SISTEM OPERASI

Lubi Arsada, S.ST, MMSI

Prodi Informatika
[TI612062] - Pertemuan 3
Kontak Dosen:
0812-9979-4178
lubi@uici.ac.id

UNIVERSITAS INSAN CITA INDONESIA

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KONSEP DASAR
SISTEM OPERASI

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Defenition
Silberschatz, Galvin, and Gagne

A program that acts as an

intermediary between a user of
a computer and the computer
hardware
Operating system goals:
• Execute user programs and make solving
user problems easier
• Make the computer system convenient to use
• Use the computer hardware in an efficient
manner

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 Computer System Structure

Provides basic computing

resources
CPU, memory, I/O devices

People, machines, other

computers
Controls and .
coordinates use of
hardware among
various applications Define the ways in
and users which the system
Computer system resources are used to
solve the computing
can be divided into problems of the users.

four components
Hardware OS App. Programs Users
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 Four Components of a Computer System

Types of OS:

• Batch OS
• Time Sharing OS
• Distributed OS
• Network OS
• Real-time OS
• Multiprogramming/Processing/Tasking
OS

Goals:
• Convenience
• Efficiency
• Both

Functions of OS:
• It’s an interface between user and
hardware
• Allocations of resources
• Managemen of memory security, etc

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 What Operating Systems Do (User views)

End User Programmer

Users want convenience,

ease of use Operating system help
Don’t care about resource programmer to create an
utilization app for user by use
. program utilities, service
interface and system calls

OS designer
Research, design, develop, and test operating
systems.
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What Operating Systems
Do (system views)
• OS is a resource allocator
• Manages all resources
• Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair resource
use
• OS is a control program
• Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and improper
use of the computer
• No universally accepted definition
• “Everything a vendor ships when you order an operating system” is
good approximation
• But varies wildly
• “The one program running at all times on the computer” is the kernel.
Everything else is either a system program (ships with the operating
system) or an application program.

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 Operating-system History

2017 1955-1965 1945-1955

Gen-2nd Gen-1th: Vacum tubes
1965-1980 Batch processing unit.
sequential execution
Electronic computation
system development era

Gen-3rd

Multi user,
programming, time
sharing, spooling
1980- Present 1990- Now
Gen-4th Gen-5th: Mobile Computer
Network Operating system,
Pentium with AI
Distributed Operating
system

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 Types of operating systems

Windows Unix
DOS Linux Mac-OS
.

• Friendly interface, easy
• Free, small size, high
compatibility to use and install, many
app
• No interface, no grafict
• Close Source, expensive,
vulnerable for viruses
and cyber attacks
• Open source, free,
• For Expert, limited app,
hard installation
• Stable, interface for • Safe from viruses, free
• Not attractive, limited
multimedia, high security,
safe from viruses choises
• Expensive, not for
games, close source

Overview: Operating Systems of Modern Terminal Devices (Siniša Husnjak, Ivan Jovović, Ivan Cvitić) - The 6th
International Virtual Research Conference In Technical Disciplines -2018

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 Computer System
Organization

Computer-system operation
• One or more CPUs, device controllers
connect through common bus
providing access to shared memory
• Concurrent execution of CPUs and
devices competing for memory cycles

Describe with your own understanding

“Computer-System Operation”??
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 Computer System Organization (cont…)
Some important terms:
Bootstrap Program: The initial program that run when
a computer is powered up or rebooted
- It is stored in the ROM
- It must know how to load the OS and start
executing that system
- It Must locate and load into memory the OS Kernel

Interrupt: The occurrence of an event is usually

signaled by an Interrupt from Hardware of software
- Hardware may trigger an interrupt at any time by
sending a signal to the CPU, usually by the way of
the system

System Call (Monitor call) : software may trigger an

interrupt by executing a special operation called
system

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 Computer Hardware review
Modern personal computers
An operating system is intimately tied to the hardware of the
computer it runs on. It extends the computer’s instruction set
and manages its resources. To work, it must know a great
deal about the hardware, at least about how the hardware
appears to the programmer

Processors Memory Disks I/O Devices Buses Booting

Computer
A communication
an electronic A device that is A data storage Communication system that
circuit which used to store device to store between an transfers between
performs information for and information components inside
operations on immediate use in retrieve digital processing a or between
some external a computer or data. system. computers.
data source related computer
hardware device.
Andrew S, Tanenbaum
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 Storage Definitions and Notation Review

The basic unit of computer storage is the bit. A bit can contain one of two values, 0 and 1. All other storage in a
computer is based on collections of bits. Given enough bits, it is amazing how many things a computer can represent:
numbers, letters, images, movies, sounds, documents, and programs, to name a few. A byte is 8 bits, and on most
computers it is the smallest convenient chunk of storage. For example, most computers don’t have an instruction to
move a bit but do have one to move a byte. A less common term is word, which is a given computer architecture’s
native unit of data. A word is made up of one or more bytes. For example, a computer that has 64-bit registers and 64-
bit memory addressing typically has 64-bit (8-byte) words. A computer executes many operations in its native word size
rather than a byte at a time.

