Appendix C

MAIN-GROUP
ELEMENTS Periodic Table of the Elements
1 Atomic number 6 12.01 Average atomic mass*
(IA) Electronegativity 2.5 2+
4+
Common ion charge
First ionization energy (kJ/mol) 1086 Other ion charges
1 1.01
2.20 1+
Melting point (K)
Boiling point (K)
4765
4098
C
1312 1-
1 13.81
H 2
carbon
20.28
hydrogen (IIA) metals (main group)
3 6.94 4 9.01 metals (transition)
0.98 1+ 1.57 2+ Gases metals (inner transition)
520 899
2 453.7
1615
Li 1560
2744
Be Liquids
Synthetics
metalloids
nonmetals
lithium beryllium
11 22.99 12 24.31 TRANSITION ELEMENTS
0.93 1+ 1.31 2+
496 738

3 371
1156
Na Mg
923.2
1363 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
sodium magnesium (IIIB) (IVB) (VB) (VIB) (VIIB) (VIIIB)
19 39.10 20 40.08 21 44.96 22 47.87 23 50.94 24 52.00 25 54.94 26 55.85 27 58.93
0.82 1+ 1.00 2+ 1.36 3+ 1.54 4+ 1.63 5+ 1.66 3+ 1.55 4+ 1.83 3+ 1.88 2+
419 590 631 658 2+ 650 2+ 653 2+ 717 2+ 759 2+ 760 3+
4 336.7
1032
K 1115
1757
Ca 1814
3109
Sc 1941
3560
Ti 3+ 2183
3680
V 3+
4+
2180
2944
Cr 6+ 1519
2334
Mn 3+
7+
1811
3134
Fe 1768
3200
Co
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt
37 85.47 38 87.62 39 88.91 40 91.22 41 92.91 42 95.94 43 (98) 44 101.07 45 102.91
0.82 1+ 0.95 2+ 1.22 3+ 1.33 4+ 1.6 5+ 2.16 6+ 2.10 7+ 2.2 3+ 2.28 3+
403 549 616 660 664 3+ 685 702 4+ 711 720
5 312.5
941.2
Rb 1050
1655
Sr 1795
3618
Y 2128
4682
Zr 2750
5017
Nb 2896
4912
Mo 2430
4538
Tc 6+ 2607
4423
Ru 2237
3968
Rh
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium
55 132.91 56 137.33 57 138.91 72 178.49 73 180.95 74 183.84 75 186.21 76 190.23 77 192.22
0.79 1+ 0.89 2+ 1.10 3+ 1.3 4+ 1.5 5+ 1.7 6+ 1.9 4+ 2.2 4+ 2.2 4+
376 503 538 642 761 770 760 6+ 840 3+ 880 3+
6 301.7
944
Cs 1000
2170
Ba 1191
3737
La 2506
4876
Hf 3290
5731
Ta 3695
5828
W 3459
5869
Re 7+ 3306
5285
Os 2719
4701
Ir
cesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium
87 (223) 88 (226) 89 (227) 104 (261) 105 (262) 106 (266) 107 (264) 108 (265) 109 (268)
0.7 1+ 0.9 2+ 1.1 3+ – 4+ – – – – – – – – – –
~375 509 499 – – – – – –
7 300.2
Fr 973.2
Ra 1324
Ac –
Rf –
Db –
Sg –
Bh –
Hs –
Mt
– – 3471 – – – – – –
francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium

INNER TRANSITION ELEMENTS

58 140.12 59 140.91 60 144.24 61 (145) 62 150.36 63 151.96 64 157.25
1.12 3+ 1.13 3+ 1.14 3+ – 3+ 1.17 3+ – 3+ 1.20 3+
527 4+ 523 530 536 543 2+ 547 2+ 593
6 Lanthanoids 1071
3716
Ce 1204
3793
Pr 1294
3347
Nd 1315
3273
Pm 1347
2067
Sm 1095
1802
Eu 1586
3546
Gd
cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium
90 232.04 91 231.04 92 238.03 93 237.05 94 (244) 95 (243) 96 (247)
1.3 4+ 1.5 5+ 1.7 6+ 1.3 5+ 1.3 4+ – 3+ – 3+
587 568 4+ 584 3+ 597 3+ 585 3+ 578 4+ 581
7 Actinoids 2023
Th 1845
Pa 1408
U 4+ 917
Np 4+ 913.2
Pu 5+
Am
1449 5+ 1618
Cm
5061 – 4404 5+ – 6+ 3501 6+ 2284 6+ 3373
thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium

