UNIT I

PLANNING FOR SEWERAGE SYSTEMS

PART A (Two mark questions with answers)

1. Define sullage and MINAS (May/June 2016)

Sullage is merely waste water and does not create any bad smell or odour.
MINAS- MInimum NAtional Standards provided by central pollution control board to
industries with regards to effluent discharge, emissions, noise levels and solid waste.

2. Define sewerage system. (Nov/Dec 2015)(May/June 2014)

The term sewerage system is applied to the system of collecting, treating and finally
disposing of the sewage.

3. What are the factors that you consider to estimate the design sewage discharge?
Net quantity of sewage produced will be equal to the accounted quantity of water
supplied from the water- works plus the additions due to unaccounted private water supplies,
additions due to infiltration and minus the subtractions due to water losses and subtractions
due to water not entering the sewerage system.

4. What is design period?

The future period for which a provision is made in designing the capacities of various
components of the sewerage scheme is known as the design period.

5. Enumerate the sources of wastewater. (Nov/Dec 2014)(April/May 2017)

Various sources of wastewater are
a) Residential wastewater
b) Industrial wastewater
c) Strom water

6. State the necessity of wastewater characterization. (May/June 2012)

The type and necessity of treatment may be based on the character and quantity of
impurities present in wastewater.

7. Distinguish between dry weather flow & wet weather flow.(May/June 2012)(Nov/Dec
2012)
Dry weather flow (DWF) is defined as the flow of sewage, consists of domestic and
industrial sewage. Wet weather flow (WWF) indicates the flow of storm water.

8. How will you estimate storm run-off? (April/May 2015)

Storm run-off can be estimated by rational method or using empirical formulas.

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9. State five parameters of effluent standards for sewage disposal into inland
surface water bodies?
(May/June 2014 )
Some standards of wastewater are,
a. BOD – 30 mg/l
b. grease and oil – 10 mg/l.
c. suspended solids – 100 mg/l.
d. COD – 250 mg/l.
e. pH- 5.5 to 9.0

10. What are the two types of sewage system?

The two types of sewage system are, combined system and separate system.
a. Combined system:
When the drainage is taken along with the sewage then it is called as combined system.
b. Separate system:
When the drainage and sewage are taken independently of each through two different sets of
sewage is called as separate system.

11. What is meant by time of concentration? (April/May 2017)

The period after which the entire area will start contributing to the runoff is called the
time of concentration. This concept is used in hydrology to measure the response of a
watershed to a rainfall event.

12. What is the effect of oxygen demanding waste on water bodies? (Nov/Dec 2014)
Oxygen is essential for the survival of all living organisms. The aerobic action
continues only till the presence of oxygen. Else anaerobic condition begins and will result in
putrefaction. Oxygen is demanded for the oxidation of wastes in water bodies.

13. Intensity, duration and frequency of rainfall – define.

The intensity of a rain is the rate at which it is falling, the duration is the time for
which it falls with that given intensity, and frequency is the number of times it falls.

14. State the necessity of legal requirements and effluent disposal standards. (Nov 2012)
 Protecting and improving the quality of environment.
 Preventing and controlling environmental pollution.
.
15. What are the different types of solids present in waste water?
The different types of solids in waste water are suspended solids, dissolved solids,
settleable solids and volatile solids.

16. Why do the analyses of BOD and COD usually give different results for same waste
water? (Nov/Dec 2013)

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 BOD is the oxygen required to oxidize the bio-degradable organics of given waste water.
COD is the oxygen demand of both organic and inorganic matter. Hence COD value is
usually higher than BOD.

17.What is meant by relative stability of a sewage effluent?

The relative stability of a sewage effluent is nothing but the ratio of oxygen available
in the effluent to the total oxygen required to satisfy its first stage BOD demand.

