Appendix F

Chemistry Data Tables

Table F.1 Ionic Charges of Representative Elements Table F.4 Common Polyatomic Ions
IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA Formula Name Formula Name
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 PO43− phosphate CN− cyanide
H+ H− noble
PO33− phosphite OH− hydroxide
Li+ Be2+ N3− O2− F− gases
SO42− sulfate MnO4− permanganate
Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ P3− S2− Cl− do not 2− 2−
SO3 sulfite C2O4 oxalate
K+ Ca2+ Se2− Br− ionize
CO32− carbonate SiO32− silicate
Rb+ Sr2+ I− − +
NO3 nitrate NH4 ammonium
Cs+ Ba2+
NO2− nitrite HPO42− hydrogen phosphate
− or biphosphate
ClO4 perchlorate
Table F.2 Charges of Some Transition Metal Ions H2PO4− dihydrogen
ClO3− chlorate
1+ 2+ 3+ phosphate
ClO2− chlorite
silver, Ag+ cadmium, Cd2+ scandium, Sc3+ HPO32− hydrogen phosphite
ClO− hypochlorite −
nickel, Ni2+ H2PO3 dihydrogen
zinc, Zn2+ CrO42− chromate phosphite
Cr2O72− dichromate HSO4− hydrogen sulfate
−
C2H3O2 acetate HSO3− hydrogen sulfite
or ethanoate −
HCO3 hydrogen carbonate
or bicarbonate
Table F.3 Common Metal Ions
with More Than One Ionic Charge Table F.5 Solubility of Compounds at SATP
Formula Stock Name Classical Name

magnesium
ammonium

potassium
Cu+
aluminum

copper(II)

strontium
copper(I) ion cuprous ion
calcium

iron(III)

sodium
barium

lithium
iron(II)

silver
2+
Cu copper(II) ion cupric ion

zinc
Fe2+ iron(II) ion ferrous ion
acetate S S S S S S S S S S ss S S S
3+
Fe iron(III) ion ferric ion
bromide S S S S S S S S S S I S S S
Hg22+(Hg+) mercury(I) ion mercurous ion carbonate – S I I – I – ss I S I S I I
Hg2+ mercury(II) ion mercuric ion chlorate S S S S S S S S S S S S S S
Pb2+ lead(II) ion plumbous ion chloride S S S S S S S S S S I S S S
4+ chromate I S I S I – I S S S I S ss S
Pb lead(IV) ion plumbic ion
Sn 2+
tin(II) ion stannous ion hydroxide I S S S I I I S I S – S S I
iodide S S S S S S S S S S I S S S
Sn4+ tin(IV) ion stannic ion
2+ nitrate S S S S S S S S S S S S S S
Cr chromium(II) ion chromous ion
oxide I – ss ss I I I S I S I S S I
Cr3+ chromium(III) ion chromic ion
perchlorate S S S S S S S S S S S S S S
Mn2+ manganese(II) ion
phosphate I S I I I I I ss I S I S I I
3+
Mn manganese(III) ion sulfate S S I ss S S ss S S S ss S I S
Mn4+ manganese(IV) ion sulfide d S d I I I d S d S I S I I
2+
Co cobalt(II) ion cobaltous ion
Legend
Co3+ cobalt(III) ion cobaltic ion
S = soluble − = no compound
ss = slightly soluble d = decomposes in water
I = insoluble

666 MHR • Appendix F

Table F.6 Chemicals in Everyday Life
Common Chemical formula and name Physical
name (other names) properties Safety concerns Comments

acetone CH3COCH3 clear; evaporates flammable; toxic solvent; contained in some nail polish
2-propanone quickly by ingestion and removers
inhalation

acetylene C2H2 smells sweet highly explosive burns very hot, with oxygen, in
ethyne oxyacetylene welding torches; used to
produce a wide range of synthetic
products

ASA CH3COOC6H4COOH white crystals excessive use may used in Aspirin and related medicines
o-acetoxy benzoic acid with a slightly cause hearing loss for pain, fever, and inflammation
(acetylsalicylic acid) bitter taste or Reye’s
syndrome,
especially in
young people

baking NaHCO3 tiny white crystals none used for baking and cleaning, as an
soda sodium hydrogen antacid and mouthwash, and in fire
carbonate extinguishers
(sodium bicarbonate)

battery H2SO4 clear and corrosive used in lead-acid storage batteries

acid sulfuric acid odourless (automobile batteries)

bleach NaOCl(aq) yellowish toxic, strong household chlorine bleach; used for
sodium hypochlorite solution with a oxidizing agent bleaching clothes and for cleaning
solution chlorine smell

bluestone CuSO4·5H2O blue crystals or toxic by ingestion; used in agriculture and industry, as a
copper(II) sulfate blue crystalline strong irritant germicide, and for wood preservation
pentahydrate (cupric granules
sulfate pentahydrate)

borax Na2B4O7·10H2O white crystals none main source is mining; used in the glass
sodium borate decahydrate and ceramics industries; used for making
Silly Putty and for washing clothes

carborundum SiC hard, black solid none used as an abrasive

silicon carbide

citric acid (HOOCCH2)2C(OH)(COOH) translucent none used in foods and soft drinks as an
2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propane crystals with a acidifying agent and an antioxidant
(tricarboxylic acid) strongly acidic
taste

