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Coordinates: 49°04′43″N 11°23′08″E

Bavaria
Bavaria (/bəˈvɛəriə/; German: Bayern, pronounced [ˈbaɪ̯ ɐn] ( listen)), officially the Free State of
Bavaria (German: Freistaat Bayern, [ˈfʁaɪʃtaːt ˈbaɪɐn] ( listen); Bavarian: Freistoot Bayern), is Free State of Bavaria
a state in the south-east of Germany. With an area of 70,550.19 km2 (27,239.58 sq mi), Bavaria is Freistaat Bayern  (German)

the largest German state by land area, comprising roughly a fifth of the total land area of Freistoot Bayern  (Bavarian)
Germany. With over 13  million inhabitants, it is second in population only to North Rhine-
Westphalia, but due to its large size its population density is below the German average. Bavaria's State
main cities are Munich (its capital and largest city and also the third largest city in Germany),[4]
Nuremberg, and Augsburg.

The history of Bavaria includes its earliest settlement by Iron Age Celtic tribes, followed by the
conquests of the Roman Empire in the 1st century BC, when the territory was incorporated into

the provinces of Raetia and Noricum. It became the Duchy of Bavaria (a stem duchy) in the 6th
century AD following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. It was later incorporated into
the Holy Roman Empire, became an independent kingdom after 1806, joined the Prussian-led Coat of arms
German Empire in 1871 while retaining its title of kingdom, and finally became a state of the
Federal Republic of Germany in 1949.[5] Flag
Bavaria has a unique culture, largely because of the state's large Catholic plurality and Anthem: Bayernhymne  (German)

conservative traditions.[6] Bavarians have traditionally been proud of their culture, which "Hymn of Bavaria"

includes a language, cuisine, architecture, festivals such as Oktoberfest and elements of Alpine 1:29
symbolism.[7] The state also has the second largest economy among the German states by GDP
figures, giving it a status as a rather wealthy German region.[8]

Contemporary Bavaria also includes parts of the historical regions of Franconia and Swabia.

Contents
History
Antiquity
Middle Ages
Electorate of Bavaria
Kingdom of Bavaria
Part of the German Empire
Free State of Bavaria
Bavarian identity Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap

Coordinates: 49°04′43″N 11°23′08″E

Flags and coat of arms
Flags Country Germany
Coat of arms Capital Munich
Geography Government
Climate  • Body Landtag of Bavaria
 • Minister- Markus Söder (CSU)
Administrative divisions President
Administrative regions  • Governing CSU / FW
Bezirke parties
Population and area  • Bundesrat 6 (of 69)
votes
Districts
Municipalities Area
Major cities and towns  • Total 70,550.19 km2
(27,239.58 sq mi)
Politics
Population (2019-12-31)[1]
Current Landtag
 • Total 13,124,737
Government  • Density 186/km2 (480/sq mi)
Minister-presidents of Bavaria since 1945
Demonym(s) Bavarians
Designation as a "free state"
Time zone UTC+1 (CET)
Arbitrary arrest and human rights
 • Summer (DST) UTC+2 (CEST)
Economy ISO 3166 code DE-BY
Agriculture
GRP (nominal) €633 billion (2019)[2]
Industries
GRP per capita €48,000 (2019)
Companies
Tourism NUTS Region DE2
HDI (2018) 0.956[3]

Unemployment
very high · 5th of 16
Demographics Website https://www.bayern.de
Vital statistics
Culture

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Religion
Traditions
Food and drink
Language and dialects
Ethnography
Sports
Football
Basketball
Ice hockey
Notable people
See also
Notes
References
Sources
External links

History

Antiquity

The Bavarians emerged in a region north of the Alps, previously inhabited by Celts, which had been part
of the Roman provinces of Raetia and Noricum.

The Bavarians spoke a Germanic dialect which developed into Old High German during the early Middle
Ages, however, unlike other Germanic groups, they probably did not migrate from elsewhere when
Western Roman influence collapsed.
Prehistoric Heunischenburg, in the
Rather, they seem to have coalesced out of other groups left behind by the Roman withdrawal late in the vicinity of Kronach
5th century. These peoples may have included the Celtic Boii, some remaining Romans, Marcomanni,
Allemanni, Quadi, Thuringians, Goths, Scirians, Rugians, Heruli. The name "Bavarian" ("Baiuvarii")
means "Men of Baia" which may indicate Bohemia, the homeland of the Celtic Boii and later of the Marcomanni. They first appear in written
sources circa 520.

A 17th century Jewish chronicler David Solomon Ganz, citing Cyriacus Spangenberg, claimed that the diocese was named after an ancient
Bohemian king, Boiia, in the 14th century BC.[9]

Middle Ages

From about 554 to 788, the house of Agilolfing ruled the Duchy of Bavaria, ending with Tassilo III who was deposed by Charlemagne.[10]

Three early dukes are named in Frankish sources: Garibald I may have been appointed to the office by the Merovingian kings and married
the Lombard princess Walderada when the church forbade her to King Chlothar I in 555. Their daughter, Theodelinde, became Queen of the
Lombards in northern Italy and Garibald was forced to flee to her when he fell out with his Frankish overlords.

Garibald's successor, Tassilo I, tried unsuccessfully to hold the eastern frontier against the expansion of Slavs and Avars around 600.
Tassilo's son Garibald II seems to have achieved a balance of power between 610 and 616.[11]

After Garibald II, little is known of the Bavarians until Duke Theodo I, whose reign may have begun as early as 680. From 696 onward, he
invited churchmen from the west to organize churches and strengthen Christianity in his duchy. (It is unclear what Bavarian religious life
consisted of before this time.)

His son, Theudebert, led a decisive Bavarian campaign to intervene in a succession dispute in the Lombard Kingdom in 714, and married his
sister Guntrud to the Lombard King Liutprand. At Theodo's death the duchy was divided among his sons, but reunited under his grandson
Hugbert.

At Hugbert's death (735) the duchy passed to a distant relative named Odilo, from neighboring
Alemannia (modern southwest Germany and northern Switzerland). Odilo issued a law code for Bavaria,
completed the process of church organization in partnership with St. Boniface (739), and tried to
intervene in Frankish succession disputes by fighting for the claims of the Carolingian Grifo. He was
defeated near Augsburg in 743 but continued to rule until his death in 748.[12][13]

Saint Boniface completed the people's conversion to Christianity in the early 8th century.
Tassilo III (b.
741 – d. after 796) succeeded his father at the age of eight after an unsuccessful attempt by Grifo to rule
Bavaria. He initially ruled under Frankish oversight but began to function independently from 763
onward. He was particularly noted for founding new monasteries and for expanding eastwards, fighting
Slavs in the eastern Alps and along the Danube and colonizing these lands.

