Chapter 8

Transport In Humans

BY: DR TAHIR
03337666554
 Learning Objectives
• To understand the need for a circulatory
system
• To state the functions of blood
• red blood cells
• white blood cells
• platelets
• plasma
• To list the different ABO blood groups and
all possible combinations for the donor and
recipient in blood transfusions
 The Need for a transport
system

• To transport nutrients and

oxygen
• To remove waste products
 Simple Unicellular
Organisms
§ All of their constituents are very near
to the plasma membrane.

§ Simple diffusion or active transport

takes place through the cell membrane
Complex Multicellular Organisms

§ Cells are situated deep in the body, far

from the external environment
§ Simple diffusion is too slow for efficient
exchange of materials
§ Transport system needed

In mammals:
Transport system = blood system +
lymphatic system
 Features of the
circulatory system

vein 1. Heart
heart

artery
2. Blood
3. Blood
vessels
 Blood
• Blood is a tissue
fluid
• An average human
has 5.5 litres of
blood.
• Composition of
blood
(i) Plasma (55%)
(ii) Blood cells (44%)
(iii) Platelets (1%)
 Plasma
• Pale yellow liquid
• Composed mainly of water (90%)
• Soluble proteins (fibrinogen, albumin,
globulin, prothrombin, antibodies)
• Excretory products (urea, uric acid and
creatinine, carbon dioxide as bicarbonate
ions)
• Hormones (insulin)
• Food substances (glucose, amino acids, fats
and vitamins)
• Dissolved mineral salts (chlorides, sulphates
and phosphates of calcium, potassium and
sodium, hydrogencarbonates )
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
•Circular , biconcave ,
flattened disc
•Has no nucleus
•Diameter < 0.01mm
•Elastic --> so it can
squeeze through the
capillaries
• 1 mm3 = 5 million RBCs
 Red Blood Cells
• Produced in the bone marrow
• Can live for 3 to 4 months
• Destroyed in the spleen and the liver
• Contain haemoglobin
• Haemoglobin = special protein containing
iron
• Allows RBCs to transport oxygen
effectively
 White Blood Cells
(Leucocytes)
• Are colourless
• Do not contain
haemoglobin
• Larger than RBCs
• Fewer in number
• 1mm3= 5000 to
10000
• Irregular in shape
• Contains nucleus
• Can move
• Can change its shape and squeeze through
the walls of the capillaries
• 2 main kinds:-
(i) Lymphocytes
(ii) Phagocytes
§ Functions:-
 keep the body healthy by fighting
diseases.
 Normal life span is a FEW days.
 Lymphocytes
• Produced in bone marrow
and mature in the lymph
nodes
• Has a large, rounded nucleus
• Small amount of non-
granular cytoplasm
• Show limited movements
• Produce antibodies
Production of antibodies
• By lymphocytes
• Attaching to bacteria and rupturing their
surface membrane
• Clumping / agglutinating bacteria together
for phagocytosis
• Neutralising toxins
• Attaching to viruses to prevent binding to
host cell.
 Phagocytes
• Produced by the bone
marrow
• Ingest foreign particles
like bacteria
• Lobed nucleus and granular
cytoplasm
• Consists of monocytes and
polymorphs
 Blood Platelets
(Thrombocytes)
• Not true cells
• Membrane-bound fragments of
cytoplasm from bone marrow cells
• Helps in clotting of blood
 Blood Groups
Red blood cells contain:
• Antigens (surface proteins)
• Antibodies (always present in the blood)
• Antibodies react only with other antigens

Agglutination-clumping of blood
Blood Antigen on RBC Antibody in
group serum

A Antigen A Antibody b

B Antigen A Antibody a

AB Antigen A and B No
Antibodies
O No Antigen Antibodies a
and b
Recipient’s Antibody in Donor’s blood group
Blood recipient’s
group plasma
A B AB O