18. What is population equivalent? (May/June 2016)

Industrial wastes are generally compared with per capita normal domestic waste
waters, so as to rationally charge the industries for the pollution caused by them. Population
equivalent is the ratio of BOD5 of sewage coming from an industry to standard BOD5 of
domestic sewage per person per day.

19. Name the physical characteristics of sewage.

Turbidity, colour, odour and temperature are the physical characteristics of sewage.

20. Name the various tests to find the chemical characteristics of sewage.
The tests include, test for determination of total solids, suspended solids and settleable
solids, pH value, chloride content, nitrogen content, presence of fats, greases and oils,
sulphides, sulphates, dissolved oxygen , BOD and COD etc.

21. What are the sewerage systems available? (Nov/Dec 2015)

The sewerage systems are combined sewerage system and separate sewerage systems.

22. Name the characteristics with which organic matter is expressed.

BOD, COD, TOC are the characteristics with which the organic matter is expressed.

PART – B
1. How the design sewage discharge is estimated?

2. Explain time of concentration, dry weather flow and wet weather flow.

3. A population of 30,000 is residing in a town having an area of 60 hectares. If the

average coefficient of runoff for this area is 0.60, and the time of concentration of the
design rain is 30 minutes, calculate the discharge for which the sewers of a proposed
combined system will be designed for a town.

4. A separate sewerage system has to be designed for a suburb near Delhi for a rainfall
frequency of 2 years. This town is already provided with adequate water supply from
water-works at per capita rate of 200 l/day / person. Compute the maximum storm
drainage discharge for which the S.W. drain, of a pocket draining an area of 20
hectares will be designed. Also compute the peak design discharge for which the

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 sewers of this pocket will be designed. Make use of hourly rainfall charts and assume
the concentration time (or inlet time) as 20 minutes. The population of the pocket
discharging sewage is 9000. Make any other assumption if needed and not given.

5. BOD of sewage incubated for one day at 300C has been found to be120 mg/ lit.
What will be the 5 day20 C BOD if K at 30C is 0.16/day.

6. Explain the characteristics of sewage.

7. A city has a projected population of 60,000 spread over area of 50 hectare. Find the
design discharge for the separate sewer line by assuming rate of water supply of 250
lpcd and out of this total supply only 75 % reaches in sewer as wastewater. Make
necessary assumption whenever necessary.

8. A population of 40,000 is residing in a town having an area of 60 hectares, if the

average coefficient of runoff for this area is 0.50 and the time of concentration of the
design rain is 30 minutes. Calculate the discharge for which the sewer of a proposed
combined system will be designed for the town in question.

9. Calculate the quantity of sewage for combined system for a town, given the following
data: 1. Area of the town = 500 hectares, 2. Time of concentration = 30 mins, 3.
Population density = 300 persons / hectare, 4. Rate of water supply = 135 l / capita /
day, 5. Peak factor = 2.0,
Type of surface % Area Run off coefficient
Roofs 50 0.95
Paved surfaces 30 0.80
Non paved surfaces 20 0.25
Assume 80% of the water supplied reaches the sewer.

10. Estimate the rational method of estimating of storm water flow.

11. Write in detail about the suspended solids present in wastewater with its effects.
12. Discuss in detail about the sources of wastewater and sewerage systems.
13. Explain the legal requirements and standards regarding the disposal and treatment of
sewage.
14. List the effects of sewage on environment.
15. Explain about the typical characteristics of South Indian wastewaters.

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UNIT II

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 SEWER DESIGN

PART A (Two mark questions with answers)

1. List the components of network of sewers.

The components of sewerage system are,
a. House sewers.
b. Lateral sewers.
c. Branch sewers.
d. Main sewers.
e. Outfall sewers.
f. Man holes.

2. Mention some shapes of sewer pipes.

The sewer pipes may be of the following shapes:
a. Circular shape
b. Egg shape
c. Horse shoe shape
d. Parabolic shape
e. Elliptical shape
f. Rectangular shape

3.What are the forces acting on sewer pipes?

