BAJAJ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

WARDHA-442001(INDIA)

2021-2022

Project Report On
1
 Load Control System Using GSM Module
Project Report Submitted To
Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Maharashtra in partial
fulfilment to the requirements for the award of the degree

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
By
1.Mahevish H. Sheikh (1946491293015)
2.Falguni V. Pahune (1946491293018)
3.Kiran R. Shelke (1946491293019)
4.Nandini S. Kumbhare (40464920181129310028)

Under The Guidance Of

Dr. L. N. Rao

Department Of Electrical Engineering

BAJAJ INSTITUTE OF TECHONOLOGY ,
WARDHA-442001(INDIA)
2021-2022

BAJAJ INSTITUTE OF TECHONOLOGY, WARDHA

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 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project report titled

LOAD CONTROL SYSTEM USING GSM MODUL
has been successfully completed
By
1.Mahevish H. Sheikh (1946491293015)
2.Falguni V. Pahune (1946491293018)
3.Kiran R. Shelke (1946491293019)
4.Nandini S. Kumbhare (40464920181129310028)
in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree in Bachelor
of Technology, Electrical Engineering
SUPERVISOR
Dr. L. N. Rao
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT PRINCIPAL
Dr. H.S.Dalvi Dr. Narendra Kanhe

Department of Electrical engineering Bajaj Institute Of Technology, Wardha

Bajaj Institute Of Technology, Wardha

DECLARATION

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I hereby declare that the project report titled “ Load Control System Using
GSM Module” submitted by me to Bajaj Institute Of Technology, Wardha in
partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree of B.Tech in
Electrical Engineering discipline is a record of bona fide project work carried
out by me under the guidance of Prof. Dr L N Rao.
I, further declare that the work reported in this project report has not been
submitted either in-part or in-full for the award of any other degree in any other
Institute or University .

Date : / /2022
Place : Wardha

SR. NAME OF STUDENT PRN NUMBER SIGNATURE

NO

1 MAHEVISH SHEIKH 1946491293015

2 FALGUNI PAHUNE 1946491293018

3 KIRAN SHELKE 1946491293019

4 NANDINI KUMBHARE 40464920181129310028

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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 We would like to express our gratitude towards all the people who have
contributed their precious time and effort to help us in completing this project.
We are thankful to project supervisor for his guidance, support, motivation and
encouragement throughout the period this work was carried out. His readiness
for consultation at all times, his concern and assistance have been valuable and
for this we are thankful to Prof. Dr L N Rao.
We are grateful to our Head of the Department for his valuable guidance
during presentation and providing the necessary facilities in the department and
we are thankful to Head Of Department Dr H S Dalvi of Electrical Engineering.
We are also grateful to principal for he gave us an excellent faculty with
the help of them we completed the project and we are thankful to the Principal
Dr N Kanhe Bajaj Institute of Technology, Wardha.
Last but not least we are thankful to all faculty members and all those
who have directly or indirectly helped to complete the work.
Date : / /2022
Place :Wardha

Sr No Name PRN No Signature

1 M H Sheikh 1946491293015
2 F V Pahune 1946491293018
3 K R Shelke 1946491293019
4 N S Kumbhare 40464920181129310028

ABSTRACT

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Electrical appliances power consumption tends to grow in proportion to the
increase in the number of large-sized electric home appliances. The latest
technological advances, automation and wireless control of devices has
becoming more popular. These project describes the technology associated with
the Remote Control of Electrical Loads Using GSM Module. Using GSM
networks, a control system has been projected that will act as an embedded
system which can control appliances and other devices locally using built-in
input and output peripherals. Also the system allow the user to effectively
control house or office appliances and equipment via the mobile phone set by
sending commands in the form of SMS messages and receiving the appliances
status. The main conception behind this project is receiving a coded SMS to
trigger or switch home electrical appliances through communication between
GSM module and a microcontroller switching circuit.

