Chapter #5: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution Big Picture Themes 1.

. The Americans were very diverse for that time period. New England was largely from English background, New York was Dutch, Pennsylvania was German, the Appalachian frontier was Scots-Irish, the southern coast African-American and English, and there were spots of French, Swiss, and Scots-Highlanders. 2. Although they came from different origins, the ethnicities were knowingly or what mingling and melting together into something called Americans. 3. Most people were farmers, an estimated 90%. The northern colonies held what little industry America had at the time: shipbuilding, iron works, rum running, trade, whaling, fishing. The south dealt with crops, slaves, and naval stores. 4. There were two main Protestant denominations: the Congregational Church up north, and the Anglican Church down south. Both were established meaning tax money went to the church. Poised for growth were the backwoods faiths of the Baptists and Methodists that grew by leaps thanks to the Great Awakening. IDENTIFICATIONS: Great Awakening A religious revival used as a method to encourage the people of America; Speakers included Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. George Whitfield A part of the Great Awakening; good speaker; speeches lead the Indians and Africans to convert to Christianity. Jonathan Edwards American theologian; was also a part of and began the Great Awakening; Sinners in the Hands of an angry God. New Lights Were the modern preachers who were in favor of the Great Awakening; help founded many Ivy League schools. Old Lights Orthodox members who believed in the old ways; and believed the new ways of preaching were unnecessary; also a part of the creation of Ivy League schools. Age of Reason/Enlightenment cultural movement; began in Europe and then America; modification of society using reason and challenged ideas or beliefs. John Peter Zenger

Newspaper printer; charged with seditious libel; hauled to court; defended by Andrew Hamilton; argued that he printed the truth GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Conquest by the Cradle Know: Thirteen Original Colonies 1. What was the significance of the tremendous growth of population in Britain's North American colonies? The significance was that the population was mostly Blacks yet the White population was also increasing. There was a incredible growth in population between the whites and the blacks. In the thirteen colonies 2.5 million people lived in the colonies in 1775. A Mingling of Races Know: Pennsylvania Dutch, Scots-Irish, Paxton Boys, Regulator Movement 2. What was the significance of large numbers of immigrants from places other than England? ` The large number of immigrants meant that there was a lot of diversity. This also meant the England didnt have control over the different people. There were different and clashing cultures. The Structure of Colonial Society Know: Social Mobility 3. Assess the degree of social mobility in the colonies. This is where the people in the colonies could change in social classes. For example, indentured servants had the ability to become wealthy. There would be no determined social classes because everyone would change. Makers of America: The Scots-Irish Know: The Session 4. How had the history of the Scots-Irish affected their characteristics? They never felt included or they belonged. They became isolated and disagreed with other ideas. They would be stubborn against their opponents and resented the King. Workaday America Know: Triangular Trade, Naval Stores, Molasses Act 5. Describe some of the more important occupations in the colonies. Important occupations were the ones that involved agriculture. Farmers were important because they were responsible for planting tobacco. Merchants and those involved with trade were also important for bringing in profit for the land. Fishermen were also important because they exported the fish that would benefit the colonies. Horsepower and Sailpower Know: Taverns 6. What was it like to travel in early America?

Traveling in early America was dangerous there werent many safe routes. It took a long time to travel and taverns along the way allowed the travelers to stop and rest. Taverns were only on main routes to cities. Dominant Denominations Know: Established Church, Anglicans, Congregationalists, Presbyterians 7. How did the denominations in America affect relations with Great Britain? Each of the denominations was different. They each believed in different things so they clashed in belief. They became more separated because they didnt agree completely. The Great Awakening Know: Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, Old Lights, New Lights, Baptists 8. How was the religion encompassed in the Great Awakening different from traditional religion? What was important about the difference? The new religion was more intense and strict and the old religion was more on praising God. The Old lights believed that the new was of religion was worthless. The New lights were in favor of what was preached during the Great Awakening. Schools and Colleges Know: Latin and Greek 9. What kind of education could a young person expect in colonial times? The education was focused on religion. At school the bible and God were enforced. The children were also taught to speak Latin in Greek. A Provincial Culture Know: John Trumbull, Charles Wilson Peale, Benjamin West, John Singleton Copley, Benjamin Franklin 10. Did Americans distinguish themselves in the arts during the colonial period? Explain. No, they still didnt understand pioneering so they couldnt have taken in the arts completely. However, John Trumbull who wanted to be a part of the arts went to England to study. Some arts were taken in but the Americans didnt completely use the arts. Pioneer Presses Know: John Peter Zenger 11. Why was the jury verdict in the Zenger case important? John Peter Zengers verdict was important because this would lead to the freedom of press. The jurors were swayed by what Zenger had to say and deemed him not guilty. This pointed the way for open public discussion. The Great Game of Politics Know: Royal Colonies, Proprietary Colonies, Self-governing Colonies, Colonial Assemblies, Power of the Purse, Town Meetings, Property Qualifications 12. How democratic was colonial America? They revolved around being democratic. They functioned at their best by being democratic. However, they were not a complete democracy.