Forces acting on sewer pipes are internal pressure ofsewage, pressure due to external
loads, temperature stress and flexural stress.

4.What are the materials used for constructing sewer pipes?

i. Vitrified clay
ii. Cement concrete
iii. Asbestos cement
iv. Cast iron

5.Give some qualities of a good sewer pipes.

The qualities of a good sewer are:
i. Resistance to corrosion
ii. Resistance to abrasion
iii. Strength and durability
iv. Light weight
v. Impervious
vi. Hydraulically efficient
vii. Economical.

6.What are the tests conducted in sewer pipes after laying?

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 i. Test for leakage(water test)
ii. Test for straightness of alignment and obstruction

7.Define sewer appurtenances

Sewer appurtenances are those structures which are constructed at suitableinterval
along a seweragesystem and help in its efficient operation and maintenance

8. What are manholes?

Manholes are masonary or R.C.C chambers constructed at suitable intervals along the
sewer lines, for providing access into sewers. Manholes help in inspection, cleaning and
maintenance. If perforated at the top they will assist in ventilating the sewers, but will cause
evolution of pungent gases.

9.Mention the classification of manholes

Manholes are classified based on their depth of construction.
i. Shallow manholes (0.7 – 0.9 m in depth)
ii. Normal manholes (1.5 m in depth)
iii. Deep manholes (>1.5 m in depth)

10. What is meant by catch basins?

Catch basins are nothing but street inlets provided with additional small settlingbasins
for avoiding theentry of the particles like grit, sand and debris in to the sewer pipes.

11. Define inverted siphons

Inverted siphon is defined as the sewer section constructed lower than
theadjacentsewer section andit runs full under gravity with pressure greater than the
atmosphere.

12.What are the various methods of ventilation for sewers?

Methods for ventilation of sewers are:
i. Useof ventilating columns
ii. Use of ventilating manhole covers
iii. Proper design of sewers
iv. Use of mechanical devices

13.What are the different types of pumps used commonly for pumping thesewage?
Pumps commonly used for sewage pumping are Centrifugal pump, Reciprocating
pump and Pneumatic ejectors (or) Air pressure pumps

14. Where manholes are located in the sewers?

Manholes in sewers may be located in any one of the following places.
i. Change in drainage pipe direction.
ii. Junction
iii. Change in gradient

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 iv. Change in drainage pipe size
v. Long pipeline.

15. Mention the advantages of circular shaped sewers.

Following are the advantages of a circular shaped sewer.
i. The perimeter of the circular sewer is the least with respect to the sewer of
other shapes.
ii. The inner surface is smooth and hence the flow of sewage is uniform and there
is no chance of deposition of suspended particles.
iii. The circular sewers are easy to construct.

16. What are the requirements of a surface drain?

i. The self-cleansing velocity should be developed with minimum
discharge.
ii. Sufficient free board should be adopted.
iii. The surface should be smooth so that it can be easily cleaned.
iv. It should be strong to resist scouring action.

17. Mention the necessity of sewage pumping.

The pumping of sewage is necessary because of the following conditions.
i. Whole portion of the town may not be located in the same level. Sewage
from low lying areas must be pumped to sewers in high level areas.
ii. The general slope of the town is such that the required gradient cannot be
maintained.
iii. In case of underground shopping complex or when basement is provided for
the building.
iv. The treatment plant is constructed at a site which is higher than the level of
the main sewer line.

18. What are flushing tanks?

The flushing tank is a device by which the water is released automatically at some
interval for flushing the sewer line. This device is required at places where self-cleansing
velocity in the sewer cannot be obtained.

19. What are lamp holes and mention its functions.

A hole or opening which is provided in the sewer line for lowering a lamp inside is
known as lamp hole. The functions of a lamp hole are:
i. By removing the cast iron cover, an electric lamp is inserted into the sewer. If
the sewer is clear, the light will be visible from the adjacent manholes; else
there will be obstruction in the sewer.
ii. For clearing the obstruction, the flushing devices may be applied through the
lamp holes.