TABLE OF CONTENT

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CHA TITLE PAGE NO
PTER

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENTS
1.2 OBJECTIVES
1.3 NEED OR NECESSITY
1.4 METHODOLOGY
2 STUDY REPORT
2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM
2.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
2.3 CIRCUIT EXPLANATION
2.4 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT
2.5 EXPERIMENTAL MODDEL
2.6 SYSTEM COMPONENT
2.6.1 AC ADAPTER
2.6.2 GSM SIM 900 MODULE
2.6.3 WOODEN BOARD
2.6.4 RELAY
2.6.5 CAPACITOR
2.6.6 VOLTAGE REGULATOR IC-7805
2.6.7 TRANSISTOR
2.6.8 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
2.6.9 RESISTOR
2.6.10 DIODE
2.6.11 AT MEGA 328 MICROCONTROLLER
2.6.12 BULB
2.6.13 PCB
2.6.14 LCD
2.7 SOFTWARE CODING
2.8 ADVANTAGES
2.9 DISADVANTAGES
2.10 APPLICATION
3 RESULT & DISCUSSION
3.1 RESULT & DISCUSSION
4 CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE
4.1 CONCLUSION
4.2 REFERENCE

ABBREVIATIONS

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GSM : Global System for Mobile Communication
SMS : Short Message Service
LCD : Liquid Crystal Display
PCB : Printed Circuit Board
DC : Direct Current
AC : Alternating Current
IC : Integrated Circuit
BJT : Bipolar Junction Transistor

LIST OF SYMBOLS

C : Capacitor
V: Voltage
R : Resistor
D : Diode
Q : Transistor
BR : Bridge Rectifier

CHAPTER ONE

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 INTRODUCTION
Electrical appliances power consumption tends to grow in proportion to
the increase in the number of large-sized electric home appliances.
Remote Control of Electrical Loads Using GSM Module” implements the
emerging applications of the GSM technology.
Using GSM networks, a control system has been proposed that will act
as an embedded system which can control appliances and other devices
locally using built-in input and output peripherals. Remotely, the system
allows the user to effectively control the house/office appliances and
equipment via the mobile phone set by sending commands in the form of
SMS messages and receiving the appliances status.
The main concept behind the project is receiving the sent SMS and
processing it further as required to perform several operations. The type
of the operation to be performed depends on the nature of the SMS sent.
The principle in which the project is based is fairly simple. First, the sent
SMS is stored and polled from the receiver mobile station and then the
required control signal is generated and sent to the intermediate hardware
that we have designed according to the command received in form of the
sent message. The messages are sent from the mobile set that contain
commands in written form which are then processed accordingly to
perform the required task. A microcontroller based system has been
proposed for our project.
There are several terminologies that are used extensively throughout this
project report. GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications): It is a
cellular communication standard. SMS (Short Message Service), It is a
service available on most digital mobile phones that permit the sending of
short messages (also known as text messaging service). To implement
home power management, networked electric home/office appliances
with control capabilities and home networks without new wiring are
indispensable. Together with the construction of access networks, several
standards for wired home networks have been proposed and developed.
The static function discovers electric home appliances in a network,
assign an ID or command to each appliance, and generates an entry for
controlling the interface from the home network.
1.1PROBLEM STATEMENTS
This project is solution on the problem which can faced by electrician in daily
life . Before this they have to visit physically in that area where fault is occur or
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supply cut off , but with the help of this technology they get information about
system problem easily and after that they can resolve the problem in minimum
time smartly and safely.

1.2 OBJECTIVE
This project is aimed constructing a control system that enables the complete
control of the interface on which it is based.
Continuous process of home appliances control system without any supervisor.
Design the circuit using combination GSM module and circuit control system.

1.3 NEED OR NECESSITY

This project will cover the development of home appliances control system.
This project will be focused on control system and messaging system. The
control system used the system control signal. Then the signal will trigger to
system microcontroller, where the SIM will send out a command to the
microcontroller. The SIM in the module will give a respond to the
microcontroller command by sending an SMS ‘ON’ to the switches through the
programmed command.

1.4 METHODOLOGY

The control system will include two separate units: the cellular phone, and the
control unit. There will therefore be two operating environments. The cellular
phone will operate indoors and outdoors whereas the control unit will operate
indoors within the temperature and humidity limits for proper operation of the
hardware. Assuming that the control unit is powered and operating properly, the
process of controlling a device connected to the interface will proceed through
the following steps;
a. The remote user sends text messages including commands to the receiver.
b. GSM receiver receives messages sent from the user cell phone.
c. GSM receiver decodes the sent message and sends the commands to the
microcontroller.
d. Microcontroller issues commands to the appliances and the devices
connected will switch ON / OFF.