A a - + + -

B b + - + -

AB - - - - -

O a and + + + +
b
- No agglutination + agglutination
 Transport of oxygen
• Oxygen diffuses from lungs to blood
capillaries
• Haemoglobin has great affinity for oxygen,
combine to form oxyhaemoglobin
• Oxygen diffuses in solution into tissue
cells
 Functions of Blood
1. Acts as a transport medium carrying
substances from one part of the body
to another.
§ Digested food from the intestines to all
parts of the body
§ Excretory products to the excretory
organs for removal
§ Hormones from glands
§ Heat from respiring body tissues
§ Oxygen from lungs
Exchanges through tissue fluid
 Acclimatisation
• At high altitudes, more rbc are
produced
• More oxygen can be transported to
tissue cells
• Long-distance runners train at high
altitudes to increase haemoglobin
 Functions of Blood
2. Protects the body against disease-
causing organisms (pathogens)
• Phagocytosis
• Production of antibodies
• Clotting of blood
 Phagocytosis
• Phagocytes can ingest and destroy
foreign particles that gain entry into
the blood.
• Process of engulfing and ingesting
foreign particles by the white blood
cells.
A phagocyte engulfing a bacteria

Dead phagocyte + dead bacteria = pus

Clotting of coagulation of blood

. Clotting of blood to
prevent excessive
loss of blood
• Clot seals the
wound and stops
foreign particles
from entering the
blood stream.
Mechanism of Blood Clotting
 blood platelet red blood cell
wall of blood
When blood vessels are damaged, damaged
capillary
tissues and blood platelets release an
enzyme known as thrombokinase.

Normal blood vessel

wall of blood wound red blood cell

capillary damaged tissue blood platelet

Damaged blood vessel

 wound
damaged tissue blood platelet

thrombokinase

thrombokinase

thrombokinase thrombokinase

Damaged blood vessel

 .

Thrombokinase converts prothrombin in plasma

the protein prothrombin, Ca +
Ca+

normally present in the thrombokinase

plasma, into thrombin.

Ca+ Ca+
Calcium ions must be thrombin

present before this can take Damaged blood vessel

place.
 .

Thrombin is also an enzyme. It n molecules of fibrinogen (soluble)

catalyses the conversion of the
soluble protein fibrinogen to thrombin
insoluble threads of fibrin.

long fibrin thread (insoluble)

Diagrammatic representation of how

insoluble fibrin threads are formed
 red blood cell fibrin thread

Fibrin threads entangle

blood cells and the whole
Fibrin threads entangle red blood cells
mass forms a clot.
red blood cell fibrin thread

clot

Red blood cells enmeshed in fibrin

threads, forming a blood clot
The clotting process can be summarised in the
three reactions shown below:

Damaged tissue produce

1 Thrombokinase (enzyme)
and platelets

Prothrombin thrombokinase
Thrombin (active)
2 (inactive) and calcium ions

thrombin Insoluble fibrin threads form

3 Fibrinogen a mesh to trap blood cells
 Heparin
• An anti-clotting agent in undamaged
blood vessels
• Produced in the liver
• Neutralised by thrombokinase during
bleeding
 Immune system
• Immune system=white blood cells +
antibodies

• It helps the body to fight diseases

by causing an immune response to
foreign particles
Organ transplant and tissue
rejection

She has his liver.

She has to take immunosuppresive drugs
to avoid tissue rejection
 The Circulatory System

•Heart
•Blood Vessels
•Lymphatic
 The Circulatory System
• Blood flow is called the blood
circulation
• 4 parts:
1. The heart
2. Arteries
3. Veins
4. Capillaries
 1
The heart
• The blood is kept circulating throughout
the body by means of a muscular pump, the
heart.
heart
 1

The heart
heart • The blood is kept circulating throughout
the body by means of a muscular pump, the
heart.
• When the heart relaxes, it fills up with
blood, and when it contracts, the blood is
squeezed out with great force.
 1 The heart
• The blood is kept circulating throughout
the body by means of a muscular pump, the
heart heart.
• When the heart relaxes, it fills up with
blood, and when it contracts, the blood is
squeezed out with great force.
• The blood then circulates through the
blood vessels which direct the blood flow
round the body.
 2 Arteries
• The blood vessels that carry blood away
from the heart are called arteries.
heart

artery

blood flowing
from the heart
 2 Arteries
• The blood vessels that carry blood away
from the heart are called arteries.
heart • The large artery that leaves the left side of
the heart is the aorta. It branches to form
small arteries.
artery

