Greenwood High School

2021 – 2022
Geography Project
Natural regions of the world

~ Aarav Batra
Grade 9th, B.
Internal Examiner External Examiner
 Acknowledgement

I sincerely wish to express my deep gratitude and heartfelt

thanks to my Geography teacher for her encouragement and
all facilities and time provided by her for this project work. I
shall also gratefully thank my principal, Mr. Aloysius
d'mello to give me an opportunity to do this project the topic
– Natural regions of the world.

This project work has not only been done for grades but it
has also given me skills as I did a lot of research. It taught
me the real meaning of hard work. I have gained lot of
knowledge and have become more aware about different
climates in various regions of the world.

I would also like to thank my classmates who helped me

wherever I needed some input, and my parents for giving
me their view of how I can make my project better.
 Index
Distribution of Area and 1
Location
Climate 2
Natural Vegetation 3-4
Human Adaptation 5
Conclusion 6
Bibliography 7
 Distribution of Area and Location
z

Before delving into a region's human-environment interaction, its flora and fauna, and its climate, it's

important to understand where it sits on the planet's surface. This would allow us to better

understand physical conditions and socioeconomic activity.

The tropical monsoon region is located between 10° and 25° north and south of the equator. In India,

it extends up to 30° North latitude. The tropical monsoon climate zone is mostly located on the

continents' eastern boundaries. The Tropical monsoon climate affects Asiatic regions, Central America

(including the West Indies), South America (mainly Eastern Brazil), and Asiatic regions (including

India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka). Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, South China, Vietnam,

Taiwan, and the Philippines are all part of this Asian region). Apart from these places, tropical

monsoon climates may be found in North-Eastern Australia, parts of East Africa, and Madagascar, all

of which are part of the tropical monsoon region.

Tropical Monsoon Region Tropical forests and rainforests

Equatorial regions cover roughly 6% of the Earth's surface and are positioned in a ring around the

Equator. They are frequently found in lowland locations, where the environment is hot and rainy all

year. The equatorial areas are home to tropical rainforests. In both hemispheres, the equatorial area is

located in and around the equator. The equatorial region, as illustrated in, is located between 0° and

10° latitudes on each side of the equator. Despite the fact that this region only occupies a small
portion of the earth's surface, it has ecological and economic significance for the whole planet. The

equatorial region spans throughout South America's Amazon lowlands, Africa's Congo basin, and the

East Indies, from Sumatra to New Guinea in Asia. In other words, this region included the continents

of South America, Africa, and Asia.

The Equatorial Region Equatorial Rainforests

Climate
The location of a site reveals information about the climate of that region. Of light of this, we shall first
examine the climate in the Tropical Monsoon region, followed by the equatorial region.

The Tropical Monsoon climate is caused by a seasonal shift in wind direction. The monsoon climate has a high
mean annual temperature and a narrow annual temperature range. Autumn and winter are experienced in the
northern hemisphere between October and February. In the northern hemisphere, spring and summer last from
March through September. Temperatures rise, and monsoon nations enjoy milder weather during this time.
The yearly precipitation is comparable to that of the rain forest, with monsoon precipitation concentrated during
the high-sun season. The Himalayas elevate the air as it flows towards the Indian subcontinent, generating cloud
formation and precipitation. The interior of Asia has a distinct dry season from October to May, when
temperatures are lower, and it is a high pressure zone. These chilly North East Monsoon winds move toward
low-pressure regions but do not deliver rain.
During the summer, the Asian monsoon circulation displays an onshore flow of air, which is air flowing from
the ocean to land. Offshore air flows are air that moves from land to water during the winter or low-sun season.
The tropical monsoon climate, like the tropical rain forest climate, has a lot of rain. However, due to its
proximity to the equator, this region receives mild temperatures all year.
Since the sun's rays fall straight on the equator, the equatorial region has plenty of sunshine all year. Throughout
the year, high temperatures are caused by the abundance of sunlight. As a result, there are no winters in the
region. In fact, seasonal and diurnal temperature variations are negligible. Throughout the year, temperatures
remain consistent. The region's average monthly and yearly temperatures are close to 27 degrees Celsius. The
region's mornings are bright and sunny. The region's high evaporation causes strong convectional rains in the
afternoons. As a result, the region experiences a lot of rain.
The annual rainfall can reach up to 2500mm, and the climate of the equatorial region can be summarized as hot
and wet.
 Natural Vegetation
The number of plant species is much lower in monsoon climate zones than in equatorial climate zones. Let’s
study the type of flora and fauna found in both of these environments one by one.

