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Periods 1, 2 and 3 (1491-1800):

The Path of "The American Dream"
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Lesson Number Title of Lesson
1 Collision in Cultures
2 Transplantations and Borderlands
3 Society and Culture in Provincial America
4 Empire in Transition
5 American Revolution
6 Constitution and the New Nation
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LESSON #1
Collision of Cultures
Heading and Notes
Summary -Add to base (given) notes during lecture and after
(sentence, main idea -Highlight the most important parts
of the topic)

Heading: America ● Southern Civilizations: Incas, Mayans, Aztecs

Before Columbus ● Northern Civilizations: Great Plains/Basin, iroquois, Materlinial
Summary: Before ● Society: religion revolved around nature, women took care of children and
the Americas was cooking while men hunted
"discovered" ● Got to America by crossing an Ice bridge
civilizations had ● Maize/ Corn built civilizations and empires set up the world and very useful,
their own ways of easy to farm, and has many uses
life and strong ● Incas: located in modern day Peru, had largest pre-Columbian empire
systems that ● Mayans: Located in present day Central America/ Very smart people known
included for math, art, architecture, writing, astronomy
fermentation and ● Aztecs: Located in present day Mexico/ Warriors/ Conquered by Hernan
tradition. Cortes led to Catholicism and Spanish
● Great Plains Natives: Located in present day middle America/ Nomadic/
Hunters&gathers/ Spain showed them horses/ Matrilineal women had role in
decision making
● Iroquois: Present day N.E. America/ heavily in ag.&
irrigation/warriors/Matrilineal/ First large tribe to be in contact w colonists

Heading: Europe ● Motivations: God/Glory/Gold

Looks Westward ● Spain: Domination/Christopher Columbus/Conquistadors: Hernan Cortes,
Summary: Europe Catholic, Encomienda System, Pueblo Revolt, assimilate natives
came over to the ● God: Spread Christianity, Reformation(split in Christianty), Spain& Portugal
Americas to conquer spread of Catholicism
and make money off ● Gold: make $, resources, gold, silver, etc
of the Native lands, ● Glory: power, nationalism, exploration, pride
and they came over ● Tech: Sextan improvement of navigation
to gain power over ● Spain dominated new world
all of the land. ● Did not want to populate just make money and spread culture
● Conquistadors: soldiers/ explorers from Spain & Portugal that took over
territory and trade routes Christopher Columbus & Hernan Cortes
● Columbus (Portuguese) "discovered" Americas in 1492 & Hernan Cortes
(Spanish) took over Aztecs in 1521
● Hernan Spread Spanish and Catholicism to Latin America
● Assimilate and culturalize them also brought the production of mestizos:
person mixed with Spanish and Native blood
● Encomienda system: Spanish slavery system for the natives
● Pueblo Revolt: Pueblo Indians revolted against Spanish colonizers(Killed 400
Spanish and drove the rest out) Did not stay that way.
● France and Dutch motivations to come over: pop. growth, close ties w
Natives, fur
● Columbian exchange Old World (smallpox, wheat, rice, horses, pigs, cows,
chickens) ← → New World (maize, potatoes, tomatoes), population growth)
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● Atlantic Slave Trade (African, increased, sugar, tobacco)

● Columbian Exchange between new and old world exchange of cultural and
biological changes: foods, region, diseases, medicines, animals
● Smallpox was an infectious disease that killed a lot of the Native populations
for 100s of years due to never being exposed to it.
● Atlantic slave trade was transportation of enslaved africans to the Americas
from mostly West Africa/ Brought over for sugar labor and tobacco labor.

Heading: Arrival of ● Motives (rising population, mercantilism, religion (Puritans,

the English Separatists, Reformation))
Summary: This part ● British view of Natives (savages, no assimilation)
of the chapter was
● Settlements (Roanoke, Jamestown)
about what caused
the English to come ● Mercantilism: The more a nation sells the better the nation will be
over to the New ● Nations will conquer as much world as they can to gain more wealth
world and settle and stop other nations from trading with them
down. ● Puritans want to purify the Church of England from Catholicism
● Separatists/ Pilgrims: extreme puritans wanted to destroy or separate
from the Church of England/ Came to the United States to practice
their religion
● Roanoke (Lost Colony) First attempt of permanent Settlement in
Americas in Present day North Carolina but unsuccessful
● Jamestown was the first successful permanent settlement in 1607 in
present day Virginia/ Virginia is the colony and state that dominated in
American history.