CHAPTER TWO
STUDY REPORT
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2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

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2.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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 2.3 CIRCUIT EXPLANATION.

This circuit consists of AC adapter, Relay, GSM module, Relay,

Micro-controller, LCD display, Voltage regulator IC 7805, Load circuit (Blub)
and wood board as shown in fig. Let us see how it operates. The required DC
power supply for microcontroller and other peripherals is supplied by the DC
power supply. In power supply unit i.e., adapter we got 12V DC power at
output. This output is filter by capacitor and fed to the voltage regulator IC 7805
which gives only 5V DC and again filter by capacitor to remove its impurities
and then fed to circuit. After this system will initialize by microcontroller then
send message to GSM module through cell phone. GSM module received the
command and transfer the command to microcontroller. Microcontroller
received the command and send to relay to operate. Relay will perform on the
instruction which is given by microcontroller and operate the load according to
command. LCD (16*2) display show the status of load which is ON /OFF. After
this we got feedback message on our cell phone about status of the load.

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 2.4 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

Proteus professional is powerful and easy to use with many features such as it
will support you to design, test, and plans expert PCB. In addition, this program
has approximately 800 microcontroller modification that support complete
simulation conventional from the representation and also it has one of the best
spontaneous professional PCB layout packages on the marketplace. Proteus 8.9
SP0 is an outstanding shape- based auto -router involved as standard, Proteus
design suite 8 brings the comprehensive software suite for these days and also
for professionl engineer. The powerful program refreshes the input and output
ports, interrupts, times and USARTs, and various other peripherals shown on
the supported processor. Moreover, the program is designed for windows users
to create difficult circuit boards. Proteus 8.9 support VSM simulation and also it
has a new flowchart apparatus that will offer a really integrated and instinctive
development environment. It offers you easy but cooperative simulation and
customization tools apparatus that allow creators to view and edit the chattle of
each component on the panel. It has a PCB design which I a powerful software
that is specially developed to support the designer figure and also you can
authenticate very easily all of the circuit boards which you use in your project.

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2.5 EXPEIMENTAL MODEL

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2.6 SYSTEM COMPONENTS

2.6.1 AC ADAPTER

An AC adapter is a type of external power supply, often enclosed in a case

similar to an AC plug. AC adapter convert a higher voltage alternating current to
a lower voltage direct current for use with device that require a relatively
constant voltage. AC adapter are used with electrical devices that require power
but do not contain internal components to derive the require voltage and power
from mains power. It is also known as AC – DC Converter. An AC adapter is an
external power supply used with devices that run on batteries or have no other
power source. AC adapters help reduce the size of a laptop computer by
alleviating the need for a standard sized power supply. As shown in the image,
an AC adapter is made up of a central unit which draws power from an AC
outlet. It then converts the power to DC that's used by the computer, and a
second cord that plugs into the computer. Each AC adapter has a specific power
rating, measured in volts or watts that it can handle.

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2.6.2 GSM SIM 900 MODULE

SIM900A GSM Module is the smallest and cheapest module for GPRS/GSM
communication. It is common with Arduino and microcontroller in most
of embedded application. The module offers GPRS/GSM technology for
communication with the uses of a mobile sim. It uses a 900 and 1800MHz
frequency band and allows users to receive/send mobile calls and SMS. The
keypad and display interface allows the developers to make the customize
application with it. Furthermore, it also has modes, command mode and data
mode. In every country the GPRS/GSM and different protocols/frequencies to
operate. Command mode helps the developers to change the default setting
according to their requirements.

SIM900A Pin Configuration

The Module SIM900A looks like a single chip but it has a bunch of
features that can help to build almost many commercial applications. Although,
there are a total of 68 pins on SIM900A and using these pins helps to build the
applications. But we will need few pins if you we use a module for interfacing
with Arduino. We lists details of pinout diagram in next section.

