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Green Wellness and Spa Resort !
GREEN WELLNESS AND SPA RESORT
Senior Capstone Research, IDSG 4401, 2
By
Alanoud, M. Alnowaiser
A thesis submitted to the
Faculty of the Interior Design Department of
Dar Al-Hekma University in partial fulfilment
of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Design in Interior Design
2020
Green Wellness and Spa Resort !2
In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

© 2019
Alanoud Maher Mohammed Alnowaiser
All Right Reserved

This thesis for the course Capstone Research is by
Alanoud Maher Mohammed Alnowaiser
Has been approved for the
Capstone I: Interior Design Thesis Course
By
Ms. Merve N. Goknil
Date: December 16, 2020

Abstract
This research study focuses on investigating the importance of a spa. The research has been
carried out in such a way as to focus on attracting tourists from all over the world. The spa
would be somewhere that people can escape from their daily work to relax and enjoy
tranquility and serenity. The major objective is seeking to create a suitable design for a spa
that meets the lifestyle of the clients; as such, the clients’ specific needs must be analysed
carefully.
The project will take place in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. It will attract tourists and that
everyone can reach easily to enjoy nature and fresh air. This data will conduct a qualitative
and quantitative analysis which will include interviews and surveys to gather all the insightful
information needed to fulfil the requirements of the project. Moreover, this will be done to
determine the client’s needs in terms of design atmosphere.
A study was conducted into whether travellers prefer to go to spa and wellness resorts
over other options. The survey shows the importance of having a resort in Jeddah since many
people like going and staying in such a place. The research methodology is an explanatory
study of collected data to help with understanding the problem.
The project is inspired by the 2030 Vision of Saudi Arabia, particularly in developing
the quality of life of the people of Saudi Arabia. It contributes to elevating the hospitality
sector in Saudi Arabia, particularly in Jeddah. Literature reviews incorporate detailed analysis
of major and minor studies; the major study is specialised in hospitality design since the
project is based on a spa. Meanwhile, the minor study incorporates the psychological and
well-being of individuals. This includes considering what psychological well-being is, why it
is important, and the factors affecting psychological well-being.
Key words: Tourists, Spa, Wellness, Relaxation, Hospitality.

Dedication
The first to thank is Allah Almighty, for guiding me in the first place on choosing the right
path and choosing Dar Al-Hekma University to complete this piece of research successfully.
I would like to express my deep, sincere gratitude to my parents and siblings, for all their
efforts from my birth to these moments and supporting me spiritually throughout my life. I
especially thank my instructor Ms. Merve Goknil for her continuous support of my capstone
research, for her patience, motivation, and immense knowledge. Her support and guidance
helped me to choose the right topic. Besides that, my thanks also goes to Ms. Iman Islam for
her encouragement and insightful comments. Furthermore, I am pleased to extend my
gratitude to everyone who advised me, guided me, directed me, or contributed with me; my
friends in and outside the university.

Contents
Preface: .................................................................................................................................13
Limitations ..........................................................................................................................14
Project Outline....................................................................................................................14
CHAPTER ONE: SYNOPSIS OF RESEARCH PROGRAMMING DOCUMENT: ...................... 15
Project Statement ............................................................................................................... 15
Research Questions .............................................................................................................. 16
Research Objectives ..........................................................................................................16
Rationale ............................................................................................................................16
Vision 2030 .....................................................................................................................16
Value to the Community .................................................................................................17
Target Audience:................................................................................................................17
Site Analysis .......................................................................................................................17
Client Profile: ......................................................................................................................19
Mission: ..........................................................................................................................19
Vision: .............................................................................................................................19
Logo: .............................................................................................................................. 19
Conclusion .........................................................................................................................20
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................21
Major Study ........................................................................................................................21
Resort Hotel Definition .......................................................................................................21
Conclusion .....................................................................................................................22
Planning and Interior Design Elements: ............................................................................ 22
Sustainable Design ........................................................................................................22
Safety and Security ........................................................................................................24
Way-finding ....................................................................................................................24
Furniture .........................................................................................................................25
Materials, Finishes and Colour .......................................................................................25
Guest Rooms ..................................................................................................................26
Recreational Facilities ....................................................................................................26
Conclusion .....................................................................................................................27
Minor Study ........................................................................................................................27
What is psychological Well-being? ................................................................................27
Why Psychological Wellbeing is important?...................................................................28
Factors Affecting Psychological Wellbeing ....................................................................29
Wellness Tourism ............................................................................................................30
Conclusion .........................................................................................................................32
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................33
Data collection and Analysis ............................................................................................. 34
Types of Research Methodology ....................................................................................34
Survey ............................................................................................................................34
Link of the Survey ...........................................................................................................34
Survey ............................................................................................................................34
CHAPTER FOUR: PRECEDENT STUDIES.............................................................................38
Precedent Study #1: Abu Dhabi Ladies Club ....................................................................38
Precedent Study #2: Hainan Blue Bay Westin Resort Hotel ..............................................46
Precedent Study #3: Rosewood Hotel ...............................................................................55
International Precedent Study ........................................................................................... 63
Precedent Study #4: Seamarq Hotel .................................................................................63
Competitor Study ............................................................................................................... 70
Conclusion .........................................................................................................................73
CHAPTER 5: PRELIMINARY PROPOSAL FOR CAPSTONE II ...............................................74
Criteria Matrix .....................................................................................................................74
Design Program Schedule .................................................................................................75
Relationship Diagram ........................................................................................................75
Finish Schedule .................................................................................................................75
Saudi Building Codes ........................................................................................................77
Conclusion .......................................................................................................................122
Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................123
Contribution .....................................................................................................................123
Observation .....................................................................................................................123
Work Cited ...........................................................................................................................124
Appendix ............................................................................................................................. 125
List of figures
1.1 Site location ………………………………………..….…….…….…………………17
1.2. Site Location Ground Floor Plan…………………………….……..………………..17
1.3 Site Location First Floor Plan ………………………………………..….…………..17
1.4 Logo of the Client…………………………..……………………………………..…18
4.1 Site Location of Abu Dhabi Ladies Club …………………………..……………..…36
4.2 Programming ground floor plan of Abu Dhabi Ladies Club ………………….….…37
4.3 Programming First floor plan of Abu Dhabi Ladies Club………………..…………37
4.4 Main Lobby Entrance of Abu Dhabi Ladies Club……………..…………………….39
4.5 Lounge of Abu Dhabi Ladies Club………………………..…………………………40
4.6 Waiting Area of Abu Dhabi Ladies Club…………………………………………….40
4.7 Spa and Massage Area of Ab Dhabi Ladies Club……………………………………41
4.8 VIP Lounge of Abu Dhabi Ladies Club………………………………..……………41
4.9 Exterior Building of Abu Dhabi Ladies Club……………………………..…………42
4.10 Site Location of Hanian Blue Bay Resort Hotel ………………………………..…..44
4.11 Programming ground floor plan of Hanian Blue Bay Resort Hotel …………………45
4.12 Bedroom Area of Hanian Blue Bay Resort Hotel..…………………………………..47
4.13 Bedroom Area 2 of Hanian Blue Bay Resort Hotel……………..………..……….…47

4.14 Lounge of Bedroom Area of Hanian Blue Bay Resort Hotel………………………..48
4.15 Kids Daycare Bedroom Area of Hanian Blue Bay Resort Hotel………………….…48
4.16 Spa Area of Hanian Blue Bay Resort Hotel……………………………..……..……49
4.17 Gym of Hanian Blue Bay Resort Hotel………………………………………………49
4.18 Exterior Building of Hanian Blue Bay Resort Hotel…………………………..……..50
4.19 Exterior Building 2 of Hanian Blue Bay Resort Hotel…………………..…………..51
4.20 Site Location of Rosewood Hotel ………………………………………………..…53
4.21 Lobby Area of Rosewood Hotel……………………………………..………………56
4.22 Gym Area of Rosewood Hotel………………………………..……….……………..56
4.23 Restaurent of Rosewood Hotel…………………..……….…………………………..57
4.24 Meeting Area of Rosewood Hotel……………………………………………………57
4.25 Exterior Image of Rosewood Hotel…………………………………………………..58
4.26 Exterior Image of Rosewood Hotel…………………………………………………..59
4.27 Site Analysis of Seamrq Hotel ……………………………………………..…….….61
4.28 Programming Ground Floor Plan of Seamrq Hotel…………………………………62
4.29 Guest Bedroom of Seamrq Hotel…….………………………………..……………..64
4.30 Restaurant Area of Seamrq Hotel………..………………………………..…………64
4.31 Lounge Area of Seamrq Hotel……………………………………………………….65

4.32 Gym of Seamrq Hotel………………………..………………………………………65
4.33 Exterior Building of Seamrq Hotel…………………………………………………..66
4.34 Interior Image of Park Hayatt ……………………………………..…………………68
4.35 Interior Image of Park Hayatt……………………………………………………..….69
4.36 Bubble Diagram ……………………………………………………………………..71

List of Tables
4.1 Programming Table of Abu Dhabi Ladies Club …………………………………..……38
4.2 Programming Table of Rosewood Hotel ………………………………..………………54
5.1 Criteria Matrix …………………………………………………………..………………70
5.2. Finishing Schedule ………………………………………………………………..…….72

Preface:
‫ ﻓﺄ ْﻋ ِﻂ ﻛ ﱠﻞ ذي ﺣ ﱟ‬،‫ وﻷھﻠﻚ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ ﺣﻘًّﺎ‬،‫ﻚ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ ﺣﻘًّﺎ‬

«ُ‫ﻖ ﺣﻘﱠﮫ‬ ‫ ﱠ‬،‫ﻚ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ ﺣﻘًّﺎ‬
َ ‫وإن ﻟِﻨَﻔﺴ‬ ‫ﱠ‬
َ ‫»إن ﻟﺮﺑﱢ‬،
"You owe a duty to your Rubb (Allah), you owe a duty to your body; you owe a duty to your
family; so you should give to every one his due.
This phrase reminds us of the importance of having time for ourselves in order to face the life
struggle of work and the physical activity we are dragged through in our lives. Having time to
chill and enjoy life is mandatory even in our religion as long as we do not exceed the limits.
It is the required balance between all rights and duties, for here is Islam that takes into
account the human being with a mind that has its thinking, a body that has its demands, and a
soul that has its longing.
Therefore having a project in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia will shed light upon multiple
activities for the sake of comfort and relaxation is a must that shall need to be considered.
This project will try its best to fulfil the needs of our environment, government, and Islam.
Vacation is a blessing if you do not invest in allowable entertainment, innocent fun, and
useful work that takes the morning and evening. This terrible emptiness is a problem that
worries everyone and is the corruption of youth except for the emptiness.
Limitations
The field of resorts and spas is considered very common in the Kingdom. Finding a
project similar in nature to the proposed project was difficult to locate for observational
purposes. The existing projects informations from the website was limited due to privacy
issues. Therefore, determining the information from the public ones and international ones to
seek the most benefit.
Project Outline
The research is formed of five chapters. The first chapter is a synopsis of the final
studio research which conducts; the project statement, research questions, research
objectives, rationale, target audience, site analysis, and client profile. The second chapter
comprises the literature review of both major and minor studies. The third chapter includes
the methodological part of the research; which is determining the data collection and analysis
of the study. The fourth chapter draws attention to the precedent studies and its comparisons
which are three primary international studies and one as a local competitor. The fifth chapter
provides relevant information and details for interiors as a guideline to the design process of
this project regarding the matrix, design program, relationship diagram, finishing schedule
and Saudi building codes. Lastly comes the conclusion and the over all results of the
research.
CHAPTER ONE: SYNOPSIS OF RESEARCH PROGRAMMING DOCUMENT:
Chapter one includes an overview regarding the outline of the thesis while conducting the
research. It will enhance the idea of the project and its relationship to the community and
society. The rational highlights the statistics, client profile, the sight and the shell of the
project selected.
Project Statement
Green Wellness and Spa Resort is a place designed to become an inner oasis that attract
tourists from all over the world and where people can escape from daily works to relax and
enjoy tranquility and serenity. The project is located in Jeddah, Al Salama District. Due to the
lack of Wellness resorts in Jeddah Specifically inside the city, there is a need for such a resort
project that attract tourists and local people can reach easily to enjoy nature and fresh air. On
the other hand, According to the 2030 vision of Saudi Arabia, Tourism sector is a main goal
that our government is working on developing it, as one of the significant aspects of Saudi
Arabia 2030 vision is becoming an important tourism spot that attract people from all over
the world. The project aims at being an attractive tourist spot that reflects Saudi culture and
serves as an oasis where people can relax. Moreover, According to the 2030 Vision of Saudi
Arabia, one of the vision programs is the Quality of Life Program, which aims to improve the
quality of individuals’ lifestyle by developing an ecosystem to support and create new options
that boost citizens and residents’ participation in cultural and environment. Therefore, this
project aims at providing a place where individuals can enjoy tranquillity and serenity, senses
are touched and the mind comes to peace. This could be achieved by providing natural
lighting and ventilation by allocating plants and focusing on the open-air gardens and
landscapes that filter the air and provide a healthy environment to its occupants. In addition,
the resort offer daily, weekly, monthly and yearly membership with different benefits that
attract tourists, citizens and residents. The client of the project is an entertaining tourism
company that is specialised in developing entertaining projects in Saudi Arabia. The target
audiences are tourists from all over the world, Citizens of Saudi Arabia and Gulf countries
and Residents. Moreover,
Research Questions
1. How does the resort contribute to the enhancement of wellbeing of the visitors?
2. How could the resort become an international spot for tourism in Saudi Arabia?
3. How could the resort contribute in the developing of tourism sector in Saudi Arabia to
meet the 2030 vision?
Research Objectives
1. Examining the role that the resort play in the developing of wellbeing of the visitors.
2. Examining the importance of the resort for the tourism sector in Saudi Arabia.
3. Exploring the services / functions / packages that attract the visitor and make the
resort an international spot for tourism.
Rationale
Vision 2030
According to the 2030 Vision of Saudi Arabia, one of the vision programs is the Quality of
Life Program, which aims to improve the quality of individuals’ lifestyle by developing an
ecosystem to support and create new options that boost citizens and residents’ participation in
cultural and environment.

Value to the Community
This project aims at providing a place where individuals can enjoy tranquillity and serenity,
senses are touched and the mind comes to peace. This could be achieved by providing natural
lighting and ventilation by allocating plants and focusing on the open-air gardens and
landscapes that filter the air and provide a healthy environment to its occupants. In addition,
the resort offer daily, weekly, monthly and yearly membership with different benefits that
attract tourists, citizens and residents. The client of the project is an entertaining tourism
company that is specialised in developing entertaining projects in Saudi Arabia. The target
audiences are tourists from all over the world, Citizens of Saudi Arabia and Gulf countries
and Residents.
Target Audience:
1. Tourists from all over the world
2. Citizens of Saudi Arabia and Gulf countries
3. Residents.
Site Analysis
The site is located in the centre of Jeddah City, in Al Rawda District. What is special about
the location of the site is being inside a residential area so that neighbourhoods and people
from all the city districts can reach the resort easily. In addition, all existing resorts in Jeddah
are located in areas that are far away from the centre of the city. Moreover, the distinct design
of the exterior of the resort will add an attractive touch to the district.
Figure 1.1 site location
This image was use for educational

purposes and is blurred due to the copy
Figure 1.2 Site Location Ground Floor Plan
This image was use for educational

purposes and is blurred due to the copy
Figure 1.3 Site Location Floor First Floor Plan

Client Profile:
The client of the project is an entertaining tourism company that is specialized in developing
entertaining projects in Saudi Arabia to attract local citizens and tourists from all over the
world.
Mission:
The Aim of the resort is to offer a place that serves as an inner oasis in Jeddah where people
can relax and meditate. On the other hand, to be a significant tourist spot that attract tourist
from all over the world.
Vision:
The main mission of the resort is to become the first relaxing destination in Jeddah and
becoming an attractive sport that reflect the Saudi Culture for tourists from all over the world
Logo:
Figure 1.4 Site Location Floor First Floor Plan

Conclusion
Chapter one mostly focuses on the first phase of any research; it emphasises the research
questions and objectives. Usually, it draws attention to society's needs.
It highlights the essential elements of establishing a resort spa in a very critical region which
get the inspiration from its adjacency to the seaside. The Green Wellness and Spa Resort
centre will be a significant landmark of relaxation and comfort in Jeddah to attract tourists
and citizens. Both concepts of an oasis and Saudi culture will be implemented. An area of
approximately 1500 square meters has been given to be designed.

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
The project is inspired by the 2030 Vision of Saudi Arabia, particularly in developing the
quality of lifestyle of the people of Saudi Arabia. It contributes to elevating the hospitality
sector in Saudi Arabia, particularly in Jeddah. The preliminary literature review study will be
focusing on studying and evaluating the theoretical part of designing wellbeing and Spa
Resorts and its effects and importance on the local people and tourists. The major literature
review study includes design elements such as colours and materials, circulation, space
planning, sustainability and other elements. The minor literature review study discusses the
psychological wellbeing of individuals. There is a relevant relationship between the
significant study and the minor study. Recent resorts design are intended to contribute to
enhancing the psychological and physical wellbeing of their occupants. This could be
achieved by designing spaces and implementing design elements that enhance health and
wellbeing in terms of colours and materials. As mentioned above, the major literature review
study will analyse the theoretical part (Journal and books) that discuss design elements that
must be implemented in such projects. In contrast, the precedent case studies will analyse
similar projects and their design concepts and elements.
Major Study
The major study of the literature review focuses on studying and analysing the design
requirements and process of designing Wellbeing and Spa Resorts.
Resort Hotel Definition
According to (Landman, 2020), "A Resort Hotel is a full-service lodging facility, intended
primarily for vacationers and usually located in places frequented for relaxation or recreation,
such as beaches, seashores, scenic or historic areas, ski parks, spas. A Resort Hotel typically
includes entertainment and recreational activities. On the other hand, (Piotrowski, 2016)
defines Resort Hotel as "lodging facility that often has luxurious guest rooms and as a part of
their services, extensive recreational facilities or activities. Resort Hotels come in many
varieties, including those catering to guests interested in high-quality golf experience, ski
lodges, luxurious beach resorts, or mixed-use theme park resorts" (Piotrowski, 2016). The
author says, "Vacation travellers want a variety of recreational activities on-site, like
swimming pools, spa pools, and workout rooms. Some facilities provide play areas for
children, game rooms filled with video games" (Piotrowski, 2016).
Conclusion
From the definition of the Resort hotel, it is clear that resorts provide specialised facilities
that provide a luxurious experience for the guest such as spa facilities, health clubs and other
recreational facilities.
Planning and Interior Design Elements:
Sustainable Design
According to (Piotrowski, 2016), she states, "A sustainable resort must do more than include
motion sensors for lighting in places like exercise rooms, and placing cards on beds related to
limiting changing sheets and towels. A truly sustainable resort must also do more than
provide energy-efficient lighting. It must encourage and accept the specification of interior
and architectural products that have actual green characteristics" (Piotrowski, 2016). Talking
about sustainability, "interior finishes and materials must not emit VOCs. The designer's
selection of materials that are carefully estimated to reduce waste upon installation and can
be easily replaced is another important factor in creating a green resort. Reclaimed wood,
natural stone, ceramic tiles, engineered wood and natural materials for wall surfaces and
countertops are only a few of the possibilities. Specification of furniture items that are from
sustainable sources is another key design element that the designer must
embrace" (Piotrowski, 2016).
On the other hand, according to (Blog, 2019) There are new trends in sustainability in the
hospitality sector such as, "Cutting down on food waste. For example, by growing food
onsite, sourcing food locally, and shifting social norms to ensure that "plate waste" is no
longer considered acceptable, Minimising water usage beyond the hotel room. In addition
to encouraging guests to be mindful of their water and towel usage, some properties are
turning to innovations such as showers that filter their water, Eliminating plastic. A step
beyond recycling, doing away with single-use plastic products can help limit the vast amount
of waste stemming from creating and discarding these items. Getting rid of plastic water
bottles and plastic bags is an excellent place to start, Conserving energy. This "economically
sustainable method" is useful and easy to apply, for example, by redesigning the guest
experience to encourage guests to apply adaptive behaviours. One way is to replace the mini-
fridge and coffee machine in each room with a communal amenities area in an open guest
space, creating a paperless hotel. A task made easy by a modern property management
system, which will simplify operations and streamline the guest experience while reducing
carbon emissions, integrating sustainability into the hotel architecture. In building new
properties, there is a "three-zero-concept" approach: using local construction materials and
skills (zero kilometres), prioritising energy management and lower emissions (zero carbon
dioxide), and introducing life-cycle management into the building process (zero
waste)" (Blog, 2019).

