Name of Students: Akash vijay rathod Enroll No.

1815580116
Tanmay mohan raut. 1815580119
Name of Program: Electrical Diploma Semester: VI
Course Title: ETE
Code: 22628
Title of Micro – project: ELECTRIC CAR
Evolution as per Suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro – project
S.R.
No. Characteristics to be Poor Average Good Excellent
assessed

01 Relevance to the course

02 Information collection

03 Project proposal

04 Completion of target as per

the project

05 Analysis of data &

representation

06 Quality of model

07 Report preparation

08 Presentation

09 Defense
 Micro – project Evaluation Sheet
Process Assessment Product Assessment Total
Part A- Project Project Part B- Project Individual Mark
Proposal Methodology Report/Workin Presentatio s
(2 Marks) (2 Marks) g n
10
Model (4 Marks)
(2 Marks)

NOTE: Every Course teacher is expected to assign marks for group evolution in first 3 columns &
in individual evolution in 4th columns for each group of student as per rubrics.

Signature…………………………………………………………………………

PART-A
 ELECTRIC CAR

 Aim
To understand the concept of ELECTRIC CAR.

 Action plan
S.R. Details of Plan Start Date Plan Finish Responsible
Activity Date team
members

01 Group Discussion AKASH

RATHOD

02 Selection of micro
project topic
Tanmay raut

03 Search for book and

references Akash rathod

INTRODUCTION:-

An electric car is a one powered by an electric motor rather than a traditional petrol/diesel
engine. This electric motor is powered by rechargeable batteries that can be charged by
common household electricity. • An electric car is a car that is propelled by one or more electric
motors, using energy stored in rechargeable batteries. • Compared to internal combustion
engine (ICE) vehicles, electric cars are quieter, have no exhaust emissions, and lower emissions
overall. • Electric motor given instant torque, and smooth acceleration.

PART- B
 ELECTRIC CAR

Brief Description:- Role of electric vehicles in energy transition

Electric vehicles provide opportunities to link the renewable power and
low-carbon transport sectors. Linked power, heating and transport
sectors will increasingly play a role. Storage and the ability to introduce
higher shares of variable renewable power into the grid will be key
drivers.

Basics of electric car -There are two basic types of EVs: all-electric
vehicles (AEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). AEVs
include Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles
(FCEVs). In addition to charging from the electrical grid, both types are
charged in part by regenerative braking, which generates electricity
from some of the energy normally lost when braking. Which type of
vehicle will fit your lifestyle depends on your needs and driving habits.
Types of Electric vehicles • Plugin hybrid : Both the electric motor
& the internal combustion engine needed to run the car combustion
engine is used only to change the battery. • Hybrid : Uses small
electric battery to support the internal combustion engine, provide
increases fuel efficiency. • Battery : Battery electric vehicles are all
electric, no internal combustion engine. Needs large recharge time (7-8
hours) Car halts when the battery dies.

Working principle of electric Car • Electric cars function by plugging

into a charge point and taking electricity from the grid. • They store the
electricity in rechargeable batteries that power an electric motor, which
turns the wheels. • Electric cars accelerate faster than vehicles with
traditional fuel engines – so they feel lighter to drive. • The driver
presses the accelerator which in turn sends the signals to the controller •
When fully accelerator maximum voltage is supplied to the motor
• On releasing the accelerator, no voltage is supplied. • Two
potentiometers are connected. • When both potentiometers show same
deviation, voltage is supplied further and car moves.

Charging station for electric car : • The Ministry of Power had issued
the ―Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles (EV) – Revised
Guidelines and Standards‖ on October 1, 2019. The guidelines provide
that the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) shall create and maintain a
national online database of all the Public Charging Stations through
Discoms. • Furthermore, 386 EV Charging Stations have been installed
through the Department of Heavy Industry (DHI) under Phase I of Faster
Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles in India
(FAME India) Scheme. Bringing the total number of stations installed at
970, so far. In addition to these, DHI has also sanctioned 2877 EV
Charging Stations across 25 States/UTs under the FAME India scheme
Phase II.
Electric vehicle battery types:- Lead-acid: Flooded lead-acid batteries are the cheapest and, in
the past, most common vehicle batteries available. There are two main types of lead-acid
batteries: automobile engine starter batteries, and deep cycle batteries. Automobile engine
starter batteries are designed to use a small percentage of their capacity to provide high
charge rates to start the engine, while deep cycle batteries are used to provide continuous
electricity to run electric vehicles like forklifts or golf carts. Deep cycle batteries are also used
as the auxiliary batteries in recreational vehicles, but they require different, multi-stage
charging No lead acid battery should be discharged below 50% of its capacity, as it shortens
the battery's life.Flooded batteries require inspection of electrolyte levels and occasional
replacement of water, which gases away during the normal charging cycle.

