The Teaching of Science

GROUP 3
Adraque, Angeles, Bacani, Limbo and Uchida
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TEA CHING
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S TRATE GY
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Reciprocal Teaching
OR E L
L PAY
DA N
COS O I
RA AMD
 ROLE
PLAY AND
SOCIO-
DRAMA
GBL
Game- Based Learning
 Symbols in Periodic Table of
Elements

Cobalt Oxygen Iron Radium Titanium Vanadium

Lithium Radon Iodine Nitrogen

Co O Fe Ra Ti V
Cobalt Oxygen Iron Radium Titanium Vanadium

Li Rn I N
Lithium Radon Iodine Nitrogen

Cooperative Learning
 The Teaching of Science

TEACHING
STRATEGIES
Adraque, Angeles, Bacani, Limbo and Uchida
CONSTRUCTIVISM
 Constructivism

The theory that says learners

construct knowledge rather than
just passively taking information. As
people experience the world and
reflect upon those experiences, they
build their own representations and
incorporate new information into
their pre–existing knowledge
 Assimilation and
Accommodation
Assimilation Accommodation
refers to the refers to using
process of taking newly acquired
in information knowledge to
and fitting it into revise and
an existing redevelop an
schema. existing schema.
RECIPROCAL
TEACHING
 What is Reciprocal
Teaching?
It refers to an instructional activity in which
students become the teacher in small group and
teachers are modeled then help students learn to
guide group discussion through questioning

"He who teaches, Learn"

 Why use Reciprocal
Teaching?

It encourages students to It helps students learn to It teachers students to

think about their own be actively involved and ask questions during
thought process during monitor their comprehension reading and helps make the
reading. as they read. text more comprehensible.
 4 Parts of
Predict Reciprocal
Question Teaching
Clarify
Summary
 Videos in
Reciprocal
Teaching
 Videos in
Reciprocal
Teaching
PROBLEM-BASED
LEARNING
 What is Problem-Based
Learning?
Problem-based learning
(PBL) is a student-centered
approach in which students
learn about a subject by
working in groups to solve
an open-ended problem.
Principles of Problem-Based
Learning
Open-Ended Challenging Questions
Real World Problems
No pre-established answer
Students work in small collaborative
groups
Students determine solution
Teachers facilitate learning process
 How Does
Problem-
Based
Learning
Challenge
Students to
Learn?
 Teacher's
Role
As facilitator
Student's
Role
Activate student’s prior
knowledge
Ask metacognitive questions

Ready Learner
Leader
Contributor
Active Team Member
Evaluator
 Benefits of
Problem-
Based
Construct Knowledge
Promote 21st Century

Learning
Skills
Self-directed learning
Increases Problem-solving
skills
Enhances Critical thinking
Improve Communication
and Social Skills
COOPERATIVE
LEARNING
What is Cooperative Learning?

Cooperative Learning in
Constructivism incorporates
the idea that the best learning
occurs when students are
actively engaged in the learning
process and working
cooperatively with other
students to accomplish a
shared goal.
Positive Interdependence Basic
Students must perceive that: Elements in
(a) they are linked with group
mates in a way so that they Cooperative
cannot succeed unless their group Learning
mates do (and vice versa) and
(b) groupmates’ work benefits
them and their work benefits
their group mates.
 Individual Accountability
Individual accountability includes completing
one’s share of the work and facilitating
the work of other group members.

Promotive Interaction
Students promote each other’s success by
helping, assisting, praising, encouraging, and
supporting each other’s efforts to learn.
 Social Skills
Contributing to the success
of a cooperative effort
requires interpersonal and
small group skills. In
cooperative learning groups,
students are expected to use
social skills appropriately.
Group Processing
Group processing may be defined as the examination of the
effectiveness of the process members use to maximize their own
and each other’s learning, so that ways to improve the process
may be identified.
 Benefits of
Achieves Excellence
Builds Teamwork
Cooperative
Effective Communication
Improves Time
Learning
Management
Enhance communication
skills
Gaining leadership and
decision-making skills
Difference between Problem-Based
Learning and Cooperative Learning

Cooperative learning involves more inherent

interdependence, promoting greater
accountability compared to problem-based
learning wherein students make individual
progress in tandem with others
 UNIT
METHOD
 What is Unit Method?

