Sensors and Actuators A 315 (2020) 112276

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Sensors and Actuators A: Physical

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/sna

Electromechanical impedance instrumented piezoelectric ring for

pipe corrosion and bearing wear monitoring: A proof-of-concept
study
Jianjun Wang a , Weijie Li b,∗ , Chengming Lan c , Peijun Wei a , Wei Luo b
a
Department of Applied Mechanics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
b
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
c
School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this paper, the concept of electromechanical impedance instrumented piezoelectric ring was proposed
Received 21 May 2020 based on the degenerated multilayer piezoelectric/elastic ring transducer. The innovative applica-
Received in revised form 26 July 2020 tion of such transducer for two typical issues, including pipe corrosion and bearing wear monitoring,
Accepted 9 August 2020
was demonstrated. Two types of simplifications, the metal/piezoelectric ring transducers (I-type) and
Available online 4 September 2020
the piezoelectric/metal ring transducers (II-type), were presented to describe these problems. The
corresponding theoretical models were given based on our previously developed multilayered piezo-
Keywords:
electric/elastic ring model, and the results were validated through experimental studies. It is concluded
Electromechanical impedance
Piezoelectric/elastic ring
that wall thickness change in the pipe or the bearing induce a shift in the peak and valley frequencies in the
Pipe corrosion impedance spectra. The present work demonstrates the feasibility of using electromechanical impedance
Bearing wear instrumented piezoelectric ring for pipe corrosion and bearing wear monitoring.
Health monitoring © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction In the past decades, the electromechanical impedance (EMI)

The issues of pipe corrosion and bearing wear are the major con-
cern of the present study. Piping made of steel constantly suffers
from continuous wall thinning caused by corrosion, and conse-
quently, piping failure often occurs in industry. On the other hand,
bearings are the most important components being used exten-
sively in rotating machineries. Bearing wear is the most common
type of risk for failure, and if left undetected, it will eventually
lead to machine failure. Therefore, the reliable health monitor-
ing method for these components is highly desirable to detect
damages at the early stage. The conventional methods for pipe
corrosion monitoring are electrical resistance, linear polarization
resistance, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and galvanic
sensor [1]. For the bearing wear monitoring, the conventional
methods are vibration and acoustic measurements, electrostatic
technique, acoustic emission [2,3]. The individual monitoring tech-
nique has its own advantages and limitations, and there is no single
way that is suitable for all applications.
∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: wli27@uh.edu (W. Li).
method for structural health monitoring (SHM) has received con-
siderable attention in research communities [4–7]. In this method,
a piezoelectric transducer is coupled to the host structure by attach-
ing to it. The transducer serves as both actuator and sensor. In this
way, the piezoelectric transducer is used to harmonically excite
the vibration of the host structure. At the same time, the vibra-
tional response of the host structure, which contains the damage
information, is reflected in the measured impedance spectra of
the transducer. The method has been widely adopted in dam-
age detection, including strength gain [8,9], interfacial debonding
[10,11], load monitoring [12–14], damage quantification [15,16],
and metal corrosion [17–20]. The previously employed piezoelec-
tric transducer was the piezoelectric patch, which possess the
characteristics such as simple, low-cost, light weight, ease of instal-
lation and low power consumption, and have been widely studied.
Many achievements have been obtained on theoretical models
[21–25] and engineering applications [20,26–32]. Another com-
monly used transducer is macro fiber composite (MFC) [33–35],
which has the advantage of being flexible and attachable to flex-
ible and lightweight structures with curved surfaces. Then, to
satisfy the different actual requirements, various transducer con-
figurations have been proposed. A dual piezoelectric transducer is
employed to improve damage assessment in large civil, mechanical