blood flowing
from the heart

arteries
 3 Arterioles
• These arteries branch again to form tiny
vessels called arterioles.
heart

artery

blood flowing
from the heart

arterioles arteries
 3 Arterioles
• These arteries branch again to form tiny
vessels called arterioles.
heart • The arterioles divide and ultimately their
branches become very tiny blood vessels
called capillaries.
artery

blood flowing
from the heart

capillaries arteries
arterioles
 4 Blood capillaries
• Capillaries are microscopic blood vessels
cut end of capillary showing that are found between the cells of almost
single layer of endothelial cells all the tissues. They have walls made up of
only a single layer of greatly flattened cells
called the endothelium.

Highly magnified capillary

 4 Blood capillaries
• Capillaries are microscopic blood vessels
cut end of capillary showing that are found between the cells of almost
single layer of endothelial cells all the tissues. They have walls made up of
only a single layer of greatly flattened cells
called the endothelium.
• The endothelium is partially permeable. It
enables certain substances to diffuse quickly
through the capillary walls.

Highly magnified capillary

 4 Blood capillaries
• Capillaries are microscopic blood vessels
that are found between the cells of almost
heart all the tissues. They have walls made up of
only a single layer of greatly flattened cells
called the endothelium.
artery • The endothelium is partially permeable. It
enables certain substances to diffuse quickly
through the capillary walls.
blood flowing • Capillaries branch repeatedly. The
a capillary from the heart numerous branches provide a large surface
network links area for the exchange of substances between
arteries and veins the blood and the tissue cells. When an
arteriole branches into capillaries, the total
cross-sectional area increases. This lowers
the blood pressure in the capillaries. The
capillaries arteries flow of blood is slowed down, giving more
arterioles
time for the exchange of substances.
 5 Venules
• Before the capillaries leave an organ or
tissue, they unite to form small veins called
heart venules.

artery

blood flowing
a capillary from the heart
network links
arteries and veins

capillaries arteries
venules arterioles
 6 Veins
• Venules in turn join to form bigger veins.
Veins carry blood back to the heart.
heart

vein
artery

blood
flowing blood flowing
back to a capillary from the heart
the heart network links
arteries and veins

veins capillaries arteries

venules arterioles
 Learning Objectives
• To relate the structure of arteries,
veins and capillaries to their functions
• To describe the transfer of
materials between capillaries and
tissue fluid
• To identify the main blood vessels to
and from the heart, lungs, liver and
kidney
 Blood Vessels

• Arteries
• Capillaries
• Veins
 Arteries
• The blood vessels which carry blood AWAY from the
heart.
• Thick-walled, muscular, elastic
– High pressure
• Aorta > smaller arteries > arterioles > capillaries.
 Arteries
• Blood vessels that
carry blood away
from the heart
• Receive blood
directly from the
heart
• Walls are thick,
muscular and elastic
• Thick elastic wall
helps to maintain
high blood pressure
 Arteries
• Elasticity permits
stretching and
recoiling of the
artery wall.
• Helps to push the
blood along (pulse)
• Carry mainly
oxygenated blood
 Veins
• Blood pressure is low
• Blood flows more slowly
and smoothly
• Veins are not as thick and
muscular as arteries
• Contain less elastic tissue
• Have semi-lunar valves
Veins
 Capillaries
• To allow exchange of substance
• Endothelium>> selectively permeable
– Enable some substance to diffuse quickly
• Branch repeatedly
– Large surface area
– Lowers the blood pressure
 Capillaries
• Network of microscopic
vessels linking an artery
and a vein.
• One cell thick
• Take nutrients, oxygen and
other useful substances to
the cells and remove waste
products produced by in
these cells.
• Easy for diffusion of
materials
• Blood flows smoothly
• No valves present.
 Transfer of Materials
• Tissue liquid
• In the CAPPILARIES
<<<<
• Blood>>> bell-shaped
– Diameter decreased
– Surface area increased
– Rate of blood flow decreased
 Differences
Arteries Veins Capillaries

