BITS Pilani

Pilani Campus

ME F441, Automotive Vehicles

Module-4
Transmissions
Dr. Saket Verma
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Power Train

Flow of Power

Combustion
of fuel and
Engine Clutch Gearbox Final drive Drive shaft Wheels
expanding
gases

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Power Train

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Why gear box is required in IC engines?

𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑭𝒕 ∙ 𝒗 or 𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑻 ∙ 𝒘
𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙
• it is not capable to produce torque from rest 𝑭𝒕 =
𝒗
(0 rpm)
Pmax [W] – maximum power at the wheel
• the maximum engine power is produced only Ft [N] – traction force at the wheel
at a certain engine speed v [m/s] – vehicle speed (wheel tangential
speed)
• fuel consumption is directly linked to the
operating point of the engine (speed and
torque)
• it can only rotate one way (Reverse?)
• it has a minimum operating speed (idle speed)

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• The engine’s traction line can only cover a small
area of the required (ideal) traction performance
(blue area).
• Without a way of converting the traction output
of the engine, the vehicle will not be able to
cover the ideal traction hyperbola.
• This means that the vehicle will not be able to
pull-away and it will have very poor acceleration
performance
Gear Box

• A gearbox is needed because an engine produces

power only when turning quite fast. The gearbox
allows the driver to keep the engine at its best
speed.
• When the gearbox is in neutral, power does not
leave it.
• When the gearbox is in first gear, power is
transferred from a small to a larger gear and then
out to the final drive.
• Different stages of speed reduction (second and
third gear) are created using different sizes of gear.
• Less speed out of the gearbox has a higher turning
force (Torque)
• Fifth gear makes the output shaft run faster than the
engine for economical higher speed driving
(Speed).

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Fundamentals of gear train

• A gear train is a mechanical system formed by

mounting gears on a frame so the teeth of the gears
engage.
• Gear teeth are designed to ensure the pitch circles of
engaging gears roll on each other without slipping,
providing a smooth transmission of rotation from
one gear to the next.

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TYPES OF GEARS

1. According to the position of axes of the shafts.

a. Parallel
1.Spur Gear
2.Helical Gear
3.Rack and Pinion
b. Intersecting
Bevel Gear
c. Non-intersecting and Non-parallel
worm and worm gears

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SPUR GEAR

• Teeth is parallel to axis of rotation

• Transmit power from one shaft to another
parallel shaft
• Spur gearing is used in all both manual
and automatic transmissions.

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External and Internal spur Gear…

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Helical Gear

• The teeth on helical gears are cut at an angle

to the face of the gear
• This gradual engagement makes helical
gears operate much more smoothly and
quietly than spur gears
• Due to above reason, Helical gears are used
now a days in most of the applications
including gear box.

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Rack and pinion

Rack and pinion gears are used to convert

rotation (From the pinion) into linear motion
(of the rack) An example of this is the steering
system on many cars

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Bevel gears

• Bevel gears are useful

when the direction of a
shaft's rotation needs to be
changed
• They are usually mounted
on shafts that are 90
degrees apart, but can be
designed to work at other
angles as well
• The teeth on bevel gears
can be straight, spiral or
hypoid
• Differential of automobile.

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WORM AND WORM GEAR

• Worm gears are used when large speed

reductions are needed. It is common for worm
gears to have reductions of 20:1, and even up
to 300:1 or greater
• Many worm gears have an interesting property
that no other gear set has: the worm can easily
turn the gear, but the gear cannot turn the
worm
• Used widely in transportation machinery,
machine tools, automobiles (Differentials,
steering mechanisms) etc

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 VELOCITY RATIO OF GEAR DRIVE

d = Pitch circle diameter of the gear (mm)

Let
N =Speed of the gear (rpm) 1 – Driver
ω = Angular speed (rad/s) 2 - Driven

T = Number of teeth on gear

 2 N 2 d1 𝑇1 Speed of driven gear

velocity ratio (n) =   = = ;
1 N 1 d 2 𝑇2
Used for Speed of driving gear
mating gear
Could be reverse also
Teeth on driven gear 𝑇
Gear ratio (G) = = 𝑇2 (Always defined this way)
Used for gear Teeth on driving gear 1
train G>1 (driven gear rotate slower than driving gear)
Speed of driver 𝑤 𝑁
Speed ratio (S.R.) = = 𝑤1 = 𝑁1(Always defined this way)
Speed of driven 2 2

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