The majority of trees in tropical monsoon regions are between 12m and 30m tall. The tropical deciduous woods
have four strata or levels in their vertical structure. The top and second strata are made up of trees; the third
stratum is made up of shrubs; and the ground stratum is made up of herbaceous plants. The majority of the trees
in the forest are deciduous, while the shrubs in the third layer are evergreen.
The trees are distinguished by their thick stem girth, thick, rough, and coarse bark, and huge hydromorphic or
tiny, hard xeromorphic leaves. Deciduous trees in monsoon climates are completely adaptable to wet-dry
conditions. The huge hydromorphic leaves allow the trees to capture more and more rainwater during the rainy
season, but they are lost during the dry season to preserve moisture, whilst the tiny and rigid xeromorphic leaves
allow the plants to resist dry weather and water scarcity. Sal, teak, bamboo, mango tree, mahua, jamun, neem,
shisham, and other important tree species include sal, teak, bamboo, mango tree, mahua, jamun, neem, shisham,
and so on.
One of the world's most damaged ecosystems is the tropical and subtropical monsoon deciduous forest biome.
Because of rapacious utilisation of forest resources for commercial and industrial purposes, as well as large-
scale clearance through mass felling of trees for agricultural land, forests have been rapidly destroyed through
both natural (forest fires) and anthropogenic processes, and the vegetation cover has shrunk to a very critical
size.
More than 80% of annual rainfall falls during only three rainy months: July, August, and September, resulting
in maximum surface runoff and a huge loss of rich fertile soils due to an increased rate of soil erosion.

The equatorial region supports diverse vegetation owing to its climatic condition. The climatic conditions
encourage the growth of several types of plants. The area is thought to represent a genetic reservoir for a variety
of species. Within a few square kilometres, the area has up to 3000 different tree species. The vegetation is
diverse, ranging from evergreen trees to climbing plants such as lianas, as well as epiphytic and parasitic
species.
The region's vegetation's quest for sunlight resulted in a characteristic tiered pattern. The topmost layer is made
up of dispersed 'emergent' crowns that have protruded from the closed canopy below. These trees may typically
reach a height of 40m. The continuous layer is located underneath this layer. This stratum is made up of trees
ranging in height from 15 to 30 metres. The lowermost layer is made up of which can withstand shade. Ferns
and herbaceous plants make up this layer, which is close to the ground. Because the higher layers of the trees
block the majority of the sunlight, the lowest layer is not very dense.
Temperatures and copious rainfall in the equatorial areas produce a lush form of flora known as the tropical rain
forest. The forest in the Amazon lowlands is so dense and comprehensive in its vegetational extravagance that a
distinct term,'selvas,' is employed.

Unlike in temperate countries, the growth season here lasts all year; seeding, blooming, fruiting, and
decomposing do not follow a regular rhythm, thus some trees may be in bloom while others only a few yards
away are bearing fruit. There is no drought or cold to slow development at any time of year.
The equatorial vegetation is made up of a plethora of evergreen trees that provide tropical hardwoods such as
mahogany, ebony, greenheart, cabinet woods, and dyewoods. Smaller palm trees, climbing plants such as lianas
and rattan that may grow to be hundreds of feet long, and epiphytic and parasitic plants that survive on other
plants are also possible. Ferns, orchids, and lalang grow abundantly beneath the trees.
From above, the tropical rain forest looks as a dense canopy of greenery, interrupted only by big rivers or
cleared for farming. All plants compete for sunlight upwards, resulting in an unusual layer pattern. The tallest
trees may reach heights of more than 150 feet.
Their thin trunks reach towards the sky, pierced by wide-spread branches at the summit. The next layer is
formed by smaller trees beneath, and the ground is rooted with ferns and herbaceous plants that can bear shade.
Because the trees block off the majority of the sunshine, the undergrowth is sparse.
Unlike temperate forests, where just a few species occur in a given region, tropical rain forests do not have
pristine stands of a single species. It is estimated that in the Malaysian rainforest, an acre of forest may contain
up to 200 different tree species.
As a result, economic exploitation of tropical wood has become extremely challenging. Many tropical
hardwoods do not float well on water, making transportation costly. As a result, it is not unexpected that many
tropical countries are net importers of timber!
Many pristine tropical rain forests have been removed for logging or shifting farming. When these clearings are
abandoned, less luxuriant secondary forests, known as belukar in Malaysia, grow in their place. These are
distinguished by short trees and extensive undergrowth. Mangrove forests grow in coastal locations and
brackish marshes.
 Human Adaptation
Let us now look at the human adaptation in Tropical monsoon regions and the equatorial regions respectively.