Chapter #6: Duel for North America Big Picture Themes 1. Two dominant cultures emerged in the 1700s in North America: (a) England controlled the Atlantic seaboard from Georgia to Maine, and (b) France controlled the area of Quebec and along the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi River. 2. New England consisted of towns made up by farmers. They cleared the land and pushed the Indians out. New France was made up of fur trading outposts. They were scattered and lived with and often worked with the Indians in the forests and streams. 3. Like cats and dogs, England and France cannot live together that close. While separated, they were fine, but the two cultures began to rub against one another in the Ohio Valley. This started the French and Indian War. 4. The French and Indian War saw the English defeat France. France was totally kicked out of North America. IDENTIFICATIONS: Samuel de Champlain French explorer; wrote books about his journeys to Mexico City and Niagara Falls; his exploration of the St. Lawrence River and settlement in Quebec were his greatest accomplishments. William Pitt British leader; Organizer of Victory; Pittsburg named after him; changed the direction of the French and Indian war. Pontiac Indian chief; actions lead to the Proclamation of 1763 Albany Plan of Union Benjamin Franklins cartoon join or die; wanted the colonies to come together Proclamation of 1763 Law that said that the colonists couldnt go into the territory that they had fought for during the French and Indian war; lead to the revolt against the British Pontiacs Rebellion Overran British posts and killed two thousand soldiers and settlers Paxton Boys

Colonials; Scots-Irish; vigilante group; would march though the capital causing terror Five Nations of the Iroquois Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida; Onondaga; and Seneca Salutary Neglect When the British didnt pay attention to the colonies French and Indian War Seven Years War; France was kicked out of North America; England/Americana gained a lot of land The Battle of Quebec 1759 One of the most significant engagements in British and American history GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: France Finds a Foothold in Canada Know: Huguenots, Samuel de Champlain, New France 1. How was the colony of New France different from the British North American colonies? The colony of New France was different because it wasnt developed like the British colonies. The French government ran differently than it was expected to. Samuel de Champlain also known as the Father of New France got France many allies. New France Fans Out Know: Beaver, Coureurs de Bois, Voyageurs, Robert de La Salle 2. What factors led to the French settlement of New France? Fur trapping, which was the only valuable resource that the French had, was what lead to the settlement of New France. Since they had nothing else, they needed to develop differently. They tried to gain more land but failed. The Clash of Empires Know: Treaty of Utrecht, War of Jenkins's Ear, James Oglethorpe, Louisbourg 3. Describe the early wars between France and Britain. They wars were long and brutal. They would spread to the colonial settlements around them. Indians who were recruited from both sides also helped to fight. George Washington Inaugurates War with France Know: Fort Duquesne, George Washington, Fort Necessity, Acadians 4. How did George Washington spark the French and Indian War? He fired a shot from 40 miles away and killed the French leader. After the French leader was killed his followers retreated. Later, the French would surround Washington and force him to surrender but then they let him go. Global War and Colonial Disunity