LESSON #2
Transplantations and Borderlands
Heading and Notes
Summary -Add to base (given) notes during lecture and after
(sentence, main idea -Highlight the most important parts
of the topic)

Heading: Settling the ● Chesapeake (South, Virginia (first colony), Maryland)

Chesapeake ● Jamestown (1st permanent, disease, famine, goal of profit(dug for gold
Summary: unsuccessful), lack of women, John Smith, pocahontas)
Chesapeake was the ● Expansion (tobacco, Headright System, indentured servitude(white slavery),
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first colony in the Bacon's rebellion(ended white slavery))

south that included ● People from england were migrating to the carribean more than the colonies
both virginia and ● Jamestown is a lot like columbia and outdoor museum today
Maryland, and there ● Pocohantas was the daughter of a Powhatan Chief that became Christian to
were many things marry John Rolfe
that went down ● John Rolfe brought tobacco to Virginia(Big $$)
from Pocohantas, ● John Smith(first leader in Jamestown) was saved by pocahontas from his
tobacco becoming execution by the Powhatan
the base for the ● Powhatan Uprising of 1622
economy for ● Powhatan Confederacy killed 347 settlers in Jamestown
Virginia, and the ● Powhatan attacked other settlements and those attacked used the attack to
increase of black take more Native land
slavery due to the ● John Rolfe brought Tobacco to Virginia and made money off of Tobacco "Child
end of indentured of Tobacco"
servitude. ● It is their "gold and silver"
● It built their economy but it ruins soil after being planted so much
● It requires a lot of labor increased slavery
● Indentured servitude: an employee who forced to work for a set period of
time for a ride to the New World
● Headright system: All passengers to the new world would get 50 acres of land
● Indentured contract: 5-7 years of work
● Virginia company brought all indentured servants to the New world
● Bacon's Rebellion: Nathaniel Bacon led armed rebellion against VA Governor
● They wanted Native land but after two years the British gov took back control
of it
● Ended Indentured Servitude because White Slaves would rebel which
Incresed Black Slavery
● Showed the Rich vs Poor/Rural
● Maryland: in Chesapeake Bay and was a Proprietary colony (make money off
of tobacco)
● Freedom of worship for all and early pioneer of religious tolerance

Heading: Growth of ● Plymouth (Pilgrims, Mayflower Compact, few natives (disease), Squanto)
New England ● Massachusetts (very religious, John Winthrop's (City upon a Hill), conformity)
Summary: Plymouth ● People (Roger Williams (Rhode Island (separation of church and state,
was home to many democratic), Anne Hutchinson (women rights)
Pilgrims while
● Natives (land disputes, Pequot War, King Philip’s War)
Massachusetts was
home to many ● Mayflower Compact was an agreement by pilgrims to form a government with
Puritans and a majority rule
religion, which ● This lead to an Early American Democracy
caused Roger ● Pilgrims landed in the winter of 1620-1621 in Plymouth and they all stayed
Williams to settle in when the Mayflower sailed back
Rhode Island that ● Only 44 survived out of 102 Pilgrims
would soon become
● Fall of 1621 was the first thanksgiving
the home to those
with democratic ● They got assistance on the way of life from squanto and their economy was
views. fur base with fish and lumber too
● They eventually merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony
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● John Winthrop(City upon a hill) was first gov. Of Mass. and governor for
19years
● America was the eyes of the world and example.
● Connecticut was the first colony to have a republic. Elect people to represent
in gov.
● Roger Williams is founder of Rhode Island with liberal ideas (liberal)
● He was found guilty of preaching dangerous things and founded rhode island
after he was exiled. (Religion should be progressive)
● Rhode Island is liberal and founded by Roger Williams
● No special privilege for anyone
● Massachusetts looked down on Rhode Island for not being traditional
● Anne Hutchinson started the idea of women's equality by challenging the
power of the church
● She was banned from Mass. for too much power went to Rhode Island
● Pequot War: Whites saw rivalries with tribes and used it against them by using
those tribes to fight against each other
● King Philip's war King Philip was Native American
● Conflict between Native and New England colonists results in colonists taking
land

Heading: ● Carolina (North(poor farmers), South (plantations, slavery)

Restoration Colonies ● New York (Dutch, local governments)
Summary: The ● New Jersey (proprietor colony, farmers
establishment of the ● Quakers (William Penn, Pennsylvania (Holy Experiment)
quakers came about ● Quakers: religious group that accepted all christian sects
and the bringing ● Did not believe in predestination (Heaven or Hell determined before life,
about the Puritan belief)
settlement of ● Gave rights to women in church
William Penn who ● William Penn Holy Experiment
then created the ● Pennsylvania settled by WIlliam Penn
Holy Experiment ● Holy experiment
which allowed for ● Liberal ideas give people say in government
liberal ideas, ● Religious toleration
religious toleration ● Profit
and profit.