*Average atomic mass data in brackets indicate atomic mass of most stable isotope of the element.
Data obtained from The CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 81st Edition
654 MHR • Appendix C
 MAIN-GROUP
ELEMENTS
18
(VIIIA)
2 4.00
– –
2372

13 14 15 16 17
5.19
5.02
He
(IIIA) (IVA) (VA) (VIA) (VIIA) helium
5 10.81 6 12.01 7 14.01 8 16.00 9 19.00 10 20.18
2.04 – 2.55 – 3.04 3– 3.44 2– 3.98 1– – –
800 1086 1402 1314 1681 2080
2348
4273
B 4765
4098
C 63.15
77.36
N 54.36
90.2
O 53.48
84.88
F 24.56
27.07
Ne
boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
13 26.98 14 28.09 15 30.97 16 32.07 17 35.45 18 39.95
1.61 3+ 1.90 – 2.19 – 2.58 2– 3.16 1– – –
577 786 1012 999 1256 1520

10 11 12
933.5
2792
Al 1687
3538
Si 317.3
553.7
P 392.8
717.8
S 171.7
239.1
Cl 83.8
87.3
Ar
(IB) (IIB) aluminum silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
28 58.69 29 63.55 30 65.39 31 69.72 32 72.61 33 74.92 34 78.96 35 79.90 36 83.80
1.91 2+ 1.90 2+ 1.65 2+ 1.81 3+ 2.01 – 2.18 – 2.55 2– 2.96 1– – –
737 3+ 745 1+ 906 579 761 947 941 1143 1351
1728
3186
Ni 1358
2835
Cu 692.7
1180
Zn 302.9
2477
Ga 1211
3106
Ge 1090
876.2
As 493.7
958.2
Se 266
332
Br 115.8
119.9
Kr
nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
46 106.42 47 107.87 48 112.41 49 114.82 50 118.71 51 121.76 52 127.60 53 126.90 54 131.29
2.20 2+ 1.93 1+ 1.69 2+ 1.78 3+ 1.96 4+ 2.05 – 2.1 – 2.66 1– – –
805 3+ 731 868 558 708 2+ 834 869 1009 1170
1828
3236
Pd 1235
2435
Ag 594.2
1040
Cd 429.8
3345
In 505
2875
Sn 903.8
1860
Sb 722.7
1261
Te 386.9
457.4
I 161.4
165
Xe
palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
78 195.08 79 196.97 80 200.59 81 204.38 82 207.20 83 208.98 84 (209) 85 (210) 86 (222)
2.2 4+ 2.4 3+ 1.9 2+ 1.8 1+ 1.8 2+ 1.9 3+ 2.0 4+ 2.2 1– – –
870 2+ 890 1+ 1107 1+ 589 3+ 715 4+ 703 5+ 813 2+ (926) 1037
2042
4098
Pt 1337
3129
Au 234.3
629.9
Hg 577.2
1746
Tl 600.6
2022
Pb 544.6
1837
Bi 527.2
1235
Po 575
–
At 202.2
211.5
Rn
platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
110 (269) 111 (272) 112 (277) 114 (285) 116 (289) 118 (293)
– – – – – – – – – – – –
– – – – – –
–
–
Uun –
–
Uuu –
–
Uub –
–
Uuq –
–
Uuh –
–
Uuo
ununnilium unununium ununbium ununquadium ununhexium ununoctium

65 158.93 66 162.50 67 164.93 68 167.26 69 168.93 70 173.04 71 174.97

– 3+ 1.22 3+ 1.23 3+ 1.24 3+ 1.25 3+ – 3+ 1.0 3+
565 572 581 589 597 603 2+ 524
1629
3503
Tb 1685
2840
Dy 1747
2973
Ho 1802
3141
Er 1818
2223
Tm 1092
1469
Yb 1936
3675
Lu
terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
97 (247) 98 (251) 99 (252) 100 (257) 101 (258) 102 (259) 103 (262)
– 3+ – 3+ – 3+ – 3+ – 3+ – 3+ – 3+
601 4+ 608 619 627 635 2+ 642 2+ –
1323
–
Bk 1173
–
Cf 1133
–
Es 1800
–
Fm 1100
–
Md 1100
–
No 1900
–
Lr
berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium

Periodic Table • MHR 655