Know: Benjamin Franklin, Albany Plan of Union, "Join or Die" 5. What was meant by the statement, America was conquered in Germany? The country that won against Europe would get the rights to America. America beat Germany in war. Germany was too weak to fight back. Braddock's Blundering and Its Aftermath Know: Edward Braddock 5. What setbacks did the British suffer in the early years of the French and Indian War? General Braddock who was old slowed down the army. The army moved slow because of the all heavy weapons that they carried. Also all of their losses in Canada would cause them to be slowed. Pitt's Palms of Victory Know: William Pitt, James Wolfe, Battle of Quebec 7. What was the significance of the British victory in the French and Indian War? Britains naval-power became number one. Britain would also gain a majority of the land as a result of their victory. They were led by William Pitt a great leader who was praised by the common people. Restless Colonials 8. How did the French and Indian War affect the relationship between the colonies and with the mother country? Colonists wanted their own rights. Colonists felt belittled by their mother country. This would be a start to what will lead to the revolution. Wars Fateful Aftermath Know: Treaty of Paris, Pontiac, Daniel Boone, Proclamation of 1763 9. How did French defeat lead to westward expansion and tension with Native Americans and the British? The French would lose a lot of their land to the British. British wanted to expand and the Native Americans were the only thing left that they had to get rid of. This would cause conflict as they moved more west. Chapter #7: The Road to Revolution 1. Following the French and Indian War, the British crown needed money and figured the Americans could help pay for the war. 2. Also, the economic policy of mercantilism dictated that England try to keep its hard money within the British Empire. So, laws were passed to restrict American trade. 3. The taxes and regulations that followed were not received well by the Americans, notably the Stamp Act.

4. Conditions deteriorated and radical patriots brought matters to a head in events such as the Tea Party and Boston Massacre. Even though most Americans would be considered moderates at the time, the radical patriots were the ones making things happen. 5. The culmination of the patriots activities came at Lexington and Concord, when the American Revolution began. IDENTIFICATIONS Lord North Ended the rule of King George III; George IIIs stout prime minister; began to rule in March of 1782 George Grenville British Prime Minister; ordered the Navy to enforce the Navigational Laws; got all the Acts passed Letter from a Farmer in Pennsylvania Twelve letters from John Dickson; encouraged the colonists to protest against the Townshend Acts Gaspee Incident Americans torch and English ship Charles Townshend Could deliver a speech completely drunk; got Parliament to pass the Townshend Acts Baron Von Steuben Taught American soldiers how to properly fight against the British Mercantilism Theory that wealth was determined by gold; the colonies had to work in order to benefit their mother country and not focus on anything except for that "Virtual" representation Every member of Parliament represented the British people; which also included the Americans who didnt vote for a member Sons of Liberty Members who were against the Stamp Act; remained active even after the Stamp Act was repealed Admiralty courts Used for trying offenders without a jury; colonists argues that their rights were being taken

Committees of Correspondence Shared their oppositions through letters and pamphlets; delivered to different places; underground messages First Continental Congress Consultative body; lead by John Adams; made of twelve colonies Loyalists (Tories) Those who were loyal to England; had government jobs; older generation GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Deep Roots of Revolution 1. Why does the author say that the American Revolution began when the first settlers stepped ashore? Since North America was discovered the only thing that has happened in result was battles. The settlers were all fighting for land in North America. The fighting was too intense for it not to lead to the Revolution. Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances Know: Mercantilism, Navigation Laws, Royal Veto 2. Explain the economic theory of mercantilism and the role of colonies. Mercantilism is a type of trading. The colonists made this more functional. They had to buy and sell the products being traded. 3. How did Parliament enact the theory of mercantilism into policy? They would pass laws at certain times. They passed the Navigational Laws which prevented any outsiders from transporting goods into the colonies. They would also pass laws that ordered what could be shipped to the colonies. The Merits and Menace of Mercantilism Know: Salutary Neglect, John Hancock, Bounties 4. In what ways did the mercantilist theory benefit the colonies? They benefited because they would always have what they needed in order to survive. Everything the colonies needed would be paid for. They were also very well protected. 5. What economic factors were involved in leading colonists to be displeased with the British government? The British taxed the colonist for profit. They were told they were being taxed for protection. The colonists were normally used to Britains salutary neglect.