After 781, however, his cousin Charlemagne began to pressure Tassilo to submit and finally deposed him
in 788. The deposition was not entirely legitimate. Bavaria in the 10th century

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Dissenters attempted a coup against Charlemagne at Tassilo's old capital of Regensburg in 792, led by his own son Pépin the Hunchback.
The king had to drag Tassilo out of imprisonment to formally renounce his rights and titles at the Assembly of Frankfurt in 794. This is the
last appearance of Tassilo in the sources, and he probably died a monk. As all of his family were also forced into monasteries, this was the
end of the Agilolfing dynasty.

For the next 400 years numerous families held the duchy, rarely for more than three generations. With
the revolt of duke Henry the Quarrelsome in 976, Bavaria lost large territories in the south and south
east.

The territory of Ostarrichi was elevated to a duchy in its own right and given to the Babenberger family.
This event marks the founding of Austria.

The last, and one of the most important, of the dukes of Bavaria was Henry the Lion of the house of Welf,
founder of Munich, and de facto the second most powerful man in the empire as the ruler of two
duchies. When in 1180, Henry the Lion was deposed as Duke of Saxony and Bavaria by his cousin,
Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor (a.k.a. "Barbarossa" for his red beard), Bavaria was awarded as fief to The Bavarian duchies after the
the Wittelsbach family, counts palatinate of Schyren ("Scheyern" in modern German). They ruled for 738 partition of 1392
years, from 1180 to 1918. The Electorate of the Palatinate by Rhine (Kurpfalz in German) was also
acquired by the House of Wittelsbach in 1214, which they would subsequently hold for six centuries.[14]

The first of several divisions of the duchy of Bavaria occurred in 1255. With the extinction of the Hohenstaufen in 1268, Swabian territories
were acquired by the Wittelsbach dukes. Emperor Louis the Bavarian acquired Brandenburg, Tyrol, Holland and Hainaut for his House but
released the Upper Palatinate for the Palatinate branch of the Wittelsbach in 1329.

In the 14th and 15th centuries, upper and lower Bavaria were repeatedly subdivided. Four Duchies existed after the division of 1392:
Bavaria-Straubing, Bavaria-Landshut, Bavaria-Ingolstadt and Bavaria-Munich. In 1506 with the Landshut War of Succession, the other
parts of Bavaria were reunited, and Munich became the sole capital. The country became a center of the Jesuit-inspired Counter-
Reformation.

Electorate of Bavaria

In 1623 the Bavarian duke replaced his relative of the Palatinate branch, the Electorate of the Palatinate in the
early days of the Thirty Years' War and acquired the powerful prince-electoral dignity in the Holy Roman
Empire, determining its Emperor thence forward, as well as special legal status under the empire's laws.

During the early and mid-18th century the ambitions of the Bavarian prince electors led to several wars with
Austria as well as occupations by Austria (War of the Spanish Succession, War of the Austrian Succession with
the election of a Wittelsbach emperor instead of a Habsburg).

Bavarian herald Joerg
Rugenn wearing a tabard of
the arms around 1510
From 1777 onward, and after the younger Bavarian branch of the family had died out with elector Max III
Joseph, Bavaria and the Electorate of the Palatinate were governed once again in personal union, now by the
Palatinian lines.
The new state also comprised the Duchies of Jülich and Berg as these on their part were in personal union
with the Palatinate.

Kingdom of Bavaria

When Napoleon abolished the Holy Roman Empire, Bavaria became - by grace of Napoleon - a kingdom
in 1806 due, in part, to the Confederation of the Rhine.[15]

Its area doubled after the Duchy of Jülich was ceded to France, as the Electoral Palatinate was divided
between France and the Grand Duchy of Baden. The Duchy of Berg was given to Jerome Bonaparte.
Tyrol and Salzburg were temporarily reunited with Bavaria but finally ceded to Austria by the Congress
of Vienna.

In return Bavaria was allowed to annex the modern-day region of Palatinate to the west of the Rhine and
Franconia in 1815. Between 1799 and 1817, the leading minister, Count Montgelas, followed a strict
policy of modernisation copying Napoleonic France; he laid the foundations of centralized
Bavaria in the 19th century and
administrative structures that survived the monarchy and, in part, have retained core validity through
beyond
the 20st century.

In May 1808, a first constitution was passed by Maximilian I,[16] being modernized in 1818. This second
version established a bicameral Parliament with a House of Lords (Kammer der Reichsräte) and a House of Commons (Kammer der
Abgeordneten). That constitution was followed until the collapse of the monarchy at the end of World War I.

After the rise of Prussia to power in the early 18th century, Bavaria preserved its independence by playing off the rivalry of Prussia and
Austria. Allied to Austria, it was defeated along with Austria in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War and was not incorporated into the North
German Confederation of 1867, but the question of German unity was still alive. When France declared war on Prussia in 1870, all the south
German states (Baden, Württemberg, Hessen-Darmstadt and Bavaria) aside from Austria, joined the Prussian forces and ultimately joined
the Federation, which was renamed Deutsches Reich (German Empire) in 1871.

Bavaria continued formally as a monarchy, and it had some special rights within the federation (such as an army, railways, postal service
and a diplomatic body of its own) but the diplomatic body were later undone by Wilhelm II who declared them illegal and got rid of the
diplomatic service.

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Part of the German Empire

When Bavaria became part of the newly formed German Empire, this action was considered controversial by
Bavarian nationalists who had wanted to retain independence from the rest of Germany, as had Austria.

As Bavaria had a heavily Catholic majority population, many people resented being ruled by the mostly
Protestant northerners of Prussia. As a direct result of the Bavarian-Prussian feud, political parties formed to
encourage Bavaria to break away and regain its independence.[17]

In the early 20th century, Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Henrik Ibsen, and other artists were drawn to Bavaria,
Bavaria within the German
especially to the Schwabing district of Munich, a center of international artistic activity. This area was
Empire
devastated by bombing and invasion during World War II.

Free State of Bavaria

Free State has been an adopted designation after the abolition of monarchy in the aftermath of World War I in
several German states.

On 12 November 1918, Ludwig III signed a document, the Anif declaration, releasing both civil and military officers
from their oaths; the newly formed republican government, or "People's State" of Socialist premier Kurt Eisner,[18]
interpreted this as an abdication. To date, however, no member of the House of Wittelsbach has ever formally
declared renunciation of the throne.[19]

On the other hand, none has ever since officially called upon their Bavarian or Stuart claims. Family members are
active in cultural and social life, including the head of the house, Franz, Duke of Bavaria. They step back from any A memorial to
announcements on public affairs, showing approval or disapproval solely by Franz's presence or absence. soldiers who died in
the two World Wars
Eisner was assassinated in February 1919, ultimately leading to a Communist revolt and the short-lived Bavarian in Dietelskirchen
Soviet Republic being proclaimed 6 April 1919. After violent suppression by elements of the German Army and (Kröning), Bavaria
notably the Freikorps, the Bavarian Soviet Republic fell in May 1919. The Bamberg Constitution (Bamberger
Verfassung) was enacted on 12 or 14 August 1919 and came into force on 15 September 1919 creating the Free State of
Bavaria within the Weimar Republic.

