BSci 1: Human Anatomy and Physiology Lecture

CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM

Prepared by:
ORLAN G. CELESTIAL, LPT
The Cardiovascular System
The Circulatory System
Composition of Blood

5
Hematopoiesis

• Hematopoiesis is the process that produces formed

elements.
• In the fetus, hematopoiesis occurs in several tissues,
including the liver, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and red
bone marrow.
• After birth, hematopoiesis is confined primarily to red
bone marrow, but some white blood cells are produced in
lymphatic tissues.
• All the formed elements of blood are derived from a single
population of cells called stem cells, or hemocytoblasts.
• These stem cells differentiate to give rise to different cell
lines, each of which ends with the formation of a particular
type of formed element.

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Hematopoiesis

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Erythrocytes
• Red blood cells (RBC)
• Disk-shaped with thick
edges
• Nucleus is lost during
development
• Live for 120 days
• Function:
• transport O2 to tissues

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Hemoglobin

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Hemoglobin
• Main component of erythrocytes
• Transports O2
• Each globin protein is attached to a heme molecule
• Each heme contains one iron atom
• O2 binds to iron
• Oxyhemoglobin:
• hemoglobin with an O2 attached

10
Red Blood Cell Production

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Production of Erythrocytes

1. Decreased blood O2 levels cause kidneys to increase

production of the hormone erythropoietin.
2. Erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow to produce
more erythrocytes.
3. Increased erythrocytes cause an increase in blood O2
levels.

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Fate of Old Erythrocytes and Hemoglobin

• Old red blood cells are removed from blood by

macrophages in spleen and liver
• Hemoglobin is broken down
• Globin is broken down into amino acids
• Hemoglobin’s iron is recycled
• Heme is converted to bilirubin
• Bilirubin is taken up by liver and released into small
intestine as part of bile

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Hemoglobin Breakdown

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Leukocytes

• White blood cells (WBC)

• Lack hemoglobin
• Larger than erythrocytes
• Contain a nucleus

• Functions:
• fight infections
• remove dead cells and debris by phagocytosis

15
Types of Leukocytes
• Granulocytes: contain specific granules and include
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
1. Neutrophils:
• most common
• remain in blood for 10 to 12 hours then move to
tissues
• Phagocytes
2. Eosinophils:
• reduce inflammation
• destroy parasites
3. Basophils:
• least common
• release histamine and heparin
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Types of Leukocytes

• Agranulocytes: no specific granules

1. Monocytes:
• largest sized white blood cells
• produce macrophages
2. Lymphocytes:
• immune response
• several different types (T cells and B cells)
• lead to production of antibodies

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Types of White Blood Cells

• (a–e) ©Victor Eroschenko

• Figure
11.9
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 Platelets

• Platelets are minute fragments

of cells, each consisting of a
small amount of cytoplasm
surrounded by a cell membrane.
• They are produced in the red
bone marrow from large cells
called megakaryocytes.
• Small fragments break off from
the megakaryocytes and enter
the blood as platelets.
• Platelets play an important role
in preventing blood loss.

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Blood Loss

• When blood vessels are damaged, blood can leak into

other tissues and disrupt normal function.
• Blood that is lost must be replaced by production of
new blood or by a transfusion.

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Preventing Blood Loss

1. Vascular spasm:
• temporary constriction of blood vessel
2. Platelet plugs:
• can seal up small breaks in blood vessels
3. Blood clotting (coagulation)

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Vascular Spasm

• Vascular spasm is an immediate but temporary

constriction of a blood vessel that results when smooth
muscle within the wall of the vessel contracts.
• This constriction can close small vessels completely and
stop the flow of blood through them.
• Vascular spasm is stimulated by chemicals released by
cells of the damaged blood vessel wall and by platelets.

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Platelet Plug Formation

• A platelet plug is very important in maintaining the integrity

of the damaged blood vessels.
• The formation of a platelet plug can be described as a
series of steps, but in actuality many of these steps occur
at the same time.
• Platelet adhesion occurs first, when platelets stick to the
exposed collagen in the damaged blood vessel wall.
• After platelets adhere to collagen, they become activated,
change shape, and release chemicals.
• In platelet aggregation, fibrinogen forms bridges between
the fibrinogen receptors of numerous platelets, resulting in
a platelet plug.