CFCs CCl2F2, CCl3F, CClF3 colourless, CFCs are now in the past, were used as refrigerants and
chlorofluorocarbons odourless gas banned by the aerosols
(freons, Freon-12) Montréal Protocol

charcoal/ C(s) soft grey or black none used as pencil “lead”and artists’ charcoal,
graphite pure carbon, in a less solid that rubs as a de-colourizing and filtering agent, in
structured form than easily onto other gunpowder, and for barbeque briquettes
diamond substances

cream of HOOC (CHOH)2 COOK white, crystalline none used as a leavening agent in baking
tartar potassium hydrogen solid powder
tartrate

Chemistry Data Tables • MHR 667

 dry ice CO2 cold white solid damaging to skin used as a refrigerant in laboratories when
solid carbon dioxide that sublimates and tissue after cold temperatures (as low as −79˚C) are
prolonged required
exposure

Epsom MgSO4·7H2O colourless crystals can cause used as a bath salt and in cosmetics and
salts magnesium sulfate abdominal cramps dietary supplements; has industrial uses
heptahydrate and diarrhea

ethylene C2H4 colourless gas flammable used to accelerate fruit ripening and to
ethene with sweet odour synthesize polymers such as polystyrene;
and taste occurs naturally in plants

ethylene CH2OHCH2OH clear, colourless, toxic by ingestion used in antifreeze and cosmetics, and as a
glycol glycol syrupy liquid and inhalation de-icing fluid for airport runways

Glauber’s Na2SO4·10H2O large, transparent none a laxative; used for paper and glass
salt sodium sulfate crystals, needles, making, and in solar heat storage and air
decahydrate or granular conditioning; energy storage capacity
powder more than seven times that of water

glucose C6H12O6 white crystals none source of energy for most organisms
dextrose, grape sugar, with a sweet taste
corn sugar

grain C2H5OH clear, volatile flammable beverage alcohol, antiseptic, laboratory/

alcohol ethanol liquid with industrial solvent; produced by the
(ethyl alcohol) distinctive odour fermentation of grains or fruits

gyp rock CaSO4·2H2O hard, beige none used in plaster of Paris and as a core
gypsum mineral for drywall

hydrogen H2O2 clear, colourless damaging to skin sold as 3% solution in drugstores;

peroxide liquid in high non-chlorine bleach often 6% H2O2
concentrations

ibuprofen C13H18O2 white crystals can conflict with ingredient in over-the-counter pain
p-isobutyl-hydratropic acid other medications relievers

laughing N2O colourless, mainly prolonged used as a dental anesthetic, an aerosol

gas nitrous oxide, dinitrogen odourless, soluble exposure causes propellant, and to increase fuel
oxide gas brain damage and performance in racing cars
infertility

lime CaO white powder reacts with water used to make cement and to clean and
calcium oxide to produce caustic nullify odours in stables
(hydrated lime, hydraulic calcium
lime, quicklime) hydroxide,
Ca(OH)2, with
liberation of heat

limestone CaCO3 soft white mineral none used for making lime and for building;
calcium carbonate has industrial uses

lye NaOH white solid, found corrosive, strong produced by the electrolysis of brine or
sodium hydroxide mainly in form of irritant the reaction of calcium hydroxide and
(caustic soda) beads or pellets; sodium carbonate; has many laboratory
quickly absorbs and industrial uses; used to manufacture
water and CO2 chemicals and make soap
from the air

malachite CuCO3·Cu(OH)2 clear, hard, bright none ornamental and gem stone; copper found
basic copper(II) carbonate green mineral in the ore

668 MHR • Appendix F

milk of Mg(OH)2 white powder harmless if used antacid, laxative
magnesia magnesium hydroxide in small amounts
(magnesia magma)

moth C10H8 white, volatile toxic by ingestion used to repel insects in homes and
balls naphthalene solid with an and inhalation gardens, and to make synthetic resins;
unpleasant odour obtained from crude oil