Extremist activity further increased, notably the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch led by the National Socialists, and Munich and Nuremberg became
seen as Nazi strongholds during the Weimar Republic and Nazi dictatorship. However, in the crucial German federal election, March 1933,
the Nazis received less than 50% of the votes cast in Bavaria.

As a manufacturing centre, Munich was heavily bombed during World War II and was occupied by U.S. troops, becoming a major part of the
American Zone of Allied-occupied Germany (1945–47) and then of "Bizonia".

The Rhenish Palatinate was detached from Bavaria in 1946 and made part of the new state Rhineland-Palatinate. During the Cold War,
Bavaria was part of West Germany. In 1949, the Free State of Bavaria chose not to sign the Founding Treaty (Gründungsvertrag) for the
formation of the Federal Republic of Germany, opposing the division of Germany into two countries after World War II.

The Bavarian Parliament did not sign the Basic Law of Germany, mainly because it was seen as not granting sufficient powers to the
individual Länder (states), but at the same time decided that it would still come into force in Bavaria if two-thirds of the other Länder
ratified it. All of the other Länder ratified it, however, so it became law.[20]

Bavarian identity

Bavarians have often emphasized a separate national identity and considered themselves as "Bavarians"
first, "Germans" second.[21]

In the 19th-century sense, an independent Bavarian State only existed from 1806-71. This feeling started
to come about more strongly among Bavarians when the Kingdom of Bavaria was forced by Bismarck to
join the Protestant Prussian-dominated German Empire in 1871, while the Bavarian nationalists wanted
to keep Bavaria as Catholic and an independent state. Aside from the minority Bavaria Party, most Expression of Bavarian (linguistic)
Bavarians now accept Bavaria is part of Germany.[22] identity in a shop window in the
town of Regensburg, Upper
Another consideration is that Bavarians foster different cultural identities: Franconia in the north, Palatinate
speaking East Franconian German; Bavarian Swabia in the south west, speaking Swabian German; and
Altbayern (so-called "Old Bavaria", the regions forming the "historic", pentagon-shaped Bavaria before
the acquisitions through the Vienna Congress, at present the districts of the Upper Palatinate, Lower and Upper Bavaria) speaking Austro-
Bavarian.

In Munich, the Old Bavarian dialect was widely spread, but nowadays High German is predominantly spoken there. Moreover, by the
expulsion of German speakers from Eastern Europe, Bavaria has received a large population that was not traditionally Bavarian. In
particular, the Sudeten Germans, expelled from neighboring Czechoslovakia, have been deemed to have become the "fourth tribe" of
Bavarians.

Flags and coat of arms

Flags

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Uniquely among German states, Bavaria has two official flags of equal status, one with a white and blue stripe, the other with white and blue
lozenges. Either may be used by civilians and government offices, who are free to choose between them.[23] Unofficial versions of the flag,
especially a lozenge style with coat of arms, are sometimes used by civilians.

Coat of arms

The modern coat of arms of Bavaria was designed by Eduard Ege in 1946, following heraldic traditions.

The Golden Lion: At the dexter chief, sable, a lion rampant Or, armed and langued gules. This represents the administrative region of
Upper Palatinate.
The "Franconian Rake": At the sinister chief, per fess dancetty, gules, and argent. This represents the administrative regions of Upper,
Middle and Lower Franconia.
The Blue "Pantier" (mythical creature from French heraldry, sporting a flame instead of a tongue): At the dexter base, argent, a Pantier
rampant azure, armed Or and langued gules. This represents the regions of Lower and Upper Bavaria.
The Three Lions: At the sinister base, Or, three lions passant guardant sable, armed and langued gules. This represents Swabia.
The White-And-Blue inescutcheon: The inescutcheon of white and blue fusils askance was originally the coat of arms of the Counts of
Bogen, adopted in 1247 by the House of Wittelsbach. The white-and-blue fusils are indisputably the emblem of Bavaria and these arms
today symbolize Bavaria as a whole. Along with the People's Crown, it is officially used as the Minor Coat of Arms.
The People's Crown (Volkskrone): The coat of arms is surmounted by a crown with a golden band inset with precious stones and
decorated with five ornamental leaves. This crown first appeared in the coat of arms to symbolize sovereignty of the people after the
royal crown was eschewed in 1923.

Geography
Bavaria shares international borders with Austria (Salzburg, Tyrol, Upper Austria and Vorarlberg) and
the Czech Republic (Karlovy Vary, Plzeň and South Bohemian Regions), as well as with Switzerland
(across Lake Constance to the Canton of St. Gallen).

All of these countries are part of the Schengen Area, so the border is completely open.

View of the Bavarian Alps
(foreground); in the background
Austria (specifically Tyrol): Inn valley
(center) with (left) Kaisergebirge and
(right) Pendling mountain. In the
extreme background (center-left) the
snow-capped High Tauern
Neighboring states within Germany are Baden-Württemberg, Hesse, Thuringia, and Saxony. Two major
rivers flow through the state: the Danube (Donau) and the Main. The Bavarian Alps define the border
with Austria (including the Austrian federal-states of Vorarlberg, Tyrol and Salzburg), and within the
range is the highest peak in Germany: the Zugspitze.
The Bavarian Forest and the Bohemian Forest form the vast majority of the frontier with the Czech
Republic and Bohemia.
The major cities in Bavaria are Munich (München), Nuremberg (Nürnberg), Augsburg, Regensburg,
Würzburg, Ingolstadt, Fürth, and Erlangen.

The geographic center of the European Union is located in the northwestern corner of Bavaria.

Climate

At lower elevations the climate is classified according to Köppen’s guide as “Cfb” or “Dfb” at lower altitudes, then at higher altitudes the
climate becomes “Dfc” and “ET”.

The summer months have been getting hotter in recent years.[24] For example, June 2019 was the warmest June in Bavaria since weather
observations have been recorded[24] and the winter 2019/2020 was 3 degrees Celsius warmer than the average temperature for many years
all over Bavaria. On 20 December 2019 a record temperature of 20.2 °C (68.4 °F) was recorded in Piding.[25] In general winter months are
seeing more precipitation which is taking the form of rain more often than that of snow compared to the past.[24] Extreme weather like the
2013 European floods or the 2019 European heavy snowfalls is occurring more and more often. One effect of the continuing warming is the
melting of almost all Bavarian Alpine glaciers: Of the five glaciers of Bavaria only the Höllentalferner is predicted to exist over a longer time
perspective. The Südliche Schneeferner has almost vanished since the 1980s.[24]

Administrative divisions

Administrative regions

Bavaria is divided into seven administrative regions called Regierungsbezirke (singular Regierungsbezirk). For every Administrative
regions exist a state agency called Bezirksregierung (district government).