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Platelet Plug Formation 3

24
Blood Clotting

• Blood can be transformed from a liquid to a gel

• Clot:
• network of thread-like proteins called fibrin that trap blood
cells and fluid
• depends on clotting factors
• Clotting factors:
• proteins in plasma
• only activated following injury
• made in liver
• require vitamin K

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Steps in Clot Formation

1. Injury to a blood vessel causes inactive clotting

factors to become activated due to exposed
connective tissue or release of thromboplastin
2. Prothrombinase (clotting factor) is formed and acts
upon prothrombin
3. Prothrombin is switched to its active form thrombin
4. Thrombin activates fibrinogen into its active form
fibrin
5. Fibrin forms a network that traps blood (clots)

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Clot Formation

• Figure
11.11
• Access the text alternative for slide
images.

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Clot Formation Control

• Clots need to be controlled so they don’t spread

throughout the body
• Anticoagulants:
• prevent clots from forming
• Example - heparin and antithrombin
• Injury causes enough clotting factors to be activated
that anticoagulants can’t work in that particular area of
the body

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Clot Retraction and Fibrinolysis

• Clot retraction:
• condensing of clot
• serum in plasma is squeezed out of clot
• helps enhance healing
• Fibrinolysis:
• process of dissolving clot
• plasminogen (plasma protein) breaks down clot (fibrin)

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Blood Grouping

• Injury or surgery can lead to a blood transfusion

• Transfusion reactions/Agglutination:
• clumping of blood cells (bad)
• Antigens:
• molecules on surface of erythrocytes
• Antibodies:
• proteins in plasma that bind to specific antigens
• Blood groups:
• named according to antigen (ABO)

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ABO Blood Groups

• In the ABO blood group system, there are two types of

antigens that may appear on the surface of the red
blood cells, type A antigen and type B antigen.
• Type A blood has type A antigens, type B blood has
type B antigens, and type AB blood has both types of
antigens.
• Type O blood has neither A nor B antigens.
• The types of antigens found on the surface of the red
blood cells are genetically determined.

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ABO Blood Groups

• Antibodies against the antigens are usually present in

the plasma of blood.
• Plasma from type A blood contains anti-B antibodies,
which act against type B antigens; plasma from type B
blood contains anti-A antibodies, which act against
type A antigens.
• Type AB blood plasma has neither type of antibody,
and type O blood plasma has both anti-A and anti-B
antibodies.

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ABO Blood Groups

• In Caucasians in the United States, the distribution is

type O, 47%; type A, 41%; type B, 9%; and type AB,
3%.
• Among African-Americans, the distribution is type O,
46%; type A, 27%; type B, 20%; and type AB, 7%.

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ABO Blood Groups

• Figure
11.12
• Access the text alternative for slide
images.

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Agglutination Reaction

• Figure
11.13
• Access the text alternative for slide
images.

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Blood Typing

• Jarun011/iStock/Getty Images

• Figure
11.15
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Blood Donor and Recipient According to ABO Blood
Types

• O are universal donors because they have no antigens

• Type A can receive A and O blood
• Type B can receive B and O blood
• Type AB are universal recipients, can receive A, B, AB or
O blood
• Type O can only receive O blood

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Rh Blood Group

• Rh positive means you have Rh antigens

• 95 to 85% of the population is Rh+
• Antibodies only develop if an Rh- person is exposed to
Rh+ blood by transfusion or from mother to fetus

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Rh Incompatibility in Pregnancy

• If mother is Rh- and fetus is Rh+ the mother can be

exposed to Rh+ blood if fetal blood leaks through
placenta and mixes with mother’s blood.
• First time this occurs mother’s blood produces
antibodies against antigens.
• Any repeated mixing of blood causes a reaction.

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Hemolytic Disease of Newborn

• This condition
• occurs when mother produces anti-Rh antibodies that
cross placenta and agglutination and hemolysis of
fetal erythrocytes occurs
• can be fatal to fetus
• prevented if mother is treated with RhoGAM which
contains antibodies against Rh antigens

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Hemolytic Disease of Newborn

• Figure
11.14
• Access the text alternative for slide
images.