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2020.112276
0924-4247/© 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2 J. Wang, W. Li, C. Lan et al. / Sensors and Actuators A 315 (2020) 112276
and aerospace structures [36–38]. A piezoelectric torsional trans-
ducer is developed to activate the piezoelectric torsional mode that
only induces a shear force in the liquid for online viscosity measure-
ment [39]. A Smart Probe is developed to improve the inconsistency
of the baseline of the measured impedance signatures, enabling
parametric estimation of the cementitious material being moni-
tored [40,41]. A smart washer is designed to mitigate the saturation
problem of the contact surfaces for full range of the rated preload
monitoring [13,42–44]. A steel wire combined piezoelectric trans-
ducer is proposed to extend the possible application for complex
surfaces and surfaces with elevated temperature [45,46]. A spheri-
cal smart aggregate sensor is developed to more effectively evaluate
the concrete damage level quantitatively of the three-dimensional
concrete structures [47]. These mentioned transducers greatly pro-
moted the development of the EMI techniques; however, they are
not suitable for the monitoring of pipe corrosion and bearing wear
duo to their unique cylindrical structural characteristics. Therefore,
searching for a new transducer design is an effective strategy.
In this study, the concept of EMI instrumented piezoelectric
ring was proposed and its feasibility for pipe corrosion and bearing
wear monitoring was examined. The EMI instrumented piezoelec-
tric ring was degenerated from the multilayer piezoelectric/elastic
ring transducer [48] in our previous study. The practical applica-
tions of EMI instrumented piezoelectric ring were investigated for
two typical issues in industry, including pipe corrosion and bearing
wear. The piezoelectric ring can be conveniently fitted into these
two structures for damage monitoring. The piezoelectric ring was
attached to the pipe joint and the inner ring of rolling bearing to
form the smart pipe joint and smart rolling bearing, respectively.
When the wall thickness of the pipe or the rolling bearing var-
ied, the peak and valley frequencies in the impedance spectra of
piezoelectric ring were shifted. Thus, the corrosion and the wear
conditions can be monitored. This study provides a new approach
to monitor the health condition of pipe corrosion and bearing wear.
2. Concept and model
The EMI piezoelectric ring was derived from the multilayer
piezoelectric/elastic ring transducer. The practical application of
the piezoelectric ring was manifested in two typical issues in indus-
try, which are the pipe corrosion and bearing wear. The concept of
Fig. 1. Concept diagram.
EMI instrumented piezoelectric ring for pipe corrosion and bear-
ing wear monitoring is illustrated in Fig. 1. For the pipe corrosion
monitoring, the piezoelectric ring was attached to the pipe joint to
form the smart pipe joint, which can further be simplified as the
metal/PZT (PZT, Lead Zirconate Titanate) ring transducer (I-type)
for feasibility analysis. For the rolling bearing wear monitoring, the
piezoelectric ring was attached to the inner ring of rolling bearing
to form the smart rolling bearing, which can further be simplified
as the PZT/metal ring transducer (II-type) for feasibility analysis.
When the wall thickness of the pipe and the bearing inner ring
vary, the impedance peak and valley frequencies of the piezoelec-
tric ring will shift. Thus, the corrosion and the wear conditions can
be monitored.
For the metal/PZT ring transducer (I-type), it consists of an inner
elastic layer and an outer piezoelectric layer. For the PZT/metal
ring transducer (II-type), it consists of an inner piezoelectric layer
and an outer elastic layer. These two types of transducers can be
considered as the special examples of the multilayer model in our
previous work [48]. To better analyze these two types of trans-
ducers, the corresponding simplified theoretical models can be
obtained according to the multilayer model [48]. Firstly, taking the
layer number N = 1, thus the multilayer model is reduced as a sand-
wich model shown in Fig. 2, which consists of two elastic layer and
one piezoelectric layer. Symbols E and P denote the elastic layer
and piezoelectric layer, respectively. Symbols h1 and h2 denote
the thicknesses of the first and second elastic layers, respectively.
Symbols R0 , R1 , R2 , R3 and h denote the geometrical sizes of the
transducer. When h2 → 0 (h2 = 10−12 m), the sandwich model is
degenerated into the I-type model. When h1 → 0 (h1 = 10−12 m),
the sandwich model is degenerated into the II-type model. The
details about schematic representation of I-type model and II-type
model are shown in Fig. 2. All the basic equations and solving pro-
cess can be found in our previous work [48]. In addition, the related
electromechanical equivalent circuits of the models in Fig. 2 were
given in Lin’s work [49–51].
3. Experiment
Specimens of I-type and II-type rings were fabricated to simu-
late the wall thinning caused by pipe corrosion and bearing wear, as
shown in Fig. 3. For the I-type of pipe corrosion, two specimens with
 J. Wang, W. Li, C. Lan et al. / Sensors and Actuators A 315 (2020) 112276 3

Table 1
Geometrical sizes of the fabricated specimens.