Heading: Borderland ● Caribbean (sugar, slavery, trade)

and Middle Grounds ● Georgia (protect from Spanish, plantations)
Summary: Places ● British (Navigation Acts, increased colonial power)
such as the ● Navigation Acts only british ships could trade with colonies which showed
Caribbean was full mercantilism but caused conflict
of sugar, slavery, and ● Was a rule but not enforced till later
trade all while the
British was
implementing the
Navigation Acts that
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only allowed for

British ships to trade
with colonies that
would become
emphasized.

LESSON #3
Society and Culture in Provincial America
Heading and Notes
Summary -Add to base (given) notes during lecture and after
(sentence, main idea -Highlight the most important parts
of the topic)

Heading: Colonial ● Women (Chesapeake (high death rate, high birth rates), New England(low
Population death rate, close families, Salem Witch Trials), few rights)
Summary: The ● Salem Witch trials: 19 women in Salem, MA were accused of being witches
beginning of the and were then executed
population of ● Massachusetts had puritan way of life women were supposed to get married
colonies began to have kids do what husband says
grow in population ● Majority of them were "independent" women didn't follow rules no husband
and divserity such as ● Major case of mass hysteria
women and slaves, ● Slavery (Middle Passage, slave codes, plantations, stono rebllion, slave
and the amount of culture)
slavery brought not ● Middle Passage was a sea journey taken by slave ships from West Africa to the
only more slaves but Americas importation of slaves
their way of life. ● The passage took 1-3 months across the Atlantic with about 2 million making
the journey
● They would then be sold in slave auctions
● Slaves worked on plantations which were large farms that usually grew sugar,
tobacco, or cotton
● It was really common in the deep south
● The men usually worked on the fields while the women worked both in the
house and the fields but they were treated harshly(killed, beat, raped, broke
up families)
● Most of the slaves were Christian and they would develop their own language,
food, music and folklore
● Some states had more slaves than whites in the population
● Their form of resistance was running away never really violent
● There were set slave codes or rules (purpose was to keep them ignorant so
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they were easy to control):

● Could not be taught or allowed to read or write
● Restriction to the plantation they worked for
● Could not congregate(come together) after dark
● Could not possess any firearms
● Stono Rebellion was the largest slave uprising within the 13 colonies
● About 100 slaves had met at the stono river in S. Carolina where they stole
guns from a store and killed the storekeepers
● After that they began to burn houses and killed whites resulting in around 25
whites and 40 blacks killed
● It only made things worse by causing slave owners to be much more strict
with the slave codes

Heading: Colonial ● South (tobacco (VA, MD), rice (GA, SC), indigo (SC), few cities, plantations)
Economies very rural with lack of education compared to North
Summary: The ● North (lumber, mining (iron), fishing, ship building, some farming such as
development of the
strawberries (too cold, rocky soil); cities (trade centers, NY and Philadelphia)
diverse colonial
economies began ● Trade (lack of specie (gold or silver), barter, Triangular Trade, smuggling)
with the South Money is complicated good for a good not a good for paper money
earning it mostly ● The Triangular trade was trade between Europe, Africa, New World of
from thier rural Resources and Markets
slave-filled ● Goods such as Textiles and rum and resources such as sugar, tobacco, cotton
plantations, and the also the trade of labor which were slaves
North earning it ● Slaves were taken from africa and sent to the Americas
through their ● Europe made things, Africa provided labor, and America provided the
industrial cities. resources for those things that Europe made

Heading: Religion ● Tensions (Protestants v. Catholics, westward migration decreased church

Summary: During power came for economic increase)
the relgious era of ● Great Awakening (Christian revival, Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, Old
the Great
Lights (traditionalists) v. New Lights (revivalists), new Christian sects)
Awakening in the
American Colonies ● Old lights believed in predestination
there was a revival ● New lights women should have more say in church and accept in more
in Christianity that Christians
soon spread quickly, ● The Great awakening was a revival in Christianity
and it included a ● Jonathan Edwards started Great Awakening in MA
fight between the ● "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry" this affirmed need for complete
traditional vs the dependence of God (people dependent on God)
new ways. ● George Whitefield got people to convert to Christianity through sermons
● Great awakening resulted in more Christian diversity and sects.