The Stamp Tax Uproar Know: George Grenville, Sugar Act, Quartering Act, Stamp Act, Admiralty Courts, Virtual Representation 6. Why were the colonists so upset over relatively mild taxes and policies? They were mad because it was the things that they got from the land that they conquered. They werent used to being taxed on things. They felt that they didnt have to pay for things that they earned. Forced Repeal of the Stamp Act Know: Stamp Act Congress, Non- importation Agreements, Homespun, Sons of Liberty, Declaratory Act 7. In what ways did colonists resist the Stamp Act? The colonists boycotted. They believed in No taxation without representation. They began to assault violators with methods such as tar and feathering. The Townshend Tea Tax and the Boston "Massacre" Know: Townshend Acts, Indirect Tax, Boston Massacre, John Adams 8. How did the Townshend Acts lead to more difficulties? The Townshend acts lead to more difficulties because the colonists were being taxed on more stuff. The colonists were rebellious because of the results they got out of the Stamp Act. However the Townshend acts got them more worked up because they were bring taxed on tea. The Seditious Committees of Correspondence Know: George III, Lord North, Samuel Adams, Committees of Correspondence 9.How did Committees of Correspondence work? The committee of correspondence was an underground messaging system. It was used to talk of information that was disagreed upon. The letters and pamphlets would be sent out everywhere for the information to be shared. Tea Brewing in Boston Know: British East India Company, Boston Tea Party 10. What was the cause of the Boston Tea Party, and what was its significance? The tea act was the cause of the Boston Tea Party. It was significant because the colonists dumped crates of tea into the sea. This would catch the British by surprise and rally other colonists. Parliament Passes the "Intolerable Acts" Know: Boston Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Administration of Justice Act, Quartering Act of 1774, Quebec Act 11. What was so intolerable about the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts? The intolerable thing about the Intolerable acts was that it was created because of what the colonists did. This angered the colonists even more. It also took more rights away from the colonists. Bloodshed

Know: First Continental Congress, Declaration of Rights, The Association, Tar and Feathers, Minute Men, Lexington and Concord 12. What was the goal of the First Continental Congress? Their goal was to boycott British goods. They wanted to repeal legislation. Their main goal was NOT to call for independence. Imperial Strength and Weakness Know: Hessians, Tories 13. What were British strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war? British weaknesses were that they were far from home, they had bad communication, and they major military blunders. Their advantages were that they had large and well trained armies and a large navy force. They were over confident however. American Pluses and Minuses Know: George Washington, Ben Franklin, Marquis de Lafayette, Continentals 14. What were the American strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war? The American strengths were that they knew how to fight defensively, they had 150 years worth of experience in being self- sufficient and they knew what they were fighting for. By knowing what they were fighting for, this would encourage the Americans to fight better. Weaknesses were that they had untrained troops, they had little supplies, and they didnt have a stable government. A Thin Line of Heroes Know: Valley Forge, Baron von Steuben, Continental Army 15. What role was played by African-Americans in the Revolution? African- Americans were promised their freedom if they joined the war. They served the British army and those who survived the battles were freed. 300 slaves would sign up to join the army. Chapter #8: American Secedes from the Empire Big Picture Themes 1. Nearly every advantage on paper went to Britain during the revolution. They had better troops, training, a much better navy, experienced generals, more money, better weapons and equipment. 2. The Americans had on their side heart and geography. America was very big and and ocean removed from England. 3. Perhaps due to necessity rather than plan, American employed a drawn-out strategy where the war drug on for six years. America won by constantly withdrawing to the nations interior and moving on to fight another day. 4. Meanwhile, as the war waged, the Declaration of Independence was written, signed, and approved. 5. The Treaty of Paris 1763 legitimized the new nation.

IDENTIFICATIONS: Second Continental Congress Congress met in Philadelphia; it was composed of the 13 colonies; Franklin, Jefferson and Hancock; selected Washington to lead the army. Hessians German soldiers; cared more about money; they were good fighters; didnt care who won the war Thomas Paine/Common Sense Got the colonists to realize how they were being mistreated; persuasive writer George Washington Military leader in the French and Indian war; lost many battles; commanded the Continental Army; first President Marquis de Layfette French nobleman; Major General of the colonial army; helped Washington Baron Von Steuban Aided Washington at Valley Forge; could bring order to the continental army John Burgoyne British general; lost battles to George Washington; great and powerful general; elected to the House of Commons Benedict Arnold American general; prevented the British from reaching Ticonderoga; became a traitor out of jealousy toward Washington Treaty of Paris, 1783 United States independence was recognized; granted boundaries Battle of Trenton Led by Washington; troops cross the Delaware River on the night of Christmas Eve; victory for the Americans Battles of Lexington and Concord Redcoats were to get gunpowder from Lexington and Concord; shots were fired at Lexington; minutemen stopped the redcoats at the Old North Bridge Battle of Saratoga Most important battle; French joined our side; British surrender Battle of Yorktown