Safety and Security
According to (Piotrowski, 2016), "Guests expect to be safe and secure while staying at the
resort. However, the guest does not want to feel that they are in the guarded fortress. Many
security measures are transparent meaning that they exist but are not visible. Luxury resorts
will have extensive security plans and devices to ensure the safety of the property and guests.
Resorts use many hidden security cameras or closed-circuit television system. Card access
entry to guest rooms and the pool or other recreational facilities is so common that we think
of it as transparent" (Piotrowski, 2016).
"Few security measures that may be incorporated into resort facilities such as, RFID (radio
frequency identification) door locks, In-room safes for guest use, Security guards at the
elevators after hours to ensure that only guest enter card access to exterior doors after hours,
security staff to walk the property and halls, guest use of safe deposit boxes at the front desk.
Way-finding
"Wayfinding refers to the way people orient themselves in a given environment and find their
destination. Wayfinding uses signs, maps, graphics, and directional arrows to help individuals
find their way around complex properties and building interiors. The goal is to help visitors
find their way from point A to point B as easily as possible" (Piotrowski, 2016). "In resorts,
prominent signs are needed to identify the registration desk, concierge station, bell desk, and
cashier. Other signage will be needed to direct guest the elevators, restaurants, cocktail
lounges, gift shops and other stores" (Piotrowski, 2016).
"Signs might be mounted to the wall, overhead or placed in stands on the floor. Changes in
floor materials can also accomplish Wayfinding. The main traffic path can be in one material,
with other areas in another" (Piotrowski, 2016).

Furniture
"Generally, the highest quality of furniture will be reserved for the lobby and guest rooms.
The lobby sets the mood for the entire facility and must be specified to strike the right
impression. The use of beautifully designed custom millwork on the registration desk may
not be directly be noticed by customers. However, poor quality in the design of the
registration desk will be noticed" (Piotrowski, 2016). "The style of lobby furniture should be
selected in keeping with the overall design concept. Lobby furniture must withstand the
abuse of numerous users, suitcases, and guests slightly abusing seating" (Piotrowski, 2016).
"Green is not just a colour for hotel spaces. Consumers are looking for hotels to consider
sustainability design tactics in the selection of furniture and finishes. Thus, selecting FF&E
that creates the mood and concept without increasing the cost for each space and guest room
is a delicate balancing act. The challenge to the interior designer is to specify products that
will be aesthetically appropriate for the concept and allow easy maintenance while standing
up the abuse of heavy use (Piotrowski, 2016).
Materials, Finishes and Colour
"The high-end resorts will utilize finer-quality finish materials and furniture products. Textile
for seating in public spaces and guest rooms must be specified considering the cost of
maintenance as well as aesthetics. Guest rooms' textiles must be easy to maintain and hold up
frequent laundering, especially those for duvets and window treatments. Depending on the
facility and concept, textiles can have a wow factor or provide a background. Larger patterns
are most often reserved for draperies and perhaps wall treatments" (Piotrowski, 2016).
On the other hand, "There are several factors to keep in mind when specifying flooring
materials. When the carpeting is used, most designers use patterned carpets in large areas
such as the lobby to help hide traffic paths and spills. Commercial-grade carpeting and hard-
surface flooring are necessary, as are commercial-grade wall coverings. In guest rooms,
flooring in the bed area is usually carpeting over padding in solids, tone-on-tone patterns, or
small patterns. Slip-resistant floor materials such as ceramic tile are most common in the
bathroom and dressing area" (Piotrowski, 2016). Colours and patterns of fabrics should be
selected to help hide spills and dirt. Bright, rich colours are trending not only as accents but
also as primary surface colours. However, care must be taken to keep in mind the size of the
room where those bright colours are placed" (Piotrowski, 2016).
Guest Rooms
"The first consideration in planning the guest room areas is the overall guest rooms floor
configuration. Guest rooms and suites on each floor are combined with space for guest and
service elevators, stairs, and service areas such as linen rooms, vending areas and circulation
space" (Piotrowski, 2016). "The two most typical arrangements of rooms are the room with
two double or queen-size beds and the room with a king-size bed. There will be many
variations in the size of the room and the overall design goals of the hotel. Other room plans
include small suites with sleeping area separate from a sitting room and luxury suites with
large living rooms spaces and separate bedrooms" (Piotrowski, 2016).
Recreational Facilities
"Recreational facilities such as swimming pools in landscaped courtyards. Large resorts may
have more than one pool so that families can use one and the other is restricted to the adults.
Health clubs and workout rooms are widespread in almost every resort. Resort hotels often
include spa services with quiet, relaxing areas for massage, steam bath, saunas and other
specialized services" (Piotrowski, 2016). "it is very important for the recreational facilities to
be easily accessed by guests as many guests do not like to walk through the lobby to get to
the swimming pool, spa, or health club area" (Piotrowski, 2016). "Materials should be easy to
maintain and resistant to water and spills. Depending on the overall design, the guest can
move from the workout room to the pool or spa area. When this is the case, they may request
changing rooms and showers so that exercisers can shower before going to the
pool" (Piotrowski, 2016).
Conclusion
By analysing the findings from the literature review of designing resorts, it is clear that there
are specific design considerations and requirements that must be implemented within the
space, which contribute in enhancing the guest accommodation experience. Sustainability,
became essential element in resorts design as it aids improving the space environment and the
guest wellbeing. In addition, a careful attention must be given to the chosen materials, as
they should meet the safety considerations as well as aesthetics.
Minor Study
The minor study of the literature review is the psychological well-being of individuals.
What is psychological Well-being?
Centre for Disease Control and Prevention defines wellbeing as "the presence of positive
emotions and moods such as happiness and gratitude, and the absence of the negative
emotions such sadness, depression and anxiety" (Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL),
2016). According to the article written by Prof Ivan Robertson, "At the most basic level,
psychological wellbeing (PWB) is quite similar to other terms that refer to positive mental
states, such as happiness or satisfaction, and in many ways it is not necessary, or helpful to
worry about fine distinctions between such terms. If I say that I am happy, or very satisfied
with my life you can be sure that my psychological wellbeing is quite high!" (Robertson,
n.d.). On the other hand, (Burns) defines Psychological wellbeing as "Psychological
wellbeing refers to interior nd intraindividual levels of positive functioning that can include
one's relatedness with others and self-referent attitudes that include one's sense of mastery
and personal growth. Subjective wellbeing reflects dimensions of affect judgments of life
satisfaction" (Burns).
On the other hand, (Morin, 2020) defines psychological wellbeing saying, "The phrase
"psychological wellbeing" is used to describe an individual's emotional health and overall
functioning. Researchers also have found that the absence of distress does not necessarily
indicate a person has high psychological wellbeing. High psychological wellbeing is about
feeling happy and doing well. People with high psychological wellbeing report feeling
capable, happy, well supported, and satisfied with life" (Morin, 2020).
Why Psychological Wellbeing is important?
(Morin, 2020) Argues, “Studies have discovered that people with higher psychological well-
being are more likely to live healthier and longer lives. They are also more likely to enjoy a
better quality of life. Better psychological well-being also is associated with fewer social
problems. For instance, research has found that people with high psychological well-being
are less likely to engage in criminal activity or abuse drugs and alcohol. In addition, positive
psychological well-being tends to predict higher earnings and more prosocial behaviour, such
as volunteering.” (Morin, 2020). According to (Tang, 2019), “The importance of mental

health has been increasingly emphasized in recent decades as public awareness and
understanding grow. Mental health is now understood to involve both the absence of mental
illness and the presence of psychological well-being. Psychological well-being is a complex
construct that concerns optimal psychological functioning and experience. It may be defined
as including hedonic (enjoyment, pleasure) and eudaimonic (meaning, fulfilment) happiness
as well as resilience (coping, emotion regulation, healthy problem solving)” (Tang, 2019).
Factors Affecting Psychological Wellbeing
According to the article written by (WJEC CBAC LTD, n.d.), “The well-being of individuals
and carers is affected by a variety of factors that may be social, economic, cultural or
physical. Some examples include Adverse Childhood Experiences: These can include
abuse, neglect, being brought up in a household where there is domestic violence, drug abuse,
alcohol abuse, parental separation. Evidence shows children who experience stressful and
poor quality childhoods are more likely to develop health-harming and anti-social
behaviours, more likely to perform poorly in school, more likely to be involved in crime and
ultimately less likely to be a productive member of society, Home background. A supportive
and caring background provides the foundations for positive social development and provides
positive role models. Mental illness, substance abuse, unemployment, violence and poverty
may have a negative impact on the well-being of individuals and carers. Drug and alcohol
abuse may lead to physical and emotional neglect, Looked after children and young
people. Individuals who have had a lack of consistency in care in early years or have come
from abusive backgrounds may have had disrupted educations and poor educational
achievements. These individuals are more likely to have a low well-being compared with
those living in stable environments, Positive, consistent and caring relationships. These
support social development and confidence and positive role models. Individuals who move
home frequently or have changes in family members or carers have a lower level of well-
being than those with consistent relationships, secure attachment. Where an individual has
secure attachments, they are self-confident and will participate readily in activities,
supporting well-being, Enjoyable and fulfilling career. Individuals who have jobs they
enjoy and that challenge and fulfil them experience high levels of satisfaction and well-being,
Environment. A stimulating, safe, caring and supportive environment supports well-being
and positive outcomes. An environment that encourages exercise (e.g. cycling, walking) with
available sports facilities supports well-being. High quality water supplies, lack of pollution
and chemical hazards and good housing support health and well-being. Individuals living in
cramped conditions or sharing bedrooms and lacking privacy experience a lower level of
well-being, Educational experiences. Good educational experiences support confidence,
knowledge and well-being. Consistent education in childhood supports well-being and
academic achievement. Adult education and community classes support the development of
new skills and confidence, Economic factors. Where an individual experiences poverty and
has limited opportunities, poor diet or suffers from neglect there is an impact on their well-
being and health. Having enough money and no financial stresses supports well-being and
Disabilities and physical ill health. Disabilities and ill health may affect an individual’s
ability to exercise and socialise, and they may become isolated” (WJEC CBAC LTD, n.d.).
Wellness Tourism
The concept of wellness tourism has emerged and became a new travel trend. The Global
Wellness Institute defines wellbeing as "all travel associated with the pursuit of maintaining
or enhancing one’s personal wellbeing.” It is not medical tourism; it is an explosive new

travel category that exists at the powerful intersection of two of the world’s largest markets—
the US$2-trillion wellness economy and the US$3.2-trillion global tourism industry (Yeung,
Johnston, & Chan, 2013). In addition, they state, "as people pay attention to their health and
wellness, they want to keep up their healthy habits when they travel. Moreover, a growing
segment of travellers is even taking trips specifically focused on maintaining and improving
their personal health and well-being. This is driving the growth of wellness tourism" (Yeung,
Johnston, & Chan, 2013). On the other hand, Medical Tourism Magazine defines wellness as
"Wellness tourism includes consumers who travel to maintain their well-being and life
satisfaction through the experiences of healthy treatments. Wellness treatments and therapies
restore the vital balance among bodies, mind, and spirit toward equilibrium and health
harmony. This harmony re-balances and restores the energy flow bringing about overall well-
being (Magazine, 2013). According to SRI International definition of wellness tourism, they
state, "it is not a medical tourism, where people travel to other countries to receive discounted
medical care or procedures that aren't available in the United States. Nor is it simply super-
expensive stays in exclusive spas that are mainly for the ultra-wealthy. It instead
encompasses two types of trips available on a more global scale. Some travellers take trips
specifically to maintain and improve their health, while others want to keep up with their
healthy habits when they travel for business or pleasure (International, 2013). Jonathan
Nehmer states in his article " In a recent Spa finder Wellness 365 consumer survey, travelers
indicated they are looking to have more wellness options in their destinations, such as
healthier food, spa/massage, nature experiences, eco-conscious properties, gyms with cardio
and weights, healthy sleep programs and meditation/mindfulness programming (Nehmer,
2014). Many arguments and statistics regarding wellness tourism prove that many travelers
nowadays are travelling for wellbeing and health purposes. Therefore, they search for places
that provide the best wellness and wellbeing activities and programs, which strengthen the
importance of creating innovative and genuine designs that meets the travelers' expectations
and needs.
Conclusion
Resort Spa is becoming an essential fundamental concept that sustained countries wish to
achieve to proceed in development. By applying this vision, ensuring society's needs and
demands, doing both major and minor studies to draw attention to the design and services
that will be implemented. Therefore, this process will enhance the project to be more
demanding to society and establish the most facilities to cope up with the health club and the
spa resort. Moreover, minor studies contribute to the psychological wellbeing of individuals.
It ensures to look into the needs of the environment by stimulating wellbeing educational
factors, enjoyable career, and wellness tourism.

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
According to Kimberly Moffitt, “A research method is a systematic plan for conducting
research. Sociologists draw on a variety of both qualitative and quantitative research
methods, including experiments, survey research, participant observation, and secondary
data. Quantitative methods aim to classify features, count them, and create statistical models
to test hypotheses and explain observations. Qualitative methods aim for a complete, detailed
description of observations, including the context of events and circumstances”. (Research
Methodology: Approaches & Techniques, 2016). The research methodology is located after
the literature review in the thesis. To conduct the necessary information related to the project
and support its mission, the research will follow the below direction:
First, research will be conducted through interviewing people to figure out the importance of
the project to them and what are the functions that they need in this centre. In addition,
tourists will be interviewing to figure out what they hope to explore our experience in Saudi
Arabia culture. Second, a literature review will be conducted through searching in official
websites and books to find information that support the project. Then, looking at precedent
studies will be crucial to study similar projects in terms of design concepts and elements such
as materials, lighting, furniture and equipment that are used in such projects.
Data collection and Analysis
Types of Research Methodology
The research methodology used in the research is the survey, which is a type of the
quantitative research methodology. The benefit of conducting the survey is the ability to
collect different opinions and thoughts in a short time and comparing the results to have a
holistic vision.
Survey
I have conducted an online survey using (Survey Monkey) website. The survey was
distributed among over 100 people. The survey has 9 questions about the need of Spa and
Wellness resort in Jeddah and the required functions and services and other related questions.
The total respondents of the survey are 119.
Link of the Survey
https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/FWZR689
Survey
Question 1: What is your Gender?
Results: According to the result, 86.55% of the respondents are females.
Question 2: How old are you?
Results: According to the result, the survey has been conducted by people from different
ages, which contribute in having different opinions and thoughts that demonstrate the
rationale of the project.
Question 3: What is you Major of Study?

Results: According to the result, people with different educational background have
participated in the survey, which help in having different point of views and opinions.
Question 4: What is your Field of Work?
Results: According to the result, the survey has been conducted by people with different
professions, which help in making a clear vision about the rationale of the project.
Question 5: If you were to travel, will you prefer to go to a wellness and spa?
Results: According to the result, 79.83% of the respondents prefer to go to Spa and wellness
resorts while traveling. The result shows the importance of having the resort in Jeddah as
many people prefer going and staying in such a place.
Question 6: Is there a need for a Wellness and Spa Resort in Jeddah?
Results: According to the question result, 92.44% of the respondents agree that there is a
need for a Spa and Wellness centre in Jeddah. This result demonstrate the importance and the
lack of such a project in Jeddah.
Question 7: What are the services you will look for in a Wellness and Spa Resort?
Results: According to the question results, most of the respondents seek for different kind of
facial and physical treatments while staying in Spa and Wellness resorts.
Question 8: What is your preferred location for the Wellness and Spa Resort?
Results: Most of the respondents agree that having a resort inside the city would be more
comfortable for them. This demonstrate the importance and the need of the project as most of
the resorts in Jeddah are located outside the city.
Question 9: What is your preferred environment for the Wellness and Spa Resort?
Results: Most of the respondents agree that the marine environment would be interesting for
them, while only 9.32% preferred desert environment.

Conclusion
It is clear from the results of the survey that there is a need for a Spa and Wellness Resort in
Jeddah as most of the participants agreed. What is important in the survey is that most of the
participants agreed that it would be better for the resort to be inside the city rather than
outside (as most of the resort and chalets in Jeddah). These results demonstrate the
importance of having a Spa and Wellness resorts with distinctive location services that attract
local people and tourist from all over the world. 2

CHAPTER FOUR: PRECEDENT STUDIES
A precedent study is an effective way to analyse the previous projects that have been done to
help the designer to examine the research phase in order to build a more substantial insight by
determining the advantages and disadvantages of the design project. Therefore, to apply this
study, it requires comprehensive analytical analysis. This chapter includes four case studies of
similar projects which are resorts and spa around the world. Three of them are international
ones and two locals ones along with a competitor one, to achieve the services required by this
project. The reason behind choosing these projects was in terms of, design elements,
materials selection, concepts, and according to its functions and plans divisions.
Precedent Study #1: Abu Dhabi Ladies Club
Architects: Tony Owen Partners
Address: Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Year Built: 2018
Client: Ladies in the UAE
Area: 30,000 m2
Target Audience
The space designed for specifically for women with no particular age range.
Site Analysis
The project located on the 15th street Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. The building placed
on the most attractive areas, on the waterfront in Abu Dhabi city. Surrounded by café, office
and bank and Club of Armed Forces Offices from the east, and restaurant from the north.
Location
Sun path
Main street
Minor street
Figure 4.1 “3D View of Abu Dhabi Ladies Club”. Source:

https://www.google.com/maps/place/
Abu+Dhabi+Ladies+Club+
%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A+
%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B8%D8%A8%D9%8A
+
%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7
Programming
Legend
Public Area
Semi Private Area
5
Private
Sunlight
5 6
3 2
Figure 4.2 “First floor plan of Abu Dhabi Ladies Club”. By

author Alanoud Alnewaiser. November 10, 2020
Public Area 1
4
Semi private 5
Area
2
3
Figure 4.3 “ground floor plan of Abu Dhabi Ladies Club”. By

author Alanoud Alnewaiser . November 10, 2020
Functions and Activities
Main Entrance Lobby, Reception, Boutiques, Indoor Restaurant, VIP Lobby, Information
and Waiting Area, Training Space, Indoor Play Area, Gymnasium Area, Arts and Crafts, VIP
Lounge, Salon, VIP Massage Area, Cafeteria, Offices
Programming Table
Space Adjacencies Size Zoning
1-Main Entrance 2,3,7 767.25 m2 Public
Lobby
2-Reception 1 98.73 m2 Public
3-Indoor 4,6 512.23 m2 Public
Restaurant
4-VIP Lobby 3,6, 82.88 m2 Semi-Private
5- Waiting Area 1,4,9 77.28 m2 Public
6-Indoor Play Area 3,4 1,159.28 m2 Public
7-Gymnasium 1 610.2 m2 Public
Area
8-VIP Lounge 1,3,6 481.43 m2 Semi-Private
9-Salon 1,10 217.66 m2 Semi-Private
10-VIP Massage 9 205.09 m2 Private
Area
Table 4.1. “Programing Table of Abu Dhabi Ladies Club”. Source: By author Alanoud Alnewaiser.
Design Approach
November 10, 2020
Interior:
Glass is the main material used in the design, which gives an outstanding
feeling of nature and positivity. Moreover, the design space is focused on applying luxurious
and modern elements, in terms of the selection of the materials; colours, products and
furniture. The space has a glass ceiling design to ensure more light entry within the space.
The colours used in the design focuses on neutral, yet pastel ones are also used in some areas.
Overall, the space is an open plan which makes it more freely to engage with. Artificial lights
are used; LED and other types to give dramatic lighting to the design space. Finally the floor
materials used are: Vinyl, ceramic and wood flooring was implemented in the space.
High Ceiling
Pendant general
lighting
Glass windows
Vinyl flooring
Figure 4.4.“Main Lobby Entrance of Abu Dhabi Ladies Club”. Source: Tony
Owen Partners. November 10, 2020.
LED general Lights
Task Lighting
Glass Windows
Vinyl Flooring
Figure 4.5.“ Lounge of Abu Dhabi Ladies Club”. Source: By Tony

Owen Partners. November 10, 2020.
General lighting
Hidden light
Wall paper
Ceramic Flooring
Figure 4.6.“Waiting Area of Abu Dhabi Ladies Club”. Source: By Tony

partners. November 10, 2020.
 