The unit method, also known

as the Morrisonian Technique,
is a method formulated by
H.C. Morrison. This method
takes a single topic or unit of
interest and combines
different subject areas to tie
in the said topic.
Exploration Five Steps
of Unit
Presentation Method
Assimilation
Organization
Recitation
 Advantages
of Unit
The method follows the
steps in the mastery
Method formula:

o Pretest
Realistic/ True to life
Can be done with the use of o Teach
other traditional methods o Test
Subject matter is taught to o Reteach
point of mastery through o Retest
repetition
Limits of Unit Method

Not all teachers are capable of making long-

range unit plans that cover a week or more.
Teachers may go through motions but leave
the essence behind.
Method alone does not ensure mastery of a
lesson.
DEDUCTIVE AND
INDUCTIVE
METHOD
What is Deductive Method?

General to specific
General concepts before
specific rules
Also called the “top-
down” approach
Often teacher-centered
due to the teacher being
source of information
What is Inductive Method?
Specific -> general
Detect patterns and
formulate hypotheses by
observing specific examples
Also called the “bottom-
up” approach
Often student-centered
since it is focused on their
capabilities
 Differences of Deductive
and Inductive Method

Participation of Utilization of
Role of Teacher
Learners Examples
 Differences of Deductive
and Inductive Method

Discovery vs Information
Effectivity
Explanatory Retention
Differences of Deductive
and Inductive Method

Speed of
Process/ Learning
LECTURE
METHOD
What is Lecture Method?

This method is known as the

oldest teaching method applied
in educational institutions.
It is a teacher-controlled and
information-centered approach.
In this method, only the
teacher talks and students
are just passive listeners.
 4 Basic
To motivate Purposes
of Lecture
To clarify Method
To review
To expand
Planning Who is your audience?
a Lecture
What is your lecture’s
purpose?
How much time is
available?
What is the subject
matter?
 Objective
in Creating To give general information
on the subject matter
a Lecture To make the audience gain
acceptance for a new point
of view
To change the audience’s
basic attitude
To teach a specific/particular
skill
Example of Situations Where
Lecture Method is Used
Introducing a new topic
Introducing new instruments
Revising or summarizing lessons
Covering the syllabus quickly
Presenting a history/timeline of a particular
topic
Organizing
the Lecture
Advantages
of Lecture This method is quite

Method economical.
The knowledge to be
taught can be imparted to
students quickly and the
subject’s syllabus can be
covered in just a short
amount of time.
Advantages Also, through this method,
of Lecture teachers can develop their

Method own style of teaching and

exposition.
It lessens and simplifies the
tasks of the teacher.
It may cause motivation,
instigation, and inspiration
to students for them to
think creatively.
Disadvantages Student participation can be
of Lecture insignificant and students
Method become passive recipients of
information.
It is uncertain whether the
students are concentrating
and listening well about the
subject matter being taught
to them by their teacher.
Disadvantages
In this method, the knowledge is
imparted too much or rapidly to
of Lecture students.
Method It does not make use of too
much of students’ previous
knowledge and it does not also
take care of students' individual
needs and differences.
Lecture method is an
undemocratic and authoritarian
method.
Disadvantages
of Lecture
Method
It does not provide corrective
feedback and remedial help to
slow learners.
It is not helpful for students
when it comes to inculcating
scientific attitudes or training in
scientific method.
GAME-BASED
LEARNING
What is Game-Based Learning?
It is a method in teaching that is designed
to balance the subject matter with
gameplay.
It is an effective method for making
students work towards a particular goal.
It allows students to learn through
experimentation, practicing behaviors, and
processes that can be easily transferred
from a simulated environment to real life.
What is Game-Based Learning?
It is a method in teaching that is designed
to balance the subject matter with
gameplay.
It is an effective method for making
students work towards a particular goal. It
allows students to learn through
experimentation, practicing behaviors, and
processes that can be easily transferred
from a simulated environment to real life.
What is Game-Based Learning?
It is basically considered a game, and
games are one of the earliest ways to
make people engage themselves in
learning.
It is also a method that can facilitate
and encourage student motivation.
It is a strategy that uses the idea of a
playing game to reach specific learning
objectives.
 Different Types of Game-
Based Learning