The main human activities and occupations in the tropical monsoon region are Grazing, Agriculture, Fishing,
Manufacturing, Mining and Tourism.
Intensive subsistence agriculture is best developed and practically limited to Asia's monsoon areas. Monsoon
woods are not difficult to clear, and the high temperatures and plentiful rainfall allow people to plant a variety
of crops. Wheat, maize, bajra, jowar, barley, pulses, oilseeds, and groundnuts are cultivated in drier areas.
Animal husbandry and domestication (cattle, sheep, and goats) is a significant profession in many regions of the
Monsoon countries.
One of the most significant human activities in coastal and deltaic environments is fishing. With these five
industrial complexes, India is the top country in manufacturing activity in this region, including the Hoogly
Industrial region, the Mumbai-Pune region, the Madurai-Coimbatore-Bengaluru region, the Ahmedabad-
Vadodra region, and the Chhotanagpur region. Sri Lanka produces tea, clothing, and textiles. In this area, India
is the main country in terms of industrial activity.

The equatorial area is populated by indigenous peoples such as the Pygmies of Africa and Indian tribes in the
Amazon Basin. They have adapted to their surroundings in a variety of ways. In the equatorial areas, several
types of agriculture are performed. Historically, the most popular type of agriculture has been migratory
agriculture, sometimes known as slash and burn agriculture.
The environment has an impact on settlements as well. The dense trees have an influence on the kind of
dwellings and settlements that can be erected in the equatorial areas. The majority of the inhabitants in the
equatorial area are nomadic and wander from place to place. However, in some areas, a unique form of
dwelling may be found.
People in the Amazon live in a form of home known as a Maloca. These homes feature steep, slanted roofs and
are shaped like apartments. People also live in buildings with thatched roofs. Malaysian dwellings are generally
built on timber stilts. The materials utilised to build the dwellings are readily available resources from the
forests, such as lumber, bamboo, and leaves. As a result, the dwellings and construction materials in the region
are impacted by the environment of that location.

In both these regions, human habitation and activities like mining, deforestation, and the construction of
bridges, dams, and buildings have caused harm to these ecosystems and will soon remove all the forests in these
regions.
 Conclusion

A natural region is a set of locations that have comparable circumstances

in terms of relief, temperature, rainfall, and natural vegetation.

There are two dry seasons with minimal rainfall in a tropical monsoon
environment. There is a distinct rainy season with a lot of rain.... Rainfall
is seasonal in the tropical monsoon environment and is frequently
unpredictable and uneven. These may occur in both hot and cool climates,
but are more abundant in Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and other places
near the Pacific Ocean.

Despite covering only 6% of the Earth's surface, the equatorial area is

home to more than half of the world's plant and animal species. It is also
known as the Rain Forest, Selvas, or Evergreen Forest. The equatorial
zone runs from 0° to 10° in both the north and south hemispheres. It is
found on three continents: South America, Africa, and Asia. The region's
climate is characterised by high temperatures and heavy humidity. The
average yearly temperature is 27... It features a dense covering of
woodland that is evergreen in nature. Rainforests are so dense that plants
compete for sunlight, hence the equatorial forest has four separate layers:
emergent layer, canopy, understory, and forest floor.
 Bibliography
During my research I had referred to the following sources:

https://golearngeo.wordpress.com/
https://geographypoint.com/
https://brandfolder.com/
https://www.geographynotes.com/
https://content.patnawomenscollege.in/
https://iasmania.com/
https://egyankosh.ac.in/
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/
http://geography.parkfieldprimary.com/
https://www.geographynotes.com/
https://www.extramarks.com/
https://brainly.in/
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