Altbayern:
1. Upper Palatinate (German: Oberpfalz)
2. Upper Bavaria (Oberbayern)
3. Lower Bavaria (Niederbayern)
Franconia:
1. Upper Franconia (Oberfranken)
2. Middle Franconia (Mittelfranken)

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3. Lower Franconia (Unterfranken)
Swabia:

1. Swabia (Schwaben)

Bezirke

Bezirke (districts) are the third communal layer in Bavaria; the others are the Landkreise and the
Gemeinden or Städte. The Bezirke in Bavaria are territorially identical with the Regierungsbezirke, but
they are self-governing regional corporation, having their own parliaments. In the other larger states of
Germany, there are only Regierungsbezirke as administrative divisions and no self-governing entities at
Administrative regions
the level of the Regierungsbezirke as the Bezirke in Bavaria.
(Regierungsbezirke and Bezirke) of
Bavaria
Population and area

Bezirk Coat of arms Capital Population (2019)[26] Area (km2) No. municipalities

Lower Bavaria Landshut 1,244,169 9.48% 10,330 14.6% 258 12.5%

Lower Franconia Würzburg 1,317,619 10.46% 8,531 12.1% 308 15.0%

Upper Franconia Bayreuth 1,065,371 8.49% 7,231 10.2% 214 10.4%

Middle Franconia Ansbach 1,775,169 13.65% 7,245 10.3% 210 10.2%

Upper Palatinate Regensburg 1,112,102 8.60% 9,691 13.7% 226 11.0%

Swabia Augsburg 1,899,442 14.21% 9,992 14.2% 340 16.5%

Upper Bavaria Munich 4,710,865 35.12% 17,530 24.8% 500 24.3%

Total 13,124,737 100.0% 70,549 100.0% 2,056 100.0%

Districts

The second communal layer is made up of 71 rural districts (called Landkreise, singular Landkreis) that are comparable to counties, as well
as the 25 independent cities (Kreisfreie Städte, singular Kreisfreie Stadt), both of which share the same administrative responsibilities.

Rural districts:

1. Aichach-Friedberg 37. Landshut

2. Altötting 38. Lichtenfels
3. Amberg-Sulzbach 39. Lindau
4. Ansbach 40. Main-Spessart
5. Aschaffenburg 41. Miesbach
6. Augsburg 42. Miltenberg
7. Bad Kissingen 43. Mühldorf
8. Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen 44. München (Landkreis München)
9. Bamberg 45. Neuburg-Schrobenhausen
10. Bayreuth 46. Neumarkt
11. Berchtesgadener Land 47. Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad
12. Cham Windsheim
13. Coburg 48. Neustadt an der Waldnaab
14. Dachau 49. Neu-Ulm
15. Deggendorf 50. Nürnberger Land
16. Dillingen 51. Oberallgäu
17. Dingolfing-Landau 52. Ostallgäu
18. Donau-Ries 53. Passau
19. Ebersberg 54. Pfaffenhofen Map of the Landkreise of Bavaria

20. Eichstätt 55. Regen

56. Regensburg
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21. Erding 57. Rhön-Grabfeld
22. Erlangen-Höchstadt 58. Rosenheim
23. Forchheim 59. Roth
24. Freising 60. Rottal-Inn
25. Freyung-Grafenau 61. Schwandorf
26. Fürstenfeldbruck 62. Schweinfurt
27. Fürth 63. Starnberg
28. Garmisch-Partenkirchen 64. Straubing-Bogen
29. Günzburg 65. Tirschenreuth
30. Hassberge 66. Traunstein
31. Hof 67. Unterallgäu
32. Kelheim 68. Weilheim-Schongau
33. Kitzingen 69. Weissenburg-Gunzenhausen
34. Kronach 70. Wunsiedel
35. Kulmbach 71. Würzburg
36. Landsberg

Independent cities:

1. Amberg 14. Landshut

2. Ansbach 15. Memmingen
3. Aschaffenburg 16. Munich (München)
4. Augsburg 17. Nuremberg (Nürnberg)
5. Bamberg 18. Passau
6. Bayreuth 19. Regensburg
7. Coburg 20. Rosenheim
8. Erlangen 21. Schwabach
9. Fürth 22. Schweinfurt
10. Hof 23. Straubing
11. Ingolstadt 24. Weiden
12. Kaufbeuren 25. Würzburg
13. Kempten

Municipalities

The 71 rural districts are on the lowest level divided into 2,031 regular municipalities (called Gemeinden, singular Gemeinde). Together with
the 25 independent cities (kreisfreie Städte, which are in effect municipalities independent of Landkreis administrations), there are a total
of 2,056 municipalities in Bavaria.

In 44 of the 71 rural districts, there are a total of 215 unincorporated areas (as of 1 January 2005, called
gemeindefreie Gebiete, singular gemeindefreies Gebiet), not belonging to any municipality, all
uninhabited, mostly forested areas, but also four lakes (Chiemsee-without islands, Starnberger See-
without island Roseninsel, Ammersee, which are the three largest lakes of Bavaria, and Waginger See).

Major cities and towns

Munich city center with

Frauenkirche (left) and Rathaus
(town hall)

Nuremberg

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Inhabitants
Inhabitants
Inhabitants
Inhabitants
Change

City Region
(2000) (2005) (2010) (2015) (%)

Munich Upper Bavaria 1,210,223 1,259,677 1,353,186 1,450,381 +11.81

Nuremberg Middle Franconia 488,400 499,237 505,664 509,975 +3.53
Augsburg Swabia 254,982 262,676 264,708 286,374 +3.81
Regensburg Upper Palatinate 125,676 129,859 135,520 145,465 +7.83
Ingolstadt Upper Bavaria 115,722 121,314 125,088 132,438 +8.09 Augsburg

Würzburg Lower Franconia 127,966 133,906 133,799 124,873 +4.56

Fürth Middle Franconia 110,477 113,422 114,628 124,171 +3.76
Erlangen Middle Franconia 100,778 103,197 105,629 108,336 +4.81
Bayreuth Upper Franconia 74,153 73,997 72,683 72,148 −1.98
Bamberg Upper Franconia 69,036 70,081 70,004 73,331 +1.40
Aschaffenburg Lower Franconia 67,592 68,642 68,678 68,986 +1.61
Landshut Lower Bavaria 58,746 61,368 63,258 69,211 +7.68 Regensburg with the Danube
Kempten Swabia 61,389 61,360 62,060 66,947 +1.09 (foreground) and Regensburg
Cathedral
Rosenheim Upper Bavaria 58,908 60,226 61,299 61,844 +4.06
Neu-Ulm Swabia 50,188 51,410 53,504 57,237 +6.61
Schweinfurt Lower Franconia 54,325 54,273 53,415 51,969 −1.68
Passau Lower Bavaria 50,536 50,651 50,594 50,566 +0.11
Freising Upper Bavaria 40,890 42,854 45,223 46,963 +10.60
Straubing Lower Bavaria 44,014 44,633 44,450 46,806 +0.99
Dachau Upper Bavaria 38,398 39,922 42,954 46,705 +11.87

Source: Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik und Datenverarbeitung[27][28]

Politics
Bavaria has a multiparty system dominated by the conservative Christian Social Union (CSU), which has
won every election since 1945 with the exception of the 1950 ballot. Other important parties are The
Greens, which became the second biggest political party in the 2018 local parliament elections and the
center-left Social Democrats (SPD), who have dominated the city of Munich until 2020. Hitherto,
Wilhelm Hoegner has been the only SPD candidate to ever become Minister-President; notable
successors in office include multi-term Federal Minister Franz Josef Strauss, a key figure among West The Bavarian State Chancellery in
German conservatives during the Cold War years, and Edmund Stoiber, who both failed with their bids Munich
for Chancellorship.