Heading: ● Enlightened Thinkers (Baron de Montesquieu (separation of powers), John

Enlightenment Locke (natural rights)
(reason, logic, ● Education (public in MA, high literacy rate in NE, science (lightning rod,
challenge authority)
smallpox inoculation) MA leads nation in education still today first to offer
Summary: The
Enlightenment public education
period that had ● Zenger Case
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spread throughout ● Enlightenment was the concept of applying reason and logic to
the world hit society(opposing faith) and challenging authority(The church and gov.)
America that ● Enlightenment thinkers want proof over faith
brought ideas such
● Baron de Montesquieu: came up with separation of powers/ Checks and
as Checks and
balances and natural balances (equal power and representation
rights along with ● John Locke: Government's job is to protect our natural rights(life, liberty,
very important property) and gov. gets power from the people (US: Declaration of
figures such as Independence, life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness)
Thomas Jefferson ● Thomas Jefferson: Most important american enlightenment thinker (natural
that would soon rights and against slavery but has owned many slaves)
help shape the
● Zenger Case was when John Zenger was charged with libel(false statement
United States later
on. that damage a person's reputation) by the NY governor
● He was found innocent since what he wrote was true
● It led to the Freedom of Press

LESSON #4
Empire in Transition
Heading and Notes
Summary -Add to base (given) notes during lecture and after
(sentence, main idea -Highlight the most important parts
of the topic)

Heading: Loosening ● Salutary Neglect (relaxed enforcement of laws, Navigation Acts)

Ties ● Colonists (lack of unity, Albany Congress, Albany Plan)
Summary: During ● Albany Congress: First meeting of reps. From different colonies with 7
this time colonists northern colonies invited
were not faced with ● It was led by Benjamin Franklin that led to creation of Albany Plan
harsh taxation and ● Albany Plan created a unified gov. with goal of improving relations with
wanted to have a Natives and defense against France
good relationship ● "Join or Die"
with Natives. ● Colonists rejected this plan due to the fear of tax powers and Britain rejected
this also

Heading: French and ● Cause (Colonists, English, French, Iroquois, religious, economic, land tensions)
Indian War (Seven ● English and French Rivalry(history of not liking each other due to
Years' War) mercantilism)
1754-1763
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Summary: Due to ● Land disputes in Ohio (Britain wanted france land)

colonists along with ● Britain wanted part of fur trade
the mixture of ● England, colonists and natives fought together against French, natives and
economic and
Spanish
religious problems
between the English ● Fought for the control of North America
and French the ● England, colonists and natives fought together against French, natives
Sevens Year War ● Effect (Peace of Paris (no France in NA), united colonists, more British land,
occurred which debt and resentment toward Americans)
would later lead to ● George Washinton: British had sent Washington to lead men against the
unity and the French French
being kicked out of
● This built Fort Necessity which fell to the French
America.
● Peace of Paris ended the Sevens Years' war with Britain gaining France's land
in NA and the beginning of British dominance in the world
● Effects of French and Indian war
● Britain gets a bunch of land from France(France is kicked out of America)
● now they must pay to maintain that land and also pay the war debts on top of
that (taxation)
● Unites the colonies

Heading: New ● No Salutary Neglect (enforcement of taxes (Sugar Act, Currency Act, Stamp
Imperialism Act)
Summary: During ● Land (Pontiac’s Rebellion, Proclamation of 1763)
this time the
● Sugar Act: Reduced the sugar tax in half but increased the measures to
colonies were faced
with heavy taxation enforce the tax(Salutary neglect gone)
from the British ● Colonists were worried that it would increase power of British Parliament
which would soon ● Currency Act: Parliament given power to regulate paper money issued by the
lead to many colonists
problems and a ● Hard money backed by gold soft money not backed by gold
need for change. ● Colonists had too much power still increasing
● Stamp Act: Tax on anything that was printed paper such as documents
licenses etc.
● Money used to pay for costs of defending the Americans
● Colonists upset because they did not approve of tax
● Pontiac's rebellion was the dissatisfaction of Britain being in control of their
land(7 years' war) which led to war with Britain
● Resulted in Proclamation of 1763 which restricted the colonists to move
westward into Native lands
● British did not want anymore conflicts with Natives because it cost too much
money
● Colonists were upset that they fought and died for the land and were not
allowed to move into that land
● Some colonial pioneers defied the law for mainly fur(Daniel Boone)
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Heading: Stirrings of ● Groups (Stamp Act Congress, Sons of Liberty)