Direction Away from Towards the Arteries

the heart heart to Veins
Pressure Great Low High>low
Walls Thick, Thin, slightly 1 cell thick
elastic, muscular
muscular
Valves No Semi-lunar no
Blood Fast, in Slow, smooth
flow spurts
Double Circulation
 Double Circulation
• Due to the lungs

• Blood passes through the heart twice

in one complete circuit
• 2 circulations:-
a. Pulmonary circulation
b. Systemic circulation
 Pulmonary circulation
• Pulmonary arteries carry
deoxygenated blood to the lungs
• Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated
blood to the heart
 Systemic circulation
• Oxygenated blood leaves the heart
through aorta to all parts of the
body
• Vena cava carry deoxygenated blood
from all parts of the body to the
heart
 Advantages
• Blood entering the lungs is at a low
pressure. Ensures that blood is well
oxygenated before it leaves.
• Blood leaving the heart for the
systemic circulation is at a high
pressure.
• Ensures that oxygenated blood is
distributed at a fast rate.
 Learning Objectives
• To describe the structure and function of
the heart in terms of muscular contraction
and the working of valves
• To outline the cardiac cycle in terms of
what happens during systole and diastole
• To describe coronary heart disease in
terms of the occlusion of coronary
arteries and list the possible causes, such
as diet, stress and smoking, stating the
possible preventative measures
The position of the heart
 The Heart
• Pericardium-two layered membrane
• Filled with fluid to reduce friction
• 4 chambers- auricles and ventricles
• Medium Septum- separate right and
left side
Structure of the heart
Section of the Heart
 Path of blood in the
heart
• Anterior or superior vena cava
returns deoxygenated blood from
head, neck & arms
• Posterior or inferior vena cava
returns deoxygenated blood from
other parts of the body
• Right atrium contracts
• Chordae tendineae pulls the flaps
down
• Tricuspid valve opens
• Right auricle has higher pressure
than right ventricle
• Blood enters right ventricle
• Right ventricle contracts
• Tricuspid valves close
• Blood leaves through pulmonary arch
which branches into left and right
arteries
• Semi-lunar valves prevent backflow
of blood
• Oxygenated blood from the lungs
return to heart by pulmonary veins
• Left atrium contracts
• Bicuspid or mitral valves open
• Blood enters left ventricle
• Left ventricle contracts
• Blood leaves the aorta arch to all
parts of the body
• Semi-lunar valves prevent backflow
of blood to left ventricle
Flow of blood in the Heart
 Action of the heart
• Systole (ventricular contraction)>>”lub”
• Diastole (ventricular relaxation)>>”dub”
• Heartbeat = 1 systole + 1 diastole
Dissection of the Heart
 The pulse
• Sudden increase in pressure causes
the arteries to dilate.
• After dilation, walls of the arteries
recoil.
• This will make waves.
 Blood pressure
• FORCE of the blood exerted on the
walls of the blood vessels
• Highest in arteries
• Measured by sphygmomanometer
The Cardiac Cycle
 pulmonary vein
1 1 • Both the atria and the ventricles
are relaxed.
left atrium

vena
cava left
ventricle
right atrium

right 2
ventricle
aortic arch
3

pulmonary
arch bicuspid right left
valve ventricle ventricle
tricuspid
valve
 pulmonary vein
1 1 • Both the atria and the ventricles
are relaxed.
left atrium
• The right atrium receives blood
vena from the venae cavae while the left
cava left atrium receives blood from the
ventricle pulmonary veins.
right atrium

right 2
ventricle
aortic arch
3

pulmonary
arch bicuspid right left
valve ventricle ventricle
tricuspid
valve
 pulmonary vein 2 • The atria contract, forcing blood
1
left atrium into the ventricles.

