NCERT Based KT’S PowerNotes

Body Fluids And Circulation

Blood is the most commonly used body fluid by most of the higher
organisms for transport of nutrients and gases
Blood
Blood is a special connective tissue consisting of a fluid matrix,
plasma, and formed elements
• Universal blood donor: Blood group O
• Universal acceptor of blood: Blood group AB
Rh grouping
Individual with Rh antigen on the surface of RBC→ Rh positive

Plasma
An Rh-ve person, if exposed to Rh+ve blood, will form specific
• Pale yellow fluid constitute 55% of blood
antibodies against the Rh antigens.
• Plasma is made up of
1) 90% Water, Rh incompatibility
2) 8% Protein [Fibrinogen : blood coagulation, Albumin : Observed between the Rh-ve blood of a pregnant mother with
osmotic balance, Globulin : defence mechanism] Rh+ve blood of the foetus
3) 2% Na+ , Ca++, Mg++, HCO3 – , Cl– ,Glucose, amino acids, Rh antibodies from the mother (Rh-ve) can leak into the blood of
lipids, clotting factors etc the foetus (Rh+ve) and destroy the foetal RBCs → severe anaemia
→ jaundice  this condition is k/a erythroblastosis foetalis.
Serum = Plasma – Clotting factors
Coagulation of Blood
Formed Elements

• Erythrocytes (RBC)
• 5 millions of RBCs mm–3 of blood
• formed in the red bone marrow in the adults
• devoid of nucleus, contains haemoglobin
• 12-16 gms of haemoglobin in every 100 ml of blood
• life span : 120 days Calcium ions play a very important role in clotting
• destroyed in : spleen (graveyard of RBCs) Lymph (tissue fluid)
• As the blood passes through the capillaries in tissues, some water
Leucocytes (WBC) along with many small water soluble substances move out into
Colourless due to the lack of haemoglobin. the spaces between the cells of tissues leaving the larger proteins
6000 mm–3 of blood
and most of the formed elements in the blood vessels. This fluid
Types
released out is called the interstitial fluid or tissue fluid.
• Granulocyte
• Exchange of nutrients, gases, etc., between the blood and the
▪ Neutrophils,
cells always occur through this fluid
✓ Most abundant cells (60%)
• An elaborate network of vessels called the lymphatic system
✓ Shows Phagocytosis
collects this fluid and drains it back to the major veins. The fluid
▪ Eosinophil present in the lymphatic system is called the lymph.
✓ Resist parasitic infection, involve in allergic reaction • Lymph is a colorless fluid containing specialized lymphocytes
▪ Basophils
which are responsible for the immune responses of the body
✓ Least abundant (1%)
• Fats are absorbed through lymph in the lacteals present in the
✓ Secrete histamine, serotonin, heparin, etc.
intestinal villi.
• Agranulocytes
Circulatory pathways
▪ lymphocytes
Open circulatory system
✓ T lymphocyte : involve in cell mediated immunity
• Blood pumped by heart passes through large
✓ B lymphocyte : Antibody mediated immune response
vessels into open spaces (cavities) k/sinuses.
▪ Monocytes
• Present in arthropods and molluscs
✓ Shows phagocytosis
Closed circulatory system
• Blood pumped by the heart is circulated
Platelets (Thrombocyte)
through a closed network of blood vessels.
• 300000 mm3
• Present in Annelids and chordates
• Release a variety of substances most of which are involved in the
coagulation or clotting of blood
• Reduction in platelets → excessive loss of blood from the body

Blood Groups

ABO grouping
* Exception Crocodile is a reptile
having 4 chambered heart

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 NCERT Based KT’S PowerNotes
Human circulatory System Electrocardiograph (ECG)

Heart • P wave: Contraction / excitation / depolarisation of the atria,

• Mesodermally derived organ
• Covered by double walled membranous bag, pericardium
• Pericardium encloses pericardial
fluid
• The opening between the right
atrium and the right ventricle is
guarded by tricuspid valve
• The opening between the left
atrium and the left ventricle is
guarded by bicuspid / mitral valve
• The openings of the right and the left ventricles into the
pulmonary artery and the aorta respectively are provided with
the semilunar valves
• The walls of ventricles are much thicker than that of the atria
• Sino-atrial node (SA Node) : present in the right upper corner of
the right atrium
• Atrio-ventricular node (AVN) : seen in the lower left corner of
the right atrium
• Bundle of His - Purkinje fibres
Heart nodes
• Made up of specialized cardiac muscle cell
• Auto excitable
• SAN generate action potentials, i.e., 70-75 per min, is called the
pacemaker.
Cardiac Cycle
• To begin with, all the four chambers of heart are in a relaxed
state, i.e., they are in joint diastole
• As the tricuspid and bicuspid valves are open, blood from the
pulmonary veins and vena cava flows into the left and the right
ventricle respectively through the left and right atria
• SAN now generates an action potential → atrial systole → this
increases the flow of blood into the ventricles by about 30 %
• Now ventricular contraction causes closure of tricuspid and
bicuspid valve → followed by opening of semilunar valve →
blood flows into pulmonary artery and aorta
• Ventricles relaxes
Blood volume
• Heart beats 72 times per minute
• Duration of a cardiac cycle is : 0.8 seconds
• Stroke volume: Blood pumped by ventricle one beat → 70 ml
• Cardiac output: Volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle
per minute = 5000 mL or 5 litres
Heart sound
Closure of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves → Lubb sound
Closure of semilunar valve → Dubb sound
• QRS complex: Contraction / excitatn / depolarisation of ventricle
• T wave: repolarization / relaxation of ventricle
✓ The end of the T-wave marks the end of systole
Double circulation
Blood Vessel, 3 layers
• Tunica intima: inner lining of squamous endothelium
• Tunica media: middle layer of smooth muscle (thin in the veins)
• Tunica externa: external layer of fibrous connective tissue
Note : Artery has narrow lumen as compared to vain
Hepatic portal system
• A unique vascular connection that exists between the digestive
tract and liver is called Hepatic portal system
• The hepatic portal vein carries blood from intestine to the liver
before it is delivered to the systemic circulation
Coronary system: supplies blood to heart
Regulation of cardiac activity
Intrinsic regulation
Normal activities of the heart are regulated intrinsically, i.e., auto
regulated by specialised muscles (nodal tissue), hence the heart is
called myogenic
Neural regulation
• Medulla oblongata can moderate the cardiac function through
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
• Sympathetic nerves can increase the rate of heart beat, the
strength of ventricular contraction and thereby cardiac output.
• Parasympathetic nerves can decrease the rate of heart beat,
speed of conduction of action potential and thereby the cardiac
output
Hormonal regulation
• Adrenal medullary hormones: increases cardiac output
• Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF): secreted by atria, decreases blood
pressure
Disorders of circulatory system
High blood pressure
• If repeated checks of blood pressure of an individual is 140/90
or higher, then it shows hypertension
• High blood pressure affects vital organs like brain and kidney.
Coronary Artery Disease (atherosclerosis)
• It is the deposition of calcium, fat, cholesterol and fibrous
tissues in the coronary arteries, this causes narrowing of vessels
Angina (Angina pectoris)
• Angina means chest pain
• More common among the middle-aged and elderly, appears
when no enough oxygen is reaching the heart muscle
Heart Failure:
• Ineffective / decreased pumping of heart
• Also called as Congestive heart failure bcoz decreases pumping
leads to congestion in lungs
Cardiac arrest: heart stops beating
Heart attack: heart muscle is suddenly damaged
by an inadequate blood supply

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