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The GPIO pins help to perform the simple and advance I/O function. All pins
give the maximum output equal to the power supply which is useable to control
most of the devices like sensors and other modules. All GPIO pins in SIM900A
are:
GPIO1 – Pin40 GPIO2 – Pin41

GPIO3 – Pin42 GPIO4 – Pin43

GPIO5 – Pin44 GPIO6 – Pin47

GPIO7 – Pin48 GPIO9 – Pin50

GPIO10 – Pin51 GPIO11 – Pin67

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Status Pins
The module has two status pins which help to indicate two different kinds of
status. The first one is the working status of the module and the second for
communication status. Net status means either the module is connecting to the
network or other network functions, etc. Both these pins can’t operate LED
directly. They always act with a combination of a transistor.
STATUS – Pin52
NIGHTLIGHT – Pin66
SIM900A Display Interface Pins
The device offers a 4 pin display interface with itself. The display isn’t
necessary, it is only in case of requirement. The use of interface helps to get the
visualization with the module and make it an application. All display pins are:
DISP_DATA – Pin12 – For Display Data
DISP_CLK – Pin11 – For Clock Input
DISP_CS – Pin14 – To enable the display
DISP_D/C – Pin13 – To select between data and command
I2C Pins
SIM900A has multiple kinds of communication and I2C is one of them due to is
popularity. The module has a single I2C protocol pin, which helps to build the
application with any module with that communication.
SCL – Pin38
SDA – Pin37
SDA for data and SCL for clock pulse.

SIM900A GSM Module Keypad interface Pins

The two-pin keypad is interfaceable with the module. The module will take the
keypad data as a 2D matrix value from the KCB pins for each value. The
keypad interface pins in the module are:
KBR0~KBR4 (ROWS) – Pin40~Pin44
KBC0~KBC4 (COLUMN) – Pin47~Pin51

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2.6.3 WOODEN BOARD

Wooden board is a flat, thin, rectangular piece of wood which is used for in
these project for mounted all the components on it.

2.6.4 RELAY

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to

mechanically operate a switch , but other operating principles are also used ,
such as solid-state relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a
circuit by a separate low -power signal, or where several circuits must be
controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph
circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the signal coming in from one circuit and
re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone

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exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations. A type of relay
that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric motor or
other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with
no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching.
Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple
operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in
modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital
instruments still called “protective relays”. Magnetic latching relays require one
pulse of coil power to move their contacts in one direction, and another ,
redirected pulse to move them back. Repeated pulses from the same input have
no effect. Magnetic latching relays are useful in application where interrupted
power should not be able to transition the contacts. Magnetic latching relay can
have either single or dual coils. On a single coil device, the relay will operate in
one direction when power is applied with one polarity, and will reset when the
polarity is reversed. On a dual coil device, when polarized voltage is applied to
the reset coil the contacts will transition. Ac controlled magnetic latch relays
have single coils that employ steering diodes to differentiate between operate
and reset commands. It was used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating
the signal coming in form one circuit and re-transmitting it to another.
Relays are used wherever it is necessary to control a high power or high voltage
circuit with a low power circuit, especially when galvanic isolation is desirable.
The first application of relays was in long telegraph lines, where the weak signal
received at an intermediate station could control a contact, regenerating the
signal for further transmission. High-voltage or high-current devices can be
controlled with small, low voltage wiring and pilots switches. Operators can be
isolated from the high voltage circuit. Low power devices such as
microprocessors can drive relays to control electrical loads beyond their direct
drive capability. In an automobile, a starter relay allows the high current of the
cranking motor to be controlled with small wiring and contacts in the ignition
key. Electromechanical switching systems including Strowger and Crossbar
telephone exchanges made extensive use of relays in ancillary control circuits.
The relay automatic telephone company also manufactured telephone exchanges
based solely on relay switching techniques designed by Gotthilf Ansgarius
Betulander. The first public relay based telephone exchange in the UK was
installed in Fleetwood on 15 July 1922 and remained in service until 1959. The
use of relay for the logical control of complex switching systems like telephone
exchanges was studied by Claude Shannon, who formalized the application of
Boolean algebra to relay circuit design in a symbolic analysis of relay and
switching circuits. Relay can perform the basic operations of Boolean

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combination logic. For example, the Boolean AND function is realised by
connecting normally open relay contacts in series, the OR function by
connecting normally open contacts in parallel. Inversion of a logical input can
be done with a normally closed contact. Relay were used for control of
automated system for machine tools and production lines. The ladder
programming language is often used for designing relay logic networks. Early
electro-mechanical computers such as the ARRA, Harvard Mark H, Z use Z2,
and Z use Z3 used relays for logic and working registers. However electronic
devices proved faster and easier to use. Because relays are much more resistant.