Previously, most electric vehicles used lead-acid batteries due to their mature technology,
high availability, and low cost, with the notable exception of some early BEVs, such as the
Detroit Electric which used a nickel–iron battery. Deep-cycle lead batteries are expensive and
have a shorter life than the vehicle itself, typically needing replacement every 3 years. Lead-
acid batteries in EV applications end up being a significant (25–50%) portion of the final
vehicle mass. Like all batteries, they have significantly lower specific energy than petroleum
fuels— in this case, 30–50 Wh/kg. While the difference isn't as extreme as it first appears due
to the lighter drive-train in an EV, even the best batteries tend to lead to higher masses when
applied to vehicles with a normal range. The efficiency (70–75%) and storage capacity of the
current generation of common deep cycle lead acid batteries decreases with lower
temperatures, and diverting power to run a heating coil reduces efficiency and range by up to
40%. Charging and operation of batteries typically results in the emission of hydrogen,
oxygen and sulfur, which are naturally occurring and normally harmless if properly vented.
Early Citicar owners discovered that, if not vented properly, unpleasant sulfur smells would
leak into the cabin immediately after charging. Lead-acid batteries powered such early modern
EVs as the original versions of the EV1.

Nickel-metal hydride batteries are now considered a relatively

mature technology. While less efficient (60–70%) in charging
and discharging than even lead-acid, they have a specific energy of 30–80 Wh/kg, far
higher than lead-acid.When used properly, nickel-metal hydride batteries can have
exceptionally long lives, as has been demonstrated in their use in hybrid cars and in
the surviving first-generation NiMH Toyota RAV4 EVs that still operate well after
100,000 miles (160,000 km) and over a decade of service. Downsides include the
poor efficiency, high selfdischarge, very finicky charge cycles, and poor performance
in cold weather. GM Ovonic produced the NiMH battery used in the second
generation EV-1, and Cobasys makes a nearly identical battery (ten 1.2 V 85 Ah
NiMH cells in series in contrast with eleven cells for Ovonic battery). This worked
very well in the EV-1. Patent encumbrance has limited the use of these batteries in
recent years.

Zebra: The sodium nickel chloride or "Zebra" battery uses a molten sodium
chloroaluminate (NaAlCl4) salt as the electrolyte. A relatively mature technology, the
Zebra battery has a specific energy of 120 Wh/kg. Since the battery must be heated
for use, cold weather does not strongly affect its operation except for increasing
heating costs. They have been used in several EVs such as the Modec commercial
vehicle. Zebra batteries can last for a few thousand charge cycles and are nontoxic.
The downsides to the Zebra battery include poor specific power (<300 W/kg) and the
requirement of having to heat the electrolyte to about 270 °C (518 °F), which
wastes some energy, presents difficulties in long-term storage of charge, and is
potentially a hazard.

Lithium-ion: A man cutting open a lithium-ion battery for use in an Electric Vehicle
lithium-ion (and the mechanistically similar lithium polymer) batteries, were initially
developed and commercialized for use in laptops and consumer electronics. With
their high energy density and long cycle life they have become the leading battery
type for use in EVs. The first commercialized lithium-ion chemistry was a lithium
cobalt oxide cathode and a graphite anode first demonstrated by N. Godshall in
1979, and by John Goodenough, and Akira Yoshino shortly thereafter. The
downside of traditional lithium-ion batteries include sensitivity to temperature, low
temperature power performance, and performance degradation with age. Due to the
volatility of organic electrolytes, the presence of highly oxidized metal oxides, and
the thermal instability of the anode SEI layer, traditional lithium-ion batteries pose a
fire safety risk if punctured or charged improperly These early cells did not accept or
supply charge when extremely cold, and so heaters can be necessary in some
climates to warm them. The maturity of this technology is moderate. The Tesla
Roadster (2008) and other cars produced by the company used a modified form of
traditional lithium-ion "laptop battery" cells. Recent EVs are using new variations on
lithium-ion chemistry that sacrifice specific energy and specific power to provide fire
resistance, environmental friendliness, rapid charging (as quickly as a few minutes),
and longer lifespans. These variants (phosphates, titanates, spinels, etc.) have been
shown to have a much longer lifetime, with A123 types using lithium iron phosphate
lasting at least more than 10 years and more than 7000 charge/discharge cycles, and
LG Chem expecting their lithium-manganese spinel batteries to last up to 40 years.
[ Much work is being done on lithium ion batteries in the lab Lithium vanadium oxide
has already made its way into the Subaru prototype G4e, doubling energy
densitySilicon nanowires, silicon nanoparticles, and tin nanoparticles promise
several times the energy density[in the anode, while composite and superlattice
cathodes also promise significant density improvements. New data has shown that
exposure to heat and the use of fast charging promote the degradation of Li-ion
batteries more than age and actual use, and that the average electric vehicle battery
will retain 90% of its initial capacity after 6 years and 6 months of service. For
example, the battery in a Nissan LEAF, will degrade twice as fast as the battery in
a Tesla, because the LEAF does not have an active cooling system for its battery.

Advantages • Cheaper to run because of low rates of electricity than

petrol.
• Zero harmful emissions, better for environment.
• Nearly 100% recyclable batteries.
• Reduces noise pollution • Can be recharged almost anywhere in
urban bareas.

Disadvantages
• Time required to recharge the batteries is more.
• Lesser charging stations.
• More expensive than the combustion engine cars.
• The batteries provide are quite heavy increasing the net weight of the
car.