The German Greens and the center-right Free Voters have been represented in the state parliament since 1986 and 2008 respectively.

In the 2003 elections the CSU won a ⅔ supermajority – something no party had ever achieved in postwar Germany. However, in the
subsequent 2008 elections the CSU lost the absolute majority for the first time in 46 years.[29]

The losses were partly attributed by some to the CSU's stance for an anti-smoking bill. (A first anti-smoking law had been proposed by the
CSU and passed but was watered down after the election, after which a referendum enforced a strict antismoking bill with a large majority).

Current Landtag

The last state elections were held on 14 October 2018 in which the CSU lost its absolute majority in the
state parliament in part due to the party's stances as part of the federal government, winning 37.2% of
the vote; the party's second worst local election outcome in its history after 1950. The Greens who had
surged in the polls leading up to the election have replaced the social-democratic SPD as the second
biggest force in the Landtag with 17.6% of the vote. The SPD lost over half of its previous share compared
to 2013 with a mere 9.7% in 2018. The liberals of the FDP were again able to reach the five-percent-
threshold in order to receive mandates in parliament after they were not part of the Landtag after the Current composition of the Landtag:
2013 elections. Also entering the new parliament were the right-wing populist Alternative for Germany    SPD: 22 seats
(AfD), with 10.2% of the vote.[30]    The Greens: 38 seats
   FDP: 11 seats
The center-right Free Voters party gained 11.6% of the vote and formed a government coalition with the    Free Voters: 27 seats
CSU which led to the subsequent reelection of Markus Söder as Minister-President of Bavaria.    CSU: 85 seats
   AfD: 22 seats

Government
Bavarian Cabinet since 12 November 2018

The Constitution of Bavaria of the Free State of Bavaria was enacted on 8 December 1946. The new Bavarian Constitution became the basis
for the Bavarian State after the Second World War.

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Bavaria has a unicameral Landtag (English: State Parliament), elected by universal suffrage. Until December 1999, there was also a Senat,
or Senate, whose members were chosen by social and economic groups in Bavaria, but following a referendum in 1998, this institution was
abolished.

The Bavarian State Government consists of the Minister-President of Bavaria, eleven Ministers and six Secretaries of State. The Minister-
President is elected for a period of five years by the State Parliament and is head of state. With the approval of the State Parliament he
appoints the members of the State Government. The State Government is composed of the:

State Chancellery (Staatskanzlei)

Ministry of the Interior, for Sport and Integration (Staatsministerium des Innern, für Sport und Integration)
Ministry for Housing, Construction and Transport (Staatsministerium für Wohnen, Bau und Verkehr)
Ministry of Justice (Staatsministerium der Justiz)
Ministry for Education and Culture (Staatsministerium für Bildung und Kultus)
Ministry for Science and Art (Staatsministerium für Wissenschaft und Kunst)
Ministry of Finance and for Home Affairs (Staatsministerium der Finanzen und für Heimat)
Ministry for Economic Affairs, Regional Development and Energy (Staatsministerium für Wirtschaft, Landesentwicklung und Energie)
Ministry for Environment and Consumer Protection (Staatsministerium für Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz)
Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Forestry (Staatsministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten)
Ministry for Family, Labour and Social Affairs (Staatsministerium für Familie, Arbeit und Soziales)
Ministry for Health and Care (Staatsministerium für Gesundheit und Pflege)
Ministry for Digital Affairs (Staatsministerium für Digitales)[31]

Political processes also take place in the seven regions (Regierungsbezirke or Bezirke) in Bavaria, in the 71 rural districts (Landkreise) and
the 25 towns and cities forming their own districts (kreisfreie Städte), and in the 2,031 local authorities (Gemeinden).

In 1995 Bavaria introduced direct democracy on the local level in a referendum. This was initiated bottom-up by an association called Mehr
Demokratie (English: More Democracy). This is a grass-roots organization which campaigns for the right to citizen-initiated referendums.
In 1997 the Bavarian Supreme Court tightened the regulations considerably (including by introducing a turn-out quorum). Nevertheless,
Bavaria has the most advanced regulations on local direct democracy in Germany. This has led to a spirited citizens' participation in
communal and municipal affairs—835 referenda took place from 1995 through 2005.

Minister-presidents of Bavaria since 1945

Ministers-President of Bavaria
No. Name Born and died Party affiliation Begin of tenure End of tenure
1 Fritz Schäffer 1888–1967 CSU 1945 1945
2 Wilhelm Hoegner 1887–1980 SPD 1945 1946
3 Hans Ehard 1887–1980 CSU 1946 1954
4 Wilhelm Hoegner 1887–1980 SPD 1954 1957
5 Hanns Seidel 1901–1961 CSU 1957 1960
6 Hans Ehard 1887–1980 CSU 1960 1962
7 Alfons Goppel 1905–1991 CSU 1962 1978
8 Franz Josef Strauß 1915–1988 CSU 1978 1988
Markus Söder, the current
9 Max Streibl 1932–1998 CSU 1988 1993
prime minister
10 Edmund Stoiber *1941 CSU 1993 2007 ("Ministerpräsident") of
11 Günther Beckstein *1943 CSU 2007 2008 Bavaria

12 Horst Seehofer *1949 CSU 2008 2018

13 Markus Söder *1967 CSU 2018 Incumbent

Designation as a "free state"

Unlike most German states (Länder), which simply designate themselves as "State of" (Land [...]), Bavaria uses the style of "Free State of
Bavaria" (Freistaat Bayern). The difference from other states is purely terminological, as German constitutional law does not draw a
distinction between "States" and "Free States". The situation is thus analogous to the United States, where some states use the style
"Commonwealth" rather than "State". The term "Free State", a creation of the 19th century and intended to be a German alternative to (or
translation of) the Latin-derived republic was common among the states of the Weimar Republic, after German monarchies had been
abolished. Unlike most other states - many of which were new creations - Bavaria has resumed this terminology after World War II. Two
other states, Saxony and Thuringia, also call themselves "Free State".