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2.6.5 CAPACITOR

A capacitor is a passive two terminal electronic component that stores electrical

energy in an electric field. The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance.
While some capacitance exists between any two electrical conductors in
proximity in a circuit, a capacitor was originally known as a condenser. The
original name is still widely used in many languages, but not commonly in
English . the physical form and construction of practical capacitor vary widely
and many capacitor types are in common use. Most capacitors contain at least
two electrical conductors often in the form of metallic plates or surface
separated by a dielectric medium. A conductor may be a foil, thin film, sintered
bead of metal, or an electrolyte. The nonconducting dielectric acts to increase
the capacitors charge capacity. Materials commonly used as dielectrics includes
glass, ceramic, plastic film, paper, mica, air and oxide layers. Capacitors are
widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices.
Unlike a resistor , an ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy. When two
conductors experience a potential difference, for example, when a capacitor is
attached across a battery, an electric field develops across the dielectric, causing
a net positive charge to collect on one plate and net negative charge to collect
on the other plate. No current actually flows through the dielectric. However,
there is a flow of charge through the source circuit. If the condition is
maintained sufficiently long, the current through the source circuit ceases. If a
time varying voltage is applied across the leads of the capacitor, the source
experience an ongoing current due to the charging and discharging cycles of the
capacitor. Capacitance is defined as the ratio of the electric charge on each
conductor to the potential difference between them. The unit of capacitance in

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the international system of units (SI) id the farad (F), defined as one coulomb
per unit(1 C/V). Capacitance values of typical capacitors for use in general
electronics range from about 1picofarad(pF) (10-12F) to about 1milifarad(mF)
(10-3 F). The capacitance of a capacitor is proportional to thee surface area of
the plates and inversely related to the gap between them. In practice, the
dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current. It has an
electric field strength limit, known as the breakdown voltage. The conductors
and leads introduce an undesired inductance and resistance. Capacitance are
widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing
alternating current to pass. In analog filter networks, they smooth the output of
power supplies. In resonant circuits they tune radios to particular frequencies.
In electric power transmission system, they stabilize voltage and power flow.
The property of energy storage in capacitor was exploited as dynamic memory
in early digital computers.

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2.6.6 VOLTAGE REGULATOR IC-7805

When there are fluctuations in the circuit, then the fixed output cannot be given
by all voltage sources. To deal with this, a system is designed to maintain a
constant voltage level automatically is Voltage Regulator. These voltage
regulators are used in computer power supplies for stabilizing the DC voltages.
Coming to power station generation plants and automobile alternators, the
output is controlled by these voltage regulators. The regulation of one or more
AC or DC voltages is done depending on the design of the voltage regulator.
This article discusses the IC 7805 Voltage Regulator and its working. Voltage
regulator like IC7805 belongs to the 78xx series ICs. In the 78xx series, xx
represents the fixed output voltage value and 7805 is a fixed linear voltage
regulator. Batteries provide a voltage of 1.2V, 3.7V, 9V, and 12V. This voltage
is good for the circuits which voltage requirements are in that range. The
regulated power supply in this regulator is +5V DC. The 7805 voltage regulator
is a three-terminal voltage regulator IC. In various applications, a 7805 voltage
regulator with a fixed output
voltage is used. The availability of this is through various packages like SOT-
223, TO-263, TO-220, and TO-3. Among this, TO-220 is the most used one.
There are many important features in the 7805 IC. Minimum external
components are enough for functioning1.5 A of current can be delivered in this
7805 IC.It has internal current limiting features. It also consists of thermal
shutdown features.