Number R0 (mm) R1 (mm) R2 (mm) R3 (mm) h(mm)

I-1 11 20 25 ∼ 5
I-type
I-2 13 20 25 ∼ 5
II-1 ∼ 10 15 20 5
II-2 ∼ 10 15 22 5
II-3 ∼ 10 15 24 5
II-type
II-4 ∼ 10 15 26 5
II-5 ∼ 10 15 28 5
II-6 ∼ 10 15 30 5

Table 2
Material parameters of adopted PZT-5H [52–54].

Elastic constant Piezoelectric constant(×10−12 C/N) Dielectric constant Density(kg/m3 )

(×10−12 m2 /N)
E E 
s11 s12 d31 33 /ε0 P
13 −4.29 −186 4500 7450

ε0 = 8.85 × 10−12 F/m, Permittivity of free space.

Fig. 3. The fabricated specimens: (a) the metal/PZT ring transducers (I-type) and (b)
the PZT/metal ring transducers (II-type).

Table 3
Material parameters of stainless steel [54].

Young’s modulus(×1010 N/m2 ) Poisson’s ratio Density(kg/m3 )

E  E
21 0.25 7930

Bandera Electronics, Beijing). The scanning frequency range was

Fig. 2. Schematic representation of I-type model and II-type model [48].
different inner metal ring thickness were fabricated, which were
denoted as I–1 and I–2. For the II-type of bearing wear, six spec-
imens with different outer metal ring thickness were fabricated,
which were numbered as II–1, II–2, II–3, II–4, II–5 and II–6. The
detailed sizes of these specimens are listed in Table 1. PZT–5H and
stainless steel were adopted as piezoelectric and metal materials,
respectively. The material parameters are shown in Tables 2 and 3.
The experimental setup for measuring the impedance spectra
is shown in Fig. 4. The specimen was placed on a soft foam to
approximate free stress condition. The impedance spectra of the
specimen was measured by an impedance analyzer (Model PV520A,
from 30 kHz to 60 kHz with an interval of 10 Hz. The measured
impedance data was stored in a computer for further analysis. The
basis for choosing the frequency range from 30 kHz to 60 kHz is that
the selected frequency range should include the structural reso-
nance peaks, and the repeatability of these resonance peaks should
be obvious. Besides, the very high frequency should be avoided
since the coupled vibration of the PZT and the host structure is
highly inefficient and the PZT almost vibrates independently [55].
In addition, the vibration mode of the proposed transducer should
be relatively stable and can be easily identified. In the experiment,
at the lower frequency range (<30 kHz), the impedance spectra are
much smoother, and no resonance peaks can be observed. At the
higher frequency range (>60 kHz), some additional peaks can be
observed, but their vibration modes cannot be clearly identified.
The first resonance peaks lie in the frequency range (30−60 kHz)
and they are relatively stable, and the corresponding vibration
4 J. Wang, W. Li, C. Lan et al. / Sensors and Actuators A 315 (2020) 112276
Fig. 4. The experimental setup.
modes can be clearly identified. Therefore, this frequency range
was selected.
Additionally, specimen I–1 was subjected to the accelerated cor-
rosion tests. As shown in Fig. 5(a), an additional electric wire was
added to the metal ring. The specimen was waterproofed in all other
surfaces using silicone gel, except the inner surface of the metal ring
which was subjected to corrosion loss. That means the PZT ring was
also waterproofed with the silicone gel. It should be noted that in
practical applications, the PZT ring is installed in the outer radius of
the pipe for potential thickness loss of pipe due to corrosion, thus it
will not be exposed to the corrosive environments inside the pipe.
The setup for accelerated corrosion test was shown in Fig. 5(b). The
metal ring of the specimen acted as anode and the copper plate
acted as cathode. They were placed in a water container filled with
3.5 % NaCl solution. A DC power supply was used to impress a con-
stant current of 20 mA to accelerate the corrosion process of the
metal ring in the specimen. The impedance spectra was measured
on a daily basis. The mass loss of the specimen was also measured.
The corrosion amount was calculated as the percentage of mass
loss.
Furthermore, to simulate wear on the bearing specimen, uni-
form radius reduction on the bearing specimen II–5 was introduced
using mechanical cutter. The initial impedance spectra and initial
weight of the specimen were measured in the first place. And the
impedance spectra and the mass loss were measured at each cut.
4. Results and discussion
The impedance spectra for I-type and II-type specimens are
shown in Fig. 6. The valley and peak frequencies correspond to
the first resonance and anti-resonance frequencies. As can be seen,
these frequencies was varied as a result of wall thinning of the metal
ring. For I-type (pipe corrosion) specimens, the peak and valley fre-
quencies of the impedance spectra were reduced as a result of pipe
thickness loss. For II-type (bearing wear) specimens, the peak and