Vertical and
Horizontal
LED Stripes
Frosted Glass
Wood Flooring
Figure 4.7.“Spa and Massage Area of Abu Dhabi Ladies Club”. Source: By Tony Owen
Partners. November 10, 2020.
Coved Lighting
Curved wall and
ceiling with coved
Glass lighting
Windows
General lights
Wall Paper
Ceramic
Flooring
Figure 4.8.“VIP Lounge of Abu Dhabi Ladies Club”. Source: By Tony Owen
Exterior:
The architectural design of the building is curved stone walls. However it is
surrounded with palm trees which gives a solid view of Emirates main mark. Ceiling allows a
huge natural light entry. And also the location of the space has the most element which is
adjacent to the sea view. 
Wood
Partition Ceramic
Figure 4.9.“Building of Abu Dhabi Ladies Club”. Source: By Tony Owen

International Precedent Study
The precedent study was chosen because the designers of this building to let all the guest
enjoy the view of the beach by having a simple curved building. Moreover, the building
located on the most east of the Clear Water Bay, country of Hainan. Furthermore, this resort
hotel is the best use of Hainan seascape.
Precedent Study #2: Hainan Blue Bay Westin Resort Hotel
Architects: Gad
Address: Hainan, China
Year Built: 2014
Area: 62000.0 m2
Target Audience
The space was designed to both gender male and females with no specific age range.
Site Analysis
Hainan Blue Bay Westin Resort Hotel located in Hainan, China. It’s placed on the
most attractive area in china. It’s placed in front of the beach. Moreover, surrounded by many
hotels, offices, apartments and restaurants, and a lot of greeneries.

Site Analysis
Location
Sun path
Main street
Minor street
Figure 4.10. “3D View of Hainan Blue Bay Westin Resort Hotel”. Source: https://
www.google.com/maps/place/The+Westin+Blue+Bay+Resort/
@18.4162719,109.9469498,1836m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m7!3m6!
1s0x315075d1675e18c3:0x7119c566027c10db!5m1!1s2018-11-12!8m2!3d18.414048!
4d109.95774 . November 10, 2020.
Programming zoning and circulation
1. Guest rooms
2. Lounge area
3. Golf club
4. Restaurant
5. Fitness center
6. Swimming pool
7. Children playground
Legend
Public Area
Semi private Area
Sunlight
Entrance
Figure 4.11 “First floor plan of Hainan Blue Bay Westin Resort Hotel””. By author Alanoud Alnewaiser.
November 10, 2020

Functions
Guest Rooms, Meeting Room, Swimming Pool, Kid’s Swimming Pool, Spa and
Wellness Center, Fitness Center, Bar/Lounge Area, Restaurant, Kids Daycare, Golf Club,
Water Sport Facilities, Children’s Playground.
Design Approach
Interior
The interior of the spaces all covered with wide glass windows, which spread
the natural light inside each room. Moreover, windows can be completely opened and
becomes a part of the exterior space. The environment of the space is modern relaxing at the
same time, that makes the users in the space feels like home. Having white painted ceiling in
all over the space to let the users feels comfortable and relaxed. However, artificial light in
the usage of general lighting was implemented in the space. For the colors, overall the space
has neutral colors which creates a welcoming and bright atmosphere in the space. Moving on
to the height, the building has a very high ceiling. The space contains LED and natural
lighting but the natural light plays a big role of lighting the space by the façade. Glass were
used as a window in all spaces. Different material was implemented in the flooring such as
vinyl, ceramic, marble, carpet and wood.

Dropped
LED General
Ceiling
Lighting
Patterned Wall
Paper
Wide Glass
Task Lighting Windows
Wood Flooring
Figure 4.12 “Bedroom Area of Hainan Blue Bay Westin Resort Hotel”.
Source: By the photographers Yao Li, Zhao Qiang, Ian F. Gibb.
November 10, 2020.
Coved
Lighting Glass
Windows
Half
Wooden
Wall
Carpet to
Wood Emphasize
Flooring on The
Seating Area
Figure 4.13. “Bedroom Area of Hainan Blue Bay Westin Resort Hotel”.
Source: By the photographers Yao Li, Zhao Qiang, Ian F. Gibb. November
10, 2020.
Wooden
Fixed Ceiling
Glass
Windows
Vinyl
Flooring
Figure 4.14. “Lounge of Hainan Blue Bay Westin Resort Hotel”. Source: By the
photographers Yao Li, Zhao Qiang, Ian F. Gibb. November 10, 2020.
Customize
d Ceiling
Glass
Wall Paint Windows
and Doors
Vinyl
Flooring
Figure 4.15. “Kid’s Daycare of Hainan Blue Bay Westin Resort Hotel”.
Source: By the photographers Yao Li, Zhao Qiang, Ian F. Gibb. November 10,
2020.
Different
Size of Wall
Windows Paint
Wood
Flooring
Figure 4.16. “Spa Area of Hainan Blue Bay Westin Resort Hotel”.
November 10, 2020.
Coved
Lighting
Glass
Glass Door Windows
Rubber
Flooring
Figure 4.17. “Gym of Hainan Blue Bay Westin Resort Hotel”. Source: By the
Exterior
The building has a simple curve shape, with an aluminum sheets in the façade, which
shows balanced clean steel structure. Glass windows in order for the sunlight to spread in the
space. Moving on to the signage, it’s placed on the top and middle of the building, to let
people see it from different directions.
Signage
Concrete
Tiles
Entrance
Mosaic
Tiles
Figure 4.18. “Building of Hainan Blue Bay Westin Resort Hotel”.

November 10, 2020.
Aluminum Sheets
Glass Windows That Allowing

the Natural Light to Enter the
Space
Glass Windows
Figure 4.19. “Building of Hainan Blue Bay Westin Resort Hotel”. Source: By the
Local Precedent Study
The precedent study was chosen because Rosewood Hotel in one of the oldest hotel in
Jeddah, and tourist always prefer to stay in in order to have a luxurious accommodation with
dramatic view as it’s located near from the red sea (A-Corniche).
Precedent Study #3: Rosewood Hotel
Architects: -
Address: Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Year Built: 2007
Area: 1049.94 m2
Target Audience
Site Analysis
Rosewood Hotel located in Corniche Street, Al-Shatie District Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
From the east, there is Abi Bakr An Nahawi Street cross with Said Ibn Amir Street. It’s
placed on the most luxurious and attractive area in Jeddah. Moreover, it’s placed near the red
sea (Al-Corniche). Although, Surrounded by many restaurants, hotels, malls, cafes and
residential.
Site location
Location
Sun path
Main street
Minor street
Figure 4.20. “3D View of Rosewood Hotel”. Source : https://www.google.com/maps/

place/Rosewood+Jeddah+Hotel/@21.576513,39.1079463,916m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m7!
3m6!1s0x15c3d06460c39105:0x3a3fd16a795047c5!5m1!1s2018-11-10!8m2!
3d21.576513!4d39.110135. Accessed November 10, 2020.
Functions
Guest Rooms, Meeting Room, Swimming Pool, Kid’s Swimming Pool, Spa and
Wellness Center, Fitness Center, Bar/Lounge Area, Restaurant, Kids Daycare, Golf Club,
Water Sport Facilities, Children’s Playground.
Programming Table
Space Adjacencies Size Zoning
1-Reception Area 3,4 15.310 m2 Public
2-Gym 4 29.589 m2 Public
3-Lobby 1,2,4 53.000 m2 Public
4-Restaurant 1,2 63.031 m2 Public
5-Swimming Pool 20.800 m2 Public
6- Meeting Room 1 20.000 m2 Private
Table 4.2. “Programing Table of Rosewood Hotel”. Source: By Alanoud Alnewaiser. November 10,
2020.
Design Approach
Interior
The interior of the spaces all covered with wide glass windows, which spread
the natural light inside each room. Moreover, windows can be completely opened and
becomes a part of the exterior space. The environment of the space is modern relaxing at the
same time, that makes the users in the space feels like home. Having white painted ceiling in
all over the space to let the users feels comfortable and relaxed. However, artificial light in
the usage of general lighting was implemented in the space. For the colors, overall the space
has neutral colors which creates a welcoming and bright atmosphere in the space. Moving on
to the height, the building has a very high ceiling. The space contains LED and natural
lighting but the natural light plays a big role of lighting the space by the façade. Glass were
used as a window in all spaces. Different material was implemented in the flooring such as
vinyl, ceramic, marble, carpet and wood.

Carved Ceiling
Spot Lights
Neutral Colors
Glass Fixed
Windows
Task Lighting
Figure 4.21. “Lobby Area of Rosewood Hotel”. Source: https://www.google.com.sa/

search?
q=reception+area+of+rosewood+hotel+jeddah&safe=strict&source=lnms&tbm=isch&
sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwji8pO3hLveAhVlJcAKHQLBBQQQ_AUIDigB&biw=1800&bih=1
032#imgrc=2chEFAG0UoDP6M:. November 10 , 2020.
Spot Lights
Glass
Fixed
Windows
Wood
Floori
ng
Figure 4.22. “Gym Area of Rosewood Hotel”. Source: https://www.google.com.sa/search?
q=reception+area+of+rosewood+hotel+jeddah&safe=strict&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=
X&ved=0ahUKEwji8pO3hLveAhVlJcAKHQLBBQQQ_AUIDigB&biw=1800&bih=1032#im
grc=2chEFAG0UoDP6M.Novemberr 10, 2020.
Vertical and
Horizontal Pendant Lights
Wooden Frames
Wood Flooring
Figure 4.23. “Restaurant of Rosewood Hotel”. Source: https://ar.hotels.com/ho349680/

rwzwwd-jdt-jdt-almmlkt-al-rbyt-als-wdyt /. November 10, 2020.
Spot Lights
Fixed Windows
Vinyl Flooring
Figure 4.24. “Meeting Area of Rosewood Hotel”. Source: https://

www.rosewoodhotels.com/en/jeddah . November 10, 2020.
Exterior
The shape of the building has a combination of geometric shapes which are circular
and rectangular shapes that gives modern and unique look. Open roof top that has a
swimming pool. Moreover, the circular shape of the hotel is made of terracotta cladding with
openings of the fixed windows. Moving on to the rectangular shape of the hotel, which
contains the guest rooms, is made of glass that let the natural light spread inside the space.
Moreover, no signage was used in the façade. https://www.rosewoodhotels.com/en/jeddah
Rectangular Shape
Circular Shape
Terracotta Cladding
Fixed Windows
Figure 4.25. “Building of Rosewood Hotel”. Source: https://www.rosewoodhotels.com/en/jeddah .

November 10, 2020.
Ceramic Columns
Terracotta Flooring
Figure 4.26. “Rooftop Swimming Pool of Rosewood Hotel”. Source: https://

www.rosewoodhotels.com/en/jeddah . November 10, 2018.
International Precedent Study
The precedent study is a hotel; it was chosen because it’s located nearly from the
beach 1 minute walking. As an adjective of this hotel that there is an outdoor swimming pool
with a panoramic view of the ocean. Besides, offering an area for social events, the sun deck
acts as a transitional space between the low-rise base and the high-rise tower.
Precedent Study #4: Seamarq Hotel
Architects: Richard Meier, Dukho Yeon
Address: South Korea
Year Built: 2016
Client:
Area: 39420.0 m2
Target Audience
Site Analysis
Seamarq hotel located in 2 Haean-ro 406beon-gil address, South Korea. It’s placed in
nearly from the beach. Surrounding by many restaurants, café, hotels, and mini markets. A lot
of greeneries around the hotels. Moreover, it’s located between two major streets.
Site Analysis
Key legend
Sun path
Main street
Minor street
Figure 4.27. “3D View of Seamarq Hotel”. Source: https://www.google.com/maps/place/SEAMARQ+Hotel/

@37.7979619,128.9131647,561m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m7!3m6!1s0x3561e6bcd38f917b:0x58e1ea47ee934b53!
5m1!1s2018-12-02!8m2!3d37.7979577!4d128.9153587. November 10, 2020.
Programming, circulation, and zoning
Figure 4.28 “First floor plan of Seamaraq Hotel””. By author Alanoud Alnewaiser. November 10,
2020
Lobby Lounge, Bar, Restaurant, Spa, Meeting Room, Indoor Swimming Pool,
Outdoor Swimming Pool, Fitness Center, Indoor Play Area, Kids Club
Design Approach
Interior
The interior of the Seamarq Hotel all covered with wide glass windows, which
allowing the natural light to spread inside the space. Artificial lighting was used to highlight
all warm parts. Moreover, different direction of coved and spot lights emphasizing the
geometric angles used to define the interior and exterior spaces. Warm lighting in the space,
which help to create a cozy atmosphere. Having white painted ceiling in all over the space to
reflect the lights in the space. For the colors, overall the space has mostly cool, minimal color
palette which creates a welcoming and bright atmosphere in the space. Moving on to the
height, it’s standard. The space has Artificial and natural lighting but the natural light plays a
big role of lighting the space by the glass windows in the façade. Materials was applying in
the floor are vinyl, ceramic, marble, and wood.

Glass
Windows
Painted
Column
 Accent
Color
Mirror to
increase
the
Wood brightnes
Flooring s in the
space
Figure 4.29. “Guest Bedroom of Seamarq Hotel”. Source: By the photographer Roland
Halbe. November 10, 2020.
Different Directions
Two Types
of Coved and Spot
of
Lights
Finishing in
Glass the Ceiling
Windows
Task
Lighting
Neutral
Vinyl
Colors of
Flooring
Furniture
Coved
Lighting Wood
Flooring
Figure 4.30. “Restaurant Area of Seamarq Hotel”. Source: By the photographer Roland Halbe.
November 10, 2020.
General
Lighting
Task
Glass
Lighting
Window
s
Brightening Wall
Different
with Imitation of
Color in
Marble
the
Wood Seating
Flooring Area
Figure 4.31. “Lounge Area of Seamarq Hotel”. Source: By the photographer Roland Halbe.
October 30, 2018.
Track
Lights
Glass
Window
s
Wood
Flooring
Figure 4.32. “Gym Area of Seamarq Hotel”. Source: By the photographer Roland Halbe.
October 30, 2018.
Exterior
The hotel tower has low and rising connected buildings. The rising building contains
guest rooms, for the lower building it has restaurant, and spa. The hotel has a geometric form,
with polished concrete in the façade. Transparent and glass windows in order for the sunlight
to spread in all over the space. Moving on to the signage, there is no signage were placed in
the structure of the building.
Steel
Polished
Concrete
Beach
Roof
Swimming
Pool
Parking
Figure 4.33. “Building of Seamarq Hotel”. Source: By the photographer Roland Halbe.
November 10, 2020.
Competitor Study
Area:
2.5-acre spas
Location:
at Park Hyatt Jeddah - Marina, Club and Spa
Background description of the project:
At Evania Ladies’ Spa and Seba Gentleman’s Sports and Wellness Center, experience
upscale spa experiences that feature contemporary products and ancient healing rituals. Over the
years, our extraordinary 2.5-acre spas have won several accolades from the World Luxury Spa
Awards. The gem of our spas is hydrotherapy treatments that use water to reduce muscle tension,
encourage circulation and relieve stress.
General industry information:
Wellness industry in Saudi Arabia is a combination of products and services such as
health clubs, spas, cosmetic products and beauty salons and nutritional and dietary supplements,
Functional food & beverages. Health and wellness which was considered to be a fairly niche concept
in Saudi Arabia generally with a selected segment of the population especially the elite segment
concentrated in the cities of Riyadh and Jeddah, has recently gained mainstream audience. Wellness
market had increased at a CAGR of ~ % during 2010-2015. Wellness market had increased from USD
~ billion in 2010 to USD ~ billion in 2015 the major reason accounted for the growth in the market is
increase in the demand of personal care products and the services offered by the Fitness centers and
Spa & salons.

Marketing issues:
The marketing strategies for this spa facility is very basic and it’s relying on
the guests in the hotel and the word of mouth for advertising. There’re no social media
profiles on any platform which nowadays considered as something necessary.
Functions in the space:
includes a plush relaxation room with a private terrace, three hydrotherapy
suites and seven treatment rooms. Other blissful facets of this spa include a beauty salon at
Nile Studio, specialized therapeutic rooms, an indoor pool, a steam room and a sauna. The
studio oﬀers numerous classes to fit various workout habits, spacious tennis and squash
courts and a large aquamedic pool, and an outdoor pool exclusive for ladies.
White clean walls
Linear vertical
window to light the
space
Figure 4.35 interior image of Park Hyatt Jeddah.

Clean white
ceiling with
double height in
the middle
White pillars Large window

with very openings to
minimal design allow natural
light
Figure 4.36 interior image of Park Hyatt Jeddah.

Conclusion
Understating the advantages and disadvantages of the five precedent studies which are:
Abu Dhabi Ladies Club, Rosewood Hotel, Bandung Hilton Hotel, Hainan Blue Bay Westin
Resort Hotel, Seamarq Hotel. All the precedent studies focusing on the functions, materials
and color that plays a big role in the atmosphere of the place that help the users having a
relaxing and comfortable place. Moreover, having natural light in the space is very important
to let the users in the place feels fresh and spacious. Although, all finishes must be durable
and fire resistant in order to have a safe place. Besides, wood, ceramic, marble and concrete
were the most common materials that used in the flooring of the hotels.
CHAPTER 5: PRELIMINARY PROPOSAL FOR CAPSTONE II
This chapter indicates the space requirements. Moreover, understanding the relationship
between each function with the others. Alongside with analysing the finishes schedule of the
project. It contains the details for the interior such as criteria matrix, design program,
relationship diagram, finishing schedules, blocking, zoning, and Saudi building codes. This
chapter works as a reference to start our project. This chapter also includes the observation
and contribution of the thesis.
Criteria Matrix
Figure 5.1 Criteria Matrix

Design Program Schedule
11
11- 8
6-12
6-12
Lockers 7-9
12
5-10
Table 5.1. Design Program Schedule . Source: By author Alanoud Alnewaiser. November 10, 2020
Relationship Diagram
Finish Schedule
Figure 4.37 Bubble Diagram

Walls
Room Room level Flooring Ceiling Notes.
No. Name. N S E W
drop ceiling Durable

1. Reception + Ground Ceramic
waiting area window Door Reception window suspended materials
floor wood
ceiling
Ground drop ceiling

2. Offices Ceramic Acoustic
floor window open Tables window suspended
Carpet ceiling
Ground Ceramic drop ceiling

3. Massage window Painting Lighting suspended Acoustic
wood Door
floor Fixture
room ceiling
Durable
Facial Ground Lighting Painting drop ceiling
4. Ceramic window Door materials
room floor Fixture suspended
wood and
ceiling
colorful
Ground Ceramic drop ceiling open
5. Gym floor Vinyl Mirror window Door Mirror suspended spaces
ceiling
Lighting drop ceiling

Ground
6. W.C Tiles Fixture Mirror Door window suspended Acoustic
floor
ceiling
Lighting drop ceiling Acoustic

Therapy Ground Ceramic Door
7. window Painting suspended
room floor wood Fixture
ceiling
Ceramic drop ceiling

Break Ground Mirror window Door Lighting suspended
8. wood Acoustic
room floor Fixture ceiling
drop ceiling Acoustic

Security Ground Ceramic Lighting suspended
9. Mirror window Door
room floor Fixture ceiling
Ground Ceramic drop ceiling Over

Cafe window open
10. floor wood Tables bar suspended looking
ceiling view
Ground Ceramic drop ceiling NA

Check Up Painting Door Mirror
11. floor wood window suspended
room
ceiling
Ceramic
12.
Outdoor Ground Tiles bar window Door Seatng Skylight Durable
swimming pool floor materials
Table 5.2. Design Program Schedule . Source: By author Alanoud Alnewaiser. November 10, 2020
Saudi Building Codes
Saudi Building Codes

The below materials are retrained from the original building codes and add reference:
CHAPTER 7 FIRE AND SMOKE RAMP. • EXIT ACCESS