42
Diagnostic Blood Tests 1

• Complete blood count:

• provides information such as RBC count, hemoglobin,
hematocrit, and WBC count
• Hematocrit:
• % of total blood volume composed of RBC
• Hemoglobin:
• determines amount of hemoglobin
• indicates anemia

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Diagnostic Blood Tests 2

• Prothrombin time:
• time it takes for blood to begin clotting (9 to 12 sec.)
• White blood cell count:
• total number of white blood cells

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Diagnostic Blood Tests 3

• White blood cell differential count:

• Determines the % of each 5 kinds of leukocytes
• neutrophils: 60 to 70%
• lymphocytes: 20 to 25%
• monocytes: 3 to 8%
• eosinophils: 2 to 4%
• basophils: 0.5 to 1%

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White Blood Cell Disorders

• Leukopenia:
• low white blood cell count
• caused by radiation, chemotherapy drugs, tumors,
viral infections
• Leukocytosis:
• high white blood cell count
• caused by infections and leukemia

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HEART
Heart Characteristics

Size:

• size of a fist and weighs less than 1 lb.

Location:
• between lungs in thoracic cavity
Orientation:
• apex (bottom) towards left side
Pericardia

Pericardium:
• double-layered sac that anchors and protects heart
Parietal pericardium:
• membrane around heart’s cavity
Visceral pericardium:
• membrane on heart’s surface
Pericardial cavity:
• space around heart
External Anatomy of the Heart
External Anatomy of the Heart
Internal Anatomy of the Heart

• Figure
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12.6
52
Heart Valves

• Figure
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12.7
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Heart Valves

• Figure
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12.8
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Cardiac Skeleton

• Figure
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12.9
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Blood Flow through Heart

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Blood Supply to the Heart

• Figure
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12.11
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Heart Wall

• Epicardium:
• surface of heart (outside)
• Myocardium:
• thick, middle layer
composed of cardiac
muscle
• Endocardium:
• smooth, inner surface

Access the text alternative for slide

• Figure
12.12
•
images.

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Cardiac Muscle

• One centrally located

nucleus
• Branching cells
• Rich in mitochondria
• Striated (actin and
myosin)
• Ca2+ and ATP used for
contractions
• Intercalated disks
connect cells
• (b) ©Ed
Reschke

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• Figure
12.13
•
images.

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Stimulation of the Heart

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Cardiac Muscle Action Potentials

• Changes in membrane permeability are responsible for

producing action potentials and called pacemaker
potential.
1. Depolarization phase:
• Na+ channels open

• Ca2+ channels open

2. Plateau phase:
• Na+ channels close
• Some K+ channels open

• Ca2+ channels remain open

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Cardiac Muscle Action Potentials

3. Repolarization phase:
• K+ channels are open
• Ca2+ channels close
• Plateau phase prolongs action potential by keeping Ca2+
channels open.
• In skeletal muscle action potentials take 2 msec, in
cardiac muscle they take 200 to 500 msec.

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Action Potentials in Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle

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Conduction System of the Heart

• Figure
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12.16
64
Electrocardiogram

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Cardiac Cycle

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Events of the Cardiac Cycle

• Figure
12.19
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Heart Valve Locations

• ©Juice Images/Alamy RF • Figure

• Access the text alternative for slide images
12.20
68
Baroreceptor Reflex

• Figure
12.21
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Chemoreceptor Reflex—pH

• Figure
12.22
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Summary of Extrinsic Regulation

• Figure
12.23
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Heart Disease

• Coronary Artery Disease

• decreases blood supply to the heart

• coronary arteries are narrowed for some reason

• Myocardial Infarction (heart attack)

• due to closure of one or more coronary arteries

• area(s) of cardiac muscle lacking adequate blood

supply die, and scars (infarct)

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Heart Procedures

• Angioplasty:

• procedure opens blocked blood vessels

• Stent:

• structures inserted to keep vessels open

• Bypass:

• procedure reroutes blood away from blocked arteries

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BLOOD VESSELS
Blood Vessels

• Blood vessels outside the heart are divided into two

classes:
1. The pulmonary vessels, which transport blood from
the right ventricle of the heart through the lungs and
back to the left atrium
2. The systemic vessels, which transport blood from the
left ventricle of the heart through all parts of the body
and back to the right atrium

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Blood Flow Through the Circulatory System

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images.