valley frequencies were increased as a result of bearing thickness
loss.
The results from theoretical analysis, along with those from the
experimental investigation, were analyzed to validate the feasi-
bility of the proposed concept of EMI instrumented piezoelectric
ring for pipe corrosion and bearing wear monitoring. The char-
acteristics of the first resonance and anti-resonance frequencies
due to metal wall thinning were analyzed. The first resonance and
anti-resonance frequencies versus the inner radius of metal ring
for I-type transducer are shown in Fig. 7. It should be noted that
the increase of the inner radius of metal ring corresponds to the
increase of the metal wall thinning and pipe corrosion amount.
Therefore, it can be seen that with the increase of pipe corrosion
amount, both the first resonance and anti-resonance frequencies
present a decreasing trend. In this case, the sensitivity calculated
from the resonance frequency shift with the radius change is about
1.81 kHz/mm.
The first resonance and anti-resonance frequencies versus the
outer radius of metal ring for II-type transducer are shown in Fig. 8.
Similarly, the decrease of the outer radius of metal ring corresponds
to the metal wall thinning and bearing wear amount. It can be
observed from Fig. 8 that with the increase of the bearing wear
amount, both the first resonance and anti-resonance frequencies
are increased. The sensitivity calculated from the resonance fre-
quency shift with the radius change is about 0.45 kHz/mm.
In addition, for I-type ring, the maximum relative errors of the
first resonance and anti-resonance frequencies between theory and
experiment are less than 6.0 % and 5.0 %, respectively. For II-type
ring, the maximum relative errors of the first resonance and anti-
resonance frequencies between theory and experiment are less
than 9.0 % and 8.0 %, respectively. The reasonable relative errors
showed that the measured first resonance and anti-resonance fre-
quencies are in good agreement with the theoretical results.
The results from accelerated corrosion test on specimen I-1 are
shown in Fig. 9. The corrosion amount was calculated from the
percentage of mass loss. It can be seen that with the increase of cor-
rosion amount on the metal ring, the resonance and anti-resonance
frequencies in the impedance spectra were decreased. Such ten-
dencies are in good agreement with the theoretical findings, which
further validates the feasibility of the proposed EMI instrumented
piezoelectric ring for pipe corrosion monitoring.
Test results from bearing wear using mechanical cutting
machine are shown in Fig. 10. As can be seen, with the increase
of wear on the bearing, which is represented by the increase
of mass loss, both the resonance and anti-resonance frequencies
are increased. The anti-resonance frequency shows larger right
shift compared to the resonance frequency. That means the anti-
resonance frequency are more sensitive to the wear compared to
the resonance frequency. The tests results agree well with the
theoretical analysis and experimental results from prefabricated
specimens.
A valuable point of discussion is effectiveness of damage indica-
tor. The statistical metric root mean square deviation (RMSD) are
normally used to quantify the changes of shape in the impedance
spectra. If the shape remains unchanged or very little change, the
RMSD values may remain the same. For our case, the impedance
spectra for different specimens show horizontal movement while
the overall shapes remain the same. Therefore, the RMSD values are
very close to each other and are easily saturated. For this reason,
the RMSD metric cannot be used to properly quantify the changes
in the impedance spectra. Fig. 11 shows the RMSD metrics for spec-
tra in Figs. 6(b), 9 (a), and 10 (a). The results illustrate such point. A
more intuitive way to quantify the shift in the impedance spectra
would be the peak frequency. Therefore, we adopted the resonance
frequency for damage quantification instead of the RMSD.
In the above analysis, the feasibility of EMI instrumented piezo-
electric ring for pipe corrosion and bearing wear monitoring was
validated through theoretical calculation and experimental mea-
surement. The results are encouraging. In real world situation, the
results can be less ideal due to various influencing factors, such
as temperature and boundary condition. In the further study, the
experiments on the application of the EMI instrumented piezo-
electric ring for pipe corrosion and bearing wear monitoring will
be conducted. And the influences of the factors such as temper-
 J. Wang, W. Li, C. Lan et al. / Sensors and Actuators A 315 (2020) 112276 5

Fig. 5. Accelerated corrosion tests: (a) waterproofed I–1 specimen and (b) accelerated corrosion test setup.