Arbitrary arrest and human rights

In July 2017, Bavaria's parliament enacted a new revision of the "Gefährdergesetz", allowing the authorities to imprison a person for a three
months term, renewable indefinitely, when they haven't committed a crime but it is assumed that they might commit a crime "in the near
future".[32] Critics like the prominent journalist Heribert Prantl have called the law "shameful" and compared it to Guantanamo Bay
detention camp,[33] assessed it to be in violation of the European Convention on Human Rights,[34] and also compared it to the legal
situation in Russia, where a similar law allows for imprisonment for a maximum term of two years (i.e., not indefinitely).[35]

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Economy
Bavaria has long had one of the largest economies of any region in Germany, and in Europe.[36] Its gross
domestic product (GDP) in 2007 exceeded €434  billion (about U.S. $600  billion).[37] This makes
Bavaria itself one of the largest economies in Europe, and only 20 countries in the world have a higher
GDP.[38] The GDP of the region increased to €617.1  billion in 2018, accounting for 18.5% of German
economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €43,500 or 145% of the EU27
average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 114% of the EU average. This makes Bavaria one of BMW Welt and BMW Headquarters
the wealthiest regions in Europe.[39] Bavaria has strong economic ties with Austria, Czechia, in Munich
Switzerland, and Northern Italy.[40]
In 2019 GDP was €832.4 ($905.7) billion, €48,323 ($52,577.3) per
capita.[41]

Agriculture

The most distinctive high points of Bavarian agriculture are:

Hop growing in region Hallertau, which is up to 80% of German production and exported worldwide.
Inland aquaculture of carps and trout.
The well-hydrated alpine meadows are used to produce large quantities of quality milk, which is used to make a variety of cheese
(including blue-veined cheese), yogurt and butter (Meggle).
The cultivation of asparagus is widespread, which is a very popular new season vegetable. In season ("Spargelzeit") restaurants offer
special separated aspargaus menu . There is an asparagus museum in Schrobenhausen.
There are farms producing venison from deer and roe.
Viticulture is widespread in Lower Franconia.
Good ecology and strict control allow produce a large amount of organic products ("bio") and baby food.

Hop garten Allgäuer meadows Asparagus with Vineyards in

sauce hollandaise Klingenberg-am-
Main

Industries

Bavaria has the best developed industry in Germany[42] and the lowest unemployment rate with 2.9% as of October 2021.[43]

Branches:

Oil refining. Although there is oil production in Bavaria, it does not meet domestic needs. Most of the oil is imported via pipelines from
the Czech Republic (Russian oil) and from the Italian port of Trieste (Near East oil). Three refineries are situated near Ingolstadt and
another one in Burghausen. Last one is a part of Bavarian chemical triangle and delivery row materials to other chemical plants.

Refinery Ingolstadt transalpine pipeline

Automotive is the most important and best developed Bavarian industry, which included manufacture of luxury cars (4 BMW and 2 Audi
plants, R&D centers, test tracks), trucks (Traton MAN), special vehicles (Tadano Faun), buses (Evobus/Setra) and automotive parts
(engines, electronics, cables, seats, interiors, cabrio roofs, heating and brake systems, software). Bavaria has the second-most
employees (207,829) in the automotive industry of all German states after Baden-Württemberg as of 2018.[44]

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BMW 7 Series Audi A5 MAN TGX Faun HK 100 Setra S515HDH

Aerospace and defense, which manufacture multi-role attack jet Eurofighter Typhoon, missiles from MBDA and Diehl Defence, parts of
rocket Ariane, regional jet Dornier 728, ultra-light planes from Grob Aerospace, turbo jet engines for civil and military applications from
MTU Aero Engines, helicopters Airbus, main battle tank Leopard 2, drones, composite parts, avionics, radars, propellants, initiators,
powder, munitions. In Munich suburban Oberpfaffenhofen situated control center of European satellite navigation system Galileo,
German Space Operations Center, Microwaves and Radar Institute, Institute of Communications and Navigation, Remote Sensing
Technology Institute, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Institute of Robotics and Mechatronics, Institute for Software Technology, Institute
of System Dynamics and Control.

Eurofighter Typhoon Grob G 120TP Airbus EC-665 Tiger PARS 3 LR Leopard 2

Other transport manufacturing also represents in Bavaria. Even exists ship yards, for example Bavaria Yachtbau, despite location
many hundreds kilometers from sea away; manufacturing of 4-stroke marine diesel engine, which using in cruise liners, ferries and
warships. Rail technique produce in Munich-Allach (locomotive Siemens Vectron) and rail maintenance vehicle in Freilassing.

Bavaria R40 MAN marine diesel Siemens Vectron Robel BR 711.2

Electronics. Chip design centers situated in Munich area (Infineon, Intel, Apple). There are 3 FABs: Infineon in Regensburg, Texas
Instruments in Freising and Osram Optosemiconductors also in Regensburg. Power semiconductors are manufactured by Semikron.
CNC controls are produced by Heidenhain, Traunreut and Siemens, Amberg. Silicon wafer for electronic manufacturing are delivered
from Siltronic plant in Burghausen.

Campeon - Infineon CNC controls Programmable logic Silicon wafers

and Intel R&D Heidehain iTNC 530 controller Siemens
centers Simatic S7-1500

Medical equipment. In Erlangen is a headquarters of Siemens Healthineers which produce devices for computer tomography,
interventional X-ray systems, radiation therapy, molecular and magnetic resonance imaging, software. Brainlab creates software and
hardware for image-guided surgery. Roche Diagnostics in Penzberg manufactures therapeutic proteins, diagnostic tests, reagents,
analyze system and biopharma products.

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Siemens E.Cam
Duet

Brewery. Bavaria has long tradition of brewery, near a half of all German breweries are located here (645 of 1300). All possible types of
breweries exist: home brewery of hotel or restaurant, belong to big international concern, state-owned, castle or monastery breweries.
The perfect quality of beer is guaranteed by 500-years law ("Reinheitsgebot"), which allow as beer ingredients only water, hops, yeast
and malt of barley, wheat or rye. But difference of roasting, fermentation or mixing allow to produce many different types of beers (not
brand). Vladimir Putin at 2009 tasted beer from Brauerei Aying, Barack Obama at 2015 also tasted Bavarian beer of Karg Brauerei in
Murnau. In Freising situated research center Weihenstephan for brewing and food quality.

Brauerei Aying Murnau am Cold reservoirs Tanks

Staffelsee

Companies

Many large companies are headquartered in Bavaria, including Adidas, Allianz, Airbus, Audi, BMW, Brose, BSH Hausgeräte,
HypoVereinsbank, Infineon, KUKA, Traton, MTU Aero Engines, Munich Re, Osram, Puma, Rohde & Schwarz, Schaeffler, Siemens, Wacker
Chemie, Linde, Vitesco Technologies, Webasto, Grob, Heidenhain, Koenig & Bauer, Kaeser Compressors, Krones, Knorr-Bremse, Wacker
Neuson, Krauss-Maffei Wegmann, Siltronic, Leoni, Fielmann, MediaMarkt, Conrad Electronic, BayWa, ProSiebenSat.1 Media, Telefónica
Germany, Knauf, Rehau, Giesecke+Devrient.