Computer storage, along with most computer throughput, is generally measured

and manipulated in bytes and collections of bytes.
A kilobyte, or KB, is 1,024 bytes
a megabyte, or MB, is 1,0242 bytes
a gigabyte, or GB, is 1,0243 bytes
a terabyte, or TB, is 1,0244 bytes
a petabyte, or PB, is 1,0245 bytes
Computer manufacturers often round off these numbers and say that a megabyte is 1 million bytes and a gigabyte is 1
billion bytes. Networking measurements are an exception to this general rule; they are given in bits (because networks
move data a bit at a time).

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Storage Structure
• Main memory – only large storage media that the CPU can
access directly
• Random access
• Typically volatile
• Secondary storage – extension of main memory that provides
large nonvolatile storage capacity
• Magnetic disks – rigid metal or glass platters covered with
magnetic recording material
• Disk surface is logically divided into tracks, which are subdivided
into sectors
• The disk controller determines the logical interaction between the
device and the computer
• Solid-state disks – faster than magnetic disks, nonvolatile
• Various technologies
• Becoming more popular

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Storage Hierarchy
• Storage systems organized in hierarchy
• Speed
• Cost
• Volatility

• Caching – copying information into faster storage

system; main memory can be viewed as a cache for
secondary storage

• Device Driver for each device controller to manage

I/O
• Provides uniform interface between controller and kernel

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 Storage-Device Hierarchy
Expensive but fast Smaller
VOLATILE
size

Larger
size

Acces time increase

NON-VOLATILE

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 Operating system Structure

“..One of the most important aspects of operating

systems is the ability
to multiprogram..”
Monolithic System
for example: A lawyer does not work for only one client at a time,
Layered system
Microkernels
Process: A program loaded into memory and executing
Client-Server model
If several jobs are ready to be brought into memory,
and if there is not enough room for all of them, then the system must choose among Virtual Machines
them Job Scheduling (ch.6)
Exokernel
Having several programs in memory at the same time requires some form of
memory management (Ch.8-9)

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 Operating-System Operations
Dual-Mode and Multimode Operation

Timer

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 Process Management Activities
The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with process
management:

• Creating and deleting both user and system

processes
• Suspending and resuming processes
• Providing mechanisms for process synchronization
• Providing mechanisms for process communication
• Providing mechanisms for deadlock handling

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 Computer-System Architecture

Type of Computer system based on number of general-purposes Processor

• Single Processor systems growing in use and importance

• One main CPU capable of executing a general process instruction set including from user
processes

• Multi Processor systems growing in use and importance

• Also known as parallel systems, tightly-coupled systems
• Has two or more processors in close communication
• Advantage:
• increased throughput,
• economy of scale (sharing resources),
• increase reliability

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 Computer-System Architecture (Cont…)

• Clustered systems growing in use and importance

• Like multiprocessor system, Clustered system gather together multiple
CPUs to accomplish computational work
• Multiprocessor and clustered system are different in the view of number of
system
• Advantages:
• Provides high availability
• Can be structured asymmetrically (one standby Mode, others run
app) and symmetrically (two or more hosts run app, Monitors each
other)

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 Memory Management
• All data in memory before and after processing
• All instructions in memory in order to execute
• Memory management determines what is in
memory when
• Optimizing CPU utilization and computer response to
users
• Memory management activities
• Keeping track of which parts of memory are currently
being used and by whom
• Deciding which processes (or parts thereof) and data to
move into and out of memory
• Allocating and deallocating memory space as needed

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Storage Management

• OS provides uniform, logical view of information

storage
• Abstracts physical properties to logical storage unit - file
• Each medium is controlled by device (i.e., disk drive, tape
drive)
• Varying properties include access speed, capacity, data-
transfer rate, access method (sequential or random)

• File-System management
• Files usually organized into directories
• Access control on most systems to determine who can
access what
• OS activities include
• Creating and deleting files and directories
• Primitives to manipulate files and dirs
• Mapping files onto secondary storage
• Backup files onto stable (non-volatile) storage media

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