Revolt ● People (Patrick Henry (Virginia Resolves), Samuel Adams (Committees of
Summary: The Correspondence))
colonists were faced
● Britain (Quartering Act, Townshend Duties, Tea Act (Boston Tea Party,
with the harsh
British taxation and Coercive/Intolerable Acts)
acts, such the ● Events (Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party)
Quartering act, that ● Stamp Act Congress in 1765 was a gathering of elected reps from most
led to rebellious colonies with plan to unify colonies
behavior, the Boston ● Sons of Liberty was a secret society of the colonists radical group(extreme)
Tea party, from the ● Boston is the hub of the revolution
upset colonists.
● They organized the Boston Tea Party and Terrorized tax collectors
● Future founding fathers as members: John Adams, Samuel Adams, Patrick
Henry, John Hancock, Paul Revere
● Virginia Resolves were resolutions against the British in response to the Stamp
Act with Patrick Henry as leader
● We can only be taxed by Virginia. Parliament does not have the right "No
Taxation without Representation" Patrick Henry
● Committee of Correspondence were colonial groups that secretly created
anti-British propaganda through messages between colonies and suggested
responses to British actions
● Samuel Adams was a big role in this
● The Quartering Act was put in order by the British gov. for all colonists to
allow British troops to:
● Stay in their homes
● Use whatever supplies they needed
● Let them stay as long as they needed
● Provide them with food
● Townshend Duties were taxes to pay the salaries of governors and judges so
they would remain loyal to Britain
● British troops came to occupy Boston which led to Boston Massacre
● Boston Massacre was when colonists gathered outside a British office to
protest the Townshend Duties
● Snowballs were thrown which led to British soldiers shoot and kill 5 with 6
wounded
● Paul Revere created a depiction of the event then used this to fuel the fire of
animosity towards British authorities
● Tea Act was when the British East India Company was given monopoly to
trade tea in America which led to the cost of tea to rise and upset colonists
● Boston Tea Party:
● 250 colonists disguised as Native Americans and boarded East India Company
ships to destroy 3 shiploads of British tea($4 million worth of tea)
● Sons of Liberty organized it
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● Britain responded with: Coercive/Intolerable Acts and shut down Boston

Harbor & No self-gov in Massachusetts

Heading: ● First Continental Congress (Loyalists(Wanted to stay with British Gov.) or

Cooperation and Patriots(Wanted to break away from British gov.)? grievances, resolutions,
War boycott, did not want independence)
Summary: The new
● Lexington and Concord start the Revolutionary War
era of war began in
the colonies due to ● First Continental Congress in 1774: Delegates from 12/13 colonies met in
the British taxation Philadelphia in response to the Intolerable acts
which included the ● Boycotted British goods, Sent king George III a list of grievances and remedies
boycott of British but he did not care, called military preparations
goods, no salutary ● Had little effect on British actions
neglect, and the ● DID NOT WANT INDEPENDENCE, JUST SALUTARY NEGLECT
beginning of the
● Lexington and Concord:
Revlutionary War.
● Started Revolutionary War
● British tried to destroy rebel military supplies but rebels knew their plans
● British killed and marched through rebels at Lexington but defeated by
guerilla warfare in Concord

LESSON #5
American Revolution
Heading and Notes
Summary -Add to base (given) notes during lecture and after
(sentence, main idea -Highlight the most important parts
of the topic)

Heading: States ● Second Continental Congress (Olive Branch Petition (peace offering),
United influenced by Common Sense, approved Declaration of Independence and
Summary: During Articles of Confederation (weak federal government))
the time of
● Loyalists v. Patriots
revolution everyone
had their own views ● Mobilizing for war (army, supplies, financing, foreign help (France and Spain),
of the British, how Continental Army (Washington))
to run the colonies, ● Patrick Henry from Virginia was radical(extreme) and great at speeches: "give
and what the me liberty or give me death." (I am willing to die for American Independence)
government would ● Thomas Paine wrote a 50 page pamphlet that advocated independence from
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be based off of, but Britain, Common Sense