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20. What are the stages in the construction of surface drains?
Stage 1: Marking thecentreline of drain.
Stage 2: Excavation of trench.
Stage 3: Protection of sides of trench.
Stage 4: Preparation of subgrade.
Stage 5: Construction.
Stage 6: Earth filling.

PART – B

1.Explain the effects of flow variation on velocity in a sewer.

2.Calculate the diameter and discharge of a circular sewer laid at a slope of 1 in 400 when it
is running half full, and with a velocity of 1.9 m/sec[ n=0.012].

3.Explain about egg shaped sewers.

4. What are the steps involved in laying of sewer pipes?

5. Explain: Sewer appurtenances.

6. Discuss the various principles of designing drainage system for buildings.

7. Explain the laying, jointing and testing of waste water treatment pipes

8. Explain the different plumbing systems with neat sketches .And also compare the
plumbing systems.

9. Explain pumping station with neat diagram?

10. Write short notes on: (a) Drop man holes (b) Lamp holes (c) Cleanouts (d) Street inlet
called gullies.

11. What are the shapes of sewer pipes? Explain in detail.

12. A town has a population of one lakh persons with a Percapita water supply of 200 lpcd.
Design a sewer running 0.7times full at maximum flow condition. Take n= 0.013, Slope 1 in
500 and peak factor of 3.

13. The main sewer was designed for an area of 50 sq.km. Density of population of the town
is 200 persons/hectare. The average flow is 250 litre/capita/day. The peak discharge is one
and half times more than average flow. Rainfall equivalent of 8mm in 24 hours, all of which
are runoff.
(a) What should be the capacity of the sewer in m3/sec.

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 (b) Find the minimum velocity and gradient required to transport sewage containing
coarse sand of 1mm diameter through a sewer of 35cm diameter, spec gr of
particles is 2.65 and values of K = 0.06 and f = 0.03

14. Design a sewer to serve a population of 36000, the daily per capita water
supplyallowance being 135 litres of which 80 % finds its way into the sewer. The slope
available for the sewer to be laid is 1 in 625 and the sewer should be designed to carry four
times the dry weather flow when running full. What would be the velocity of flow? Take N =
0.012.

15. Determine the size of an outfall sewer intended to carry the sewage flow of 650 L/s, if
the average slope of the line is 1 in 1000 and the sewer is flowing half-full. Assume n =
0.015 in
Manning‘s formula.

16. Calculate the velocity of flow in a sewer of diameter 600 mm laid on gradient of 1 in
600. What will be the discharge when running full? Assume suitable data if necessary.

17. A sewer of 300mm dia is flowing full with a slope of 1 in 300. What will be thevelocity
of flow and discharge when running Half-full? Is the velocity self cleansing? Assume
Manning's n = 0.013.

18. A 300 mm diameter sewer having an invert slope of 1 in 150 is flowing full. What would
be the velocity of flow and discharge? Assume n = 0.013. Is the velocity self-cleansing?

19. Design an egg-shaped sewer when laid at 1 in 1000 grade, which carries a discharge of
1.5m3/sec of sewage flow.

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 UNIT III PRIMARY TREATMENT OF SEWAGE 9 Objective – Selection of treatment
processes – Principles, Functions, Design and Drawing of Units - Onsite sanitation - Septic
tank with dispersion - Grey water harvesting – Primary treatment – Principles, functions
design and drawing of screen, grit chambers and primary sedimentation tanks – Construction,
operation and Maintenance aspects.
1. Define unit operations and unit process.
Methods of treatment in which the application of physical forces predominate are
known as unit operations while methods of treatment in which chemical or biological
activities are involved are known as unit process.

2.Define the term “Raw sludge”?

The sludge, which is deposited in a primary sedimentation tank, is called raw sludge. Raw
sludge is odorous, contains highly puterscible organic matter, and is thus, very objectionable.