PROTECTION STAIRWAY. • F RATING. • FIRE
FEATURES BARRIER. • FIRE DAMPER. • FIRE
SECTION 701 GENERAL 701.1 DOOR. • FIRE DOOR ASSEMBLY. •
Scope. The provisions of this chapter FIRE PARTITION. • FIRE
shall govern the materials, systems, PROTECTION RATING. • FIRE-
assemblies used for structural fire RATED GLAZING. • FIRE
resistance and fire-resistance-rated RESISTANCE. • FIRE-RESISTANCE
RATING. • FIRE-RESISTANT JOINT
construction separation of adjacent SYSTEM. • FIRE SEPARATION
spaces to safeguard against the spread DISTANCE. • FIRE WALL. • FIRE
of fire and smoke within a building and WINDOW ASSEMBLY. •
the spread of fire to or from buildings. FIREBLOCKING. • FLOOR FIRE
701.2 Multiple use fire assemblies. DOOR ASSEMBLY. •
HORIZONTAL ASSEMBLY. •
INTERIOR EXIT STAIRWAY. •
Fire assemblies that serve multiple
JOINT. • L RATING. • MEMBRANE
purposes in a building shall comply
PENETRATION. • MEMBRANE-
with all of the requirements that are
PENETRATION FIRESTOP. •
applicable for each of the individual
MEMBRANE-PENETRATION
fire assemblies. SECTION 702
FIRESTOP SYSTEM. • MINERAL
DEFINITIONS 702.1 Definitions. The
FIBER. • MINERAL WOOL. •
following terms are defined in Chapter
PENETRATION FIRESTOP. • SELF-
2: • ANNULAR SPACE. • ATRIUM. •
CLOSING. • SHAFT. • SHAFT
BUILDING ELEMENT. • CEILING
ENCLOSURE. • SMOKE BARRIER.
RADIATION DAMPER. •
• SMOKE COMPARTMENT. •
COMBINATION FIRE/SMOKE
SMOKE DAMPER. • SPLICE. • T
DAMPER. • CONTROL AREA. •
RATING. • THROUGH
CORRIDOR DAMPER. • DAMPER. •
PENETRATION. • THROUGH-
DRAFTSTOP. • EXIT
PENETRATION FIRESTOP
PASSAGEWAY. • EXIT ACCESS
SYSTEM. SECTION 703 FIRE- in gypsum and Portland cement

concrete mixtures for fire-resistance-
RESISTANCE RATINGS AND FIRE rated construction. Any component
TESTS 703.1 Scope. Materials material or admixture is permitted in
prescribed herein for fire resistance assemblies if the resulting tested
shall conform to the requirements of assembly meets the fire-resistance test
this chapter. requirements of this code. 703.2.3
703.2 Fire-resistance ratings. The fire Restrained classification. Fire-
resistance rating of building elements, resistance rated assemblies tested
components or assemblies shall be under ASTM E 119 or UL 263 shall
determined in accordance with the test not be restrained unless evidence
procedures set forth in ASTM E 119 or satisfactory to the building official is
UL 263 or in accordance with Section furnished by the registered design
703.3. The fire-resistance rating of
penetrations and fire-resistant joint
systems shall be determined in professional showing that the
accordance Sections 714 and 715, construction qualifies for a restrained
respectively. 703.2.1 Nonsymmetrical classification in accordance with
wall construction. Interior walls and ASTM E 119 or UL 263. Restrained
partitions of nonsymmetrical construction shall be identified on the
construction shall be tested with both construction documents. 703.2.4
faces exposed to the furnace, and the Supplemental features. Where
assigned fire-resistance rating shall be materials, systems or devices that have
the shortest duration obtained from the not been tested as part of a fire-
two tests conducted in compliance with resistance-rated assembly are
ASTM E 119 or UL 263. Where incorporated into the building element,
evidence is furnished to show that the component or assembly, sufficient data
wall was tested with the least fire- shall be made available to the building
resistant side exposed to the furnace, official to show that the required fire
subject to acceptance of the building resistance rating is not reduced.
official, the wall need not be subjected 703.2.5 Exterior bearing walls. In
to tests from the opposite side (see determining the fire-resistance rating
Section 705.5 for exterior walls). of exterior bearing walls, compliance
703.2.2 Combustible components. with the ASTM E 119 or UL 263
Combustible aggregates are permitted criteria for unexposed surface
temperature rise and ignition of cotton based on a comparison of building

waste due to passage of flame or gases element, component or assemblies'
is required only for a period of time designs having fire-resistance ratings
corresponding to the required fire- as determined by the test procedures
resistance rating of an exterior set forth in ASTM E 119 or UL 263. 5.
nonbearing wall with the same fire Alternative protection methods as
separation distance, and in a building allowed by Section 104.11. 6. Fire-
of the same group. Where the fire- resistance designs certified by an
resistance rating determined in approved agency. 703.4 Automatic
accordance with this exception exceeds sprinklers. Under the prescriptive fire-
the fire resistance rating determined in resistance requirements of this code,
accordance with ASTM E 119 or UL the fire-resistance rating of a building
263, the fire exposure time period, element, component or assembly shall
water pressure and application duration be established without the use of
criteria for the hose stream test of automatic sprinklers or any other fire
ASTM E 119 or UL 263 shall be based suppression system being incorporated
on the fire-resistance rating determined as part of the assembly tested in
in accordance with this section. 703.3 accordance with the fire exposure,
Methods for determining fire procedures and acceptance criteria
resistance. The application of any of specified in ASTM E 119 or UL 263.
the methods listed in this section shall However, this section shall not prohibit
be based on the fire exposure and or limit the duties and powers of the
acceptance criteria specified in ASTM building official allowed by SBC 100.
E 119 or UL 263. The required fire 703.5 No combustibility tests. The
resistance of a building element, tests indicated in Sections 703.5.1 and
component or assembly shall be 703.5.2 shall serve as criteria for
permitted to be established by any of acceptance of building materials as set
the following methods or procedures: forth in Sections 602.2, 602.3 and
1. Fire-resistance designs documented 602.4 in Type I, II, III and IV
in approved sources. 2. Prescriptive constructions. The term
designs of fire-resistance-rated “noncombustible” does not apply to
building elements, components or the flame spread characteristics of
assemblies as prescribed in Section interior finish or trim materials. A
721. 3. Calculations in accordance with material shall not be classified as a
Section 722. 4. Engineering analysis noncombustible building construction
material if it is subject to an increase in permanently identified with signs or

combustibility or flame spread beyond stenciling in the concealed space. Such
the limitations herein established identification shall: 1. Be located
through the effects of age, moisture or within 4.5 m of the end of each wall
other atmospheric conditions. 703.5.1 and at intervals not exceeding 9 m
Elementary materials. Materials measured horizontally along the wall
required to be noncombustible shall be or partition. 2. Include lettering not
tested in accordance with ASTM E less than 75 mm in height with a
136. 703.5.2 Composite materials. minimum 10 mm stroke in a
Materials having a structural base of contrasting color incorporating the
noncombustible material as determined suggested wording, “FIRE AND/OR
in accordance with Section 703.5.1 SMOKE BARRIER—PROTECT ALL
with a surfacing not more than 3.2 mm OPENINGS,” or other wording.
thick that has a flame spread index not
greater than 50 when tested in SECTION 720 THERMAL- AND
accordance with ASTM E 84 or UL SOUND-INSULATING
723 shall be acceptable as MATERIALS
noncombustible materials. 703.6 Fire- 720.1 General. Insulating materials,
resistance-rated glazing. Fire including facings such as vapor
resistance-rated glazing, when tested in retarders and vapor permeable
accordance with ASTM E 119 or UL membranes, similar coverings and all
263 and complying with the layers of single and multilayer
requirements of Section 707, shall be reflective foil insulations, shall comply
permitted. Fire-resistance-rated glazing with the requirements of this section.
shall bear a label marked in accordance Where a flame spread index or a
with Table 716.3 issued by an agency smoke-developed index is specified in
and shall be permanently identified on this section, such index shall be
the glazing. 703.7 Marking and determined in accordance with ASTM
identification. Where there is an E 84 or UL 723. Any material that is
accessible concealed floor, floor- subject to an increase in flame spread
ceiling or attic space, fire walls, fire index or smoke developed index
barriers, fire partitions, smoke barriers beyond the limits herein established
and smoke partitions or any other wall through the effects of age, moisture or
required to have protected openings or other atmospheric conditions shall not
penetrations shall be effectively and be permitted.

Exceptions: 1. Fiberboard insulation multilayer reflective plastic core

shall comply with approved method. 2. insulation shall comply with Section
Foam plastic insulation shall comply 2613. 720.3 Exposed installation.
with Chapter 26. 3. Duct and pipe Insulating materials, where exposed as
insulation and duct and pipe coverings installed in buildings of any type of
and linings in plenums shall comply construction, shall have a flame spread
with the SBC-501. 4. All layers of index of not more than 25 and a
single and multilayer reflective plastic smoke-developed index of not more
core insulation shall comply with than 450. Exception: Cellulosic fiber
Section 2613. loose-fill insulation complying with
720.2 Concealed installation. the requirements of Section 720.6 shall
Insulating materials, where concealed not be required to meet a flame spread
as installed in buildings of any type of index requirement but shall be required
construction, shall have a flame spread to meet a smoke developed index of
index of not more than 25 and a smoke not more than 450 when tested in
developed index of not more than 450. accordance with CAN/ULC S102.2.
Exception: Cellulosic fiber loose-fill 720.3.1 Attic floors. Exposed
insulation complying with the insulation materials installed on attic
requirements of Section 720.6 shall not floors shall have a critical radiant flux
be required to meet a flame spread of not less than 1200 watt per square
index requirement but shall be required meter when tested in accordance with
to meet a smoke developed index of ASTM E 970. 720.4 Loose-fill
not more than 450 when tested in insulation. Loose-fill insulation
accordance with CAN/ULC S102.2. materials that cannot be mounted in the
720.2.1 Facings. Where such materials ASTM E 84 or UL 723 apparatus
are installed in concealed spaces in without a screen or artificial supports
buildings of Type III, IV or V shall comply with the flame spread and
construction, the flame spread and smoke-developed limits of Sections
smoke-developed limitations do not 720.2 and 720.3 when tested in
apply to facings, coverings, and layers accordance with CAN/ULC S102.2.
of reflective foil insulation that are Exception: Cellulosic fiber loose-fill
installed behind and in substantial insulation shall not be required to meet
contact with the unexposed surface of a flame spread index requirement when
the ceiling, wall or floor finish. tested in accordance with CAN/ULC
Exception: All layers of single and S102.2, provided such insulation has a
smoke-developed index of not more materials. 801.2 Interior wall and

than 450 and complies with the ceiling finish. The provisions of
requirements of Section 720.6. 720.5 Section 803 shall limit the allowable
Roof insulation. The use of fire performance and smoke
combustible roof insulation not development of interior wall and
complying with Sections 720.2 and ceiling finish materials based on
720.3 shall be permitted in any type of occupancy classification. 801.3 Interior
construction if insulation is covered floor finish. The provisions of Section
with approved roof coverings directly 804 shall limit the allowable fire
applied thereto. 720.6 Cellulosic fiber performance of interior floor finish
loose-fill insulation and self-supported materials based on occupancy
spray-applied cellulosic insulation. classification. 801.4 Decorative
Cellulosic fiber loose-fill insulation materials and trim. Decorative
and self-supported spray-applied materials and trim shall be restricted by
cellulosic insulation shall comply with combustibility, fire performance or
CPSC 16 CFR Parts 1209 and 1404. flame propagation performance criteria
Each package of such insulating in accordance with Section 806. 801.5
material shall be clearly labeled in Applicability. For buildings in flood
accordance with CPSC 16 CFR Parts hazard areas as established in Section
1209 and 1404. 1612.3, interior finishes, trim and
720.7 Insulation and covering on pipe decorative materials below the
and tubing. Insulation and covering on elevation required by Section 1612
pipe and tubing shall have a flame shall be flood-damage-resistant
spread index of not more than 25 and a materials. 801.6 Application.
smoke-developed index of not more Combustible materials shall be
than 450. Exception: Insulation and permitted to be used as finish for walls,
covering on pipe and tubing installed ceilings, floors and other interior
in plenums shall comply with the SBC- surfaces of buildings. 801.7 Windows.
501. Show windows in the exterior walls of
CHAPTER 8 INTERIOR the first story above grade plane shall
FINISHES be permitted to be of wood or of
SECTION 801 GENERAL 801.1 unprotected metal framing. 801.8
Scope. The provisions of this chapter Foam plastics. Foam plastics shall not
shall govern the use of materials used be used as interior finish except as
as interior finishes, trim and decorative provided in Section 803.4. Foam
plastics shall not be used as interior Section 803.1.2. 803.1.2 Room corner
trim except as provided in Section test for interior wall or ceiling finish
806.5 or 2604.2. This section shall materials. Interior wall or ceiling finish
apply both to exposed foam plastics materials shall be permitted to be
and to foam plastics used in tested in accordance with NFPA 286.
conjunction with a textile or vinyl Interior wall or ceiling finish materials
facing or cover. SECTION 802 tested in accordance with NFPA 286
DEFINITIONS 802.1 Definitions. The shall comply with Section 803.1.2.1.
following terms are defined in Chapter 803.1.2.1 Acceptance criteria for
2: SECTION 803 WALL AND NFPA 286. The interior finish shall
CEILING FINISHES 803.1 General. comply with the following: 1. During
Interior wall and ceiling finish the 40-kW exposure, flames shall not
materials shall be classified for fire spread to the ceiling. 2. The flame shall
performance and smoke development not spread to the outer extremity of the
in accordance with Section 803.1.1 or sample on any wall or ceiling. 3.
803.1.2, except as shown in Sections Flashover, as defined in NFPA 286,
803.2 through 803.13. Materials tested shall not occur. 4. The peak heat
in accordance with Section 803.1.2 release rate throughout the test shall
shall not be required to be tested in not exceed 800 kW.
accordance with Section 803.1.1. 5. The total smoke released throughout
803.1.1 Interior wall and ceiling finish the test shall not exceed 1,000 m2.
materials. Interior wall and ceiling 803.1.3 Room corner test for textile
finish materials shall be classified in wall coverings and expanded vinyl
accordance with ASTM E84 or UL wall coverings. Textile wall coverings
723. Such interior finish materials shall and expanded vinyl wall coverings
be grouped in the following classes in shall meet the criteria of Section
accordance with their flame spread and 803.1.3.1 when tested in the manner
smoke-developed indexes. Class A: = intended for use in accordance with the
Flame spread index 0-25; smoke Method B protocol of NFPA 265 using
developed index 0-450. Class B: = the product-mounting system,
Flame spread index 26-75; smoke including adhesive. 803.1.3.1
developed index 0-450. Class C: = Acceptance criteria for NFPA 265. The
Flame spread index 76-200; smoke interior finish shall comply with the
developed index 0-450. Exception: following: 1. During the 40-kW
Materials tested in accordance with exposure, flames shall not spread to the
ceiling. 2. The flame shall not spread in conjunction with a textile or vinyl
to the outer extremities of the samples facing or cover. 803.5 Textile wall
on the 2400 by 3600 mm walls. 3. coverings. Where used as interior wall
Flashover, as defined in NFPA 265, finish materials, textile wall coverings,
shall not occur. 4. The total smoke including materials having woven or
released throughout the test shall not nonwoven, napped, tufted, looped or
exceed 1,000 m2 . 803.1.4 Acceptance similar surface and carpet and similar
criteria for textile and expanded vinyl textile materials, shall be tested in the
wall or ceiling coverings tested to
ASTM E84 or UL 723. Textile wall manner intended for use, using the
and ceiling coverings and expanded product mounting system, including
vinyl wall and ceiling coverings shall adhesive, and shall comply with the
have a Class A flame spread index in requirements of Section 803.1.2,
accordance with ASTM E84 or UL 723 803.1.3 or 803.1.4. 803.6 Textile
and be protected by an automatic ceiling coverings. Where used as
sprinkler system installed in interior ceiling finish materials, textile
accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or ceiling coverings, including materials
903.3.1.2. Test specimen preparation having woven or nonwoven, napped,
and mounting shall be in accordance tufted, looped or similar surface and
with ASTM E2404. 803.2 Thickness carpet and similar textile materials,
exemption. Materials having a shall be tested in the manner intended
thickness less than 0.9 mm applied for use, using the product mounting
directly to the surface of walls or system, including adhesive, and shall
ceilings shall not be required to be comply with the requirements of
tested. 803.3 Heavy timber exemption. Section 803.1.2 or 803.1.4. 803.7
Exposed portions of building elements Expanded vinyl wall coverings. Where
complying with the requirements for used as interior wall finish materials,
buildings of Type IV construction in expanded vinyl wall coverings shall be
Section 602.4 shall not be subject to tested in the manner intended for use,
interior finish requirements. 803.4 using the product mounting system,
Foam plastics. Foam plastics shall not including adhesive, and shall comply
be used as interior finish except as with the requirements of Section
provided in Section 2603.9. This 803.1.2, 803.1.3 or 803.1.4. 803.8
section shall apply both to exposed Expanded vinyl ceiling coverings.
foam plastics and to foam plastics used Where used as interior ceiling finish
materials, expanded vinyl ceiling accordance with ASTM E84 or UL 723

coverings shall be tested in the manner is required. 803.12 Stability. Interior
intended for use, using the product finish materials regulated by this
mounting system, including adhesive, chapter shall be applied or otherwise
and shall comply with the requirements fastened in such a manner that such
of Section 803.1.2 or 803.1.4. 803.9 materials will not readily become
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) detached where subjected to room
and polypropylene (PP). Where high- temperatures of 93°C for not less than
density polyethylene or polypropylene 30 minutes. 803.13 Application of
is used as an interior finish it shall interior finish materials to fire
comply with Section 803.1.2. 803.10 resistance-rated or noncombustible
Site-fabricated stretch systems. Where building elements. Where interior
used as interior wall or interior ceiling finish materials are applied on walls,
finish materials, site-fabricated stretch ceilings or structural elements required
systems containing all three to have a fire-resistance rating or to be
components described in the definition of noncombustible construction, these
in Chapter 2 shall be tested in the finish materials shall comply with the
manner intended for use and shall provisions of this section. 803.13.1
comply with the requirements of Direct attachment and furred
Section 803.1.1 or 803.1.2. If the construction. Where walls and ceilings
materials are tested in accordance with are required by any provision in this
ASTM E84 or UL 723, specimen code to be of fire resistance-rated or
preparation and mounting shall be in noncombustible construction, the
accordance with ASTM E2573. 803.11 interior finish material shall be applied
Interior finish requirements based on directly against such construction or to
group. Interior wall and ceiling finish furring strips not exceeding 44 mm,
shall have a flame spread index not applied directly against such surfaces.
greater than that specified in Table 803.13.1.1 Furred construction. If the
803.11 for the group and location interior finish material is applied to
designated. Interior wall and ceiling furring strips, the intervening spaces
finish materials tested in accordance between such furring strips shall
with NFPA 286 and meeting the comply with one of the following: 1.
acceptance criteria of Section Be filled with material that is inorganic
803.1.2.1, shall be permitted to be used or noncombustible; 2. Be filled with
where a Class A classification in material that meets the requirements of
a Class A material in accordance with hangers and assembly members of

Section 803.1.1 or 803.1.2; or 3. Be dropped ceilings. 803.13.3 Heavy
fire-blocked at a maximum of 2.4 m in timber construction. Wall and ceiling
every direction in accordance with finishes of all classes as permitted in
Section 718. 803.13.2 Set-out this chapter that are installed directly
construction. Where walls and ceilings against the wood decking or planking
are required to be of fire resistance- of Type IV construction or to wood
rated or noncombustible construction furring strips applied directly to the
and walls are set out or ceilings are wood decking or planking shall be fire
dropped distances greater than blocked as specified in Section
specified in Section 803.13.1, Class A 803.13.1.1. 803.13.4 Materials. An
finish materials, in accordance with interior wall or ceiling finish material
Section 803.1.1 or 803.1.2, shall be that is not more than 6.5 mm thick
used. Exceptions: 1. Where interior shall be applied directly onto the wall,
finish materials are protected on both ceiling or structural element without
sides by an automatic sprinkler system the use of furring strips and shall not
in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 be suspended away from the building
or 903.3.1.2. 2. Where interior finish element to which that finish material it
materials are attached to is applied. Exceptions: 1.
noncombustible backing or furring Noncombustible interior finish
strips installed as specified in Section materials. 2. Materials that meet the
803.13.1.1. 803.13.2.1 Hangers and requirements of Class A materials in
assembly members. The hangers and accordance with Section 803.1.1 or
assembly members of such dropped 803.1.2 where the qualifying tests were
ceilings that are below the horizontal made with the material furred out from
fire resistance-rated floor or roof the noncombustible backing shall be
assemblies shall be of noncombustible permitted to be used with furring
materials. The construction of each set- strips. 3. Materials that meet the
out wall and horizontal fire-resistance- requirements of Class A materials in
rated floor or roof assembly shall be of accordance with Section 803.1.1 or
fire-resistance rated construction as 803.1.2 where the qualifying tests were
required elsewhere in this code. made with the material suspended
Exception: In Type III and V away from the noncombustible backing
construction, fire-retardant-treated shall be permitted to be used
wood shall be permitted for use as suspended away from the building
element. SECTION 804 INTERIOR shall be furnished to the building

