TOPIC 16 : PHRASE AND CLAUSE (Mệnh đề và cụm từ)

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A. PHRASE AND CLAUSE OF PURPOSE
(Mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ mục đích)
I. Rewrite these sentences, using CLAUSE OF PURPOSE :
1. We hurried to school so as not to be late.
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2. He climbed up the tree in order to get better view.
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3. You should get up early so that you will have time to review your lesson.
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4. Some young people like to earn their own living in order to be independent
of their parents.
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5. We should do morning exercise so as to improve our health.
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6. Everybody in the world must unite their efforts to maintain and protect
peace.
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7. She put on warm clothes so as not to catch cold.
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8. She locked the door so as not to be disturbed.
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9. He cut the hair so as to avoid being arrested by the police
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10. We should take advantage of the scientific achievements of the world so
that we can develop our national money.
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II. Rewrite these sentences, using PHRASE OF PURPOSE :
1. Leave early so that you may get home before dark.
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2. This man changed the address constantly so that he could avoid the police.
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3. I shouted in order that I could warn anyone of danger.
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4. Banks are developed so that they can keep people’s money safe.
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5. Mary went to the library in order that she could borrow some books.
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6. Yesterday, my father went to the bank so that he would open a checking
account.
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7. I went to see him so that I could find what had happened.
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8. Tom is saving up so that he could buy a new bicycle.
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9. He hurried so that he could catch the train.
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10. She is learning French so that she will be able to speak it when she comes to
Paris.
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III. Use phrase or clause of purpose to combine each pairs of these
sentences :
1. The boy stood on the chair. He wanted to get better view.
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2. We turn down the volume of the radio. We don’t want to bother our
neighbors.
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3. I’ll write to you. I want you to know my decision.
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4. Angelina Jolie wore a veil. She didn’t want to be recognized.
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5. These men were talking in whispers. They didn’t want anyone to hear their
conversation.
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6. The boy feigned to be sick. He hoped we didn’t make him work.
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7. The man spoke loudly. He wanted everyone in the hall could hear him
clearly.
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8. Doris often goes home as soon as the class is over. She doesn’t want her
mother to wait for her.
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9. Mr. Thompson is studying Vietnamese. He wishes to read Kim Van Kieu.
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10. Alice prepared her lesson carefully. She needed to get good marks.
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11. You should walk slowly. Your sister can follow you.
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12. She needs a job. She wants to support her parents.
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13. The farmer built a high wall around his garden. The fruits wouldn’t be
stolen.
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14. The notices are written in several languages. Everyone may understand
them.
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15. Dick is practicing the guitar. He can play for the dance.
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B. PHRASE AND CLAUSE OF RESULT

(Mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ kết quả)
I. Combine each pairs of these sentences, using TOO :
1. Tom is short. He can’t touch the ceiling.
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2. Alice is very young. She can’t stay at home alone.
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3. It’s very late. We can’t see a movie.
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4. She lives far from school. She can’t walk there.
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5. It’s very cold. We can’t go swimming today.
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6. The jacket is very small. He can’t wear it.
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7. Peter is very tired. He can’t study.
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8. The pencil is very short. She can’t use it.
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9. The meeting is very important. We can’t miss it.
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10. Sarah can’t take a day off. She was very busy.
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11. You speak so fast that I can’t catch up with your words.
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12. The piano was too heavy. We couldn’t hang it on the wall.
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13. The test was very long. We can’t finish it in half an hour.
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14. Mike was very busy. He couldn’t go to his aunt’s house warming party.
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15. Some movies are very violent. Children shouldn’t watch them
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16. He reached the station very late. He couldn’t catch the train.
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II. Combine each pairs of these sentences, using ENOUGH :
1. It’s not warm today. We can’t go outside.
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2. The coat isn’t warm. I can’t wear it in winter.
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3. Tom doesn’t have money. He can’t pay his bills.
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4. The ice is very thick. People can dance on it.
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5. The ladder is rather long. We can use it.
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6. The shirt is big. He can wear it.
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7. That bookcase is large. It can hold 150 books.
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8. The box is light. She can lift it.
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9. The weather is very rough. We can’t swim in it.
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10. A taxi would have been best. But I didn’t have enough money.
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11. I didn’t have time. I couldn’t eat breakfast this morning.
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12. The room is not wide. We can’t hold a party in this room.
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13. That chair is not strong. We can’t stand so long on that chair.
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14. It was very hot. You can fry an egg on the pavement.
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15. You are quite thin. You can slip between the two bars.
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16. All my guests will need chairs. But I haven’t got any.
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17. Mary doesn’t have money. She can’t buy that Martin bicycle.
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III. Combine each pairs of these sentences, using SO / SUCH THAT :
1. She was frightened. She lost control of her car.
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2. It was a fine day. We wanted to go picnicking.
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3. He gave me good advice. I passed the test easily.
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4. It was a foggy night. We couldn’t see the road.
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5. The music was loud. It gave me a headache.
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6. The room is crowded. We can hardly move.
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7. He was given a lot of work to do. He protested.
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8. We had fun. We want to go there again.
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9. It was a bad storm. We had to seek shelter.
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10. I waited a long time. I finally had to leave.
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11. She received very shocking news. She nearly fainted.
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12. It was a beautiful dress. Mary wanted to show it to everybody at the party.
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13. She drove very fast. A policeman had to stop her and gave her a ticket.
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14. He had so many books to read. He didn’t find time for his hobby.
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15. He had a lot of work to do. He did not have time for lunch.
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16. There were many people in the theater. I couldn’t find the seat.
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17. She was very short. She couldn’t reach the tops of the high shelves.
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18. He was very disappointed. He committed a suicide.
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19. His sudden appearance gave her a great surprise. She burst out crying.
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20. I had a lot of trouble with my schoolwork. I had to ask for help.
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21. There were a lot of questions on the test. I couldn’t finish it in half an hour.
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22. The children took a large bite of sandwich. He couldn’t chew it.
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23. It was a delicious dessert. I decided to order portion.
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24. It was a strong wind. It blew down several banyan trees in this village.
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25. There were many people in the hall. We couldn’t see Professor Taylor.
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26. The atmosphere was suffocating. Nobody could resist the temptation to go
to the seaside.
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27. He lives far from the office. He often gets up early to catch the bus to go to
work on time.
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28. There were very few students at the extra class. It was cancelled.
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29. The tornado struck with great force. It lifted automobiles off the ground.
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30. Grandpa held me tightly when he hugged me. I couldn’t breathe for a
moment.
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C. PHRASE AND CLAUSE OF REASON and CONCESSION

(Mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ nguyên nhân và sự nhượng bộ)
I. Complete these sentences by using although / in spite of / because /
because of :
1. ………………… the meeting is at 2pm, I won’t be able to see you.
2. ………………… I told you the absolute truth, no one would believe me.
3. The goods were never delivered ………………… the promise we had
received,
4. My mother is always complaining ………………. The untidiness of my
room.
5. I didn’t get the job …………………… I have all necessary qualifications.
6. It’s unsafe to travel in that country …………………… the ongoing civil
war.
7. The villagers refused to leave …………………… the drought.
8. ………………….. everything looked different, I had no idea to go.
9. …………………. his age, John was not hired ……………… he had
enough qualifications
10. It was difficult to deliver the letter …………….the sender had written the
wrong address on the envelope.
11. We decided to leave early …………………the party was boring.
12. Rescue attempts were temporarily halted ……………………………the
bad weather.
13. Paul may not go to the football game………………………….his grades.
14. They visited their friends often ……………….they enjoyed their company.
15. ………………… the traffic jam, I came to the meeting late.
16. ………………. having a bad cough, she was able to sing in the choir.
17. She walked slowly …………………. her leg was injured.
18. Several people in the crowd became ill and fainted ……………….. the
extreme heat.
19. I went to work the next day …………………….. I was still feeling unwell.
20. ………………… there was a shortage of water, many trees died rapidly.
II. Choose the best answer :
1. _____it was raining heavily he went out without a raincoat.
A. In spite B. In spite of C. However D.
Although
2. _____he wasn’t feeling very well; Mr. Graham went to visit his aunt as
usual.
A. Although B. However C. Therefore
D. Still
3. He was offered the job______ his qualifications were poor.
A. despite B. in spite of C. even though D.
Whereas
4. ______ we were in town, we often met him.
A. For B. Although C. So D.
When
5. She didn’t get the job ____ she had all the necessary qualifications.
A. because B. although C. so D. but
6. I could not eat ____ I was very hungry.
A. even though B. in spite C. despite D.
in spite the fact that
7. In pite _____, the baseball game was not cancelled.
A. the rain B. of the rain C. it was raining D.
there was a rain
8. ______ he had enough money, he refused to buy a new car.
A. In spite B. In spite of C. Despite
D. Although
9. ______, he walked to the station.
A. Despite tired B. In spite being tired C. Although to be tired D.
Despite being tired The children slept well, despite _____.
A. it was noise B. the noise C. of the noise D. noisy
10. She left him __________ she still loved him.
A. even if B. even though C. in spite of D.
despite
11. _______ her lack of hard work, she was promoted.
A. In spite B. Even though C. in spite of D.
despite of
12. _______ they are brothers, they do not look like.
A. Although B. Even C. Despite D.
In spite of
13. We are concerned with the problem of energy resouces ____ we must think
of our environment.
A. despite B. though C. as though D.
but
14. ______ some Japanese women are successful in business, the majority of
Japanese companies are run by men.
A. But B. Even if C. If D. As
though
15. In spite of not speaking French, Mike decided to settle in Paris.
A. Even though Mike didn’t speak French, but he decided to settle in Paris.
B. Mike decided to settle in Paris despite he didn’t speak French.
C. Mike decided to settle in Paris though the fact that not speaking French.
D. Although Mike didn’t speak French; he decided to settle in Paris.
16. Mr. Ba was late for the meeting though he took a taxi.
A. Even though taking a taxi, Mr. Ba was late for the meeting.
B. In spite of taking a taxi, but Mr. Ba was late for the meeting.
C. Mr. Ba was late for the meeting despite the fact he took a taxi.
D. Mr. Ba was late for the meeting although having taken a taxi.
17. We came to the meeting on time though the traffic was heavy.
 A. Despite the traffic was heavy; we came to the meeting on time.
B. In spite of the heavy traffic, we came to the meeting on time.
C. Even though the heavy traffic, we came to the meeting on time.
D. Although the traffic was heavy, but we came to the meeting on time.
18. Although he took a taxi, Bill still arrived late for the concert.
A. Bill arrived late for the concert whether he took a taxi or not.
B. Bill arrived late for the concert because of the taxi.
C. In spite of taking a taxi, Bill arrived late for the concert.
D. Bill took a taxi to the concert, but he couldn’t catch it.
19. Although she is rich, she can’t afford to buy the car.
A. She doesn’t have enough money to buy the car she likes.
B. Rich as she is, she can’t afford to buy the car.
C. The car is too expensive for her to buy.
D. She wants to buy the car but it costs a lot.
20. Although Sue felt tired, she stayed up late talking to Jill.
A. Despite feeling tired, Sue stayed up late talking to Jill.
B. In spite feeling tired, Sue stayed up late talking to Jill.
C. Sue wouldn’t feel tired despite staying up late talking to Jill.
D. Sue stayed up late talking to Jill. As a result, she was tired.
III. Rewrite these sentences, using BECAUSE / BECAUSE OF :
A.
1. Because I am sick, I do not go out.  Because of
……………………………………………
2. Because the water is polluted, we can’t swim in that river.
 Because of
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……
3. Because Nga has had a sore leg, she had difficulty in walking.
 Because of
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……
4. Because he behaved badly, he found himself in trouble.
 Because of
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……
5. Because it was snowing, we didn’t go out for a walk.
 Because of
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6. Because of his good looks, he is popular with many girls.
 Because
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7. Because of his serious sickness, he couldn’t come to the class.
 Because
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8. Because of too much exhaust fume, people have to wear gauze masks in the
streets.
 Because
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9. Because of their good performance, they won the first prize.
 Because
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10. Because of your advice, we didn’t use that poisonous chemical.
 Because
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………
B.
1. He came late because it was dark.
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2. I can’t study because it is noisy.
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3. I can’t sleep because the weather is hot.
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4. He left school because his life was hard.
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5. Mary didn’t go to school yesterday because she was sick.
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6. She went to bed early because she felt tired.
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7. I like him because his father is kind to me.
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8. I can eat these fruits because they are green.
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9. I couldn’t do the test because it is difficult.
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10. The train came late because it was raining.
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11. Ann didn’t go to the circus with Betty because she had a bad cold.
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12. John succeeded in his exam because he worked hard and methodically.
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13. Margaret stayed home because her mother was sick.
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14. All the teachers love him because his conduct is good.
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15. I couldn’t read the letter because it was dark.
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16. We stopped our car because the traffic lights turned red.
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17. The plane couldn’t take off the weather was bad.
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18. Because of the heavy rain, I came late to the school anniversary.
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19. Rice plants grow well because the climate is warm and damp.
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20. He couldn’t drive fast because the street was crowded and narrow.
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IV. Rewrite these sentences, using ALTHOUGH / THOUGH / DESPITE /
IN SPITE OF
1. Although it got dark, they continued to work.
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2. Although it was noisy, I keep on studying.
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3. The flight was not delayed it was foggy.
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4. He ate all the fruit though it was green.
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5. We did the test well in spite of its difficulty.
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6. In spite of his strength, I am not afraid of him.
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7. Mr. Pike doesn’t wear classes despite his old age.
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8. He didn’t eat much in spite of being hungry.
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9. The plane took off in despite the bad weather.
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10. He couldn’t solve the problem though he is good at math.
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11. Although he had much experience in machinery, he didn’t succeed in
repairing this machine
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12. Although it rained heavily, I went to school on time.
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13. Everybody has great regard for him despite his poverty.
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14. He didn’t stop his car though the traffic lights turned red.
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15. He studied very well despite his hard life at that time.
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16. Although the streets are narrow, many people drive cars in this city.
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17. Despite being good at English, he wasn’t chosen.
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18. Despite having an English name, he is in fact German.
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19. He always studied hard though he encounters difficulty.
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20. Despite the bad weather, he came to the meeting on time.
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V. Rewrite these sentences :
1. The traffic jam made them come to the meeting late.
=>
Because…………………………………………………………………………
……………
2. Because of the heavy rain, the traffic jam became more serious.
=> Because
……………………………………………………………………………………
…
3. Although he has a very important job, he isn’t particularly well-paid.
=>In spite of
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……
4. Although I had never seen her before, I recognized her from a photograph.
=> Despite
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………
5. She wasn’t wearing the coat although it was quite cold.
=>In spite of

