Security is a state or condition of being secured; there is freedom from fear, harm, danger, loss, destruction

or damages. Basically, it was the action of man against man that led to many unsecured and unsafe conditions.

Reasons could be economic, revenge, or just plain greed and avarice. Whatever the motives, the civilized man

needs adequate protection.

Since security in general is very hard to comprehend, it can be divided into three major areas:

1. Physical Security - this concern with the physical measures adopted to prevent unauthorized access

to equipment, facilities, material and document and to safeguard them against espionage, sabotage, damage,

loss and theft.

2. Personnel Security- this is as important as physical security. Personnel security starts even before

the hiring of an employee and remains to be maintained for as long as the person is employed. Its purpose is

to insure that a firm hires those best suited to assist the firm in achieving its goals and objectives and once

hired assist in providing necessary security to the work force while carrying out their functions.

3. Document and Information Security- this involves the protection of documents and classified papers

from loss, access by unauthorized persons, damage, theft and compromise through disclosure. Classified

documents need special handling. Lack of indoctrination and orientation among the personal handling them

can result in the leakage, loss, theft and unauthorized disclosure of the documents.

SECURITY SURVEY

 A fact finding probe to determine a plant’s adequacy in all aspects of security, with the

corresponding recommendations.

 Refers to checklist, audits, or inventories of security conditions.

 Security Surveys are often called ‘RISK ANALYSIS SURVEYS’ or ‘RISK ASESSMENT SURVEYS
PURPOSES OF SECURITY SURVEY:

1. To determine the existing state of security;

2. Identifying weaknesses in defense;

3. To determine the degree of protection required;

4. To produce recommendations for a total security systems.

SECURITY EDUCATION

It is defined as the exposure and teaching of employees on security and its relevance to their work.

Security education is conducted to develop security awareness among employees of the company. It should

cover all employees, regardless of rank or position.

PHYSICAL SECURITY

Definition: Physical security measures are being used to define, protect, and monitor property rights and

assets. These measures consist of barriers and devices that would detect, impede, and prevent unauthorized

access to equipment, facilities, material and document and to safeguard them against espionage, sabotage,

damage and theft.

Physical security may be also defined as the safeguarding by physical means, such as guard, fire protection

measures, of plans, policies, programs, personnel, property, utilities, information, facilities and installation

against compromise, trespass, sabotage, pilferage, embezzlement, fraud, or other dishonest criminal act.

A barrier can be defined as any structure or physical device capable of restricting, deterring, delaying, illegal

access to an installation.

Generally, a barrier is use for the following purposes:

1. Define the physical limits of an area.

2. Create a physical and psychological deterrent to unauthorized entry.

3. Prevent penetration therein or delay intrusion, thus, facilitating apprehension of intruders.

4. Assist in more efficient and economical employment of guards

5. Facilitate and improve the control and vehicular traffic.

A restricted area is any area in which personnel or vehicles are controlled for reasons of security. Restricted

area is established to provide security for installation or facilities and to promote efficiency of security

operations and economy in the use of security personnel.

Visitors Movement Control

Security should establish proper methods of establishing the authority for admission of visitors as well as the

limitation thereat. This security measure would depend on the sensibility of the installation, but could include

the following:

1. Visitor’s logbook – All visitors to any facility should be required to identify them selves and should

be given a visitor’s ID by the security. Visitor’s logbook should be filled up with the named of visitors,

nature and duration of visit.

2. Photograph - taking of photographs should also be considered. Extreme caution must be exercised

in areas where classified information is displayed to preclude unauthorized taking of pictures of the

installation. If a visitor has camera and it is prohibited to take picture, said camera should be left in

the care of security with corresponding receipt.

3. Escort - If possible visitors should be escorted by the security to monitor their activity within the

establishment and guide them where to go.

4. Visitor entrances - separate access for visitors and employees of the establishment should be

provided.

5. Time- traveled - If there is a long delay or time lapse between the departure and arrival, the visitors

may be required to show cause for the delay.