MSG COOH(CH2)2CH(NH2)- white, crystalline may cause flavour enhancer for foods in
COON monosodium powder headaches in concentrations of about 0.3%
glutamate some people

muriatic HCl(aq) colourless or toxic by ingestion has many industrial and laboratory uses;
acid hydrochloric acid slightly yellow and inhalation; used for processing food, cleaning, and
aqueous solution strong irritant pickling

natural about 85% methane, CH4, odourless, flammable and used for heating, energy, and cooking;
gas 10% ethane, C2H6, and colourless gas explosive; a about 3% is used as a feedstock for the
some propane, C3H8, warning odour is chemical industry
butane, C4H10, and added to
pentane, C5H12 household gas as
a safety
precaution

oxalic HO2CCO2H strongly flavoured toxic by occurs naturally in rhubarb, wood sorrel,
acid ethanedoic acid acid; white inhalation and and spinach; used as wood and textile
crystals ingestion; strong bleach, rust remover, and deck cleaner;
irritant in high has many industrial and laboratory uses
concentrations

Pepto- bismuth subsalicylate pink solid or may cause relieves digestive difficulties by coating
Bismol calcium carbonate solution stomach upset if the digestive tract and reducing acidity
taken in excess of
recommended dose

PCBs polychlorinated colourless liquids highly toxic, used as coolants in electrical transformers
biphenyls: class of unreactive, and
compounds with two persistent; cause
benzene rings and two or ecological damage
more substituted chlorine
atoms

potash K2CO3 white, granular, solutions laboratory and industrial uses; used in
potassium carbonate translucent irritating to tissue special glasses, in soaps, and as a
powder dehydrating agent

PVCs (C2H3Cl)n tough, white, none used extensively as a building material

polyvinyl chloride, unreactive solid
polychloroethene

road salt CaCl2 white crystalline none by-product of the Solvay process
calcium chloride compound

rotten-egg H2S colourless gas highly flammable, obtained from sour gas during natural gas
gas hydrogen sulfide with an offensive therefore high fire production
odour risk; explosive;
toxic by
inhalation; strong
irritant to eyes
and mucous
membranes

Chemistry Data Tables • MHR 669

 rubbing (CH3)2CHOH colourless liquid flammable, has industrial and medical uses
alcohol isopropanol with a pleasant therefore high fire
(isopropyl alcohol) odour risk; explosive;
toxic by
inhalation and
ingestion

salicylic HOC6H4COOH white crystalline damages skin in can be used in different amounts in foods
acid 2-hydroxybenzoic acid solid high and dyes, and in wart treatment
concentrations

sand SiO2 large, glassy cubic toxic by occurs widely in nature as sand, quartz,
silica crystals inhalation; flint, and diatomite
chronic exposure
to dust may cause
silicosis

slaked Ca(OH)2 white powder that none used to neutralize acidity in soils and to
lime calcium hydroxide is insoluble in make whitewash, bleaching powder, and
water glass

soda ash Na2CO3 white powdery none used to manufacture glass, soaps, and
sodium carbonate crystals detergents

sugar C12H22O11 cubic white none used in foods as a sweetener; source of

sucrose crystals metabolic energy
(cane or beet sugar)

table salt NaCl cubic white none produced by the evaporation of natural
sodium chloride crystals brines and by the solar evaporation of sea
(rock salt, halite) water; also mined from underground
sources; used in foods and for de-icing
roads

Tylenol™ CH3CONHC6H4OH colourless, can be toxic if an pain reliever (analgesic)

N-acetyl-p-aminophenol slightly bitter overdose is taken
(acetaminophen, APAP) crystals

TSP Na3PO4 white crystals toxic by ingestion; used as a water softener and cleaner (for
trisodium phosphate irritant to tissue; example, to clean metals and to clean
(sodium phosphate, pH of 1% solution walls before painting); has many
sodium orthophosphate) is 11.8 to 12 industrial uses

vinegar 5% acetic acid, clear solution none used for cooking and household cleaning
CH3COOH, in water with a distinctive
smell

vitamin C C6H8O6 white crystals or none required in diet to prevent scurvy; found
ascorbic acid powder with a in citrus fruits, tomatoes, potatoes, and
tart, acidic taste green leafy vegetables

washing Na2CO3·H2O white powdery may be irritating used for cleaning and photography, and as
soda sodium carbonate crystals to skin a food additive; has many industrial and
monohydrate (soda ash) laboratory uses

wood CH3OH clear, colourless flammable; toxic has many industrial and household uses;
alcohol methanol liquid with faint by ingestion, skin used in gasoline antifreeze and as a
(methyl alcohol) alcoholic odour absorption, and thinner for shellac and paint; can be
inhalation; causes mixed with vegetable oil and lye to make
blindness and diesel
death

670 MHR • Appendix F