vena left
cava ventricle
right atrium

right
ventricle 2

aortic arch
3

pulmonary
arch bicuspid left
valve ventricle
tricuspid right
valve ventricle
 pulmonary vein 3 • After a short pause, the ventricles
1
left atrium contract. This is called ventricular
systole.
vena left
cava ventricle
right atrium

right
ventricle 2
aortic arch

bicuspid
valve
pulmonary right left
arch ventricle ventricle

tricuspid
valve
 pulmonary vein 3 • After a short pause, the ventricles
1
left atrium contract. This is called ventricular
systole.
vena left • The increase in blood pressure
cava ventricle forces the bicuspid and tricuspid
right atrium valves to close, preventing
backflow of blood into the atria.
right This produces a loud ‘lub’ sound.
ventricle 2
aortic arch

bicuspid
valve
pulmonary right left
arch ventricle ventricle

tricuspid
valve
 pulmonary vein 3 • After a short pause, the ventricles
1
left atrium contract. This is called ventricular
systole.
vena left • The increase in blood pressure
cava ventricle forces the bicuspid and tricuspid
right atrium valves to close, preventing
backflow of blood into the atria.
right This produces a loud ‘lub’ sound.
ventricle 2 • When the pressure in the left
aortic arch ventricle becomes higher than the
pressure in the aorta, the
3 semi-lunar valves in the
pulmonary and aortic arches are
forced open.
bicuspid
valve
pulmonary right left
arch ventricle ventricle

tricuspid
valve
 pulmonary vein 3 • After a short pause, the ventricles
1
left atrium contract. This is called ventricular
systole.
vena left • The increase in blood pressure
cava ventricle forces the bicuspid and tricuspid
right atrium valves to close, preventing
backflow of blood into the atria.
right This produces a loud ‘lub’ sound.
ventricle 2 • When the pressure in the left
aortic arch ventricle becomes higher than the
pressure in the aorta, the
3 semi-lunar valves in the
pulmonary and aortic arches are
forced open.
• Blood flows from the left
bicuspid
ventricle into the aortic arch. As
valve
pulmonary right left the ventricles contract, the atria
arch ventricle ventricle relax.

tricuspid
valve
 pulmonary vein
1 4 • The ventricles then relax. This is
ventricular diastole.
left atrium

vena
cava left
ventricle
right atrium

right 2
ventricle
aortic arch
3

pulmonary
arch bicuspid right left
valve ventricle ventricle
tricuspid
valve
 pulmonary vein
1 4 • The ventricles then relax. This is
ventricular diastole.
left atrium
• The drop in pressure in the
vena ventricles causes the semi-lunar
cava left valves in the two arches to close.
ventricle This produces a soft ‘dub’ sound.
right atrium
This prevents the backflow of
blood into the ventricles.
right 2
ventricle
aortic arch
3

pulmonary
arch bicuspid right left
valve ventricle ventricle
tricuspid
valve
 pulmonary vein
1 4 • The ventricles then relax. This is
ventricular diastole.
left atrium
• The drop in pressure in the
vena ventricles causes the semi-lunar
cava left valves in the two arches to close.
ventricle This produces a soft ‘dub’ sound.
right atrium
This prevents the backflow of
blood into the ventricles.
right 2 • The drop in pressure in the
ventricle ventricles also causes the bicuspid
valves to open.
aortic arch
3

pulmonary
arch bicuspid right left
valve ventricle ventricle
tricuspid
valve
 pulmonary vein
1 4 • The ventricles then relax. This is
ventricular diastole.
left atrium
• The drop in pressure in the
vena ventricles causes the semi-lunar
cava left valves in the two arches to close.
ventricle This produces a soft ‘dub’ sound.
right atrium
This prevents the backflow of
blood into the ventricles.
right 2 • The drop in pressure in the
ventricle ventricles also causes the bicuspid
valves to open.
aortic arch
• The whole cycle (1-4) then
3
repeats.

pulmonary
arch bicuspid right left
valve ventricle ventricle
tricuspid
valve
Main blood vessels of the
body
• Pulmonary artery
• Aortic arch
• Hepatic artery (liver)
• Renal artery (kidney)
• Pulmonary vein
• Vena cava (anterior and posterior)
• Hepatic vein
• Renal vein
• Hepatic portal vein
 The
main
arteries
and
veins
 Lymph and the Lymphatic System