 Security guard – Is any natural person who offers or renders personal service to watch or guard

residential or business premises or both, government and/or their premises for hire and

compensation.

Security Supervisor – Is charged with directing the work and observing the behavioral performance

of the guard under his unit.

Three Line of Physical Defense

1. First line of Defense- perimeter fences/ barriers

2. Second line of defense- doors, floors, windows, walls, roofs and grills and other entries to the

buildings

3. Third line of defense- storage system like steel cabinets, safes, vaults and interior files.

Protective Lighting-The idea that lighting can provide improve protection for people and facilities is as old

as civilization. Protective lighting is the single most cost-effective deterrent to crime because it creates a

psychological deterrent to the intruders.

TYPES OF BARRIERS

1. Natural barriers - it includes bodies of waters, mountains, marshes, ravines, deserts or other terrain

that are difficult to traverse.

2. Structural barriers - these are features constructed by man regardless of their original intent that

tends to delay the intruder. Examples are walls, doors, windows, locks, fences, safe, cabinets or

containers etc.

3. Human barriers - persons being used in providing a guarding system or by the nature of their

employment and location, fulfill security functions. Examples are guards, office personnel, shop

workers, etc.
4. Animal barriers - animals are used in partially providing a guarding system. Dogs are usually

trained and utilized to serve as guard dogs. German shepherds are best suited for security functions.

Goose and turkeys could also be included.

5. Energy barriers - it is the employment of mechanical, electrical, electronic energy imposes a

deterrent to entry by the potential intruder or to provide warning to guard personnel. These are

protective lighting, alarm system and any electronic devices used as barriers.

Types of keys

1. Change key - a specific key, which operates the lock and has a particular combination of cuts which

match the arrangement of the tumblers in the lock.

2. Sub-master key - a key that will open all the lock within a particular area or grouping in a given facility.

3. Master key - a special key capable of opening a series of lock.

4. Grand Master key - a key that will open everything in a system involving two or more master key

groups.

RELATIVE CRITICALITY OF OPERATIONS- Is the importance of the firm which reference to the national

economy and security.

RELATIVE VULNERABILITY – The susceptibility of the plant or establishment to damage, loss, or disruption

of operation due to various hazard.

TYPES OF PROTECTIVE LIGHTING

1. Continuous lighting - the most familiar type of outdoor security lighting, this is designed to provide

two specific results: glare projection or controlled lighting. It consists of a series of fixed luminaries

at range to flood a given area continuously during the hours of darkness.

a. Glare projection type- it is being used in prisons and correctional institutions to illuminate

walls and outside barriers.

 b. Controlled lighting- it is generally employed where, due to surrounding property owners,

nearby highways or other limitations, it is necessary for the light to be more precisely

focused.

2. Standby lighting - it is designed for reserve or standby use or to supplement continuous systems. A

standby system can be most useful to selectively light a particular area in an occasional basis.

3. Movable or Portable lighting - this system is manually operated and is usually made up of movable

search or floodlights that can be located in selected or special locations which will require lighting

only for short period of time.

4. Emergency lighting - this system is used in times of power failure or other emergencies when other

systems are inoperative.

TYPES OF SECURITY

1. Industrial Security – A form of physical security that is concerned with the physical measures

designed to safeguard personnel and prevent unauthorized access to equipment, facilities, materials,

documents, and to protect them from espionage, sabotage, damage or theft.

2. Bank Security – Is the protection resulting from the application of various measures which safeguards

cash and assets which are in storage, in transit and or during transaction.

3. Operational Security – Involves the protection of processes, formulas and patents, industrial and

manufacturing activities from espionage, infiltration, loss, compromise or photocopying.

Partial Background Investigation – Consist of the investigation of the background of an individual but

limited only to some of the circumstances of his personal life which are deemed pertinent to the investigation.

Normally, the request for the investigation will indicate the specific personal circumstances to be covered.

This type of BI is also used to further develop questionable information contained in another investigation

report.

Signal

- The actual alarm may be audible or silent, a bell, buzzer, phone ringing, or flashing of light.