those who were ● Called King George Tyrant, Distributed and read outloud in taverns
with the British were ● It convinced many colonists to lose their loyalty to British
often pushed away
● Largest sale and circulation of any book in US History
and humiliated
despite the ● Thomas Jefferson wrote Declaration of Independence
American colonists ● Famous quotes: "All men are created equal" (All rich white men are equal)
having a weak ● "unalienable rights": Natural Rights
government so far in ● Thomas jefferson owned slaves but wrote "All men are created equal"
history. ● John Locke's influence on the Declaration of Independence was huge.
● Loyalists:
● Wanted to remain part of British Empire and had control of cities
● Most of Americans in 1775 but many fled to Canada
● Patriots:
● wanted independence and had control of countryside
● Most Americans at the end of 1776
● Continental Army was the First US Army made up of volunteers such as
militias and Minutemen
● George Washington was the First General
● Lacked discipline of a professional army and men were not paid which caused
many to quit after few battles
● Articles of Confederation (Weak Federal Gov.)
● Had no executive Branch(President)
● Could not tax and no Uniform currency
● Could not regulate trade
● No federal court system but had strong legislative branch
● All 13 states had to approve of an amendment since that had equal rep.

Heading: ● Advantages: home, guerrilla warfare, more to win

Revolutionary War ● Minorities (blacks, natives, women)
Summary: During ● 1st Phase: New England (Bunker Hill)
the revolutionary
● 2nd Phase: Mid-Atlantic (British took New York then lost Saratoga)
war, there was a
huge fight for ● Final Phase: South (Yorktown ended war, Treaty of Paris)
American ● American military strategies:
independence from ● War of attrition(the British had a long supply line)
the British that ● Guerilla tactics
everyone got ● Do not had to win on battlefield just wear them down
involved with, but ● Alliance with France(Britain’s enemies)
the ones that had
● British:
the bigger
advantages and ● Break the colonies in half by getting between the North and South
wanted it more ● Blockade to prevent the flow of goods and supplies
came up on top ● Use Loyalists to “Divide and Conquer”
which was the ● African Americans: Britain told slaves if they helped the British they would
United States gain freedom which made southerners upset
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● Many joined and helped and saw it as a chance for freedom

● Natives: recruited by British heavily by British but America tried to keep them
neutral
● Women: Behind scenes work: cooking and nurses rarely fought and did not
gain much from Revolution
● Three Phases of war
● First Phase: War in the North, 1775-1776
● Bunker Hill in 1775: British suffered
● 2,250 men with 1,054 injured and 226 killed
● Americans had Moral victory
● 800 men 140 killed nd 271 wounded
● King George sent more soldiers 10,000 to help against Rebellion
● Second Phase: War in the middle colonies 1776-1778
● Battle of Saratoga was turning point for Americans and France gave more help
● Third Phase was war in the South 1778-1781
● British surrender to Washington
● Why America Won war
● US had home turf
● Guerilla warfare
● British only controlled cities not countryside and they lacked good
communication and respect for continental army
● Loyalists and Natives did not help as much as British thought
● US had more to gain while a British victory would not gain them anymore
● American alliances with Spain, France, and Netherlands
● Treaty of Paris in 1783: Ended the Revolutionary War
● US gain independence
● The US gained all British land from the App. Mts. to Miss. River
● US doubled in size and US settlers raced to frontier and caused conflicts with
Natives

Heading: ● State (republicanism (power from people), branches of government, property

Government requirements for voting, taxes)
Summary: The set ● Society (slavery (South needs slaves North does not) (sectional tensions,
up for the
outlawed in northern states), women (married had less rights, wanted
government quickly
after the education property), religious toleration)
Revolutionary War ● Land (Land Ordinance of 1785, Northwest Ordinance, Treaty of Greenville)
was very ● Economy (postwar depression, debt (AOC no taxes), Shays Rebellion)
unsuccessful due to ● “All Men Created Equal”
the lack of strength ● New England States were first to abolish slavery and would lead to middle
and brought only states to do so later
more problems with
● Quakers formed the first Anti-slavery society and Underground
things such as debt
and conflict with Railroad(Harriet Tubman)
Natives. ● Southern states expanded slavery after invention of Cotton gin
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● As country expanded North and South made terms over the issue of slavery
● At one point slavery was not allowed to be brought up in congress to many
problems
● Settling the Frontier:
● Need to clear land of Natives
● Land Ordinance of 1785: establishment of a plan to survey and sell land west
of App. Mts ($1 per acre) Main source of revenue for gov.
● Northwest Ordinance 1781: set procedure for dividing land into territories
and requirements for new states(set up states)
● Territories could apply to be state when pop. at 60,000
● Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota
● No slavery allowed in these states
● Frontier Conflicts with Natives:
● Natives, led by Tecumseh (wanted native unity against Americans)
● Were determined to violently stop and kill settlers in northwest
● US Army sent to frontier to terminate this native threat
● After the battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794 natives were forced out of Ohio and
Indiana and set a boundary line between natives and settlers(Treaty of
Greenville) but was not honored by settlers
● Natives were killed by disease (mainly smallpox)
● Shays Rebellion(1785-1787)
● Causes:
● Farmer’s rebellion led by Danial Shay to overthrow the Massachusetts govt.
● Due to the taxes, wanted to end imprisonment for debt, wanted more money
in circulation
● Results:
● Rebellion put down by a private militia
● US govt. too weak to put down rebellion
● Caused Americans fear that govt. was too weak and would result in anarchy
● Americans wanted a stronger government