3. Define detention time?

The detention time (t) of a settling tank may be defined as the average theoretical time
required for the sewage to flow through the tank. Otherwise known as definition period or
retention period

4. Define flowing through period.

The actual average time taken by a batch of water in passing through a settling tank is
called as flowing through period.

5. Define the term Displacement efficiency?

The ratio of the “Flowing through period” to the “detention period” is called the displacement
efficiency.

6. What is the principle of sedimentation?

The turbulence of flow is retarded by offering storage to sewage and thus the impurities tend
to settle down at the bottom of the tank. This is the principle of sedimentation.

7. What are the types of sedimentation tank?

Classification of sedimentation tank based on flow
i. Vertical flow tank
ii. Horizontal flow tank
iii. Radial flow tank

According to use it is classified as Primary and Secondary sedimentation tanks.

8. What are the merits of chemical precipitation?
Flowing are the merits of chemical precipitation:
 More rapid and through clarification
 Removal of higher percentage of suspended solids.

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  Simplicity of operation
9. What are discrete particles and flocculated particles?
Discrete or granular particles are those which do not change their size, shape and weight.
Flocculated particles are those which change their size, shape and weight and loose their
identity.

10. What is do you mean by transitional setting zone?

Grit particles which generally lie between 0.1mm to 1 mm, and undergo settling which lies in
between streamline settling and turbulent settling. This settling zone is called the transitional
settling zone.

11.What is a grit chamber?

Grit chambers are sedimentation basins placed usually after fine screens and before primary
sedimentation tanks. The grit chamber removes the inorganic grit, such as sand, gravel and
other mineral matter that has diameter of about 0.15 to 0.20mm or more, specific graving
about 2.65 to prevent damage to the pumps and to prevent their accumulation in sludge
digesters.

12. State the purpose of using the skimming tanks

The skimming tanks are employed for removing oils & grease from the sewage and placed
before the sedimentation tanks.

13. Why baffles are provided in the sedimentation tank in sewage treatment?
Baffles are required to prevent the movement of organic matters that escapes along with the
effluent and to distribute the sewage uniformly through the cross section of the tank and thus
to avoid short circuiting.

14. What is screening?

Screening is the Removal of large floating, suspended and settleable solids by passing the
sewage through screens.

15. Define bar screen?

Rectangular shaped coarse and medium screens are made of steel bars fixed parallel to one
another at desired spacing on a rectangular frame across the flow of sewage to remove
floating particles are called bar screen.

16. What is the purpose of providing screen?

The main idea of providing screens is to protect the pumps and other equipments from the
possible damages due to the floating matter of the sewage.It should be used for removing the
floating matters.

17. What is means by screening?

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Screening is the very first operation carried out at a sewage treatment plant and consists of
passing the sewage through different types of screens so as to trap and remove the floating
matter such as process of cloth, paper, wood, cork, hair, fiber etc.

18. What are the methods of disposing screenings?

a. Incineration
b. Composting
c. Dumping
d. Digestion

19. What are the sewage treatments units which work on the principle of
sedimentation?
The sewage treatments units which work on the principle of sedimentation are Septic
tank &Imholf tank

20. What are comminutors?

Comminutors or shredders are devices which break the larger sewagesolids to about 6mm in
size, when the sewage is screened through them.

UNIT IV SECONDARY TREATMENT OF SEWAGE 12 Objective – Selection of

Treatment Methods – Principles, Functions, Design and Drawing of Units - Activated Sludge
Process and Trickling filter – Oxidation ditches, UASB – Waste Stabilization Ponds –
Reclamation and Reuse of sewage - sewage recycle in residential complex - Recent Advances
in Sewage Treatment – Construction and Operation & Maintenance of Sewage Treatment
Plants.

1. What is an activated sludge?

The sludge so settled in secondary clarifier is called the activated sludge as it contains
lot of oxygen is thus biologically active.

2.What are the classifications of biological process?