FLOOR FINISH 804.1 General. official upon request. 804.4 Interior
Interior floor finish and floor covering floor finish requirements. Interior floor
materials shall comply with Sections covering materials shall comply with
804.2 through 804.4.2. Sections 804.4.1 and 804.4.2 and
Exception: Floor finishes and interior floor finish materials shall
coverings of a traditional type, such as comply with Section 804.4.2. 804.4.1
wood, vinyl, linoleum or terrazzo, and Test requirement. In all occupancies,
resilient floor covering materials that interior floor covering materials shall
are not comprised of fibers. 804.2 comply with ASTM D2859. 804.4.2
Classification. Interior floor finish and Minimum critical radiant flux. In all
floor covering materials required by occupancies, interior floor finish and
Section 804.4.2 to be of Class I or II floor covering materials in enclosures
materials shall be classified in for stairways and ramps, exit
accordance with NFPA 253. The passageways, corridors and rooms or
classification referred to herein spaces not separated from corridors by
corresponds to the classifications partitions extending from the floor to
determined by NFPA 253 as follows: the underside of the ceiling shall
Class I, 0.45 watts/cm2 or greater; withstand a minimum critical radiant
Class II, 0.22 watts/cm2 or greater. flux. The minimum critical radiant flux
804.3 Testing and identification. shall be not less than Class I in Groups
Interior floor finish and floor covering I-1, I-2 and I-3 and not less than Class
materials shall be tested by an agency II in Groups A, B, E, H, I-4, M, R-1,
in accordance with NFPA 253 and R-2 and S. Exception: Where a
identified by a hang tag or other building is equipped throughout with
suitable method so as to identify the an automatic sprinkler system in
manufacturer or supplier and style, and accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or
shall indicate the interior floor finish or 903.3.1.2, Class II materials are
floor covering classification in permitted in any area where Class I
accordance with Section 804.2. Carpet- materials are required, and materials
type floor coverings shall be tested as complying with DOC FF-1 “pill test”
proposed for use, including (CPSC 16 CFR Part 1630) or with
underlayment. Test reports confirming ASTM D2859 are permitted in any
the information provided in the area where Class II materials are
manufacturer’s product identification required. SECTION 805
COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS IN assembly or to wood subflooring

TYPES I AND II CONSTRUCTION attached to sleepers as provided for in
805.1 Application. Combustible Section 805.1.1. SECTION 806
materials installed on or embedded in DECORATIVE MATERIALS AND
floors of buildings of Type I or II TRIM 806.1 General. Combustible
construction shall comply with
Sections 805.1.1 through 805.1.3. decorative materials, other than
Exception: Stages and platforms decorative vegetation, shall comply
constructed in accordance with with Sections 806.2 through 806.8.
Sections 410.3 and 410.4, respectively. 806.2 Noncombustible materials. The
805.1.1 Subfloor construction. Floor permissible amount of noncombustible
sleepers, bucks and nailing blocks shall materials shall not be limited. 806.3
not be constructed of combustible Combustible decorative materials. In
materials, unless the space between the other than Group I-3, curtains,
fire-resistance-rated floor assembly draperies, fabric hangings and similar
and the flooring is either solidly filled combustible decorative materials
with noncombustible materials or fire suspended from walls or ceilings shall
blocked in accordance with Section comply with Section 806.4 and shall
718, and provided that such open not exceed 10 percent of the specific
spaces shall not extend under or wall or ceiling area to which such
through permanent partitions or walls. materials are attached.
805.1.2 Wood finish flooring. Wood Fixed or movable walls and partitions,
finish flooring is permitted to be paneling, wall pads and crash pads
attached directly to the embedded or applied structurally or for decoration,
fire blocked wood sleepers and shall be acoustical correction, surface
permitted where cemented directly to insulation or other purposes shall be
the top surface of fire-resistance-rated considered interior finish shall comply
floor assemblies or directly to a wood with Section 803 and shall not be
subfloor attached to sleepers as considered decorative materials or
provided for in Section 805.1.1. furnishings. Exceptions: 1. In
805.1.3 Insulating boards. Combustible auditoriums in Group A, the
insulating boards not more than 12.5 permissible amount of curtains,
mm thick and covered with finish draperies, fabric hangings and similar
flooring are permitted where attached combustible decorative materials
directly to a noncombustible floor suspended from walls or ceilings shall

not exceed 75 percent of the aggregate 289, using the 20 kW ignition source.
wall area where the building is Reports of test results shall be prepared
equipped throughout with an approved in accordance with the test method
automatic sprinkler system in used and furnished to the building
accordance with Section 903.3.1.1, and official upon request. 806.5 Foam
where the material is installed in plastic. Foam plastic used as trim in
accordance with Section 803.13 of this any occupancy shall comply with
code. 2. In Group R-2 dormitories, Section 2604.2. 806.6 Pyroxylin
within sleeping units and dwelling plastic. Imitation leather or other
units, the permissible amount of material consisting of or coated with a
curtains, draperies, fabric hangings and pyroxylin or similarly hazardous base
similar decorative materials suspended shall not be used in Group A
from walls or ceiling shall not exceed occupancies. 806.7 Interior trim.
50 percent of the aggregate wall areas Material, other than foam plastic used
where the building is equipped as interior trim, shall have a minimum
throughout with an approved automatic Class C flame spread and smoke-
sprinkler system installed in developed index when tested in
accordance with Section 903.3.1. 3. In accordance with ASTM E84 or UL
Group B and M occupancies, the 723, as described in Section 803.1.1.
amount of combustible fabric Combustible trim, excluding handrails
partitions suspended from the ceiling and guardrails, shall not exceed 10
and not supported by the floor shall percent of the specific wall or ceiling
comply with Section 806.4 and shall area in which it is attached. 806.8
not be limited. 806.4 Acceptance Interior floor-wall base. Interior floor
criteria and reports. Where required to wall base that is 150 mm or less in
exhibit improved fire performance, height shall be tested in accordance
curtains, draperies, fabric hangings and with Section 804.2 and shall be not
similar combustible decorative less than Class II. Where a Class I
materials suspended from walls or floor finish is required, the floor-wall
ceilings shall be tested by an approved base shall be Class I. Exception:
agency and meet the flame propagation Interior trim materials that comply
performance criteria of Test 1 or 2, as with Section806.7. SECTION 807
appropriate, of NFPA 701, or exhibit a INSULATION 807.1 Insulation.
maximum heat release rate of 100 kW Thermal and acoustical insulation shall
when tested in accordance with NFPA comply with Section 720. SECTION
808 ACOUSTICAL CEILING systems are required and shall apply to

SYSTEMS 808.1 Acoustical ceiling the design, installation and operation
systems. The quality, design, of fire protection systems. 901.2 Fire
fabrication and erection of metal protection systems. Fire protection
suspension systems for acoustical tile systems shall be installed, repaired,
and lay-in panel ceilings in buildings operated and maintained in accordance
or structures shall conform to generally with this code and the Saudi Fire Code
accepted engineering practice, the (SBC 801). Any fire protection system
provisions of this chapter and other for which an exception or reduction to
applicable requirements of this code. the provisions of this code has been
808.1.1 Materials and installation. granted shall be a required system.
Acoustical materials complying with Exception: Any fire protection system
the interior finish requirements of or portion thereof not required by this
Section 803 shall be installed in code shall be permitted to be installed
accordance with the manufacturer’s for partial or complete protection
recommendations and applicable provided that such system meets the
provisions for applying interior finish. requirements of this code. 901.3
808.1.1.1 Suspended acoustical Modifications. Persons shall not
ceilings. Suspended acoustical ceiling remove or modify any fire protection
systems shall be installed in system installed or maintained under
accordance with the provisions of the provisions of this code or the SBC
ASTM C635 and ASTM C636. 801 without approval by the building
808.1.1.2 Fire-resistance-rated official. 901.4 Threads. Threads
construction. Acoustical ceiling provided for civil defense connections
systems that are part of fire-resistance- to sprinkler systems, standpipes, yard
rated construction shall be installed in hydrants or any other fire hose
the same manner used in the assembly connection shall be compatible with
tested and shall comply with the the connections used by the local civil
provisions of Chapter 7. defense. 901.5 Acceptance tests. Fire
protection systems shall be tested in
CHAPTER 9 FIRE PROTECTION accordance with the requirements of
SYSTEMS this code and the SBC 801. When
SECTION 901 GENERAL 901.1 required, the tests shall be conducted in
Scope. The provisions of this chapter the presence of the building official.
shall specify where fire protection Tests required by this code, the SBC
801 and the standards listed in this emergency alarm, detection and
code shall be conducted at the expense automatic fire extinguishing systems in
of the owner or the owner's authorized Group H occupancies shall be in
agent. It shall be unlawful to occupy accordance with the SBC 801. 901.7
portions of a structure until the Fire areas. Where buildings, or
required fire protection systems within portions thereof, are divided into fire
that portion of the structure have been areas so as not to exceed the limits
tested and approved. 901.6 established for requiring a fire
Supervisory service. Where required, protection system in accordance with
fire protection systems shall be this chapter, such fire areas shall be
monitored by an approved supervising separated by fire barriers constructed
station in accordance with NFPA 72. in accordance with Section 707 or
901.6.1 Automatic sprinkler systems. horizontal assemblies constructed in
Automatic sprinkler systems shall be accordance with Section 711, or both,
monitored by an approved supervising having a fire-resistance rating of not
station. Exceptions: 1. A supervising less than that determined in accordance
station is not required for automatic with Section 707.3.10.
sprinkler systems protecting one and General. Automatic sprinkler systems
two-family dwellings. 2. Limited area shall comply with this section. 903.1.1
systems serving fewer than 20 Alternative protection. Alternative
sprinklers. 901.6.2 Fire alarm systems. automatic fire-extinguishing systems
Fire alarm systems required by the complying with Section 904 shall be
provisions of Section 907.2 of this permitted instead of automatic
code and Sections 907.2 and 907.9 of sprinkler protection where recognized
the SBC 801 shall be monitored by an by the applicable standard and
approved supervising station in approved by the building official.
accordance with Section 907.6.6. 903.2 Where required. Approved
Exceptions: 1. Single and multiple- automatic sprinkler systems in new
station smoke alarms required by buildings and structures shall be
Section 907.2.11. 2. Smoke detectors provided in the locations described in
in Group I-3 occupancies. 3. Sections 903.2.1 through 903.2.12.
Supervisory service is not required for Exception: Spaces or areas in
automatic sprinkler systems in one and telecommunications buildings used
two-family dwellings. 901.6.3 Group exclusively for telecommunications
H. Supervision and monitoring of equipment, associated electrical power
distribution equipment, batteries and has an occupant load of 300 or more. 3.

standby engines, provided those spaces The fire area is located on a floor other
or areas are equipped throughout with
an automatic smoke detection system than a level of exit discharge serving
in accordance with Section 907.2 and such occupancies. 4. The fire area
are separated from the remainder of the contains a multithreaded complex.
building by not less than 1-hour fire 903.2.1.2 Group A-2. An automatic
barriers constructed in accordance with sprinkler system shall be provided for
Section 707 or not less than 2-hour fire areas containing Group A-2
horizontal assemblies constructed in occupancies and intervening floors of
accordance with Section 711, or both. the building where one of the
903.2.1 Group A. An automatic following conditions exists: 1. The fire
sprinkler system shall be provided area exceeds 464.5m2. 2. The fire area
throughout buildings and portions has an occupant load of 100 or more. 3.
thereof used as Group A occupancies The fire area is located on a floor other
as provided in this section. For Group than a level of exit discharge serving
A-1, A-2, A-3 and A-4 occupancies, such occupancies. 903.2.1.3 Group A-
the automatic sprinkler system shall be 3. An automatic sprinkler system shall
provided throughout the story where be provided for fire areas containing
the fire area containing the Group A-1, Group A-3 occupancies and
A-2, A-3 or A-4 occupancy is located, intervening floors of the building
and throughout all stories from the where one of the following conditions
Group A occupancy to, and including, exists: 1. The fire area exceeds
the levels of exit discharge serving the 1115m2 . 2. The fire area has an
Group A occupancy. For Group A-5 occupant load of 300 or more. 3. The
occupancies, the automatic sprinkler fire area is located on a floor other than
system shall be provided in the spaces a level of exit discharge serving such
indicated in Section 903.2.1.5. occupancies.
903.2.1.1 Group A-1. An automatic Exception: Automatic Sprinkler
sprinkler system shall be provided for System is not required in detached
fire areas containing Group A-1 Mosque of Type I or Type II
occupancies and intervening floors of construction.
the building where one of the SECTION 907 FIRE ALARM AND
following conditions exists: 1. The fire DETECTION SYSTEMS
area exceeds 1115m2 . 2. The fire area 907.1 General. This section covers the
application, installation, performance devices and materials. 12. Details of

and maintenance of fire alarm systems ceiling height and construction. 13.
and their components. 907.1.1 The interface of fire safety control
Construction documents. Construction functions. 14. Classification of the
documents for fire alarm systems shall supervising station. 907.1.3
be of sufficient clarity to indicate the Equipment. Systems and components
location, nature and extent of the work shall be listed and approved for the
proposed and show in detail that it will purpose for which they are installed.
conform to the provisions of this code, 907.2 Where required—new buildings
the SBC 801 and relevant laws, and structures. An approved fire alarm
ordinances, rules and regulations, as system installed in accordance with the
determined by the building official. provisions of this code and NFPA 72
907.1.2 Fire alarm shop drawings. shall be provided in new buildings and
Shop drawings for fire alarm systems structures in accordance with Sections
shall be submitted for review and 907.2.1 through 907.2.23 and provide
approval prior to system installation, occupant notification in accordance
and shall include, but not be limited to, with Section 907.5, unless other
all of the following where applicable to requirements are provided by another
the system being installed: 1. A floor section of this code. Not fewer than
plan that indicates the use of all rooms. one manual fire alarm box shall be
2. Locations of alarm-initiating provided in an approved location to
devices. 3. Locations of alarm initiate a fire alarm signal for fire
notification appliances, including alarm systems employing automatic
candela ratings for visible alarm fire detectors or waterflow detection
notification appliances. 4. Design devices. Where other sections of this
minimum audibility level for occupant code allow elimination of fire alarm
notification. 5. Location of fire alarm boxes due to sprinklers, a single fire
control unit, transponders and alarm box shall be installed.
notification power supplies. 6. Exceptions: 1. The manual fire alarm
Annunciators. 7. Power connection. 8. box is not required for fire alarm
Battery calculations. 9. Conductor type systems dedicated to elevator recall
and sizes. 10. Voltage drop control and supervisory service.
calculations. 11. Manufacturers’ data 2. The manual fire alarm box is not
sheets indicating model numbers and required for Group R-2 occupancies
listing information for equipment, unless required by the building official
to provide a means for fire watch for the gas is at a level below the
personnel to initiate an alarm during a accepted PEL for the gas. 908.3.1
sprinkler system impairment event. Alarms. The gas detection system shall
Where provided, the manual fire alarm initiate a local alarm and transmit a
box shall not be in an area that is signal to a constantly attended control
accessible to the public. station when a short-term hazard
SECTION 908 EMERGENCY condition is detected. The alarm shall
ALARM SYSTEMS be both visible and audible and shall
908.1 Group H occupancies. provide warning both inside and
Emergency alarms for the detection outside the area where gas is detected.
and notification of an emergency The audible alarm shall be distinct
condition in Group H occupancies from all other alarms. Exception:
shall be provided in accordance with Signal transmission to a constantly
Section 415.5. 908.2 Group H-5 attended control station is not required
occupancy. Emergency alarms for when not more than one cylinder of
notification of an emergency condition highly toxic or toxic gas is stored.
in an HPM facility shall be provided as 908.3.2 Shutoff of gas supply. The gas
required in Section 415.11.3.5. A detection system shall automatically
continuous gas detection system shall close the shutoff valve at the source on
be provided for HPM gases in gas supply piping and tubing related to
accordance with Section 415.11.7. the system being monitored for
908.3 Highly toxic and toxic materials. whichever gas is detected. Exception:
A gas detection system shall be Automatic shutdown is not required for
provided to detect the presence of reactors utilized to produce highly
highly toxic or toxic gas at or below toxic or toxic compressed gases where
the permissible exposure limit (PEL) such reactors are: 1. Operated at
or ceiling limit of the gas for which pressures less than 103.4 kPa. 2.
detection is provided. The system shall Constantly attended. 3. Provided with
be capable of monitoring the discharge readily accessible emergency shutoff
from the treatment system at or below valves. 908.3.3 Valve closure. The
one-half the immediately dangerous to automatic closure of shutoff valves
life and health (IDLH) limit. shall be in accordance with the
Exception: A gas detection system is following: 1. When the gas-detection
not required for toxic gases when the sampling point initiating the gas
physiological warning threshold level detection system alarm is within a gas
cabinet or exhausted enclosure, the 908.5 Repair garages. A flammable-

shutoff valve in the gas cabinet or gas detection system shall be provided
exhausted enclosure for the specific in repair garages for vehicles fueled by
gas detected shall automatically close. nonmotorized gases in accordance with
2. Where the gas-detection sampling Section 406.8.5. 908.6 Refrigerant
point initiating the gas detection detector. Machinery rooms shall
system alarm is within a gas room and contain a refrigerant detector with an
compressed gas containers are not in audible and visual alarm. The detector,
gas cabinets or exhausted enclosures, or a sampling tube that draws air to the
the shutoff valves on all gas lines for detector, shall be in an area where
the specific gas detected shall refrigerant from a leak will
automatically close. 3. Where the gas- concentrate. The alarm shall be
detection sampling point initiating the actuated at a value not greater than the
gas detection system alarm is within a corresponding TLV-TWA values for
piping distribution manifold enclosure, the refrigerant classification shown in
the shutoff valve for the compressed SBC 501 for the refrigerant
container of specific gas detected classification. Detectors and alarms
supplying the manifold shall shall be placed in approved locations.
automatically close. Exception: When The detector shall transmit a signal to
the gas-detection sampling point an approved location. 908.7 Carbon
initiating the gas detection system dioxide (CO2) systems. Emergency
alarm is at a use location or within a alarm systems in accordance with
gas valve enclosure of a branch line Section 5307.5.2 of the SBC 801 shall
downstream of a piping distribution be provided where required for
manifold, the shutoff valve in the gas compliance with Section 5307.5 of the
valve enclosure for the branch line SBC 801.
located in the piping distribution SECTION 912 CIVIL DEFENCE
manifold enclosure shall automatically CONNECTIONS
close. 908.4 Ozone gas-generator 912.1 Installation. Civil defense
rooms. Ozone gas generator rooms connections shall be installed in
shall be equipped with a continuous accordance with the NFPA standard
gas detection system that will shut off applicable to the system design and
the generator and sound a local alarm shall comply with Sections 912.2
when concentrations above the PEL through 912.6. 912.2 Location. With
occur. respect to hydrants, driveways,
buildings and landscaping, civil and without obstruction by fences,