LESSON #6
Constitution and New Nation
Heading and Notes
Summary -Add to base (given) notes during lecture and after
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(sentence, main idea -Highlight the most important parts

of the topic)

Heading: ● Constitutional Convention (Founding Fathers)(Representation)

Constitution ● Representation (VA Plan, NJ Plan, Great Compromise (Senate and House of
Summary: After the Representatives))
unsuccessful
● Compromises (Three-Fifths, Slave-Trade, Commerce)
moments with the
development of the ● Clauses (Supremacy, Implied Powers)
government, there ● Branches (Separation of Powers, Congress (legislative), President (executive,
were much more George Washington, cabinet), Supreme Court)
successes such as ● The Constitutional Convention in 1787 was met in Independence
the Bill of rights and Hall(Philadelphia) used to be capital of US
Constitution which ● 55 delegates made it with No Rhode Island representatives
brought together
● Wanted to change or throw out AOC and write new Constitution
the United States.
● They wanted the government to have enough power to:
● Tax, Regulate trade, protect private property, enforce laws
● Did not want to take away rights of American Rev.
● US Constitution created in 1789
● People supported the government
● US has oldest government in the world (Constitution)
● Heavily influenced by Enlightenment ideas
● Government gets power from people, basic rights, separation of powers
● Most important doc. In history that is non-religious doc.
● Founding Fathers/ Framers
● State reps. that wrote the Constitution
● George Washington was the President
● Ben Franklin was Father figure
● James Madison had most input (Father of Constitution)
● Many Lawyers and farmers
● Government Representation Debate was the first major argument between
the delegates
● Argument over how many reps. Each state should have in Congress
● What type of Congress should US have?:
● Large States believed they should have more reps. Due to larger pop.
● Small States believed there should be equal rep.
● Virginia plan
● Proposed by larger states split into two houses
● Representation in both houses based on state pop.
● New Jersey Plan
● Proposed by smaller states with 1 house of congress
● Equal rep. And each state with 1 vote
● Great Compromise
● Bicameral: 2 houses of congress
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● 2 reps. (senators) from each state

● House of reps. Based on state pop.
● More pop. more reps
● Constitutional Compromises:
● Federalists wanted to constitution but not give as many rights
● Anti-Federalists wanted more rights
● Bill of rights:
● First 10 Amendments that protect rights
● Added to anti-federalists to agree to Constitution
● Three-Fifths Compromise
● Slaves counted as ⅗ of a person when determining pop. for House of reps.
● Seen as big victory for the South
● Slave-Trade Compromise
● Slave Importation legal until 1808 (slave pop. rose till then)
● Commerce Compromise
● Congress can tax imports(tariffs) not exports
● Republicans wanted to raise tariffs democrats did not
● Supremacy Clause
● Constitution is the supreme law of land (federal law over state law)
● Implied Powers:
● Congress can make laws even if Constitution does not directly name issue
● Even if the constitution does not say something about the issue the gov. Can
still make laws about it
● Branches of Government:
● Congress (legislative)
● Supreme Court(Judicial)
● President(executive)
● Each branch has yes or no vote if one say no it cannot pass as a law
● This is called:
● Separation of Powers/ Checks and Balances (Montesquieu idea)
● Executive: "carries out the Law" appoints cabinet members(secretary of state,
etc.) and Supreme Court judges
● Congress: "Makes the Law"
● Supreme Court: "Interprets the law" to see if it is constitutional or not
● Known as Judicial review
● Judiciary Act of 1789 established the Supreme Court

Heading: Federalists ● Federalists (strong central government, Federalist Papers)

vs Antifederalists ● Antifederalists (weaker central government, Bill of Rights)
Summary: Once the ● Constitutional Federalists believed in:
government was set
● A strong federal government since it was needed to protect "life, liberty,
out through the
Constitution there property and the pursuit of happiness"
was those that ● Believed Constitution was "sound" document that limited power of federal
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believed that the gov.