Aerobic processes - takes place in the presence of oxygen.
Anaerobic processes -takes place in the absence of oxygen.

3.List out the aerobic processes of sewage treatment.

Some of the aerobic process in sewage treatment are Activated sludge processes,
Trickling filters, Aerobic stabilization pond and Aerated lagoon.

4.List out the anaerobic process?

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The anaerobic biological sewage processes are anaerobic sludge digestion,anaerobic contact
processes, anaerobic filters and anaerobic lagoons or ponds.

5. What are the types of trickling filters?

i. Conventional or standard rate or low rate trick long filter
ii. High rate trickling filter

6. What are the operational troubles in trickling filter?

The operational troubles in trickling filter include fly nuisance, odour nuisance and ponding
troubles.

7. What ponding trouble in trickling filter and how it can be controlled?

The voids in the filter media gets clogged due to heavy growth of fungi and algae. This may
result in ponding of the sewage over the filter bed. This trouble can be controlled by adding
chlorine or copper sulphate to sewage, which kills the sewage and resting the bed for some
time.

8.What are the advantages and disadvantages of tricking filters?

Advantages Disadvantages
 Suitable for treatment of domestic  Easily clogged due to rapid
sewage. bacterial growth.
 Require small construction area.  Require technical skills to maintain
the system.

9.What do you mean by magnetic filters?

In this type of filter, a layer of crashed magnetic ore of Iron is provided in about 80mm,
thickness, and is supported on a non-magnetic metal wire screen.Sewage is filtered through
the magnetic layer which removes the impurities purely by mechanical straining action.

10.What are the types of high rate Filters?

Types of high rate trickling filters are:
 Bio filters
 Accelo filters
 Aero filters

11.What are the merits of high rate trickling filter?

a. Rate of filter loading is high, as such requiring lesser land areas and smaller quantities
of filter media for their installation.
b. The effluent obtained from trickling filters is sufficiently nitrified and stabilized. BOD
removal 75% and SS removal 80%. The effluent can, therefore be easily disposed of
in smaller quantity of dilution water.
c. The working of trickling filter is simple and does not require any skilled supervision

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12.What are the demerits of high rate trickling filter?
a. The loss of head through the filter system is high their making the automatic dosing of
the filters necessary(through siphonic dosing tanks).
b. The cost of construction of the filter is high.
c. These filters cannot treat raw sewage and primary sedimentation is must.

13.What is the principle of trickling filter.

Trickling filter is based on the principle that the bacterial film (bio-film) which is
formed around the filtering media is the source of formation of the bacterial colonies. These
bacteria decompose the organic matters for their survival. So the trickling filter serves the
purpose of breaking the complex organic matter by fertilising the bacteria.

14.What are the disadvantages of contact beds in T.F?

 Rate of loading is much less in comparison to trickling filters.
 Large area of land is required for their installation.
 The effluent is turbid.
 Removal of bacteria is low.
 Requires long time.
 Suitable for only small establishments.

15. Brief about contact beds?

In contact bed the sewage is brought in contact with the filtering media for some
specified period. During this period, a biological film is formed around the particles of the
filter media and bacterial colonies are formed in the film. These bacteria are responsible for
the oxidation of organic matters. When the bed is kept empty for some period the filter gets
oxygen from the atmosphere for further oxidation.

16. Give any four advantages of activated sludge process?

The advantages of activated sludge process are :
a. lesser land area is required
b. the head loss on the plant is quite low
c. there is no fly or odour nuisance
d. Capital cost is less
e. Greater flexibility of operation, permitting control on the quality of effluent is
possible.