76
Blood Vessel Functions

1. Carry blood
2. Exchange nutrients, waste products, gases within
tissues
3. Transport substances
4. Regulate blood pressure
5. Direct blood flow to tissues

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Vessel Structures

• Arteries:
• carry blood away from heart
• thick with a lot of elastic tissue
• Veins:
• carry blood toward heart
• thick with less elastic tissue
• Capillaries:
• exchange occurs between blood and tissue fluids

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Blood Flow

• Blood flows from arteries into arterioles

• Arterioles into capillaries
• Capillaries into venules
• Venules to small veins
• Veins return to heart

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Blood Vessel Walls

• Tunica intima:
• innermost layer
• simple squamous
• Tunica media:
• middle layer
• smooth muscle with elastin and collagen fibers
• Tunica adventitia:
• outermost layer
• connective tissue

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Artery and Vein

• ©Ed Reschke/Photolibrary/Getty Images

• Figure
13.2
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Types of Arteries

• Elastic arteries:
• largest in diameter
• thickest walls
• Example - aorta and pulmonary trunk
• Muscular arteries:
• medium to small size
• thick in diameter
• contain smooth muscle cells
• can control blood flow to body regions

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Arteries

• Figure
13.1a,b
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Capillaries

• Blood flows from arterioles into capillaries

• Capillaries branch to form networks
• Blood flow is regulated by smooth muscle cells,
precapillary sphincters

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Capillary Network

• Figure
13.3
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Capillary Structure

• Figure
13.1d
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Types of Veins

• Blood flows from capillaries into venules

• Blood flows from venules into small veins
• All 3 tunics are present in small veins
• Medium sized veins:
• collect blood from small veins and deliver to large
veins
• Large veins:
• contain valves

87
Blood Vessel Structure

• Figure
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13.1
•
images.

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Valves

• Figure
13.4
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Pulmonary Circulation Vessels

• Pulmonary circulation:
• blood vessels that carry blood from right ventricle to
lungs and back from left atrium of heart
• Pulmonary trunk:
• Carries blood from right ventricle towards lung
• Pulmonary veins:
• exit lungs and carry O2 rich blood to left atrium

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Major Arteries

• Figure
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13.5
•
images.

91
Systemic Circulation Vessels

• The systemic circulation carries blood from the left

ventricle to the tissues of the body and back to the
right atrium.
• Oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins passes
from the left atrium into the left ventricle and from the
left ventricle into the aorta.
• Arteries distribute blood from the aorta to all portions
of the body

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Parts of the Aorta

• Ascending:
• passes superiorly from left ventricle
• Aortic arch:
• Contains 3 major arteries which carry blood from aorta
to head and upper limbs
• Descending:
• extends through thorax and abdomen to pelvis

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Parts of the Aorta

• Thoracic:
• part of descending aorta that extends through thorax
to diaphragm
• Abdominal:
• descending aorta that extends from diaphragm where
it divides at the common iliac arteries

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Branches of the Aorta

• Figure
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13.6
•
images.

95
Arteries of the Head and Neck

• Branches of aortic arch:

• brachiocephalic artery
• left common carotid artery
• left subclavian
• Brachiocephalic artery:
• first branch off aortic arch
• supplies blood to right side of head and neck

96
Arteries of the Head and Neck

• Left common carotid artery:

• 2nd branch off aortic arch
• supplies blood to the left side of head and neck
• Left subclavian artery:
• 3rd branch off aortic arch
• supplies blood to left upper limbs

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Arteries of the Head and Neck

• Right common carotid artery:

• branches off brachiocephalic artery
• supplies blood to right side of head and neck
• Right subclavian artery:
• branches off brachiocephalic artery
• supplies blood to right upper limbs

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Arteries of the Head and Neck

• Figure
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13.7
•
images.

99
Cerebral Arterial Circle

• Figure
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13.8
•
images.

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Arteries of the Upper Limbs

• Axillary arteries:
• continuation of subclavian in the axilla (armpits)
• Brachial arteries:
• continuation of axillary artery that extends into the
arm
• where blood pressure measurements are taken

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Arteries of the Upper Limbs

• Ulnar arteries:
• branch of brachial artery
• near elbow
• Radial arteries:
• branch of brachial artery
• supply blood to forearm and hand
• pulse taken here

102
Arteries of the Upper Limbs

• Figure
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13.9
•
images.