Constitution was ● Gave gov. Power to settle problems within country
"sound" while ● Appealed to more wealthy, business owners and educated
limiting the power
● George Washington, Ben Franklin, John Adams, James Madison, Alexander
of the federal
government in the Hamilton
correct way, ● They will write Federalists Papers:
Constitutional ● Mostly Alexander Hamilton James Madison and john Jay
federalists, and then ● 85 Essays that argued for support of Constitution and strong federal gov.
there were those ● Anti-Federalists:
that believed that ● Believed Constitution made federal gov. Too powerful which would result in
the Constitution
gave the federal abuse and take away rights
government too ● State should have more power the federal gov.
much power that ● Appealed to common man, farmers, less educated
would lead to abuse. ● Agreed to Constitution once Bill of Rights added
● Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, Samuel Adams

Heading: Political ● Federalists (Alexander Hamilton (Bank of the US), Northern, wealthy,
Parties merchants, pro-British, quickly fell)
Summary: The ● Republicans/Democratic-Republicans (Thomas Jefferson, Southern, farmers,
conformity of two
pro-French)
separate political
parties began in the ● Federalists:
United States, ● Political party led by Alexander Hamilton mainly from the North
Federalists and ● They wanted:
Democratic ● A strong federal gov.
Republicans, which ● Expand economy by being more involved in world trade
led to many ● Less power to people and saw freedom of speech as threat
differences and fight
● More diversified economy
in the elections, but
would also show ● Supported by wealthy and merchants and they were Pro-British
how a peaceful ● Republicans/Democratic Republicans:
transition of power ● Political party led by Thomas Jefferson mainly from the SOuth
during the elections ● Wanted:
of political parties ● Small-scale state and local gov.
would help shape
● Small-scale local economies
America even more.
● Expand democracy and freedom of speech
● A farming economy and supported by Farmers
● They were pro-french
● Alexander Hamilton's Financial Plan:
● US gov. Took over state debts
● Created Bank of the United States(BUS)
● Not mentioned in Constitution (Controversial, used implied powers of the
Constitution to justify)
● Excise Tax: taxed manufactured goods made in the US
● Tariff: Tax on imported goods (best way for federal gov.)
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● Capital moved to South to get Democratic-Republicans to agree to the plan

● Election of 1796 and 1800:
● 1796: John Adams defeated Thomas Jefferson
● Used to be 2nd place became VP (Jefferson)
● 1800: Jefferson(Democratic-republican) defeated Adams (Federalists)
● Peaceful transition of power between political parties

Heading: Early ● Challenges to Constitution (Whiskey Rebellion)

Happenings ● Foreign Policy (Washington’s Farewell Address, Jay’s Treaty, Pinckney's
Summary: There Treaty, XYZ Affair)
were many
● Immigration (Alien and Sedition Acts, Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions)
challenges to this
new Constitution ● Whiskey Rebellion (1794-Pennsylvania)
that is the base of ● Violent Rebellion to prevent Excise Tax(Alcohol) collection led by Washington,
the United States 15,000 troops stopped Rebellion
along with ● Showed the Federal gov. capable to suppress resistance to its laws
challenges in Foreign ● Opposite of Shay Rebellion
alliances and within ● Washington's Farewell Address:
the political parties.
● Washington warned following to be threat to preservation of the union:
● Foreign alliances
● Urged neutrality
● Political party politics
● Jay's treaty:
● Treaty between US and Britain that resulted in 10 years of peaceful trade and
not popular in South or France
● Pinckney's Treaty:
● Spain and US granted navigating rights on Mississippi River
● XYZ affair and Quasi war:
● 3 American diplomats went to France in 1797
● -3 French diplomats (XYZ) demanded $250,000 to meet with the leader of
France
● -US diplomats did not pay and went home
● -Americans hear this and want to go to war with France
● -Quasi War: undeclared war with France as a result of the XYZ Affair
● Alien and Sedition Acts:
● Purpose: harsher immigration policies to limit opposition to the Federalist
Party
● -Alien Act: made it harder for an immigrant to become a citizen
● -Sedition Act: made it illegal to criticize the government (violated 1st
Amendment, but no judicial review at this point in History)
● -Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: urged states to nullify the Alien and
Sedition Acts
● -A big reason why Jefferson was elected in 1800
● -Laws expired during Jefferson presidency
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