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Pin Diagram
Here is the pin diagram of 7805 voltage regulator IC and its description are
discussed below.

Pin1: Input
This is an input pin and the voltage range should be between 7V to 35V. an
unregulated voltage is applied to this input pin for regulation. The pin will
receive its maximum efficiency at 7.2V input

Pin2: Ground
Pin2 is the ground pin, it means the ground is connected to this pin. Input and
output are common to it.

Pin3: Output
Pin3 is the output pin, where the regulated output is taken by this pin. It is about
5V(4.8V to 5.2V)Here Energy is exhausted in the form of heat In IC 7805
voltage regulator. The heat released is the input and output voltage difference. If
the difference is less in between input voltage and output voltage, the heat
generation will be low and if the difference between the input and output
voltages are high, the more heat is generated. due to this heat malfunction
occurs even without a heat sink.

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2.6.7. TRANSISTOR

A transistor (BC547) is a type of a semiconductor device that can be used to

both conduct and insulate electric current or voltage. A transistor basically acts
as a switch and an amplifier. In simple words, we can say that a transistor is a
miniature device that is used to control or regulate the flow of electronic signals.
Transistors are one of the key components in most of the electronic devices that
are present today. Developed in the year 1947 by three American physicists
John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley, the transistor is
considered as one of the most important inventions in the history of science. A
typical transistor is composed of three layers of semiconductor materials or
more specifically terminals which helps to make a connection to an external
circuit and carry the current. A voltage or current that is applied to any one pair
of the terminals of a transistor controls the current through the other pair of
terminals. There are three terminals for a transistor.

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 Base: This is used to activate the transistor.
Collector: It is the positive lead of the transistor.
Emitter: It is the negative lead of the transistor.
Let us look at the working of transistors. We know that BJT consists of three
terminals (Emitter, Base and Collector). It is a current-driven device where two
P-N junctions exist within a BJT. One P-N junction exists between emitter and
base region and the second junction exists between the collector and base
region. A very small amount of current flow through emitter to the base can
control a reasonably large amount of current flow through the device from
emitter to collector. In usual operation of BJT, the base-emitter junction
is forward biased and the base-collector junction is reverse biased. When a
current flows through the base-emitter junction, a current will flow in the
collector circuit. In order to explain the working of the transistor, let us take an
example of an NPN transistor. The same principles are used for PNP transistor
except that the current carriers are holes and the voltages are reversed.

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2.6.8 CRYSTAL OSICALLATOR

A crystal oscillator (16 MHz) is an electronic oscillator that makes use of

crystal as a frequency selective element to obtain an inverse piezoelectric effect.
It makes use of the mechanical resonance of the vibrating crystal, which has
piezoelectric properties, in order to obtain an electric signal with a high-
precision frequency. Crystal oscillators are considered superior to ceramic
resonators as they have higher stability, higher quality, lower cost and are
smaller in size. Crystal oscillators are a prime example of fixed-frequency
oscillators where accuracy and stability are the most important considerations.
They usually use the same circuits as other types of oscillators, with the
difference being the crystal replacing the tuned circuit. In crystal oscillators, the
crystal vibrates as a resonator and the resulting frequency determines the
oscillation frequency. In other words, the crystal acts like a circuit having an
inductor, resistor and capacitor with precise resonant frequency. In some cases,
in order to have better thermal stability for the crystal oscillator, temperature
compensation is applied.
There are many benefits in using crystal oscillators in digital applications.
Crystals can be manufactured to have a wide range of specific frequencies.
Compared to tuned circuits, crystals have a high Q-factor, better temperature
stability and much better frequency stability than RC oscillators or LC
oscillators. Crystals used in crystal oscillators exhibit only very low phase noise.
Crystal oscillators are used mainly in digital integrated circuits for providing a
stable clock signal and in specific applications which require high-frequency
reference. Oscillators provide the basic timing and control for a microcontroller
and its peripherals. Commonly used oscillators are of crystal because of its well
known stability and durability. It produces stable output for prolonged time.