defense connections shall be so located bushes, trees, walls or any other fixed
that fire apparatus and hose connected or moveable object. Access to civil
to supply the system will not obstruct defense connections shall be approved
access to the buildings for other fire by the fire chief. Exception: Fences,
apparatus. The location of civil defense where provided with an access gate
connections shall be approved by the equipped with a sign complying with
fire chief. 912.2.1 Visible location. the legend requirements of this section
Civil defense connections shall be and a means of emergency operation.
located on the street side of buildings, The gate and the means of emergency
fully visible and recognizable from the operation shall always be approved by
street or nearest point of civil defense the fire chief and maintained
vehicle access or as otherwise operational. 912.4.1 Locking civil
approved by the fire chief. 912.2.2 defense connection caps. The building
Existing buildings. On existing official is authorized to require locking
buildings, wherever the civil defense caps on civil defense connections for
connection is not visible to water-based fire protection systems
approaching fire apparatus, the civil where the responding civil defense
defense connection shall be indicated carries appropriate key wrenches for
by an approved sign mounted on the removal. 912.4.2 Clear space around
street front or on the side of the connections. A working space of not
building. Such sign shall have the less than 900 mm in width, 900 mm in
letters “CDC” not less than 150 mm depth and 1.95 m in height shall be
high and words in letters not less than provided and maintained in front of
50 mm high or an arrow to indicate the and to the sides of wall mounted civil
location. Such signs shall be subject to defense connections and around the
the approval of the building official. circumference of free-standing civil
912.3 Fire hose threads. Fire hose defense connections, except as
threads used in connection with otherwise required or approved by the
standpipe systems shall be approved fire chief.
and shall be compatible with civil 912.4.3 Physical protection. Where
civil defense connections are subject to
defense hose threads. 912.4 Access. impact by a motor vehicle, vehicle
Immediate access to civil defense impact protection shall be provided in
connections shall always be maintained accordance with Section 312 of the
SBC 801. 912.5 Signs. A metal sign mechanical ventilation in accordance

with raised letters not less than 25 mm with SBC 501. Where the air
in size shall be mounted on all civil infiltration rate in a dwelling unit is
defense connections serving automatic less than 5 air changes per hour when
sprinklers, standpipes or fire pump tested with a blower door at a pressure
connections. Such signs shall read: 50 Pa in accordance with Section
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS or 402.4.1.2 of International Energy
STANDPIPES or TEST Conservation Code—Residential
CONNECTION or a combination Provisions (or its equivalent in SBC
thereof as applicable. Where the civil 602), the dwelling unit shall be
defense connection does not serve the ventilated by mechanical means in
entire building, a sign shall be accordance with Section 403 of SBC
provided indicating the portions of the 501. Ambulatory care facilities and
building served. 912.6 Backflow Group I-2 occupancies shall be
protection. The potable water supply to ventilated by mechanical means in
automatic sprinkler and standpipe accordance with Section 407 of SBC
systems shall be protected against 501.
backflow as required by SBC 701.
CHAPTER 12 INTERIOR 1203.2 Ventilation required. Enclosed
ENVIRONMENT attics and enclosed rafter spaces
SECTION 1201 GENERAL 1201.1 formed where ceilings are applied
Scope. The provisions of this chapter directly to the underside of roof
shall govern ventilation, temperature framing members shall have cross
control, lighting, yards and courts, ventilation for each separate space by
sound transmission, room dimensions, ventilation openings protected against
surrounding materials and rodent the entrance of rain and snow.
proofing associated with the interior Blocking and bridging shall be
spaces of buildings. SECTION 1202 arranged so as not to interfere with the
DEFINITIONS 1202.1 General. The movement of air. An airspace of not
following terms are defined in Chapter less than 25 mm shall be provided
2: between the insulation and the roof
SECTION 1203 VENTILATION sheathing. The net free ventilating area
1203.1 General. Buildings shall be shall be not less than 1/150 of the area
provided with natural ventilation in of the space ventilated. Ventilators
accordance with Section 1203.4, or shall be installed in accordance with

manufacturer’s installation larger than 6.4 mm shall be provided

instructions. Exception: The net free with corrosion-resistant wire cloth
cross-ventilation area shall be screening, hardware cloth, perforated
permitted to be reduced to 1/300 vinyl or similar material with openings
provided both of the following having a least dimension of not less
conditions are met: 1. In Climate than 1.6 mm and not more than 6.4
Zones 6, 7 and 8, a Class I or II vapor mm. Where combustion air is obtained
retarder is installed on the warm-in from an attic area, it shall be in
winter side of the ceiling. 2. At least 40 accordance with Chapter 7 of SBC
percent and not more than 50 percent 501.
of the required venting area is provided 1203.3 Unvented attic and unvented
by ventilators located in the upper enclosed rafter assemblies. Unvented
portion of the attic or rafter space. attics and unvented enclosed roof
Upper ventilators shall be located not framing assemblies created by ceilings
more than 900 mm below the ridge or applied directly to the underside of the
highest point of the space, measured roof framing members/rafters and the
vertically, with the balance of the structural roof sheathing at the top of
ventilation provided by eave or cornice the roof framing members shall be
vents. Where the location of wall or permitted where all the following
roof framing members conflicts with conditions are met: 1. The unvented
the installation of upper ventilators, attic space is completely within the
installation more than 900 mm below building thermal envelope. 2. No
the ridge or highest point of the space interior Class I vapor retarders are
shall be permitted. installed on the ceiling side (attic floor)
1203.2.1 Openings into attic. Exterior of the unvented attic assembly or on
openings into the attic space of any the ceiling side of the unvented
building intended for human enclosed roof framing assembly.
occupancy shall be protected to 3. Where wood shingles or shakes are
prevent the entry of birds, squirrels, used, a minimum 6.4 mm vented
rodents, snakes and other similar airspace separates the shingles or
creatures. Openings for ventilation shakes and the roofing underlayment
having a least dimension of not less above the structural sheathing. 4. In
than 1.6 mm and not more than 6.4 Climate Zones 5, 6, 7 and 8, any air
mm shall be permitted. Openings for impermeable insulation shall be a
ventilation having a least dimension Class II vapor retarder or shall have a
Class II vapor retarder coating or directly under the air impermeable

covering in direct contact with the insulation. 5.1.4 Alternatively, enough
underside of the insulation. 5. rigid board or sheet insulation shall be
Insulation shall be in accordance with installed directly above the structural
roof sheathing to maintain the monthly
the following: 5.1. Item 5.1.1, 5.1.2, average temperature of the underside
5.1.3 or 5.1.4 shall be met, depending of the structural roof sheathing above
on the air permeability of the insulation 7°C. For calculation purposes, an
directly under the structural roof interior air temperature of 20°C is
sheathing. 5.1.1 Where only air assumed and the exterior air
impermeable insulation is provided, it temperature is assumed to be the
shall be applied in direct contact with monthly average outside air
the underside of the structural roof temperature of the three coldest
sheathing. 5.1.2 Where air-permeable months. 5.2. Where preformed
insulation is provided inside the insulation board is used as the air-
building thermal envelope, it shall be impermeable insulation layer, it shall
installed in accordance with Item 5.1. be sealed at the perimeter of each
In addition to the air-permeable individual sheet interior surface to
insulation installed directly below the form a continuous layer. Exceptions: 1.
structural sheathing, rigid board or Section 1203.3 does not apply to
sheet insulation shall be installed special use structures or enclosures
directly above the structural roof such as swimming pool enclosures,
sheathing in accordance with the R data processing centers, hospitals or art
values in Table 1203.3 for galleries. 2. Section 1203.3 does not
condensation control. 5.1.3 Where both apply to enclosures in Climate Zones 5
air impermeable and air permeable through 8 that are humidified beyond
insulation are provided, the air- 35 percent during the three coldest
impermeable insulation shall be months. 1203.4 Under-floor
applied in direct contact with the ventilation. The space between the
underside of the structural roof bottom of the floor joists and the earth
sheathing in accordance with Item under any building except spaces
5.1.1 and shall be in accordance with occupied by basements or cellars shall
the R values in Table 1203.3 for be provided with ventilation openings
condensation control. The air through foundation walls or exterior
permeable insulation shall be installed walls. Such openings shall be placed so
as to provide cross ventilation of the DRAINAGE. • EXTERIOR WALL. •

under-floor space. 1203.4.1 Openings EXTERIOR WALL COVERING. •
for under-floor ventilation. The net EXTERIOR WALL ENVELOPE. •
area of ventilation openings shall be FENESTRATION. • FIBER-CEMENT
not less than 0.67 m2 for each 100 m2 SIDING. • HIGH-PRESSURE
of crawl-space area. Ventilation DECORATIVE EXTERIORGRADE
openings shall be covered for their COMPACT LAMINATE (HPL). •
height and width with any of the HIGH-PRESSURE DECORATIVE
following materials, provided that the EXTERIORGRADE COMPACT
least dimension of the covering shall LAMINATE (HPL) SYSTEM. •
be not greater than 6.4 mm: 1. METAL COMPOSITE MATERIAL
Perforated sheet metal plates not less (MCM). • METAL COMPOSITE
than 1.8 mm thick. 2. Expanded sheet MATERIAL (MCM) SYSTEM. •
metal plates not less than 1.2 mm POLYPROPYLENE SIDING. •
thick. PORCELAIN TILE. • VENEER. •
CHAPTER 14 EXTERIOR WALLS VINYL SIDING. • WATER-
SECTION 1401 GENERAL 1401.1 RESISTIVE BARRIER. SECTION
Scope. The provisions of this chapter 1403 PERFORMANCE
shall establish the minimum REQUIREMENTS 1403.1 General.
requirements for exterior walls; The provisions of this section shall
exterior wall coverings; exterior wall apply to exterior walls, wall coverings
openings; exterior windows and doors; and components thereof. 1403.2
architectural trim; balconies and Weather protection. Exterior walls
similar projections; and bay and oriel shall provide the building with a
windows. SECTION 1402 weather-resistant exterior wall
DEFINITIONS 1402.1 Generals. The envelope. The exterior wall envelope
shall include flashing, as described in
following terms are defined in Chapter Section 1405.4. The exterior wall
2: • ADHERED MASONRY envelope shall be designed and
VENEER. • ANCHORED constructed in such a manner as to
MASONRY VENEER. • BACKING. • prevent the accumulation of water
EXTERIOR INSULATION AND within the wall assembly by providing
FINISH SYSTEMS (EIFS). • a water-resistive barrier behind the
EXTERIOR INSULATION AND exterior veneer, as described in Section
FINISH SYSTEMS (EIFS) WITH 1404.2, and a means for draining water
that enters the assembly to the exterior. considered to resist wind-driven rain
Protection against condensation in the where the results of testing indicate
exterior wall assembly shall be that water did not penetrate control
provided in accordance with Section joints in the exterior wall envelope,
1405.3. Exceptions: 1. A weather- joints at the perimeter of openings or
resistant exterior wall envelope shall intersections of terminations with
not be required over concrete or dissimilar materials. 3. Exterior
masonry walls designed in accordance insulation and finish systems (EIFS)
with Chapters 19 and 21, respectively. complying with Section 1408.4.1.
2. Compliance with the requirements 1403.3 Structural. Exterior walls, and
for a means of drainage, and the the associated openings, shall be
requirements of Sections 1404.2 and designed and constructed to resist
1405.4, shall not be required for an
exterior wall envelope that has been safely the superimposed loads required
demonstrated through testing to resist by Chapter 16.
wind-driven rain, including joints, 1403.4 Fire resistance. Exterior walls
penetrations and intersections with shall be fire-resistance rated as
dissimilar materials, in accordance required by other sections of this code
with ASTM E331 under the following with opening protection as required by
conditions: 2.1. Exterior wall envelope Chapter 7.
test assemblies shall include at least 1403.5 Vertical and lateral flame
one opening, one control joint, one propagation. Exterior walls on
wall/eave interface and one wall sill. buildings of Type I, II, III or IV
Tested openings and penetrations shall construction that are greater than 12 m
be representative of the intended end- in height above grade plane and
use configuration. 2.2. Exterior wall contain a combustible water resistive
envelope test assemblies shall be at barrier shall be tested in accordance
least 1200 mm by 2400 mm in size. with and comply with the acceptance
2.3. Exterior wall envelope assemblies criteria of NFPA 285. For the purposes
shall be tested at a minimum of this section, fenestration products
differential pressure of 0.3 kN/m2 . and flashing of fenestration products
2.4. Exterior wall envelope assemblies shall not be considered part of the
shall be subjected to a minimum test water-resistive barrier.
exposure duration of 2 hours. The Exceptions: 1. Walls in which the
exterior wall envelope design shall be water-resistive barrier is the only

combustible component and the mounted on or penetrate through

exterior wall has a wall covering of exterior walls that are designed to
brick, concrete, stone, terracotta, break away under flood loads.
stucco or steel with minimum SECTION 1404 MATERIALS 1404.1
thicknesses in accordance with Table General. Materials used for the
1405.2. 2. Walls in which the water- construction of exterior walls shall
resistive barrier is the only combustible comply with the provisions of this
component and the water-resistive section. Materials not prescribed herein
barrier has a peak heat release rate of shall be permitted, provided that any
less than 150 kW/m2 , a total heat such alternative has been approved.
release of less than 20 MJ/m2 and an 1404.2 Water-resistive barrier. Not
effective heat of combustion of less fewer than one layer of No.15 asphalt
than 18 MJ/kg as determined in felt, complying with ASTM D226 for
accordance with ASTM E1354 and has Type 1 felt or other approved
a flame spread index of 25 or less and materials, shall be attached to the studs
a smoke-developed index of 450 or or sheathing, with flashing as
less as determined in accordance with described in Section 1405.4, in such a
ASTM E84 or UL 723. The ASTM manner as to provide a continuous
E1354 test shall be conducted on water-resistive barrier behind the
specimens at the thickness intended for exterior wall veneer.
use, in the horizontal orientation and at 1404.2 Water-resistive barrier. Not
an incident radiant heat flux of 50 fewer than one layer of No.15 asphalt
kW/m2 . 1403.6 Flood resistance. For felt, complying with ASTM D226 for
buildings in flood hazard areas as Type 1 felt or other approved
established in Section 1612.3, exterior materials, shall be attached to the studs
walls extending below the elevation or sheathing, with flashing as
required by Section 1612 shall be described in Section 1405.4, in such a
constructed with flood-damage- manner as to provide a continuous
resistant materials. 1403.7 Flood water-resistive barrier behind the
resistance for coastal high-hazard areas exterior wall veneer.
and coastal A zones. For buildings in 1404.4 Masonry. Exterior walls of
coastal high-hazard areas and coastal A masonry construction shall be designed
zones as established in Section 1612.3,
electrical, mechanical and plumbing and constructed in accordance with this
system components shall not be section and Chapter 21. Masonry units,
mortar and metal accessories used in assemblies conform to the

anchored and adhered veneer shall requirements of Chapter 26 and are
meet the physical requirements of constructed of approved weather
Chapter 21. The backing of anchored resistant materials of adequate strength
and adhered veneer shall be of to resist the wind loads for cladding
concrete, masonry, steel framing or specified in Chapter 16.
wood framing. Continuous insulation
meeting the applicable requirements of 1404.9 Vinyl siding. Vinyl siding shall
this code shall be permitted between be certified and labeled as conforming
the backing and the masonry veneer. to the requirements of ASTM D3679
1404.5 Metal. Exterior walls by an approved quality control agency.
constructed of cold formed steel, 1404.10 Fiber-cement siding. Fiber
structural steel or aluminum shall be cement siding shall conform to the
designed in accordance with Chapters requirements of ASTM C1186, Type A
22 and 20, respectively. (or ISO 8336, Category A), and shall
1404.5.1 Aluminum siding. Aluminum be so identified on labeling listing an
siding shall conform to the approved quality control agency.
requirements of AAMA 1402. 1404.11 Exterior insulation and finish
1404.5.2 Cold-rolled copper. Copper systems. Exterior insulation and finish
shall conform to the requirements of systems (EIFS) and exterior insulation
ASTM B370. 1404.5.3 Lead-coated and finish systems (EIFS) with
copper. Lead coated copper shall drainage shall comply with Section
conform to the requirements of ASTM 1408.
B101. 1404.6 Concrete. Exterior walls 1404.12 Polypropylene siding.
of concrete construction shall be Polypropylene siding shall be certified
designed and constructed in and labeled as conforming to the
accordance with Chapter 19. requirements of ASTM D7254 and
1404.7 Glass-unit masonry. Exterior those of Section 1404.12.1 or
walls of glass-unit masonry shall be 1404.12.2 by an approved quality
designed and constructed in control agency. Polypropylene siding
accordance with Chapter 21. 1404.8 shall be installed in accordance with
Plastics. Plastic panel, apron or the requirements of Section 1405.18
spandrel walls as defined in this code and in accordance with the
shall not be limited in thickness, manufacturer’s instructions.
provided that such plastics and their Polypropylene siding shall be secured
to the building so as to provide weather soil.

protection for the exterior walls of the 1901.3 Anchoring to concrete.
building. 1404.12.1 Flame spread Anchoring to concrete shall be in
index. The certification of the flame accordance with SBC 304, and applies
spread index shall be accompanied by to cast-in (headed bolts, headed studs
a test report stating that all portions of and hooked J- or L-bolts), post-
the test specimen ahead of the flame installed expansion (torque-controlled
front remained in position during the and displacement-controlled), undercut
test in accordance with ASTM E84 or and adhesiveanchors.
UL 723. 1404.12.2 Fire separation 1901.4 Composite structural steel and
distance. The fire separation distance concrete structures. Systems of
between a building with polypropylene structural steel acting compositely with
siding and the adjacent building shall reinforced concrete shall be designed
be not less than 3 m. 1404.13 Foam in accordance with Section 22.6 of this
plastic insulation. Foam plastic code.
insulation used in exterior wall 1901.4 Composite structural steel and
concrete structures. Systems of
covering assemblies shall comply with structural steel acting compositely with
Chapter 26. reinforced concrete shall be designed
CHAPTER 19 CONCRETE in accordance with Section 22.6 of this
SECTION 1901 GENERAL 1901.1 code.
Scope. The provisions of this chapter 1901.5 Construction documents. The
shall govern the materials, quality construction documents for structural
control, design and construction of concrete construction shall include: 1.
concrete used in structures. 1901.2 The specified compressive strength of
Plain and reinforced concrete.
Structural concrete shall be designed
and constructed in accordance with the concrete at the stated ages or stages of
requirements of this chapter and SBC construction for which each concrete
304. Except for the provisions of element is designed. 2. The specified
Sections 19.4 and 19.7, the design and strength or grade of reinforcement. 3.
construction of slabs on grade shall not The size and location of structural
be governed by this chapter unless they elements, reinforcement and anchors.
transmit vertical loads or lateral forces 4. Provision for dimensional changes
from other parts of the structure to the resulting from creep, shrinkage and
temperature. 5. For prestressed produce concrete, concrete itself and

concrete, the magnitude and location of testing thereof shall comply with the
prestressing forces. 6. Anchorage
length of reinforcement and location applicable standards listed in SBC 304.
and length of lap splices. 7. Type and 1903.2 Special inspections. Where
location of mechanical and welded required, special inspections and tests
splices of reinforcement. 8. Details and shall be in accordance with Chapter 17.
location of contraction or isolation 1903.3 Glass fiber-reinforced concrete.
joints specified for plain concrete. 9. Glass fiber-reinforced concrete
For posttensioned members, minimum (GFRC) and the materials used in such
concrete compressive strength at time concrete shall be in accordance with
of posttensioning. 10. Stressing the PCI MNL 128 standard. 1903.4
sequence for posttensioning tendons. Flat wall insulating concrete form
11. For structures assigned to Seismic (ICF) systems. Insulating concrete
Design Category D, E or F, a statement form material used for forming flat
if slab on grade is designed as a concrete walls shall conform to ASTM
structural diaphragm. 12. Other E 2634.
relevant design and construction SECTION 1904 DURABILITY
information required by SBC 301 and REQUIREMENTS 1904.1 Structural
Chapter 26 of SBC 304. concrete. Structural concrete shall
1901.6 Special inspections and tests. conform to the durability requirements
Special inspections and tests of of SBC 304. 1904.2 Nonstructural
concrete elements of buildings and concrete. The registered design
structures and concreting operations professional shall assign appropriate
shall be as required by Chapter 17. durability requirements for
SECTION 1902 DEFINITIONS nonstructural concrete. SECTION
1902.1 General. The words and terms 1905 MODIFICATIONS TO SBC 304
defined in SBC 304 shall, for the 1905.1 General. Appropriate
purposes of this chapter and as used modifications were implemented in the
elsewhere in this code for concrete definitions and sections of Chapter 14,
construction, have the meanings shown 17 and 18 of SBC 304 to be consistent
in SBC 304. with SBC 301 terminology and
SECTION 1903 SPECIFICATIONS requirements. SECTION 1906
FOR TESTS AND MATERIALS STRUCTURAL PLAIN CONCRETE
1903.1 General. Materials used to 1906.1 Scope. The design and