Fig. 6. The measured impedance spectra: (a) I-type and (b) II-type.

Fig. 7. Resonance frequency (a) and anti-resonance frequency (b) versus inner radius of metal ring (I-type).

ature and boundary condition will be investigated, as well as the
compensation techniques will be proposed.
5. Conclusions
In this paper, the concept of EMI instrumented piezoelec-
tric ring was proposed and its feasibility for pipe corrosion
and bearing wear monitoring was examined theoretically and
experimentally. The EMI instrumented piezoelectric ring was
degenerated from the multiplayer piezoelectric/elastic ring trans-
ducer. It was found that when the pipe corrosion amount increases,
both the first resonance and anti-resonance frequencies present
a decreasing trend. When the bearing wear amount increases,
both the first resonance and anti-resonance frequencies present
an increasing trend. The theoretical results are in good agree-
ment with experimental results. Further study will focus on
6 J. Wang, W. Li, C. Lan et al. / Sensors and Actuators A 315 (2020) 112276

Fig. 8. Resonance frequency (a) and anti-resonance frequency (b) versus outer radius of metal ring (II-type).

Fig. 9. Accelerated corrosion test results: (a) impedance spectra and (b) resonance and anti-resonance versus corrosion amount.

Fig. 10. Bearing wear test results using mechanical cutter: (a) impedance spectra and (b) resonance and anti-resonance versus mass loss amount.
 J. Wang, W. Li, C. Lan et al. / Sensors and Actuators A 315 (2020) 112276
Fig. 11. RMSD metrics for data in (a) Fig. 6b, (b) Fig. 9a, and (c) Fig. 10a.
the practical issues related to the application of the proposed
method.
Declaration of competing interest
We declare that we do not have any commercial or associative
interest that represents a conflict of interest in connection with the
work submitted.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Jianjun Wang: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision,
Writing - original draft. Weijie Li: Visualization, Writing - review &
editing. Chengming Lan: Resources. Peijun Wei: Validation. Wei
Luo: Investigation.
Acknowledgments
This work is supported in part by the National Natural
Science Foundation of China (51708025, 51808170, 51878044,
and 11872105), the Interdisciplinary Research Project for Young
Teachers of USTB(Fundamental Research Funds for the Central
Universities)(FRF-IDRY-19-021).
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary material related to this article can be found,
in the online version, at doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2020.
112276.
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Biographies
Dr. Jianjun Wang is currently an associate professor with
the Department of Applied Mechanics, University of Sci-
ence and Technology Beijing, Beijing. He received his Ph.D.
degree from Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China,
in 2016. He has published more than 30 papers in peer
reviewed journals. His research interests are piezoelectric
structures and devices, and their application in engineer-
ing.
Dr. Weijie Li is currently a postdoctoral researcher of
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin
Institute of Technology, Shenzhen. Dr. Li received his BSc
degree in Transportation Engineering, Dalian University
of Technology in 2013 and Ph.D. degree in Mechanical
Engineering, University of Houston in 2017. He has pub-
lished more than 30 papers in peer reviewed journals.
He is also an inventor or co-inventor of 7 pending C.N.
patents. He has received research funding from National
Science Foundation of China, Chinese Postdoctoral Science
Foundation. His research interests are structural health
monitoring, smart materials and structures, and piezo-
electric sensors.
Dr. Chengming Lan received the Ph.D. degree in disas-
ter mitigation and prevention engineering and protection
engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology in 2009. Cur-
rently he is a professor of School of Civil and Resource
Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing,
being engaged in structural health monitoring and safety
evaluation.
Dr. Peijun Wei is currently professor of department of
applied mechanics, school of mathematics and physics,
university of sciences and technology Beijing. Dr. Wei
received his BSc degree in mechanics of solid, Northwest-
ern Polytechnical University in 1987 and Ph.D. degree
in mechanics of solid, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese
Academy of Sciences in 1999. He has published more than
100 papers in peer reviewed journals and was invited as
reviewer for more than 20 international journals. He has
received research funding from National Science Founda-
tion of China, Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation.
His research interests are wave propagation in complex
medium, phonic crystal and metamaterial, multiple phys-
ical field coupled waves, generalized elastic and thermoelastic waves.
Mr. Wei Luo is pursuing his master degree in civil engi-
neering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen. He
received his BSc degree in civil engineering, Hefei Uni-
versity of Technology in 2018. His research interest is
piezoelectric-based structural health monitoring.