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2.6.9.RESISTOR

The device which allows us to introduce a controlled amount of resistance into

an electrical circuit is known as a resistor. The most important and commonly
used components in an electronic circuit are the resistors . The basic idea is
known to all about how electricity flows through an electronic circuit. Here, two
categories can be identified viz : – conductors and insulators. Insulators do not
allow the flow of electrons, but the conductor does. However, the resistor
determines the amount of electricity that is allowed to pass through them. The
total voltage passes through when it is passed through a conductor like the
metal; by introducing the resistors, the amount of voltage and current can be
controlled. The ease at which the electrons will allow the electricity to flow
through it is known as resistance . An insulator has better resistance than the
conductor, and the term resistance is defined as the electrical quantity used by
the resistor to control the flow of electrons. Based on Ohm's law named after
German Physicist Georg Simon Ohm, the resistance is defined As per the Ohm's
Law, the voltage V across a resistor is directly proportional to the current III
flowing through it. Here, the resistance R is constantly proportional . Therefore,
V = I *R. The SI-unit of resistance is known as Ohm (Ω), Kilo ohms (KΩ),
mega ohms (MΩ), milliohm and so on are known as the higher multiple and
sub-multiple values of Ohm. The resistor is a 2 terminal passive device. Water
flowing through the pipe can be used as an example to explain the working of
the resistor. Consider a pipe through which the water flows. Now, as the
diameter of the pipe is reduced, the flow of the water will be reduced. Further,
as the pressure is increased, the force of the water is increased, and energy is
dispersed as heat. With this example, the force applied to the water is similar to
the current flowing through the resistance. The voltage can resemble the
pressure applied.

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2.6.10. DIODE

Diode (IN4007) is an electrical component that allows the flow of current in

only one direction. In circuit diagrams, a diode is represented by a triangle with
a line across one vertex. The most common type of diode uses a p-n junction. In
this type of diode, one material (n) in which electrons are charge carriers abuts a
second material (p) which holes (places depleted of electrons that act as
positively charged particles) act as charge carriers. At their interface, a
depletion region is formed across which electrons diffuse to fill holes in the p-
side. This stops the further flow of electrons. When this junction is
forward biased (that is, a positive voltage is applied to the p-side), electrons can
easily move across the junction to fill the holes, and a current flows through the
diode. When the junction is reverse biased (that is, a negative voltage is applied
to the p-side), the depletion region widens and electrons cannot easily move
across. The current remains very small until a certain voltage (the breakdown
voltage) is reached and the current suddenly increases. Light-emitting diodes
(LEDs ) are p-n junctions that emit light when a current flows through them.
Several p-n junction diodes can

be connected in series to make a rectifier  (an electrical component that

converts alternating current  to direct current). Zener diodes have a well-
defined breakdown voltage, so that current flows in the reverse direction at that
voltage and a constant voltage can be maintained despite fluctuations in voltage

31
or current. In varactor diodes, varying the bias voltage causes a variation in the
diode’s capacitance; these diodes have many applications for signal
transmission and are used throughout the radio and television industries. Early
diodes were vacuum tubes, an evacuated glass or metal electron tube containing
two electrodes a negatively charged cathode and a positively charged anode.
These were used as rectifiers and as detectors in electronic circuits such as radio
and television receivers. When a positive voltage is applied to the anode (or
plate), electrons emitted from the heated cathode flow to the plate and return to
the cathode through an external power supply. If a negative voltage is applied to
the plate, electrons cannot escape from the cathode, and no plate current flows.
Thus, a diode permits electrons to flow from cathode to plate but not from plate
to cathode. If an alternating voltage is applied to the plate, current flows only
during the time when the plate is positive. The alternating voltage is said to be
rectified, or converted to direct current.