• Lymph is formed from blood

• Water and plasma (tissue fluid) are forced from
the capillaries into intracellular spaces
• Most of the tissue fluid is collected as lymph
into lymphatic vessels which return it to the
blood
Coronary Heart Disease
• Coronary arteries are
blocked or narrowed
• Angina and heart
attack
• The part of the heart
does not receive
sufficient oxygen and
nutrients
• The heart muscle dies
 Coronary heart disease
• Coronary arteries Heart attack
Blocked or narrowed • Arteriosclerosis
– Fatty deposit – Atherosclerosis
(caused by fatty material)
• Problems: – Thrombosis (blood clot)
– Angina>> chest pain • Not enough blood
– Heart attack for the heart muscle
• Heart muscles dies
Causes of coronary heart
disease
• Atherosclerosis- cholesterol and
polysturated fats deposited on the
inner surface
• Narrow lumen, increases blood
pressure
• Thrombosis- blood clot in the
arteries
 Preventive measures
• Use of polyunsaturated fats
• Healthy diet rich in dietary fibres
• Stress management
• Smoking avoided (nicotine & carbon
monoxide)
• Exercise strengthens heart
maintains elasticity of arterial walls
Transport System in Mammals (Concept Map)
TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
MAMMALS
consists of
 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
MAMMALS
consists of

Blood Circulatory System

 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
MAMMALS
consists of

Blood Circulatory System Lymphatic System

 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
MAMMALS
consists of

Blood Circulatory System Lymphatic System

consists of
 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
MAMMALS
consists of

Blood Circulatory System Lymphatic System

consists of

Blood
 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
MAMMALS
consists of

Blood Circulatory System Lymphatic System

consists of

Blood

Consists of:
• Red blood
cells •
White blood cells
• Platelets
•
Plasma
 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
MAMMALS
consists of

Blood Circulatory System Lymphatic System

consists of

Blood

Consists of:
• Red blood
cells •
White blood cells
• Platelets
•
Circulates from:
Plasma
• Heart to lungs and
back (pulmonary
circulation)
• Heart to the rest of
the body and back (systemic
circulation)
 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
MAMMALS
consists of

Blood Circulatory System Lymphatic System

consists of

Blood Blood vessels

Consists of:
• Red blood
cells •
White blood cells
• Platelets
•
Circulates from:
Plasma
• Heart to lungs and
back (pulmonary
circulation)
• Heart to the rest of
the body and back (systemic
circulation)
 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
MAMMALS
consists of

Blood Circulatory System Lymphatic System

consists of

Blood Blood vessels

Consists of:
• Red blood
cells •
White blood cells
• Platelets
•
Circulates from:
Plasma
• Heart to lungs and
back (pulmonary
circulation)
• Heart to the rest of
the body and back (systemic
circulation)
 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
MAMMALS
consists of

Blood Circulatory System Lymphatic System

consists of

Blood Blood vessels

Arteries

Consists of:
• Red blood
cells •
White blood cells
• Platelets
•
Circulates from:
Plasma
• Heart to lungs and
back (pulmonary
circulation)
• Heart to the rest of
the body and back (systemic
circulation)
 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
MAMMALS
consists of

Blood Circulatory System Lymphatic System

consists of

Blood Blood vessels

Arteries

branch into
Consists of:
• Red blood
cells •
White blood cells
• Platelets
•
Circulates
Plasma from:
• Heart to lungs and
back (pulmonary
circulation)
• Heart to the rest of
the body and back (systemic
circulation)
 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
MAMMALS
consists of

Blood Circulatory System Lymphatic System

consists of

Blood Blood vessels

Arteries Arterioles

branch into branch into

Consists of:
• Red blood
cells •
White blood cells
• Platelets
•
Circulates
Plasma from:
• Heart to lungs and
back (pulmonary
circulation)
• Heart to the rest of
the body and back (systemic
circulation)
 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
MAMMALS
consists of

Blood Circulatory System Lymphatic System

consists of

Blood Blood vessels

Arteries Arterioles Capillaries

branch into branch into join up to form

Consists of:
• Red blood
cells •
White blood cells
• Platelets
•
Circulates
Plasma from:
• Heart to lungs and
back (pulmonary
circulation)
• Heart to the rest of
the body and back (systemic
circulation)
 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
MAMMALS
consists of

Blood Circulatory System Lymphatic System

consists of

Blood Blood vessels

Arteries Arterioles

branch into
Consists of:
• Red blood
cells •
White blood cells
• Platelets
•
Circulates
Plasma from:
• Heart to lungs and
back (pulmonary
circulation)
• Heart to the rest of
the body and back (systemic
circulation)
 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
MAMMALS
consists of