Protective alarm is one of the important barriers in security. It assists the security in detecting, impeding or

deterring potential security threat in the installation. Basically, its function is to alert the security personnel for
any attempt of intrusion into a protected area, building or compound. Once an intruder tampers the circuitry,

the beam or radiated waves of the alarm system, it will activate an alarm signal.

TYPES OF PROTECTIVE ALARM

1. Central Station System - a type of alarm where the control station is located outside the plant or

installation. When the alarm is sounded or actuated by subscriber, the central station notifies the

police and other public safety agencies.

2. Proprietary system - centralized monitor of the proprietary alarm system is located in the

industrial firm itself with a duty operator. In case of alarm, the duty operator calls whatever is the

primary need; firefighters, police, an ambulance or a bomb disposal unit.

3. Local Alarm – This system consist of ringing up a visual or audible alarm near the object to be

protected. When an intruder tries to pry a window, the alarm thereat goes off.

4. Auxiliary alarm - company-owned alarm systems with a unit in the nearest police station so that in

case of need, direct call is possible. The company maintains the equipment and lines both for the

company and those in the police, fire and other emergency agencies by special arrangement. Radio,

landlines, or cell phones can avail of the auxiliary system.

CLASSIFICATION OF DOCUMENTS

-Memorandum Circular No. 196, dated 07/19/1968 (Security of Classified Matter in government offices.)

1. TOP SECRET – any information and material, the unauthorized disclosure of which would cause

exceptionally grave damage to the nation, politically, economically or militarily;

2. SECRET- any information and material, the unauthorized disclosure of which would endanger

national security, cause serious injury to the interest or prestige of the nation or any governmental

activity.

3. CONFIDENTIAL – any information and materials, the unauthorized disclosure of which would be

prejudicial to the interest or prestige of the nation or governmental activity or would cause

administrative embarrassment or unwarranted injury.

4. RESTRICTED – any information and material which requires special protection other than those

determined to be Confidential, Secret, and Top Secret matters.

A barrier can be defined as any structure or physical device capable of restricting, deterring, delaying, illegal

access to an installation.

Generally, a barrier is use for the following purposes:

1. Define the physical limits of an area.

2. Create a physical and psychological deterrent to unauthorized entry.

3. Prevent penetration therein or delay intrusion, thus, facilitating apprehension of intruders.

4. Assist in more efficient and economical employment of guards

5. Facilitate and improve the control and vehicular traffic.

Approval, Cancellation, Suspension of LTO

Chief PNP

-Approval of New Regular LTO

-Cancellation of Regular LTO

-Re-instatement of Regular LTO

-Suspension of Regular LTO

Director Civil Security Group

- Renewal of Regular LTO

- Approval of Temporary LTO

- Reversion of Regular to Temporary LTO

- Cancellation of Temporary LTO

- Suspension of Temporary LTO

Licenses in the Security

Profession

1. License to Operate- before a Private Security Agency (PSA) can operate; it has to secure a License to

Operate (LTO) categorized as either temporary or regular. A temporary license is issued by the PNP

thru Civil Security Croup Directorate after the applicant /licensee should have complied with all the
 requirements while it has less than two hundred guards. A Regular license to operate is issued to the

PSA once it is qualified of having two hundred (200) or more license security guard in its employ

duly posted. Regular license is renewable every two (2) years.

2. Security Guard License- before a security guard can practice his profession; he shall possess valid

security license. The use of expired license is not allowed. In case of doubt, licenses may be verified at

the PNP SAGSD whether valid or fake.

3. Firearm’s license- all firearms of the security agency should be covered with firearms license issued

by the PNP through its Firearms Explosive Division under the Civil Security Group, renewable every

two years. No duplication of two or more firearms with the same make and serial number shall be

covered by one license.