construction of structural plain shotcrete meeting the strength

concrete, both cast-in-place and requirements of this code. 1908.3
precast, shall comply with the Aggregate. Coarse aggregate, if used,
minimum requirements of SBC 304. shall not exceed 19 mm. 1908.4
SECTION 1907 MINIMUM SLAB Reinforcement. Reinforcement used in
PROVISIONS 1907.1 General. The shotcrete construction shall comply
thickness of concrete floor slabs with the provisions of Sections
supported directly on the ground shall 19.8.4.1 through 19.8.4.4. 1908.4.1
not be less than 90 mm. A 150 microns Size. The maximum size of
(0.15 mm) polyethylene vapor retarder reinforcement shall be Dia 16 bars
with joints lapped not less than 150 unless it is demonstrated by
mm shall be placed between the base preconstruction tests that adequate
course or subgrade and the concrete encasement of larger bars will be
floor slab, or other approved equivalent achieved 1908.4.2 Clearance. When
methods or materials shall be used to Dia 16 or smaller bars are used, there
retard vapor transmission through the shall be a minimum clearance between
floor slab. Exception: A vapor retarder parallel reinforcement bars of 65 mm.
is not required: 1. For driveways, When bars larger than Dia 16 are
walks, patios and other flatwork that permitted, there shall be a minimum
will not be enclosed at a later date. 2. clearance between parallel bars equal
Where approved based on local site to six diameters of the bars used. When
conditions. SECTION 1908 two curtains of steel are provided, the
SHOTCRETE 1908.1 General. curtain nearer the nozzle shall have a
Shotcrete is mortar or concrete that is minimum spacing equal to 12 bar
pneumatically projected at high diameters and the remaining curtain
velocity onto a surface. Except as
specified in this section, shotcrete shall shall have a minimum spacing of six
conform to the requirements of this bar diameters. Exception: Subject to
chapter for plain or reinforced the approval of the building official,
concrete. 1908.2 Proportions and required clearances shall be reduced
materials. Shotcrete proportions shall where it is demonstrated by
be selected that allow suitable preconstruction tests that adequate
placement procedures using the encasement of the bars used in the
delivery equipment selected and shall design will be achieved. 1908.4.3
result in finished in-place hardened Splices. Lap splices of reinforcing bars

shall utilize the noncontact lap splice equipment is approved by the building
method with a minimum clearance of official. Reports of preconstruction
50 mm between bars. The use of tests shall be submitted to the building
contact lap splices necessary for official as specified in Section 17.4.5.
support of the reinforcing is permitted 1908.6 Rebound. Any rebound or
when approved by the building official, accumulated loose aggregate shall be
based on satisfactory preconstruction removed from the surfaces to be
tests that show that adequate covered prior to placing the initial or
encasement of the bars will be any succeeding layers of shotcrete.
achieved, and provided that the splice Rebound shall not be used as
is oriented so that a plane through the aggregate. 1908.7 Joints. Except where
center of the spliced bars is permitted herein, unfinished work shall
perpendicular to the surface of the not be allowed to stand for more than
shotcrete. 1908.4.4 Spirally tied 30 minutes unless edges are sloped to a
columns. Shotcrete shall not be applied thin edge. For structural elements that
to spirally tied columns. will be under compression and for
1908.5 Preconstruction tests. Where construction joints shown on the
preconstruction tests are required by approved construction documents,
Section 19.8.4, a test panel shall be square joints are permitted. Before
shot, cured, cored or sawn, examined placing additional material adjacent to
and tested prior to commencement of previously applied work, sloping and
the project. The sample panel shall be square edges shall be cleaned and
representative of the project and wetted.
simulate job conditions as closely as 1908.8 Damage. In-place shotcrete that
possible. The panel thickness and exhibits sags, sloughs, segregation,
reinforcing shall reproduce the thickest honeycombing, sand pockets or other
and most congested area specified in obvious defects shall be removed and
the structural design. It shall be shot at replaced. Shotcrete above sags and
the same angle, using the same sloughs shall be removed and replaced
nozzleman and with the same concrete while still plastic. 1908.9 Curing.
mix design that will be used on the During the curing periods specified
project. The equipment used in herein, shotcrete shall be maintained
preconstruction testing shall be the above 4°C and in moist condition.
same equipment used in the work 1908.9.1 Initial curing. Shotcrete shall
requiring such testing, unless substitute be kept continuously moist for 24
hours after concreting is complete or aggregate is 9.5 mm or smaller, the test

shall be sealed with an approved curing panels shall have minimum dimensions
compound. 1908.9.2 Final curing. of 300 mm by 300 mm. Panels shall be
Final curing shall continue for seven shot in the same position as the work,
days after concreting, or for three days during the course of the work and by
if high-early-strength cement is used, the nozzlemen doing the work. The
or until the specified strength is conditions under which the panels are
obtained. Final curing shall consist of cured shall be the same as the work.
the initial curing process or the 1908.10.3 Acceptance criteria. The
shotcrete shall be covered with an average compressive strength of three
approved moisture-retaining cover. cores from the in place work or a
1908.10 Strength tests. Strength tests single test panel shall equal or exceed
0.85 ′ with no single core less than
for shotcrete shall be made by an 0.75 ′ . The average compressive
approved agency on specimens that are strength of three cubes taken from the
representative of the work and which in-place work or a single test panel
have been water soaked for at least 24 shall equal or exceed ′ with no
hours prior to testing. When the individual cube less than 0.88 ′ . To
maximum-size aggregate is larger than check accuracy, locations represented
9.5 mm, specimens shall consist of not by erratic core or cube strengths shall
less than three 75 mm cores or 75 mm be retested.
cubes. When the maximum-size CHAPTER 23 WOODS
aggregate is 9.5 mm or smaller, SECTION 2301 GENERAL 2301.1
specimens shall consist of not less than Scope. The provisions of this chapter
diameter 50 mm cores or 50 mm cubes. shall govern the materials, design,
1908.10.1 Sampling. Specimens shall construction and quality of wood
be taken from the in- place work or members and their fasteners. 2301.2
from test panels, and shall be taken at General design requirements. The
least once each shift, but not less than design of structural elements or
one for each 40 m3 of shotcrete. systems, constructed partially or
1908.10.2 Panel criteria. When the wholly of wood or wood-based
maximum-size aggregate is larger than products, shall be in accordance with
9.5 mm, the test panels shall have one of the following methods: 1.
minimum dimensions of 450 mm by Allowable stress design in accordance
450 mm. When the maximum-size with Sections 2304, 2305 and 2306. 2.
Load and resistance factor design in PERFORMANCE CATEGORY. •

accordance with Sections 2304, 2305 PREFABRICATED WOOD I-JOIST.
and 2307. 3. Conventional light-frame • SHEAR WALL. Shear wall,
construction in accordance with perforated. Shear wall segment,
Sections 2304 and 2308. 4. AWC perforated. • STRUCTURAL
WFCM in accordance with Section COMPOSITE LUMBER. Laminated
2309. 5. The design and construction strand lumber (LSL). Laminated
of log structures in accordance with the veneer lumber (LVL). Oriented strand
provisions of ICC 400. lumber (OSL). Parallel strand lumber
2301.3 Nominal sizes. For the (PSL). • STRUCTURAL GLUED-
purposes of this chapter, where LAMINATED TIMBER. • TIE-
dimensions of lumber are specified, DOWN (HOLD-DOWN). •
they shall be deemed to be nominal TREATED WOOD. Fire-retardant-
dimensions unless specifically treated wood. Preservative-treated
designated as actual dimensions (see wood. • WOOD SHEAR PANEL. •
Section 2304.2). WOOD STRUCTURAL PANEL.
SECTION 2302 DEFINITIONS Composite panels. Oriented strand
2302.1 Definitions. The following board (OSB). Plywood.
terms are defined in Chapter 2: • SECTION 2303 MINIMUM
ACCREDITATION BODY. • STANDARDS AND QUALITY
BRACED WALL LINE. • BRACED 2303.1 General. Structural sawn
WALL PANEL. • COLLECTOR. • lumber; end jointed lumber;
CONVENTIONAL LIGHT-FRAME prefabricated wood I-joists; structural
CONSTRUCTION. • CRIPPLE glued-laminated timber; wood
WALL. • CROSS-LAMINATED structural panels; fiberboard sheathing
TIMBER. DIAPHRAGM, (when used structurally); hardboard
UNBLOCKED. • DRAG STRUT. • siding (when used structurally);
ENGINEERED WOOD RIM particleboard; preservative-treated
BOARD. • FIBERBOARD. • GABLE. wood; structural log members;
• GRADE (LUMBER). • structural composite lumber; round
HARDBOARD. • NAILING, timber poles and piles; fire-retardant
BOUNDARY. • NAILING, EDGE. • treated wood; hardwood plywood;
wood trusses; joist hangers; nails; and
NAILING, FIELD. • NOMINAL SIZE staples shall conform to the applicable
(LUMBER). PARTICLEBOARD. • provisions of this section.
2303.1.1 Sawn lumber. Sawn lumber Structural capacities and design

used for load-supporting purposes, provisions for prefabricated wood I-
including end-jointed or edge-glued joists shall be established and
lumber, machine stress-rated or monitored in accordance with ASTM
machine-evaluated lumber, shall be D5055. 2303.1.3 Structural glued-
identified by the grade mark of a laminated timber. Glued-laminated
lumber grading or inspection agency timbers shall be manufactured and
that has been approved by an identified as required in ANSI/AITC A
accreditation body that complies with 190.1 and ASTM D3737. 2303.1.4
DOC PS 20 or equivalent. Grading Structural glued cross-laminated
practices and identification shall timber. Cross-laminated timbers shall
comply with rules published by an be manufactured and identified in
agency approved in accordance with accordance with ANSI/APA PRG 320.
the procedures of DOC PS 20 or 2303.1.5 Wood structural panels.
equivalent procedures. 2303.1.1.1 Wood structural panels, when used
Certificate of inspection. In lieu of a structurally (including those used for
grade mark on the material, a siding, roof and wall sheathing,
certificate of inspection as to species subflooring, diaphragms and built-up
and grade issued by a lumber grading members), shall conform to the
or inspection agency meeting the
requirements of this section is requirements for their type in DOC PS
permitted to be accepted for precut, 1, DOC PS 2 or ANSI/APA PRP 210.
remanufactured or rough-sawn lumber Each panel or member shall be
and for sizes larger than 75 mm identified for grade, bond
nominal thickness. 2303.1.1.2 End- classification, and Performance
jointed lumber. Approved end-jointed Category by the trademarks of an
lumber is permitted to be used approved testing and grading agency.
interchangeably with solid-sawn The Performance Category value shall
members of the same species and be used as the “nominal panel
grade. End-jointed lumber used in an thickness” or “panel thickness”
assembly required to have a fire- whenever referenced in this code.
resistance rating shall have the Wood structural panel components
designation “Heat Resistant Adhesive” shall be designed and fabricated in
or “HRA” included in its grade mark. accordance with the applicable
2303.1.2 Prefabricated wood I-joists. standards listed in Section 2306.1 and

identified by the trademarks of an anchored to the base without

approved testing and inspection agency intervening airspaces. 2303.1.6.3.1
indicating conformance to the Protection. Fiberboard wall insulation
applicable standard. In addition, wood applied on the exterior of foundation
structural panels when permanently walls shall be protected below ground
exposed in outdoor applications shall level with a bituminous coating.
be of Exterior type, except that wood 2303.1.7 Hardboard. Hardboard siding
structural panel roof sheathing exposed used structurally shall be identified by
to the outdoors on the underside is an approved agency conforming to
permitted to be Exposure 1 type. CPA/ANSI A135.6. Hardboard
2303.1.6 Fiberboard. Fiberboard for its underlayment shall meet the strength
various uses shall conform to ASTM requirements of 5.5 mm or 6.5 mm
C208. Fiberboard sheathing, when service class hardboard planed or
used structurally, shall be identified by sanded on one side to a uniform
an approved agency as conforming to thickness of not less than 5.0 mm.
ASTM C208. 2303.1.6.1 Jointing. To Prefinished hardboard paneling shall
ensure tight-fitting assemblies, edges meet the requirements of CPA/ANSI
shall be manufactured with square, A135.5. Other basic hardboard
ship lapped, beveled, tongue-and- products shall meet the requirements of
groove or U-shaped joints. 2303.1.6.2 CPA/ANSI A135.4. Hardboard
Roof insulation. Where used as roof products shall be installed in
insulation in all types of construction, accordance with manufacturer's
fiberboard shall be protected with an recommendations.
approved roof covering. 2303.1.6.3 2303.1.8 Particleboard. Particleboard
Wall insulation. Where installed and shall conform to ANSI A208.1.
fire blocked to comply with Chapter 7, Particleboard shall be
fiberboards are permitted as wall identified by the grade mark or
insulation in all types of construction. certificate of inspection issued by an
In fire walls and fire barriers, unless approved agency. Particleboard shall
treated to comply with Section 803.1 not be utilized for applications other
for Class A materials, the boards shall than indicated in this section unless the
be cemented directly to the concrete, particleboard complies with the
masonry or other noncombustible base provisions of Section 2306.3.
and shall be protected with an 2303.1.8.1 Floor underlayment.
approved noncombustible veneer Particleboard floor underlayment shall
conform to Type PBU of ANSI of treating manufacturer. 2. Type of

A208.1. Type PBU underlayment shall preservative used. 3. Minimum
not be less than 6.5 mm thick and shall preservative retention (pcf). 4. End use
be installed in accordance with the for which the product is treated. 5.
instructions of the Composite Panel AWPA standard to which the product
Association. 2303.1.9 Preservative- was treated. 6. Identity of the
accredited inspection agency.
treated wood. Lumber, timber, 2303.1.9.2 Moisture content. Where
plywood, piles and poles supporting preservative-treated wood is used in
permanent structures required by enclosed locations where drying in
Section 2304.12 to be preservative service cannot readily occur, such
treated shall conform to the wood shall be at a moisture content of
requirements of the applicable AWPA 19 percent or less before being covered
Standard U1 and M4 for the species, with insulation, interior wall finish,
product, preservative and end use. floor covering or other materials.
Preservatives shall be listed in Section 2303.1.10 Structural composite
4 of AWPA U1. Lumber and plywood lumber. Structural capacities for
used in wood foundation systems shall structural composite lumber shall be
conform to Chapter 18. 2303.1.9.1 established and monitored in
Identification. Wood required by accordance with ASTM D5456.
Section 2304.12 to be preservative 2303.1.11 Structural log members.
treated shall bear the quality mark of Stress grading of structural log
an inspection agency that maintains members of nonrectangular shape, as
continuing supervision, testing and typically used in log buildings, shall be
inspection over the quality of the in accordance with ASTM D3957.
preservative treated wood. Inspection Such structural log members shall be
agencies for preservative treated wood identified by the grade mark of an
shall be listed by an accreditation body approved lumber grading or inspection
that complies with the requirements of agency. In lieu of a grade mark on the
the American Lumber Standards material, a certificate of inspection as
Treated Wood Program, or equivalent. to species and grade issued by a
The quality mark shall be on a stamp lumber grading or inspection agency
or label affixed to the preservative meeting the requirements of this
treated wood, and shall include the section shall be permitted. 2303.1.12
following information: 1. Identification Round timber poles and piles. Round
timber poles and piles shall comply 2303.2.2 Other means during
with ASTM D3200 and ASTM D25, manufacture. For wood products
respectively. 2303.1.13 Engineered produced by other means during
wood rim board. Engineered wood rim manufacture, the treatment shall be an
boards shall conform to ANSI/APA integral part of the manufacturing
PRR 410 or shall be evaluated in process of the wood product. The
accordance with ASTM D7672. treatment shall provide permanent
Structural capacities shall be in protection to all surfaces of the wood
accordance with ANSI/APA PRR 410 product.
or established in accordance with 2303.2.3 Testing. For wood products
ASTM D7672. Rim boards conforming produced by other means during
to ANSI/APA PRR 410 shall be manufacture, other than a pressure
marked in accordance with that process, all sides of the wood product
standard. 2303.2 Fire-retardant-treated shall be tested in accordance with and
wood. Fire-retardant-treated wood is produce the results required in Section
any wood product which, when 2303.2. Wood structural panels shall
impregnated with chemicals by a be permitted to test only the front and
pressure process or other means during back faces. 2303.2.4 Labeling. Fire-
manufacture, shall have, when tested in retardant-treated lumber and wood
accordance with ASTM E84 or UL structural panels shall be labeled. The
723, a listed flame spread index of 25 label shall contain the following items:
or less and show no evidence of 1. The identification mark of an
significant progressive combustion approved agency in accordance with
when the test is continued for an Section 1703.5. 2. Identification of the
additional 20-minute period. treating manufacturer. 3. The name of
Additionally, the flame front shall not the fire-retardant treatment. 4. The
progress more than 3.20 m beyond the species of wood treated. 5. Flame
centerline of the burners at any time spread and smoke-developed index. 6.
during the test. 2303.2.1 Pressure Method of drying after treatment. 7.
Conformance with appropriate
process. For wood products standards in accordance with Sections
impregnated with chemicals by a 2303.2.5 through 2303.2.8. 8. For fire-
pressure process, the process shall be retardant-treated wood exposed to
performed in closed vessels under weather, damp or wet locations,
pressures not less than 350 kPa. include the words “No increase in the
listed classification when subjected to and exposure to high temperatures and

the Standard Rain Test” (ASTM high humidifies on the allowable
D2898). 2303.2.5 Strength design properties of fire-retardant-
adjustments. Design values for treated lumber shall be determined in
untreated lumber and wood structural accordance with ASTM D5664. The
panels, as specified in Section 2303.1, test data developed by ASTM D 5664
shall be adjusted for fire-retardant- shall be used to develop modification
treated wood. Adjustments to design factors for use at or near room
values shall be based on an approved temperature and at elevated
method of investigation that takes into temperatures and humidity in
consideration the effects of the accordance with ASTM D6841. Each
anticipated temperature and humidity manufacturer shall publish the
to which the fire-retardant-treated modification factors for service at
wood will be subjected, the type of temperatures of not less than 27°C and
treatment and re-drying procedures. for roof framing. The roof framing
2303.2.5.1 Wood structural panels. modification factors shall take into
The effect of treatment and the method consideration the climatological
of re-drying after treatment, and
exposure to high temperatures and high location. 2303.2.6 Exposure to
humidity on the flexure properties of weather, damp or wet locations. Where
fire-retardant-treated softwood fire-retardant-treated wood is exposed
plywood shall be determined in to weather, or damp or wet locations, it
accordance with ASTM D5516. The shall be identified as “Exterior” to
test data developed by ASTM D5516 indicate there is no increase in the
shall be used to develop adjustment listed flame spread index as defined in
factors, maximum loads and spans, or Section 2303.2 when subjected to
both, for untreated plywood design ASTM D2898. 2303.2.7 Interior
values in accordance with ASTM D applications. Interior fire-retardant
6305. Each manufacturer shall publish treated wood shall have moisture
the allowable maximum loads and content of not over 28 percent when
spans for service as floor and roof tested in accordance with ASTM
sheathing for its treatment. 2303.2.5.2 D3201 procedures at 92- percent
Lumber. For each species of wood that relative humidity. Interior fire-
is treated, the effects of the treatment, retardant treated wood shall be tested
the method of retrying after treatment in accordance with Section 2303.2.5.1