Blood Circulatory System Lymphatic System

consists of

Blood Blood vessels

Arteries Arterioles Capillaries

branch into branch into

Consists of:
• Red blood
cells •
White blood cells
• Platelets
•
Circulates
Plasma from:
• Heart to lungs and
back (pulmonary
circulation)
• Heart to the rest of
the body and back (systemic
circulation)
 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
MAMMALS
consists of

Blood Circulatory System Lymphatic System

consists of

Blood Blood vessels

Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules

branch into branch into join up to form

Consists of:
• Red blood
cells •
White blood cells
• Platelets
•
Circulates
Plasma from:
• Heart to lungs and
back (pulmonary
circulation)
• Heart to the rest of
the body and back (systemic
circulation)
 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
MAMMALS
consists of

Blood Circulatory System Lymphatic System

consists of

Blood Blood vessels

Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules

branch into branch into join up to form join up to form

Consists of:
• Red blood
cells •
White blood cells
• Platelets
•
Circulates
Plasma from:
• Heart to lungs and
back (pulmonary
circulation)
• Heart to the rest of
the body and back (systemic
circulation)
 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
MAMMALS
consists of

Blood Circulatory System Lymphatic System

consists of

Blood Blood vessels

Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Heart

branch into branch into join up to form join up to form

Consists of:
• Red blood
cells •
White blood cells
• Platelets
•
Circulates
Plasma from:
• Heart to lungs and
back (pulmonary
circulation)
• Heart to the rest of
the body and back (systemic
circulation)
 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
MAMMALS
consists of

Blood Circulatory System Lymphatic System

consists of

Blood Blood vessels

Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins

branch into branch into join up to form join up to form

Consists of:
• Red blood
cells •
White blood cells
• Platelets
•
Circulates
Plasma from:
• Heart to lungs and
back (pulmonary
circulation)
• Heart to the rest of
the body and back (systemic
circulation)
 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
MAMMALS
consists of

Blood Circulatory System Lymphatic System

consists of

Blood Blood vessels

Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Heart

branch into branch into join up to form join up to form is divided into
chambers
Consists of:
• Red blood
cells •
White blood cells
• Platelets
•
Circulates
Plasma from:
• Heart to lungs and
back (pulmonary
circulation)
• Heart to the rest of
the body and back (systemic
circulation)
 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
MAMMALS
consists of

Blood Circulatory System Lymphatic System

consists of

Blood Blood vessels

Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Heart

branch into branch into join up to form join up to form is divided into
chambers
Consists of:
• Red blood Atria
cells •
White blood cells
• Platelets
•
Circulates
Plasma from:
• Heart to lungs and
back (pulmonary
circulation)
• Heart to the rest of
the body and back (systemic
circulation)
 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
MAMMALS
consists of

Blood Circulatory System Lymphatic System

consists of

Blood Blood vessels

Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Heart

branch into branch into join up to form join up to form is divided into
chambers
Consists of:
• Red blood Atria
cells •
White blood cells
• Platelets
•
Circulates
Plasma from:
• Heart to lungs and
back (pulmonary
circulation)
• Heart to the rest of
the body and back (systemic
circulation)
 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
MAMMALS
consists of

Blood Circulatory System Lymphatic System

consists of

Blood Blood vessels

Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Heart

branch into branch into join up to form join up to form is divided into
chambers
Consists of:
• Red blood Atria
cells •
White blood cells
• Platelets right
•
Circulates
Plasma from:
• Heart to lungs and
back (pulmonary
circulation)
• Heart to the rest of
the body and back (systemic
circulation)
 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
MAMMALS
consists of

Blood Circulatory System Lymphatic System

consists of

Blood Blood vessels

Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Heart

branch into branch into join up to form join up to form is divided into
chambers
Consists of:
• Red blood Atria
cells •
White blood cells
• Platelets right
•
Circulates
Plasma from: receives
• Heart to lungs and deoxygenated
back (pulmonary blood from the
circulation) rest of the body
• Heart to the rest of
the body and back (systemic
circulation)
 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
MAMMALS
consists of