SECTION 7. License to Operate (LTO). License to Operate (LTO)

Shall be issued corresponding to the purpose of the organized Private

Security Agency:

A. Private Security/Detective Agency LTO. License certificate

Issued to persons, corporations, associations, partnerships whose primary purpose is to provide/offer

commercial private security and/or detective services for hire, commission or compensation.

b. Company Guard Force LTO. License certificate issued to persons, corporations, associations,

partnerships not doing business nor organized purposely or principally as a private security guard or

detective agency who/which is utilizing for its security purpose any of his/its employees to render

private security or detective services.

c. Government Guard Unit Certificate of Registration (CR).

License certificate issued to national or local government or any agency or instrumentality thereof, or

of government owned or controlled corporation not doing business nor organized purposely or

principally as a private security guard or detective agency who/which is utilizing for its purpose any

of his/its employees to render private security or detective services.

SECTION 5. On Membership.

a. No regular license shall be granted to any private security agency unless it has a minimum of two

hundred (200) licensed private security personnel under its employ.

RA 5487- October 8, 1994

SECTION 4. Organizational structure of private security

Agencies/company security services/ government security units.

a. Private security agencies shall conform with the

Organizational structure, personnel, equipment, training and

Clothing as provided for hereinafter.

b. Company security forces shall be organized to conform

Substantially with the organizational structure prescribed

for Private security agencies.

c. Government Guard Unit shall be organized to conform with

The organizational structure of the said government firm but

Not contrary to the organizational structure as prescribed

for Government security units.

SECTION 5. On Membership.

a. No regular license shall be granted to any private security

Agency unless it has a minimum of two hundred (200)

Licensed private security personnel under its employ.

Basic Qualification of a Security Guard

In addition to the general qualifications, a security guard should-

a. Be at least high school graduate

b. Be at least 18 years of age but not more than 50 years old

c. Undergone pre-licensing training course

d. Passed a neuropsychiatry examination.

e. Be locally cleared with PNP or NBI

SECTION 11. Renewal of License to Operate.

a. Filing of Applications for Renewal and Late Filing. All

Applications for renewal of License to operate shall be filed

At least sixty (60) days before expiry date of LTO subject of

The renewal application. Applications filed/accepted

Thereafter shall be penalized for late filing.

All Licenses to Operate have a validity of Two (2) years;

- All applications for renewal of License to operate (LTO) shall be filed at least sixty (60) days before the

expiry date of LTO;

- No application shall be approved unless a certification is issued by FED-CSG to the effect that all licenses of

firearms of the agency are updated/renewed for at least one (1) year forthcoming during the validity of the

renewed LTO.

38. Additional Protective Measures

Top Guard - additional overhang of barbed wire placed on vertical perimeter fences upward and

outward with a 45 degree angle with 3 to 4 strands of barbed wires spaced 6 inches apart. This

increases the protective height and prevents easy access.

Guard Control stations - this is normally provided at main perimeter entrances to secure areas

located out-of-doors, and manned by guards on full-time basis. Sentry station should be near a

perimeter for surveillance at the entrance.

Tower Guard - this is a house-like structure above the perimeter barriers. The higher the tower, the

more visibility it provides. It gives a psychological unswerving effect to violators. By and large guard

towers, whether permanent or temporary, must have a corresponding support force in the event of

need. Towers as well as guard control stations should have telephones, intercoms, and if possible

two- way radios connected to security headquarters or office to call for reserves in the event of need.
 Barrier Maintenance - fencing barriers and protective walls should always be regularly inspected

by security. Any sign or attempts to break in should be reported for investigation. Destruction of

fence or sections thereof should be repaired immediately and guard vigilance should be increased.

Protection in Depth - in large open areas or ground where fencing or walling is impractical and

expensive, warning signs should be conspicuously placed. The depth itself is protection reduction of

access roads, and sufficient notices to warn intruders should be done. Use of animals, as guards and

intrusion device, can also be good as barriers.

Signs and notices - “Control signs” should be erected where necessary in the management of

unauthorized ingress to preclude accidental entry. Signs should be plainly visible and legible from any

approach and in an understood language or dialect.

SURETY BOND

Agency with 1 -199 guards – P50,000.00

Agency with 200-499 guards – P100,000.00

Agency with 500-799 guards – P150,000.00

Agency with 800-1000 guards – P200,000.00