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Abdominal Aorta Branches

• Celiac trunk arteries:

• supply blood to stomach, pancreas, spleen, liver,
upper duodenum
• Superior mesenteric arteries:
• supply blood to small intestines and upper portion of
colon
• Inferior mesenteric arteries:
• supply blood to colon

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Abdominal Aorta Branches

• Renal arteries:
• supply blood to kidneys
• Hepatic arteries:
• supply blood to liver
• Testicular arteries:
• supply blood to testes
• Ovarian arteries:
• supply blood to ovaries

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Abdominal Aorta Branches

• Inferior phrenic arteries:

• supply blood to diaphragm
• Lumbar arteries:
• supply blood to lumbar vertebra and back muscles

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Arteries of Pelvis

• Common iliac arteries:

• branches from abdominal aorta
• divides into external and internal iliac arteries
• External iliac arteries:
• division of common iliac artery
• supply blood to lower limbs
• Internal iliac arteries:
• division of common iliac
• supply blood to pelvic area

107
Arteries of the Lower Limbs 1

• Femoral arteries:
• supply blood to thigh
• Popliteal arteries:
• supply blood to knee
• Anterior and posterior arteries:
• supply blood to leg and foot
• Fibular arteries:
• supply blood to lateral leg and foot

108
Arteries of the Lower Limbs 2

• Figure
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13.10
•
images.

109
Veins

• Veins return blood to the heart.

• In the systemic circulation, the blood returning to the
heart is deoxygenated.
• In the pulmonary circulation, the blood returning to the
heart in the pulmonary veins is oxygenated.

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Veins

• Superior vena cava:

• returns blood from head, neck, thorax, and right upper
limbs
• empties into right atrium of heart
• Inferior vena cava:
• returns blood from abdomen, pelvis, lower limbs
• empties into right atrium of heart

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Major Veins

• Figure
13.11
112
Veins of the Head and Neck

• External jugular vein:

• drain blood from head and neck
• empties into subclavian veins
• Internal jugular vein:
• drain blood from brain, face, neck
• empty into subclavian veins

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Veins of the Head and Neck

• Subclavian veins:
• forms brachiocephalic veins
• Brachiocephalic veins:
• join to form superior vena cava

114
Veins of the Head and Neck

• Figure
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13.12
•
images.

115
Veins of the Upper Limbs

• Brachial veins:
• empty into axillary vein
• Cephalic veins:
• empty into axillary vein and basilic vein
• Median cubital veins:
• connects to cephalic vein
• near elbow

116
Veins of the Upper Limbs

• Figure
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13.13
•
images.

117
Veins of the Thorax

• Right and left brachiocephalic veins:

• drain blood from thorax into superior vena cava
• Azygos veins:
• drain blood from thorax into superior vena cava
• Internal thoracic veins:
• empty into brachiocephalic veins

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Veins of the Thorax

• Posterior intercostal veins:

• drain blood from posterior thoracic wall
• drains into azygos vein on right side
• Hemiazygos vein:
• receives blood from azygos vein of left side

119
Veins of the Thorax

• Figure
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13.14
•
images.

120
Veins of the Abdomen and Pelvis

• Common iliac vein:

• formed from external and internal iliacs
• empty into inferior vena cava
• External iliac vein:
• drains blood from lower limbs
• empty into common iliac vein

121
Veins of the Abdomen and Pelvis

• Internal iliac vein:

• drains blood from pelvic region
• empties into common iliac vein
• Renal vein:
• drains blood from kidneys

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Hepatic Portal System

• Liver is a major processing center for substances

absorbed by intestinal tract.
• Portal system:
• vascular system that begins with capillaries in viscera
and ends with capillaries in liver
• uses splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein

123
Veins of the Hepatic Portal System

• Figure
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13.15
•
images.

124
Veins of the Lower Limbs

• Femoral veins:
• drain blood from thigh and empty into external iliac
vein
• Great saphenous veins:
• drain from foot and empty into femoral vein
• Popliteal veins:
• drain blood from knee and empty into femoral vein

125
Veins of the Lower Limbs

• Figure
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13.16
•
images.

126
Blood Pressure

• Blood pressure is the measure of force blood exerts

against blood vessel walls.
• Systolic pressure: contraction of heart
• Diastolic pressure: relaxation of heart
• Average Blood Pressure: 120/80

127
Measuring Blood Pressure

• Figure
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13.17
•
images.

128
Pulse Pressure

• Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and

diastolic blood pressures.
• Example - 120 for systolic / 80 for diastolic; pulse
pressure is 40 mm Hg
• pulse pressure points can be felt near large arteries

129
Body Locations to Evaluate Pulses

• Figure
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13.19
•
images.