Last major battle; French general Rochambeau; surrendered 7 thousand men; America got help from the French navy Articles of Confederation First constitution of the united states; weak central gov.; Hancock was made the President; went into effect in 1776

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Congress Drafts George Washington Know: Second Continental Congress, George Washington 1.Why was George Washington chosen as general of the American army? He was chosen because of his leadership skills. He was well respected and was a symbol. The second continental congress wanted someone who was already in military. Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings Know: Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold, Fort Ticonderoga, Bunker Hill, Redcoats, Olive Branch Petition, Hessians 2.George III "slammed the door on all hope of reconciliation." How and why? He slammed the door on all hope by punishing those who rebelled. They were charged with treason. Those found guilty were hanged. The Abortive Conquest of Canada Know: Richard Montgomery 3. Did the fighting go well for Americans before July of 1776? Explain. No, we didnt win. One of the generals was killed in battle. The other was severely injured and the American army retreated. Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense 4.Why was Common Sense important? Common sense was important because it got the colonists to realize what was being done to them. It showed them what they had to fight for. This would encourage them to fight well during war. Paine and the Idea of "Republicanism" Know: Republic, Natural Aristocracy 5.Why did Paine want a democratic republic? Paine found faults in the system that was already being run. He felt that monarchy should be rejected and the people should be heard. Favored a natural aristocracy. Jefferson's "Explanation" of Independence Know: Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, Natural Rights 6.What does the Declaration of Independence say? The Declaration says that men have natural rights. It was a list of misdeed

committed by the King. Imposing taxes without consent, trial by jury, abolishing valued laws, etc. Patriots and Loyalists Know: Patrick Henry 7.What kinds of people were Loyalists? Loyalists were those who were loyal to England. Mostly made of the older generation. Had government jobs. Makers of America: The Loyalists 8.What happened to Loyalists after the war? After the war Loyalists were punished. Many fled to other countries and exiled. Most Loyalists stayed in America and faced the burdens given to them. The Loyalist Exodus 9.What happened to Loyalists during the war? During the war loyalists were captured and put in jail. Some of them were hanged. They were regarded as traitors and mistreated during the war. Burgoyne's Blundering Invasion Know: John Burgoyne, Benedict Arnold, Saratoga, Horatio Gates 10.Why did the Americans win the battle of Saratoga? Why was it significant? Americans won the battle because General Burgoyne never made it to Saratoga. They would surrender to Horatio Gates. It was significant because this would cause the French to join our side. Revolution in Diplomacy? 11.Why did the French help America win independence? The French helped America because they recognized our independence. They were out for revenge against the British. Created an alliance against the common foe. The Colonial War Becomes a Wider War Know: Armed Neutrality 12.Why was foreign aid so important to the American cause? It was important because this would help during battles at sea. This would give America the help the needed against the British advantage. This would allow more victories. Blow and Counterblow Know: Nathaniel Greene, Charles Cornwallis 13. Would an American Patriot, reading news of the war in 1780, have been happy about the way the war was going? Explain. Yes, because things were in American favor. We were winning battles and getting closer to our goal. The army was fighting strong and we gained powerful allies. The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier

Know: Iroquois Confederacy, Fort Stanwix, George Rogers Clarke, John Paul Jones, Privateers 14. Was frontier fighting important in the outcome of the war? It was important. This is what got the American victory. The outcome was largely in favor of the frontier fighting. Yorktown and the Final Curtain Know: Charles Cornwallis, Yorktown 15. If the war did not end at Yorktown, then why was it important? If the war didnt end then no treaty would have been signed. There would be more debt. The army and sates needed to stay together. Peace at Paris Know: Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Jay, Treaty of Paris 16. What did America gain and what did it concede in the Treaty of Paris? America gained land from the Mississippi River, Florida, and the Great Lakes. They agreed not to punish the Loyalists. The also agreed to pay for the debt but they wouldnt. A New Nation Legitimized Know: Whigs 17 Did Americans get favorable terms in the Treaty of Paris? Explain. Yes, because in the end they ended up with more stuff. They got a lot of land. They didnt pay for any of the debts. Whose Revolution? 18. Which of the interpretations of the Revolution seems most true to you? Least true? Explain. The regular historians interpretations seem true because thy used more facts. The progressive historians seem least true because they focused on a smaller topic.