pressure, ensuring stability to the structure
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LACEY’S SCOUR DEPTH
• Lacey’s scour depth equation helps to find
the depth of sheet piles by finding the
level of deepest scour below HFL.
• The sheet pile must be taken atleast upto
the level of possible deepest scour below
the bed of the river.
• The design depth of scour below HFL may
be taken as 1.5 times Lacey’s Scour
Depth.
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IRRIGATION ENGINEERING BY SAGAR SIR (MADE EASY)

FORMULA Launching Apron as River

Protection Work
• Whenever a sloping face is protected by
stone pitching against scour, the pitching is
extended beyond the toe on the bed in the
form of packed stones, this stone dumping is
known as launching apron
• If no such protection is provided, scour will
occur at the toe with consequent
undermining.

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• The launching apron is generally laid in a

width equal to 1.5 times the depth of the
scour D below the original bed.
• The total scour below HFL is taken as XRs
where Rs is Lacey’s normal regime scour
depth. The value of X depends upon the type
of river training work and it’s location
• In order to remove such a danger to the slope,
the pitching is extended on the horizontal
river bed portion, which falls down into the
scoured portion as soon as the scouring
occurs.

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