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…
6. We thought we’d better invite them to the party although we don’t like them
very much.
=> Despite

……………………………………………………………………………………
…
7. Although I didn’t speak the language, I managed to make myself
understand.
=>In spite of

……………………………………………………………………………………
…
8. Although the heat was on, the room wasn’t warm.
=> Despite
……………………………………………………………………………………
…
9. I didn’t recognize her although I’d met her twice before.
=>In spite of

……………………………………………………………………………………
…
10. Mr. Harris often misses the bus because his hours are irregular.
=> Because of
……………………………………………………………………………………
……
11. We’re not very good friends although we’ve known each other a long time.
=> Despite
……………………………………………………………………………………
…
12. Although Minh was ill, he still came to the meeting.
=>In spite of

……………………………………………………………………………………
…
13. The play was not accepted because of numerous objections which they
made.
=> Because
……………………………………………………………………………………
…
14. In spite of his age, he still leads an active life.
=> Even though
……………………………………………………………………………………
15. In spite of his hard work, Ba he failed his exam.
=> Though
……………………………………………………………………………………
…
16. In spite of the heavy rain, we decided to go to see the match.
=> Although

……………………………………………………………………………………
…
17. In spite of their quarrel, they remain the best of friends.
=> Though
……………………………………………………………………………………
…
18. In spite of the bad weather, they went out for dinner.
=> Although

……………………………………………………………………………………
…
19. She isn’t brilliant but she studies quite well.
=> Although

……………………………………………………………………………………
…
20. The house isn’t nice, but I like the garden.
=> Even though
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