Blood Circulatory System Lymphatic System

consists of

Blood Blood vessels

Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Heart

branch into branch into join up to form join up to form is divided into
chambers
Consists of:
• Red blood Atria
cells •
White blood cells
• Platelets right left
•
Circulates
Plasma from: receives
• Heart to lungs and deoxygenated
back (pulmonary blood from the
circulation) rest of the body
• Heart to the rest of
the body and back (systemic
circulation)
 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
MAMMALS
consists of

Blood Circulatory System Lymphatic System

consists of

Blood Blood vessels

Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Heart

branch into branch into join up to form join up to form is divided into
chambers
Consists of:
• Red blood Atria
cells •
White blood cells
• Platelets right left
•
Circulates
Plasma from: receives receives
• Heart to lungs and deoxygenated oxygenated
back (pulmonary blood from the blood from
circulation) rest of the body the lungs
• Heart to the rest of
the body and back (systemic
circulation)
 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
MAMMALS
consists of

Blood Circulatory System Lymphatic System

consists of

Blood Blood vessels

Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Heart

branch into branch into join up to form join up to form is divided into
chambers
Consists of:
• Red blood Atria Ventricles
cells •
White blood cells
• Platelets right left
•
Circulates
Plasma from: receives receives
• Heart to lungs and deoxygenated oxygenated
back (pulmonary blood from the blood from
circulation) rest of the body the lungs
• Heart to the rest of
the body and back (systemic
circulation)
 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
MAMMALS
consists of

Blood Circulatory System Lymphatic System

consists of

Blood Blood vessels

Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Heart

branch into branch into join up to form join up to form is divided into
chambers
Consists of:
• Red blood Atria Ventricles
cells •
White blood cells
• Platelets right left
•
Circulates
Plasma from: receives receives
• Heart to lungs and deoxygenated oxygenated
back (pulmonary blood from the blood from
circulation) rest of the body the lungs
• Heart to the rest of
the body and back (systemic
circulation)
 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
MAMMALS
consists of

Blood Circulatory System Lymphatic System

consists of

Blood Blood vessels

Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Heart

branch into branch into join up to form join up to form is divided into
chambers
Consists of:
• Red blood Atria Ventricles
cells •
White blood cells
• Platelets right left right
•
Circulates
Plasma from: receives receives
• Heart to lungs and deoxygenated oxygenated
back (pulmonary blood from the blood from
circulation) rest of the body the lungs
• Heart to the rest of
the body and back (systemic
circulation)
 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
MAMMALS
consists of

Blood Circulatory System Lymphatic System

consists of

Blood Blood vessels

Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Heart

branch into branch into join up to form join up to form is divided into
chambers
Consists of:
• Red blood Atria Ventricles
cells •
White blood cells
• Platelets right left right
•
Circulates
Plasma from: receives receives pumps
• Heart to lungs and deoxygenated oxygenated deoxygenated
back (pulmonary blood from the blood from blood into the
circulation) rest of the body the lungs lungs
• Heart to the rest of
the body and back (systemic
circulation)
 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
MAMMALS
consists of

Blood Circulatory System Lymphatic System

consists of

Blood Blood vessels

Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Heart

branch into branch into join up to form join up to form is divided into
chambers
Consists of:
• Red blood Atria Ventricles
cells •
White blood cells
• Platelets right left right left
•
Circulates
Plasma from: receives receives pumps
• Heart to lungs and deoxygenated oxygenated deoxygenated
back (pulmonary blood from the blood from blood into the
circulation) rest of the body the lungs lungs
• Heart to the rest of
the body and back (systemic
circulation)
 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
MAMMALS
consists of

Blood Circulatory System Lymphatic System

consists of

Blood Blood vessels

Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Heart

branch into branch into join up to form join up to form is divided into
chambers
Consists of:
• Red blood Atria Ventricles
cells •
White blood cells
• Platelets right left right left
•
Circulates
Plasma from: receives receives pumps pumps
• Heart to lungs and deoxygenated oxygenated deoxygenated oxygenated
back (pulmonary blood from the blood from blood into the blood to the
circulation) rest of the body the lungs lungs rest of the
• Heart to the rest of body
the body and back (systemic
circulation)