Also American companies open a lot of research and development centers in Munich region: Apple (chip design), Google (data security),
IBM (Watson technology), Intel (drones and telecommunication chips), General Electric (3D-printers and additive manufacturing), Gleason
(gears manufacturing), Texas Instruments (chip design and manufacturing), Coherent (lasers).

Tourism

With 40 million tourists in 2019, Bavaria is the most visited German state and one of Europe's leading
tourist destinations.[45]

Attractions:

Amusement parks: Legoland in Günzburg, Bayern-Park in Reisbach (Vils), Playmobil in Zirndorf, Neuschwanstein Castle is one of the
Skyline Park in Bad Wörishofen and Bavaria Filmstadt in Grünwald
most famous tourist attractions in
Christmas markets in Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Nuremberg and Munich Bavaria. (The Alps are to the left of
Factory-Outlet-Centers: Ingolstadt Village and Wertheim Village the picture frame)
Festivals: Oktoberfest

Unemployment

The unemployment rate stood at 2.6% in October 2018, the lowest in Germany and one of the lowest in the European Union.[46]

Year[47] 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Unemployment
5.5 5.3 6.0 6.9 6.9 7.8 6.8 5.3 4.2 4.8 4.5 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.2 2.9
rate in %

Demographics
Bavaria has a population of approximately 13.1 million inhabitants (2020). 8 of the 80 largest cities in Germany are located within Bavaria
with Munich being the largest (1,484,226 inhabitants, approximately 6.1 million when including the broader metropolitan area), followed by
Nuremberg (518,370 inhabitants, approximately 3.6  million when including the broader metropolitan area), Augsburg (296,582

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inhabitants) and Regensburg (153,094 inhabitants). All other cities in Bavaria had less than 150,000
inhabitants each in 2020. Population density in Bavaria was 186/km2 (480/sq mi), below the national
average of 233/km2 (600/sq  mi). Foreign nationals resident in Bavaria (both immigrants and
refugees/asylum seekers) were principally from other EU countries and Turkey.

Vital statistics

Vital statistics[49]
Comparison period Births Deaths Natural growth
January – November 2016 115,032 116,915 -1,883
January – November 2017 115,690 122,247 -6,557

Culture
Bavaria is one of Germany's least
Some features of the Bavarian culture and mentality are remarkably distinct from the rest of Germany. densely populated states.
Noteworthy differences (especially in rural areas, less significant in the major cities) can be found with
respect to religion, traditions, and language.
Top-ten foreign resident
populations[48]
Religion
Nationality Population
Religion in Bavaria – 2020[50] (31
Bavarian culture (Altbayern) has a long and predominant
Religion Percent
tradition of Roman Catholic faith. Pope emeritus December
Catholics 46.9% 2020)
Benedict XVI (Joseph Alois Ratzinger) was born in
EKD Protestants 17.2%
Marktl am Inn in Upper Bavaria and was Cardinal- 1  Romania 191,410
Muslims 4.0%
Other or none 31.9% Archbishop of Munich and Freising. Otherwise, the
2  Turkey 190,730
culturally Franconian and Swabian regions of the modern
State of Bavaria are historically more diverse in 3  Croatia 126,090
religiosity, with both Catholic and Protestant traditions. In 1925, 70.0% of the Bavarian population was 4  Poland 116,320
Catholic, 28.8% was Protestant, 0.7% was Jewish, and 0.5% was placed in other religious categories.[51]
5  Italy 105,930
As of 2020 46.9% of Bavarians adhered to Catholicism (a decline from 70.4% in 1970).[52][50]
17.2 6  Austria 85,050
percent of the population adheres to the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria, which has also 7  Syria 77,445
declined since 1970.[52][50] Three percent was Orthodox, Muslims make up 4.0% of the population of
Bavaria. 31.9 percent of Bavarians are irreligious or adhere to other religions. 8  Greece 76,875
9  Hungary 75,705
10  Bosnia 60,415
Traditions
and
Bavarians commonly emphasize pride in their traditions. Traditional costumes collectively known as Herzegovina
Tracht are worn on special occasions and include in Altbayern Lederhosen for males and Dirndl for
females. Centuries-old folk music is performed. The Maibaum, or Maypole (which in the Middle Ages
served as the community's business directory, as figures on the pole represented the trades of the
village), and the bagpipes of the Upper Palatinate region bear witness to the ancient Celtic and Germanic
remnants of cultural heritage of the region. There are many traditional Bavarian sports disciplines, e.g.
the Aperschnalzen, competitive whipcracking.

Whether actually in Bavaria, overseas or with citizens from other nations Bavarians continue to cultivate
their traditions. They hold festivals and dances to keep their heritage alive. In New York City the German
American Cultural Society is a larger umbrella group for others which represent a specific part of
Germany, including the Bavarian organizations. They present a German parade called Steuben Parade A Catholic church near Füssen with
each year. Various affiliated events take place amongst its groups, one of which is the Bavarian Dancers. the Alps in the background

Food and drink

Bavarians tend to place a great value on food and drink. In addition to their renowned dishes, Bavarians also consume many items of food
and drink which are unusual elsewhere in Germany; for example Weißwurst ("white sausage") or in some instances a variety of entrails. At
folk festivals and in many beer gardens, beer is traditionally served by the litre (in a Maß). Bavarians are particularly proud of the traditional
Reinheitsgebot, or beer purity law, initially established by the Duke of Bavaria for the City of Munich (i.e. the court) in 1487 and the duchy
in 1516. According to this law, only three ingredients were allowed in beer: water, barley, and hops. In 1906 the Reinheitsgebot made its way
to all-German law, and remained a law in Germany until the EU partly struck it down in 1987 as incompatible with the European common
market.[53] German breweries, however, cling to the principle, and Bavarian breweries still comply with it in order to distinguish their beer
brands.[54] Bavarians are also known as some of the world's most prolific beer drinkers, with an average annual consumption of 170 liters
per person.

Bavaria is also home to the Franconia wine region, which is situated along the river Main in Franconia. The region has produced wine
(Frankenwein) for over 1,000 years and is famous for its use of the Bocksbeutel wine bottle. The production of wine forms an integral part
of the regional culture, and many of its villages and cities hold their own wine festivals (Weinfeste) throughout the year.

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Schweinsbraten Nürnberger
Rostbratwürste

Language and dialects

Three German dialects are most commonly spoken in Bavaria: Austro-

A native Bavarian language
speaker, recorded in Germany.
Bavarian in Old Bavaria (Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria and the Upper
Palatinate), Swabian German (an Alemannic German dialect) in the Bavarian
part of Swabia (south west) and East Franconian German in Franconia
(North). In the small town Ludwigsstadt in the north, district Kronach in
Upper Franconia, Thuringian dialect is spoken. During the 20th century an
increasing part of the population began to speak Standard German
(Hochdeutsch), mainly in the cities.