130
Capillary Exchange

• Most exchange across capillary wall’s occurs by

diffusion
• Blood pressure, capillary permeability and osmosis
affect movement of fluids across capillary walls.
• Net movement of fluid from blood into tissues
• Fluid gained in tissues is removed by lymphatic
system

131
Capillary Exchange

• Figure
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13.20
•
images.

132
Local Control of Blood Flow

• Local control achieved by relaxation and contraction of

precapillary sphincters
• Sphincters relax blood flow increases
• Precapillary sphincters controlled by metabolic needs
of tissues
• Concentration of nutrients also control blood flow
• Blood flow increases when oxygen levels decrease

133
Local Control of Blood Flow through Capillary Beds

• Figure
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13.22
•
images.

134
Nervous Control of Blood Flow

• Vasomotor center:
• In pons and medulla oblongata
• sympathetic division
• controls blood vessel diameter
• Vasomotor tone:
• state of partial constriction of blood vessels
• increase causes blood vessels to constrict and blood
pressure to go up

135
Hormonal Control of Blood Flow

• The sympathetic division also regulates hormonal

control of blood flow through the release of
epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal
medulla.
• In most blood vessels, these hormones cause
constriction, which reduces blood flow.
• In some tissues, such as skeletal muscle and cardiac
muscle, these hormones cause the blood vessels to
dilate, increasing blood flow.

136
Mean Arterial Pressure

• An adequate blood pressure is required to maintain

blood flow through the blood vessels of the body.
• Several regulatory mechanisms ensure that blood
pressure remains adequate for this task.
• Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is a calculated value that
reflects an average arterial pressure in various vessels
of the body.

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Mean Arterial Pressure

• The body’s MAP is equal to the cardiac output (CO)

times the peripheral resistance (PR).
• Cardiac output is equal to the heart rate (HR) times the
stroke volume (SV).
• Peripheral resistance is the resistance to blood flow in
all the blood vessels.
• MAP = CO × PR

138
Mean Arterial Pressure

• The MAP changes in response to changes in HR, SV, or

PR.
• The mean arterial pressure changes over our lifetime.
• MAP is about 70 mm Hg at birth.
• It is maintained at about 95 mm Hg from adolescence
to middle age, and may reach 110 mm Hg in a healthy
older person.

139
Baroreceptor Reflexes

• Baroreceptor reflexes activate responses to blood

pressure in normal range
• Baroreceptors respond to stretch in arteries due to
increased pressure
• Located in carotid sinuses and aortic arch
• Change peripheral resistance, heart rate, stroke
volume in response to blood pressure

140
Baroreceptor Reflex Mechanisms

• Figure
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images. 13.23
141
Baroreceptor Effects on Blood Pressure

• Figure
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13.24
•
images.

142
Chemoreceptor Reflex

• Chemoreceptors are sensitive to changes in blood

oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH
• Chemoreceptors are located in carotid bodies and
aortic bodies which lie near carotid sinuses and aortic
arch
• They send action potentials along sensory nerve to
medulla oblongata

143
Chemoreceptor Reflex Mechanisms

• Figure
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13.25
•
images.

144
Adrenal Medullary Mechanism

1. Stimuli increase sympathetic stimulation to adrenal

medulla
2. Adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and
norepinephrine into blood
3. This causes increased heart rate and stroke volume
and vasoconstriction
4. Vasodilation of blood vessels in skeletal and cardiac
muscle

145
Adrenal Medullary Mechanism

• Figure
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13.26
•
images.

146
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism

1. Reduced blood flow causes kidneys to release renin

2. Renin acts on angiotensinogen to produce
angiotensin I
3. Angiotensin-converting enzyme converts angiotensin
I to angiotensin II
4. Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction
5. Angiotensin II acts on adrenal cortex to release
aldosterone

147
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism

6. Aldosterone acts on kidneys causing them to

conserve sodium and water
7. Results in less water lost in urine and blood pressure
maintained

148
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism

• Figure
13.27
149
Antidiuretic Hormone Mechanism

1. Nerve cells in hypothalamus release antidiuretic

hormone (ADH) when concentration of solutes in
plasma increases or blood pressure decreases
2. ADH acts on kidneys and they absorb more water
(decrease urine volume)
3. Result is to maintain blood volume and blood
pressure

150
Antidiuretic Hormone Mechanism

• Figure
13.28
151
Long-Term Control of Blood Pressure

• Figure
13.29
152