17. What are the disadvantages of the activated sludge process?

The following are the disadvantages of an activated sludge process:
a. High cost of operation, tooth greater power consumption
b. A lot of machinery to be handled
c. The sudden change in the quantity and character of sewage may produce adverse
effects on the working of the process thus producing inferior efficient.
d. Bulking of sludge

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 e. Quantity of return sludge has to be adjusted every time, as change in sewage flow
makes the operation little cumbersome.
18.Name the different type of filters used in sewage treatment plant.
a. Contact beds ( used at small plants)
b. Intermittent sand filters
c. Trickling filters
d. Miscellaneous filters (dunbar filters, magnetic filters, rapid sand filters)
19. What is humus tank?
A secondary clarifier is a general term used for the tank, which is used for settling the
effluent from a filter or from an activated sludge process. However the word humus tank
specially refers to the secondary settling tank, used for settling the filter effluent, because
humus is produced in filters only.

20. Define secondary sludge.

The sludge which is deposited in a secondary clarifier is called secondary sludge. It is
also puterscible and little less objectionable.

21.What are the methods of aeration ?

 diffused air
 mechanical aeration
 combined aeration

22.What is biological film (or) slime layer?

As the sewage percolates through the filtering media, fine colloidal organic matter is trapped
in the voids between the particles of the filtering media.

23. What is sloughing?

The break up or detachment of the biomass (biological solids) from the slime layer is known
as sloughing

24. Define aeration period.

The time period for which the sewage is getting aerated is called the aeration period
or hydraulic retention time or detention period.
Detention time = (volume of the tank / rate of sewage flow in the tank)

25. What is F/M ratio?

F/M ratio is an important rational organic loading rate, adopted for an activated sludge
process. The BOD load applied to the system in kg is represented as food (F) and the total
microbial suspended solids in the mixed liquor of the aeration tank is represented by M
F/M ratio = (Daily BOD load applied to the aerator system in gm/total microbial mass in the
system in gm.)

26. Define sludge age.

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 While sewage passes through the aeration tank only once and rather quickly, the
resultant biological growths and extracted waste solids are repeatedly recycled from
secondary clarifier back to the aeration tank, thereby increasing the retention time of solids.
This time is called solids retention time or mean cell residence time or sludge age.

27. What are the limitations of conventional aeration system?

a. The aeration tank volume requirement is high.
b. There is a lack of operational stability at times of excessive variation in the rate of
inflow or its BOD strength.

28. List the modified aeration processes.

The modified aeration processes are:
i. Tapered aeration process
ii. Step aeration process
iii. Contact stabilisation process
iv. Complete mix process
v. Modified aeration process
vi. Extended aeration process
vii. Activated aeration process.

29. Factors to be considered while selecting activated sludge process vs trickling process.
a. Availability of land for installing the treatment
b. Availability of suitable method of sludge disposal
c. Cost and availability of power
d. Availability and cost of machinery and its spare parts required for installing
the plant.
e. Degree of flexibility required in the operation of the process
f. The quality and quantity of sewage, the chances of variation in them
g. Wear and tear of civil works and machinery employed in the process.
30. What is an oxidation pond?
The oxidation pond is an excavation of rectangular ditch of shallow depth. The
sewage is stored in this pond for a considerable time. During this period, the sewage is
decomposed by the action of aerobic bacteria, algae and sunshine.

31.What are the advantages and disadvantages oxidation ponds?

Advantages Disadvantages
 Natural method ofdecomposition  Large area is required for treatment
-cheap  It creates bad smell and mosquito
 Operation and maintenance nuisance
issimple.  In rainy season or cloudy weather, the
 It is highly efficient in removing sewage becomes septic and this may
BOD. cause insanitary condition.

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32.What are remedial measurement for rising sludge problem?
Increasing the return sludge age
Increasing the speed of the sludge scroper mechanism, where possible
Decreasing the mech cell residence come by increasing the sludge write rate

UNIT V DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE AND SLUDGE MANAGEMENT 9 Standards for

Disposal - Methods – dilution – Self purification of surface water bodies – Oxygen sag curve
– Land disposal – Sludge characterization – Thickening – Sludge digestion – Biogas recovery
– Sludge Conditioning and Dewatering – disposal – Advances in Sludge Treatment and
disposal.

