Circulatory system

Transporting gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones

Lesson Objective:
1. To com pare the types of circu latory
system .
2. To explain the com ponents of
blood in hu m an beings.
3. To com pare and contrast the
d ifferent blood vessels.
Let’s check what
you know:
1. What are the different components of blood?
2. What are the different types of circulatory system?
3. What are the different types of blood vessels?
4. What is the need of the circulatory system?
5. Exp lain w hy large anim als need transport system s for
resp iratory gases, w ater, food and w aste in term s of their
su rface to volu m e ratio.
 Features

• Circu latory system s generally have three

m ain featu res:
• Flu id (blood ) that transports m aterials
• System of blood vessels
• A heart to pu m p the flu id throu gh the
vessels
Types of circulatory systems

• Anim als that have a circu latory system

have one of tw o kind s:
• Open: flu id is circu lated throu gh an
open bod y cham ber.
• Closed : flu id is circu lated throu gh
blood vessels.
Figure 42.2 Open and closed circulatory systems
Why does an open circulatory system
limit body size?
Blood
 Components

• Blood is m ad e u p of fou r m ajor

com ponents. What d o each of these d o?
• Plasm a: the liqu id portion.
• Red blood cells.
• White cells.
• Platelets.
 Blood, when allowed to stand, will
separate into two components:

Liquid Solid

• Plasma, which is a straw- • Cellular -red blood cells

colored fluid comprised components, -white blood cells
mostly of water including: -platelets
 Red blood cells

• RBCs lose their nu cleu s

at m atu rity.

• Make u p abou t 99% of

the blood ’s cellu lar
com ponent.

• Red color is d u e to
haem oglobin.
• Originate in the bone marrow
• Resemble the shape of a
doughnut without a hole
(biconcave)
• Average lifespan is 120 days
• Normal value = approximately
4.5 to 5 million per cubic
millimeter of blood
• Contains an iron-rich
protein molecule called
haemoglobin
• Responsible for carrying
oxygen and removing
carbon dioxide from
every body cell
 I’m just
so tired!

Normal Haemoglobin Levels

Male = 14–18 grams/100 mL
of blood

Female = 12–16 grams/100

mL of blood Symptoms of Anemia
An abnormally low haemoglobin • Weakness
level and/or decrease in the • Headache
number of red blood cells is called • Pale skin color
anaemia.
• Difficulty breathing
If your diet is poor in iron, what will
happen to your RBCs?
 White blood cells
• White blood cells
d efend against d isease
by recognizing proteins
that d o not belong to
the bod y.

• White cells are able to

ooze throu gh the w alls
of capillaries to patrol
the tissu es and reach
the lym ph system .
• Primarily responsible for destroying
foreign substances such as
pathogens
Types of White Blood Cells

• Appear round and white because

they lack haemoglobin Granulocytes Agranulocytes

• Neutrophils • Monocytes
• Normal adult has 5,000 to
• Eosinophils • Lymphocytes
10,000 white blood cells per
cubic millimeter of blood • Basophils
 Platelets

• Platelets are cell

fragm ents u sed in
blood clotting.

• Platelets lack a nu cleu s

therefore have a short
lifespan, u su ally abou t
10 d ays.
• Also known as platelets
• Smallest of all the cellular components
• Normal adult has 150,000 to 450,000 per cubic
millimeter of blood
• Average lifespan is 9 to 12 days
• Prevent blood loss following an injury
 Blood
• Platelets aggregate at the site of a wound.
• Broken cells and platelets release chemicals to
stimulate thrombin production.

Prothrombin

Thrombin
Fibrinogen
Thrombin
Fibrin

3. Cascade of
enzymatic
reactions is
1. Vessel is 2. Platelets triggered by 4. Threads of 5. Once tissue
damaged, adhere and platelets, fibrin trap damage
exposing become and damaged erythrocytes is healed,
surrounding sticky, forming tissue. and form the clot is
tissue to blood. a plug. a clot. dissolved.
Composition of Plasma
• Water
• Nutrients
• Hormones
• Electrolytes
• Proteins
• Waste
• Protective substances

Serum is the liquid portion

of clotted blood.
 Time to reflect:

1. Differentiate betw een: RBC, WBC,

platelets.
2. Why d o d octors often d o blood tests to
cou nt w hite blood cells? Why w ou ld
su ch a cou nt be helpfu l?
Blood Vessels
Look at the diagram and identify which of them is the
diagram of the artery, vein and capillary.
Classes of blood vessels

• Arteries and arterioles carry blood

aw ay from the heart.
• Veins and venu les carry blood to the
heart.
• Capillaries allow exchange of
nu trients, w astes and gases.
Criteria Arteries Veins Capillaries
Walls Thick, Thin, less One cell thick
m u scu lar m u scles
Blood pressu re H igh low low

Valve No Yes No
Lu m en N arrow Broad er sm allest
Fu nction Carry blood Carry blood to Exchange of
aw ay from the the heart m aterials
heart
Mostly Mostly
oxygenated d eoxygenated
except except
pu lm onary pu lm onary
artery
 Arteries

• Arteries are thick-

w alled , and lined
w ith sm ooth
m u scle.

• H ow d oes the
stru ctu re of an
artery help w ith its
fu nction?
• Transport blood away from the heart

• Carry blood under high pressure

• Are elastic, muscular, and thick-walled

• Dilate and constrict, which creates a pulse

• Appear bright red due to high oxygen levels

 Capillaries
• Bod y tissu es contain a
vast netw ork of thin
cap illaries.

• Cap illary w alls are only

one cell thick, allow ing
exchange of gases,
nu trients, and w astes.

• Cap illaries are so fine

that RBCs m u st line u p
single-file to go throu gh
them .
•Are the smallest blood vessels

•Provide a link from arterioles to venules

•All gas exchange occurs at this level

•Walls are very thin to allow for gas and

nutrient exchange
 Veins

• Veins have thinner

w alls than arteries.

• Veins have few er

sm ooth m u scle cells,
bu t d o have valves.
H ow d o valves and the
skeletal m u scles help
veins fu nction?
• Carry deoxygenated blood to the heart

• Contain one-way valves

• Store about 65% to 70% of the body’s total blood volume

• Blood appears darker in color

• Blood flows in a slow manner

 Time to reflect:

1. What is alw ays tru e of arteries?

2. Besid es the ability to contract and m ove
blood , w hy d o arteries need to be so thick
and strong?
3. Why are capillary w alls so thin?