Real-Life
Board Games Digital Games
Games
 Motivation Benefits of
Inclusion Using Game-
Student-Centered Based
Critical Thinking Learning
Decision Taking
Teamwork
Creativity
ROLE PLAYING AND
SOCIO
-DRAMA
What is Role Playing or S0cio-
drama?
A sociodrama is a dramatic play in
which several individuals act out
assigned roles for the purpose of
studying and remedying problems in
group or collective relationships.
Originally developed as a technique to
be used in psychodrama, but it is now
widely practiced in industrial,
educational, and clinical settings.
 Role Playing and Socio-
drama in Various Fields

Educational
Therapy Clinical Setting
Setting
 How it function

Participants are given particular roles to play in a

conversation or other interaction.
They may be given specific instructions on how to
act or what to say.
The participants will then act out the scenario
Conducting reflection and discussion about the
interactions.
 Possible Technologies to Support the
Role-Playing and Socio-drama Approach

Voice recorders, video cameras and

smartphones/tablets
Electronic voting system or Twitter
Blackboard Collaborate, Skype and
Google+ Hangouts
Practical
Questions
1. Where in the course/module would
this approach work best?

needed 2. Are there situations and interactions

that students would benefit from
and How 3.
being able to explore?
Would ‘live’ role-play be most
to make appropriate or would it need to be
staggered over a longer period of
role play time?

effective
 4. Should the students take on all of
the roles, will the tutor take a role, or
Practical
can people with direct experience be Questions
needed
involved, e.g. having a genuine client or
patient play their own part?

and How

5. How much technology should be

involved? Which tools are most suited?
What support would be needed? to make

6. Are the students (and

role play
other tutors) ready for this? effective
DEMOSTRATION
METHOD
What is Demonstration
Method?
A method demonstration is a
teaching method used to
communicate an idea with the aid
of visuals such as flip charts,
posters, power point, etc.
A demonstration is the process of
teaching someone how to make or
do something in a step-by-step
process.
 Process of 1. Brainstorm
Demonstration 2. The Plan
3. Outline (a. Introduction, b.
as Teaching Body and c. Summary)

Strategy
4. Plan Your Visual
5. Consider the title
6. Plan your appearance
7. Organize Equipment and
Supplies
8. Stress Accuracy
9. Practice your Delivery
10. Presenting your demonstration
Presenting your
Demonstration Setting
Equipment and Supplies
Space
Work Quietly
Avoid pauses
Take Turn
Interesting
Don't talk with your back
Present the material and Step
Ask Questions
Advantages
of Lecture It helps a student in

Method having a deeper

understanding of the topic.
It helps students remain
active in the teaching -
learning process.
It leads to permanent
learning.
Advantages It accounts for the
of Lecture principles of reflective

Method thinking.
It helps to create interest
for topics among students.
It helps in arousing the
spirit of discovery among
students.
It imparts maximum
learning to students.
Disadvantages Students cannot benefit
of Lecture with direct and personal
Method experiences as teacher
carry out the
demonstration.
It can be costly as it
requires costly materials.
It can be a time-consuming
method
Disadvantages It is not based on learning
of Lecture by doing.
Method This method does not
provide training for the
scientific method.
There is a lack of
experienced teachers to
carry out the
demonstration.