Ethnography
Upper German and the
Bavarians consider themselves to be egalitarian and informal.[55] Their sociability can be experienced at the southern counterpart to
annual Oktoberfest, the world's largest beer festival, which welcomes around six million visitors every year, or in Central German both
the famous beer gardens. In traditional Bavarian beer gardens, patrons may bring their own food but buy beer only form the High German
from the brewery that runs the beer garden.[56] languages, while the
Austro-Bavarian dialects
In the United States, particularly among German Americans, Bavarian culture is viewed somewhat nostalgically, are in blue
and several "Bavarian villages" have been founded, most notably Frankenmuth, Michigan; Helen, Georgia; and
Leavenworth, Washington. Since 1962, the latter has been styled with a Bavarian theme and is home to an
Oktoberfest celebration it claims is among the most attended in the world outside of Munich.[57]

Sports

Football

Bavaria is home to several football clubs including FC Bayern Munich, 1. FC Nürnberg, FC Augsburg,
TSV 1860 Munich, FC Ingolstadt 04 and SpVgg Greuther Fürth. Bayern Munich is the most successful
football team in Germany having won a record 30 German titles and 6 UEFA Champions League titles.
They are followed by 1. FC Nürnberg who have won 9 titles. SpVgg Greuther Fürth have won 3
championships while TSV 1860 Munich have been champions once. The Allianz Arena, one of the
world's most famous football
stadiums
Basketball

Bavaria is also home to several professional basketball teams, including FC Bayern Munich, Brose Baskets Bamberg, s.Oliver Würzburg,
Nürnberg Falcons BC and TSV Oberhaching Tropics.

Ice hockey

There are five Bavarian ice hockey teams playing in the German top-tier league DEL: EHC Red Bull München, Nürnberg Ice Tigers,
Augsburger Panther, ERC Ingolstadt, and Straubing Tigers.

Notable people
Many famous people have been born or lived in present-day Bavaria:

Kings: Arnulf of Carinthia, Carloman of Bavaria, Charles the Fat, Lothair I, Louis the Child, Louis the German, Louis the Younger,
Ludwig I of Bavaria, Ludwig II of Bavaria, Ludwig III of Bavaria, Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria, Maximilian II of Bavaria, Otto, King of
Bavaria
Religious leaders: Pope Benedict XVI (Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger); Pope Damasus II, Pope Victor II.
Painters: Albrecht Dürer, Albrecht Altdorfer, Carl Spitzweg, Erwin Eisch, Franz von Lenbach, Franz von Stuck, Franz Marc, Gabriele
Münter, Hans Holbein the Elder, Johann Christian Reinhart, Lucas Cranach, Paul Klee.
Classical musicians Orlando di Lasso, Christoph Willibald Gluck, Leopold Mozart, Max Reger, Richard Wagner, Richard Strauss, Carl
Orff, Johann Pachelbel, Theobald Boehm, Klaus Nomi.
Other musicians Hans-Jürgen Buchner, Barbara Dennerlein, Klaus Doldinger, Franzl Lang, Bands: Spider Murphy Gang, Sportfreunde
Stiller, Obscura, Michael Bredl

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Opera singers Jonas Kaufmann, Diana Damrau.
Writers, poets and playwrights Hans Sachs, Jean Paul, Friedrich Rückert, August von Platen-Hallermünde, Frank Wedekind, Christian
Morgenstern, Oskar Maria Graf, Bertolt Brecht, Lion Feuchtwanger, Thomas Mann, Klaus Mann, Golo Mann, Ludwig Thoma, Michael
Ende, Ludwig Aurbacher.
Scientists Albert Einstein, Max Planck, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, Werner Heisenberg, Adam Ries, Joseph von Fraunhofer, Georg
Ohm, Johannes Stark, Carl von Linde, Ludwig Prandtl, Rudolf Mössbauer, Lothar Rohde, Hermann Schwarz, Robert Huber, Martin
Behaim, Levi Strauss, Rudolf Diesel.
Physicians Alois Alzheimer, Max Joseph von Pettenkofer, Sebastian Kneipp.
Politicians Ludwig Erhard, Horst Seehofer, Christian Ude, Kurt Eisner, Franz-Josef Strauß, Roman Herzog, Leonard John Rose, Henry
Kissinger.
Football players Max Morlock, Karl Mai, Franz Beckenbauer, Sepp Maier, Gerd Müller, Paul Breitner, Bernd Schuster, Klaus
Augenthaler, Lothar Matthäus, Philipp Lahm, Bastian Schweinsteiger, Holger Badstuber, Thomas Müller, Mario Götze, Dietmar
Hamann, Stefan Reuter
Other sportspeople Bernhard Langer, Dirk Nowitzki
Actors Michael Herbig, Werner Stocker, Helmut Fischer, Walter Sedlmayr, Gustl Bayrhammer, Ottfried Fischer, Ruth Drexel, Elmar
Wepper, Fritz Wepper, Uschi Glas, Yank Azman.
Entertainers Siegfried Fischbacher
Film directors Helmut Dietl, Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Bernd Eichinger, Joseph Vilsmaier, Hans Steinhoff, Heinz Badewitz and
Werner Herzog.
Designers Peter Schreyer, Damir Doma
Entrepreneurs Charles Diebold, Levi Strauss
Military Claus von Stauffenberg
Nazis: Sepp Dietrich, Karl Fiehler, Karl Gebhardt, Hermann Göring, Heinrich Himmler, Alfred Jodl, Josef Kollmer, Joseph Mengele,
Ernst Röhm, Franz Ritter von Epp, Julius Streicher
Others: Kaspar Hauser, The Smith of Kochel, Mathias Kneißl, Matthias Klostermayr, Anneliese Michel

See also
Outline of Germany
Former countries in Europe after 1815
List of Bavaria-related topics
List of Premiers of Bavaria
List of rulers of Bavaria

Notes

References
1. "Bevölkerung: Gemeinden, Geschlecht, Quartale, Jahr" (https://w
ww.statistik.bayern.de/mam/produkte/veroffentlichungen/statistis
che_berichte/a1200c_201944.xla). Bayerisches Landesamt für
Statistik und Datenverarbeitung (in German). August 2020.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201218113317/https://w
ww.statistik.bayern.de/mam/produkte/veroffentlichungen/statistis
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December 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
2. "GDP NRW official statistics" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200
625204722/https://www.statistik-bw.de/VGRdL/tbls/tab.jsp).
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s/tab.jsp) on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
3. "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab" (https://hd
i.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/). hdi.globaldatalab.org.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://h
di.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/) from the original on 23
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17/18
5/27/22, 7:11 PM Bavaria - Wikipedia

External links
Official government website (http://www.bayern.de)
Official website of Bayern Tourismus Marketing GmbH (http://www.bavaria.by)
Bavarian Studies in History and Culture (https://www.bavarian-studies.org)
Außenwirtschaftsportal Bayern (https://international.bihk.de)
Statistics (http://www.statistik.bayern.de/veroeffentlichungen/)
Geographic data related to Bavaria (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/62549) at OpenStreetMap

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