or 2303.2.5.2. Interior fire-retardant- individual truss shall be provided to

treated wood designated as Type A the building official for approval prior
shall be tested in accordance with the to installation. Truss design drawings
provisions of this section. 2303.2.8 shall also be provided with the
Moisture content. Fire-retardant treated shipment of trusses delivered to the job
wood shall be dried to a moisture site. Truss design drawings shall
content of 19 percent or less for lumber include, at a minimum, the information
and 15 percent or less for wood specified below: 1. Slope or depth,
structural panels before use. For wood span and spacing; 2. Location of all
kiln-dried after treatment (KDAT), the joints and support locations; 3.
kiln temperatures shall not exceed Number of plies if greater than one; 4.
those used in kiln drying the lumber Required bearing widths; 5. Design
and plywood submitted for the tests loads as applicable, including; 5.1. Top
described in Section 2303.2.5.1 for chord live load; 5.2. Top chord dead
plywood and 2303.2.5.2 for lumber. load; 5.3. Bottom chord live load; 5.4.
2303.2.9 Type I and II construction Bottom chord dead load; 5.5.
applications. See Section 603.1 for Additional loads and locations; and
limitations on the use of fire-retardant- 5.6. Environmental design criteria and
treated wood in buildings of Type I or loads (wind, rain, snow, seismic, etc.).
II construction. 2303.3 Hardwood and 6. Other lateral loads, including drag
plywood. Hardwood and decorative strut loads; 7. Adjustments to wood
plywood shall be manufactured and member and metal connector plate
identified as required in HPVA HP-1. design value for conditions of use; 8.
2303.4 Trusses. Wood trusses shall Maximum reaction force and direction,
comply with Sections 2303.4.1 through including maximum uplift reaction
2303.4.7. 2303.4.1 Design. Wood forces where applicable; 9. Metal-
trusses shall be designed in accordance connector-plate type, size and
with the provisions of this code and thickness or gage, and the dimensioned
accepted engineering practice. location of each metal connector plate
Members are permitted to be joined by except where symmetrically located
nails, glue, bolts, timber connectors, relative to the joint interface; 10. Size,
metal connector plates or other species and grade for each wood
approved framing devices. 2303.4.1.1 member; 11. Truss-to-truss
Truss design drawings. The written, connections and truss field assembly
graphic and pictorial depiction of each requirements; 12. Calculated span-to-
deflection ratio and maximum vertical Chapter 2: • CEMENT PLASTER •

and horizontal deflection for live and EXTERIOR SURFACES • GYPSUM
total load as applicable; 13. Maximum BOARD • GYPSUM PANEL
axial tension and compression forces in PRODUCTS • GYPSUM PLASTER •
the truss members; 14. Required GYPSUM VENEER PLASTER •
INTERIOR SURFACES •
permanent individual truss member WEATHER-EXPOSED SURFACES •
restraint location and the method and WIRE BACKING SECTION 2503
details of restraint/bracing to be used in INSPECTION 2503.1 General. Lath,
accordance with Section 2303.4.1.2. gypsum board and gypsum panel
CHAPTER 25 GYPSUM BOARD, products shall be inspected in
GYPSUM PANEL PRODUCTS accordance with Section 110.3.5.
AND PLASTER SECTION 2504 VERTICAL AND
SECTION 2501 GENERAL 2501.1 HORIZONTAL ASSEMBLIES 2504.1
Scope. Provisions of this chapter shall Scope. The following requirements
govern the materials, design, shall be met where construction
construction and quality of gypsum involves gypsum board, gypsum panel
board, gypsum panel products, lath, products or lath and plaster in vertical
gypsum plaster, cement plaster and and horizontal assemblies. Wood
reinforced gypsum concrete. 2501.2 framing. Wood supports for lath,
Performance. Lathing, plastering, gypsum board or gypsum panel
gypsum board and gypsum panel products, as well as wood stripping or
product construction shall be done in furring, shall be not less than 50 mm
the manner and with the materials nominal thickness in the least
specified in this chapter and, when dimension. Exception: The minimum
required for fire protection, shall also nominal dimension of wood furring
comply with the provisions of Chapter strips installed over solid backing shall
7. 2501.3 Other materials. Other be not less than 25 mm by 50 mm.
approved wall or ceiling coverings 2504.1.2 Stud less partitions. The
shall be permitted to be installed in minimum thickness of vertically
accordance with the recommendations erected stud less solid plaster partitions
of the manufacturer and the conditions of 10 mm and 20 mm rib metal lath, 13
of approval. SECTION 2502 mm-thick gypsum lath, gypsum board
DEFINITIONS 2502.1 Definitions. or gypsum panel product shall be 50
The following terms are defined in mm. SECTION 2505 SHEAR WALL
CONSTRUCTION 2505.1 Resistance required for fire protection, shall

to shear (wood framing). Wood-frame conform to the provisions of Chapter 7.
shear walls sheathed with gypsum 2506.2.1 Other materials. Metal
board, gypsum panel products or lath suspension systems for acoustical and
and plaster shall be designed and lay-in panel ceilings shall comply with
constructed in accordance with Section ASTM C635 listed in Chapter 35 and
2306.3 and are permitted to resist wind Section 13.5.6 of SBC 301 for
and seismic loads. Walls resisting installation in high seismic areas.
seismic loads shall be subject to the SECTION 2507 LATHING AND
limitations in Section 12.2.1 of SBC PLASTERING 2507.1 General.
301. 2505.2 Resistance to shear (steel Lathing and plastering materials and
framing). Cold-formed steel-frame accessories shall be marked by the
shear walls sheathed with gypsum manufacturer’s designation to indicate
board or gypsum panel products and compliance with the appropriate
constructed in accordance with the standards referenced in this section and
materials and provisions of Section stored in such a manner to protect them
2211.6 are permitted to resist wind and from the weather. 2507.2 Standards.
seismic loads. Walls resisting seismic Lathing and plastering materials shall
loads shall be subject to the limitations conform to the standards listed in
in Section 12.2.1 of SBC 301. Table 2507.2 and Chapter 35 and,
SECTION 2506 GYPSUM BOARD where required for fire protection, shall
AND GYPSUM PANEL PRODUCT also conform to the provisions of
MATERIALS 2506.1 General. Chapter 7. SECTION 2508 GYPSUM
Gypsum board, gypsum panel products CONSTRUCTION 2508.1 General.
and accessories shall be identified by Gypsum board, gypsum panel products
the manufacturer’s designation to and gypsum plaster construction shall
indicate compliance with the be of the materials listed in Tables
2506.2 and 2507.2. These materials
appropriate standards referenced in this shall be assembled and installed in
section and stored to protect such compliance with the appropriate
materials from the weather. 2506.2 standards listed in Tables 2508.1 and
Standards. Gypsum board and gypsum 2511.1.1 and Chapter 35. 2508.2
panel products shall conform to the Limitations. Gypsum wallboard or
appropriate standards listed in Table gypsum plaster shall not be used in any
2506.2 and Chapter 35 and, where exterior surface where such gypsum
construction will be exposed directly to product fire-resistance-rated

the weather. Gypsum wallboard shall assemblies shall have joints and
not be used where there will be direct fasteners treated. Exception: Joint and
exposure to water or continuous high fastener treatment need not be
humidity conditions. Gypsum provided where any of the following
sheathing shall be installed on exterior conditions occur: 1. Where the gypsum
surfaces in accordance with ASTM board or the gypsum panel product is
C1280. 2508.2.1 Weather protection. to receive a decorative finish such as
Gypsum wallboard, gypsum lath or wood paneling, battens, acoustical
gypsum plaster shall not be installed finishes or any similar application that
until weather protection for the would be equivalent to joint treatment.
installation is provided. 2508.3 Single- 2. On single-layer systems where joints
ply application. Edges and ends of occur over wood framing members. 3.
gypsum board and gypsum panel Square edge or tongue-and-groove
products shall occur on the framing edge gypsum board (V-edge), gypsum
members, except those edges and ends
that are perpendicular to the framing panel products, gypsum backing board
members. Edges and ends of gypsum or gypsum sheathing. 4. On multilayer
board and gypsum panel products shall systems where the joints of adjacent
be in moderate contact except in layers are offset. 5. Assemblies tested
concealed spaces where fire-resistance without joint treatment. 2508.5
rated construction, shear resistance or Horizontal gypsum board or gypsum
diaphragm action is not required. panel product diaphragm ceilings.
2508.3.1 Floating angles. Fasteners at Gypsum board or gypsum panel
the top and bottom plates of vertical products shall be permitted to be used
assemblies, or the edges and ends of on wood joists to create a horizontal
horizontal assemblies perpendicular to diaphragm ceiling in accordance with
supports, and at the wall line are Table 2508.5.
permitted to be omitted except on shear CHAPTER 27 ELECTRICAL
resisting elements or fire-resistance- SECTION 2701 GENERAL 2701.1
rated assemblies. Fasteners shall be Scope. This chapter governs the
applied in such a manner as not to electrical components, equipment and
fracture the face paper with the systems used in buildings and
fastener head. 2508.4 Joint treatment. structures covered by this code.
Gypsum board and gypsum panel Electrical components, equipment and

systems shall be designed and Uninterruptable power source. An

constructed in accordance with the uninterrupted source of power shall be
provisions of SBC 401. SECTION provided for equipment when required
2702 EMERGENCY AND by the manufacturer’s instructions, the
STANDBY POWER SYSTEMS listing, this code or applicable
2702.1 Installation. Emergency power referenced standards. 2702.1.6
systems and standby power systems Interchangeability. Emergency power
shall comply with Sections systems shall be an acceptable
2702.1.1through 2702.1.7. 2702.1.1 alternative for installations that require
Stationary generators. Stationary standby power systems. 2702.1.7
emergency and standby power Group I-2 occupancies. In Group I-2
generators required by this code shall occupancies, in new construction or
be listed in accordance with UL 2200. where the building is substantially
2702.1.2 Electrical. Emergency power damaged, where an essential electrical
systems and standby power systems system is located in flood hazard areas
required by this code or the SBC 801 established in Section 1612.3, the
shall be installed in accordance with system shall be located and installed in
the SBC 401, NFPA 70, NFPA 110 accordance with ASCE 24. 2702.2
and NFPA 111. 2702.1.3 Load Where required. Emergency and
transfer. Emergency power systems standby power systems shall be
shall automatically provide secondary provided where required by Sections
power within 10 seconds after primary 2702.2.1 through 2702.2.16. 2702.2.1
power is lost, unless specified Emergency alarm systems. Emergency
otherwise in this code. Standby power power shall be provided for emergency
systems shall automatically provide alarm systems as required by Section
secondary power within 60 seconds 415.5. 2702.2.2 Elevators and platform
after primary power is lost, unless lifts. Standby power shall be provided
specified otherwise in this code. for elevators and platform lifts as
2702.1.4 Load duration. Emergency required in Sections 1009.4, 1009.5,
power systems and standby power 3003.1, 3007.8 and 3008.8. 2702.2.3
systems shall be designed to provide Emergency responder radio coverage
the required power for a minimum systems. Standby power shall be
duration of 2 hours without being provided for emergency responder
refueled or recharged, unless specified radio coverage systems required in
otherwise in this code. 2702.1.5 Section 916 and the SBC 801. The
standby power supply shall be capable power shall be provided for horizontal
of operating the emergency responder sliding doors as required in
radio coverage system for duration of Section1010.1.4.3. The standby power
not less than 24 hours. 2702.2.4 supply shall have a capacity to operate
Emergency voice/alarm not fewer than 50 closing cycles of the
communication systems. Emergency door. 2702.2.11 Means of egress
power shall be provided for emergency illumination. Emergency power shall
voice/alarm communication systems as be provided for means of egress
required in Section 907.5.2.2.5. The illumination as required in Section
system shall be capable of powering 1008.3. The system shall be capable of
the required load for a duration of not powering the required load for a
less than 24 hours, as required in duration of not less than 90 minutes.
NFPA 72 2702.2.5 Exit signs. 2702.2.12 Membrane structures.
Emergency power shall be provided Standby power shall be provided for
for exit signs as required in Section auxiliary inflation systems in
1013.6.3. The system shall be capable permanent membrane structures as
of powering the required load for a required in Section 3102.8.2. Standby
duration of not less than 90 minutes. power shall be provided for a duration
2702.2.6 Group I-2 occupancies. of not less than 4 hours. Auxiliary
Essential electrical systems for Group inflation systems in temporary air
I-2 occupancies shall be in accordance supported and air-inflated membrane
with Section 407.10. 2702.2.7 Group I- structures shall be provided in
3 occupancies. Emergency power shall accordance with Section 3103.10.4 of
be provided for power operated doors the SBC 801. 2702.2.13 Pyrophoric
and locks in Group I-3 occupancies as materials. Emergency power shall be
required in Section 408.4.2. 2702.2.8 provided for occupancies with silane
Hazardous materials. Emergency or gas in accordance with the SBC 801.
standby power shall be provided in 2702.2.14 Semiconductor fabrication
occupancies with hazardous materials facilities. Emergency power shall be
where required by the SBC 801. provided for semiconductor fabrication
2702.2.9 High-rise buildings. facilities as required in Section
Emergency and standby power shall be 415.11.10. 2702.2.15 Smoke control
provided in high-rise buildings as systems. Standby power shall be
required in Sections 403.4.8. 2702.2.10 provided for smoke control systems as
Horizontal sliding doors. Standby required in Sections 404.7, 909.11,
909.20.6.2 and 909.21.5. 2702.2.16 protective systems shall be installed in

Underground buildings. underground accordance with their listing
buildings as required in Section 405. requirements. 2702.4 Maintenance.
2702.3 Critical circuits. Cables used Emergency and standby power systems
for survivability of required critical shall be maintained and tested in
circuits shall be listed in accordance accordance with the SBC 801
with UL2196. Electrical circuit
Conclusion
The previous chapter gathers all the data that need to be conducted. The chapter specifies the
selection of the materials for each space based on its functionality. Therefore, the criteria
matrix and the design program represent the relationship between each space and the design.
Moreover, the chapter includes the building codes of Saudi Arabia to ensure safety and
sustainability while working on the final phase.

Conclusion
Contribution
The findings of this study illustrated the critical need for a resort spa. This research paper
intends to present and highlight the rule of Spa with the increasing of tourism processes in
Saudi Arabia, and more specifically, Jeddah, which attracts people because of her location in
the region. Therefore, Wellness spa resort will increase the financial and multi activities
progression in the country. Through applying the Saudi culture design with a modern touch
that will enhance and develop a strong and powerful relation between the vision and the
project design. Finally improving the ability to design a sustainable resort spa will locate us
with more developed world standards.
Observation
The countries’ progress is measured by the amount and quality of their research. Research has
an important role to play in nation-building and growth. Thereafter, to build robust research
that conducts rich information and knowledge regarding a project will enhance the ability to
build up an intense design centre. This research offers the community, government and the
societies with their requirements to support the country’s growth. Establishing a resort spa is
considered a significant entertainment sector.

Work Cited
Archdaily. (2011). Retrieved from Archdaily Website: https://www.archdaily.com/928310/
kennzur-spa-zize-zink-arquitetura?
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Archdaily. (2015). Retrieved from Archdaily Website : https://www.archdaily.com/770560/

naman-spa-mia-design-studio?
ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_projects
Blog, T. B. (2019, April 18). Trivago Business Blog. Retrieved from Trivago Business Blog
Website : https://businessblog.trivago.com/sustainable-hospitality-trends-eco-
friendly-hotel-tips/
Burns, R. (n.d.). Psychosocial Well-being. Autralia: Centre for Research on Ageing, Health
and Wellbeing. Retrieved from Springer Website .
Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL). (2016, May 31). Retrieved from Centers for Disease
Control and Prevetion: https://www.cdc.gov/hrqol/wellbeing.htm
International, S. (2013, November 20). SRI International. Retrieved from SRI International
Web site: https://www.sri.com/blog/wellness-tourism-growth-opportunity-worldwide
Landman, P. (2020, April 13). Xotels. Retrieved from Xotels Website : https://
www.xotels.com/en/glossary/resort-hotel/
Magazine, M. T. (2013, June 11). Medical Tourism Magazine. Retrieved from Medical
Tourism Magazine Web site: http://www.medicaltourismmag.com/health-and-
wellness-tourism-today/
Morin, A. (2020, April 17). Very Well Mind. Retrieved from Very Well Mind website : https://
www.verywellmind.com/improve-psychological-well-being-4177330
Nehmer, J. (2014, April 14). Hotel News Now. Retrieved from Hotel News Now Website:
http://hotelnewsnow.com/Articles/22339/How-to-design-hotels-for-wellness-tourism
Piotrowski, C. M. (2016). Designing Commercial Interios. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
Robertson, I. (n.d.). Robertson Cooper. Retrieved from Robertson Cooper Website: https://
www.robertsoncooper.com/blog/what-is-psychological-wellbeing/
Tang, Y.-Y. (2019, July 10). Frontiers in Human Neuroscience . Retrieved from Frontiers in
Human Neuroscience Website : https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.
2019.00237/full
WJEC CBAC LTD. (n.d.). Retrieved from WJEC CBAC LTD: http://
resource.download.wjec.co.uk.s3.amazonaws.com/vtc/2018-19/HSC18-19_2-3/
_multi-lang/unit01/2-factors-affecting-well-being.html
Yeung, O., Johnston, K., & Chan, N. (2013). The Global Wellness Tourism Economy. Global
Wellness Institute.
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study.com/academy/lesson/research-methodology-approaches-techniques-
quiz.html.
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Green Wellness and Spa Resort !

GREEN WELLNESS AND SPA RESORT

Senior Capstone Research, IDSG 4401, 2

A thesis submitted to the

Faculty of the Interior Design Department of

Dar Al-Hekma University in partial fulfilment

of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Design in Interior Design

In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

Alanoud Maher Mohammed Alnowaiser

All Right Reserved

This thesis for the course Capstone Research is by

Alanoud Maher Mohammed Alnowaiser

Has been approved for the

Capstone I: Interior Design Thesis Course

Ms. Merve N. Goknil

Date: December 16, 2020

determine the client’s needs in terms of design atmosphere.

study of collected data to help with understanding the problem.

is important, and the factors affecting psychological well-being.

Key words: Tourists, Spa, Wellness, Relaxation, Hospitality.

her encouragement and insightful comments. Furthermore, I am pleased to extend my

friends in and outside the university.

1.1 Site location ………………………………………..….…….…….…………………17

1.2. Site Location Ground Floor Plan…………………………….……..………………..17

1.3 Site Location First Floor Plan ………………………………………..….…………..17

1.4 Logo of the Client…………………………..……………………………………..…18

4.1 Site Location of Abu Dhabi Ladies Club …………………………..……………..…36

4.3 Programming First floor plan of Abu Dhabi Ladies Club………………..…………37

4.4 Main Lobby Entrance of Abu Dhabi Ladies Club……………..…………………….39

4.5 Lounge of Abu Dhabi Ladies Club………………………..…………………………40

4.6 Waiting Area of Abu Dhabi Ladies Club…………………………………………….40

4.7 Spa and Massage Area of Ab Dhabi Ladies Club……………………………………41

4.8 VIP Lounge of Abu Dhabi Ladies Club………………………………..……………41

4.9 Exterior Building of Abu Dhabi Ladies Club……………………………..…………42

4.10 Site Location of Hanian Blue Bay Resort Hotel ………………………………..…..44

4.12 Bedroom Area of Hanian Blue Bay Resort Hotel..…………………………………..47

4.13 Bedroom Area 2 of Hanian Blue Bay Resort Hotel……………..………..……….…47

4.14 Lounge of Bedroom Area of Hanian Blue Bay Resort Hotel………………………..48

4.16 Spa Area of Hanian Blue Bay Resort Hotel……………………………..……..……49

4.17 Gym of Hanian Blue Bay Resort Hotel………………………………………………49

4.18 Exterior Building of Hanian Blue Bay Resort Hotel…………………………..……..50

4.19 Exterior Building 2 of Hanian Blue Bay Resort Hotel…………………..…………..51

4.20 Site Location of Rosewood Hotel ………………………………………………..…53

4.21 Lobby Area of Rosewood Hotel……………………………………..………………56

4.22 Gym Area of Rosewood Hotel………………………………..……….……………..56

4.23 Restaurent of Rosewood Hotel…………………..……….…………………………..57

4.24 Meeting Area of Rosewood Hotel……………………………………………………57

4.25 Exterior Image of Rosewood Hotel…………………………………………………..58

4.26 Exterior Image of Rosewood Hotel…………………………………………………..59

4.27 Site Analysis of Seamrq Hotel ……………………………………………..…….….61

4.28 Programming Ground Floor Plan of Seamrq Hotel…………………………………62

4.29 Guest Bedroom of Seamrq Hotel…….………………………………..……………..64

4.30 Restaurant Area of Seamrq Hotel………..………………………………..…………64

4.31 Lounge Area of Seamrq Hotel……………………………………………………….65

4.32 Gym of Seamrq Hotel………………………..………………………………………65

4.33 Exterior Building of Seamrq Hotel…………………………………………………..66

4.34 Interior Image of Park Hayatt ……………………………………..…………………68

4.35 Interior Image of Park Hayatt……………………………………………………..….69

4.36 Bubble Diagram ……………………………………………………………………..71

4.1 Programming Table of Abu Dhabi Ladies Club …………………………………..……38

4.2 Programming Table of Rosewood Hotel ………………………………..………………54

5.1 Criteria Matrix …………………………………………………………..………………70