DISTRIBUTRD GENERATION AND POWER QUALITY

Presented By.
Mr. Pavan Bhujbale
B.Tech Electrical
 INTRODUCTION
1) As the name implies, DG uses smaller sized generator that does typical central station
plant.
2) They are distributed throughout the power system close to loads.
3) Distributed generation in simple term can be defined as a small-scale generation. It is
active power generating unit that is connected at distribution level.
4) IEEE defines the generation of electricity by facilities sufficiently smaller than central
plants, so as to allow interconnection at nearly any point in the power system, as
Distributed Resources.
5) Distributed generation, also called on-site generation, distributed energy or district
energy, generates electricity from many small energy sources.
6) Most countries generate electricity in large centralized facilities, such as fossil fuel
(coal, gas powered), nuclear, large solar power plants or hydropower plants. These
plants have excellent economies of scale, but usually transmit electricity long
distances and can negatively affect the environment.
7) Distributed generation reduces the amount of energy lost in transmitting electricity
because the electricity is generated very near where it is used, perhaps even in the
same building. This also reduces the size and number of power lines that must be
constructed
RESURGENCE OF DG
1) The original power system consist of relatively small generators
configured in isolated island, used DG that model gave way to the
present centralized system because of economies of scale.
2) There was a desire of sequester electricity generation facilities away
from population centers for environmental reason and locate them closer
to the sources of fuel and water.

PRESPECTIVES OF DG BENEFITS

1) End user perspective.

2) Distribution utility perspective.
3) Commercial power procedure perspective.
DG TECHNOLOGY

COGENERATION:-
Distributed cogeneration sources use steam turbines, natural gas-fired fuel
cells, micro turbines or reciprocating engines to turn generators. The hot
exhaust is then used for space or water heating, or to drive an absorptive
chiller for cooling such as air-conditioning.

VEHICLE-TO-GRID:-
Future generations of electric vehicles may have the ability to deliver
power from the battery in a vehicle-to-grid into the grid when needed.
An electric vehicle network could also be an important distributed
generation resource.
SOLAR PANEL:-
Popular sources of power for distributed generation are solar heat
collection panels and solar panels on the roofs of buildings or free-
standing. Solar heating panels are used mostly for heating water and
when the water is heated into steam it can effectively and
economically used in steam turbines to produce electricity.
WIND ENERGY :
Another source is small wind turbines. These have low
maintenance, and low pollution, however as with solar, wind
energy is intermittent. Construction cost is higher than large
power plants, except in very windy areas.
WASTE-TO-ENERGY:-
Municipal solid waste (MSW) and natural waste, such
as sewage sludge, food waste and animal manure will
decompose and discharge methane-containing gas that
can be collected as used as fuel in gas turbines or micro
turbines to produce electricity as a distributed energy
resource.
OTHER DISTRIBUTED GENERATION TECHNOLOGY

1) Reciprocating Engine Generator.

2) Gas Turbine.
3) Fuel Cells.
4) Photovoltaic System.
5) Micro combined heat and power
(Micro CHP).
POWER QUALITY ISSUES:-

A major issue related to interconnection of distributed resources

onto the power grid is the potential impacts on the quality of
power provided to other customers connected to the grid.

Voltage Regulation:-
Over-voltages due to reverse power flow: If the downstream DG
output exceeds the downstream feeder load, there is an increase in
feeder voltage with increasing distance. If the substation end
voltage is held to near the maximum allowable value, voltages
downstream on the feeder can exceed the acceptable range.
HARMONIC DISTORTION:-
Voltage harmonics are virtually always present on the utility grid.
Nonlinear loads, power electronic loads effects of the harmonics
include overheating and equipment failure, faulty operation of
protective devices, nuisance tripping of a sensitive load and
interference with communication circuits.
ISLANDING:-
“Islanding” occurs when a small region of the power grid is isolated by broken
lines, etc., and yet local sources provide enough power to keep the voltages up.
In case the DG in the distribution system is capable to meet the load demand,
DG can be operated in the island mode and continue to energize the
distribution system
DIRECT USE OF DG :
Photovoltaic (PV), wind, micro-combined heat & power (CHP) and many others
produce power locally for direct use, reducing the need for transporting the energy
across transmission and distribution grids.
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
1) Distributed generation reduces the amount of energy lost
in transmitting electricity because the electricity is
generated very near where it is used, perhaps even in the
same building. This also reduces the size and number of
power lines that must be constructed.

DISADVANTAGES OF DG
1) Power Quality
2) Cost of Operation and
Maintenance
3) Long Term Reliability of the
Units
4) Interconnection
CONCLUSION :

1) The distributed generation help us to reduce the cost of the

transmission line and the transmission losses.
2) Distributed generation play important role in the field of the electricity
generation whereas Different issues related to power quality.