1. What is the purpose of dewatering?

The purpose of dewatering is to further reduce the volume of sludge and thereby increase the
solids concentration.
2. What are the methods of disposing the sewage?
(i) Disposal in water(dilution)
(ii) By disposal on land (Effluent Irrigation or Broad Irrigation or Sewage farming)
3.What are the methods of applying sewage effluents to forms ?
i. surface irrigation
ii. free flooding
iii. border flooding
iv. check flooding

4. Define the term Re-oxygenation curve?

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In order to counter – balance the consumption of D.O. due to de-oxygenation, atmosphere
supplies oxygen to the water and the process is called re-oxygenation.
5. What is mean by “Oxygen sag curve”?
The amount of resultant oxygen deficit can be obtained by algebraically adding the de-
oxygenation and re-oxygenation curves. The resultant curve so obtained is called the oxygen
sag curve or the oxygen deficit curve.

5.What is meant by sewage sickness?

The phenomenon of soil getting clogged when the sewage is applied continuously on a piece
of land iscalled sewage sickness.

6.What are the preventive methods for sewage sickness?

a. Primary treatment of sewage
b. Choice of land
c. Under drainage of soil
d. Giving rest to land and Rotation of crops
7.List various natural forces of self purification
a) Physical forces
b) Chemical forces
8.What are the factors affecting the reduction?
a. Temperature
b. Turbulence effect of wind
c. Hydrography
d. Available dissolved oxygen
e. Rate of re-aeration
9.What is meant by prim lake pollutant?
The phosphorus in domestic sewage as well as in the industrialwaste which affect thewater
quality of the lake and it’s called prim lake pollutant
10.What is meant by de oxygenation curve?
The curve which represents the depletion of D.O with time at thegiven temperature.
11. How the river is maintaining its clearness?
The turbulence in the water body helps in breaking the surface of the stream andhelps in
rapid re-aeration from the atmosphere. Thus it helps in maintaining aerobic conditions inthe
stream and keepingit clear
12. Name the biological zone in lakes
a. Euphonic zone
b. Littoral zone
c. Benthic zone
13.What is meant by zone of recovery?
The zone in which the river water tries to recover from its degraded conditions to its former
appearance is called zone of recovery

14.What is meant by “conditioning”?

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Conditioning improves the drainability of digested sludge. Prior conditioning of sludge
before application of dewatering methods renders it more amenable to dewatering.

15.What are methods adopted for sludge drying?

a. Drying the sludge on prepared sand beds.
b. Drying the sludge on centrifuges.
c. Drying the sludge by heat dryers

16.What are the factors affecting self purification of polluted streams?

a. Temperature
b. Turbulence
c. Hydrography such as the velocity and surface expanse of the river stream.
d. Dissolved oxygen and the amount and type of organic matter.
e. Rate of re aeration.

17.Mention the zones of self purification?

The self purification zones are:
a. Zone of degradation.
b. Zone of active decomposition.
c. Zone of recovery
d. Zone of Cleaner water

18.What are the situations favourable for disposal by dilution?

a) When sewage is comparatively fresh (4hrsold) and free from floating and settleable
solids.
b) When the dilution water has a high dissolved oxygen (D.O.) content.
c) When the out fall sewer of the city or the treatment plant is situated near some natural
waters having large volumes.

19.Define sludge digestion

The process of stabilization of the sewage particles are called sludge digestion.

20.What are the stages in the sludge digestion process?

a. Acid fermentation
b. Acid regression
c. Alkaline fermentation
21.What are the factors affecting sludge digestion and their control?
a. Temperature
b. pH value
c. mixing and stirring of raw sludge with digested sludge
22.What is meant by sludge concentrator unit ?

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The sludge obtained in a sludge digestion plant contains too much of moisture andis therefore
verybulky may be reduced in its moisture content by sending into sludge thicker unit(or)
sludgeconcentrator unit

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