32
2.6.11. AT MEGA 328 MICROCONTROLLER

AT mega 328p is a high performances yet low power consumption 8-bit AVR
microcontroller that’s able to achieve the most single clock cycle execution of
131 powerful instructions thanks to its advanced RISC architecture. It can
commonly be found as a processor in Arduino boards such as Arduino fio and
Arduino Uno. AT mega 328 means.. 32kB of ISP flash and 8 bit controller in
the microcontroller chip ,i.e., the input output processing is done on 8 bits. The
Arduino Uno uses the Atmel Manufacturer Company’s AT mega manufacturer
companies AT mega 328p model microcontroller chip. For interest sake the 32
stand for the max program size it can store (32K), the 8 for the processing speed
(8 bits) and the p for pico-power (very low power). The AT mega 328p is
equipped with two 8-bit timer/counters and one 16-bit counter. The term “8-bit”
generally refers to the bit-width of the CPU. Thus an 8-bit microcontroller is
one which contains an 8-bit CPU. This means that an internal operation are
done on 8-bit numbers, that stored variable are in 8-bit blocks , and external I/O
(inputs/outputs) is accessed via 8 bit busses.

33
ATMega328 Pinout Configuration
ATMEGA328P is a 28 pin chip as shown in pin diagram above. Many pins of
the chip here have more than one function. We will describe functions of each
pin in below table.

Pin Pin name Description Secondary Function

No.

1 PC6 (RESET) Pin6 of  PORTC Pin by default is used as RESET

pin. PC6 can only be used as I/O
pin when RSTDISBL Fuse is
programmed.

2 PD0 (RXD) Pin0  of  PORTD RXD (Data Input Pin for
USART)
USART Serial Communication
Interface
[Can be used for programming]

3 PD1 (TXD) Pin1 of  PORTD TXD (Data Output Pin for
USART)
USART Serial Communication
Interface

34
 [Can be used for programming]

INT2( External Interrupt 2 Input)

4 PD2 (INT0) Pin2  of  PORTD External Interrupt source 0

5 PD3 Pin3  of  PORTD External Interrupt source1

(INT1/OC2B)

OC2B(PWM - Timer/Counter2
Output Compare Match B
Output)

6 PD4 (XCK/T0) Pin4  of  PORTD T0( Timer0 External Counter

Input)
XCK ( USART External Clock
I/O)

7 VCC Connected to positive voltage

8 GND Connected to ground

9 PB6 Pin6  of  PORTB XTAL1 (Chip Clock Oscillator

(XTAL1/TOSC1) pin 1 or External clock input)
TOSC1 (Timer Oscillator pin 1)

10 PB7 Pin7  of  PORTB XTAL2 (Chip Clock Oscillator

(XTAL2/TOSC2) pin 2)
TOSC2 (Timer Oscillator pin 2)

11 PD5 Pin5 of  PORTD T1(Timer1 External Counter

(T1/OC0B) Input)

35
 OC0B(PWM - Timer/Counter0
Output Compare Match B
Output)

12 PD6 Pin6  of  PORTD AIN0(Analog Comparator

(AIN0/OC0A) Positive I/P)

OC0A(PWM - Timer/Counter0
Output Compare Match A
Output)

13 PD7 (AIN1) Pin7  of  PORTD AIN1(Analog Comparator

Negative I/P)

14 PB0 Pin0  of  PORTB ICP1(Timer/Counter1 Input

(ICP1/CLKO) Capture Pin)

CLKO (Divided System Clock.

The divided system clock can be
output on the PB0 pin)

15 PB1 (OC1A) Pin1  of  PORTB OC1A (Timer/Counter1 Output

Compare Match A Output)

16 PB2 (SS/OC1B) Pin2  of  PORTB SS (SPI Slave Select Input).  This
pin is low when controller acts as
slave.
[Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
for programming]

OC1B (Timer/Counter1 Output

Compare Match B Output)

36
17 PB3 Pin3  of  PORTB MOSI (Master Output Slave
(MOSI/OC2A) Input). When controller acts as
slave, the data is received by this
pin. [Serial Peripheral Interface
(SPI) for programming]
OC2 (Timer/Counter2 Output
Compare Match Output)

18 PB4 (MISO) Pin4  of  PORTB MISO (Master Input Slave

Output). When controller acts as
slave, the data is sent to master
by this controller through this
pin.

[Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)

for programming]

19 PB5 (SCK) Pin5  of  PORTB SCK (SPI Bus Serial Clock).
This is the clock shared between
this controller and other system
for accurate data transfer.
[Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
for programming]

20 AVCC Power for Internal ADC

Converter

21 AREF Analog Reference Pin for ADC

22 GND GROUND

23 PC0 (ADC0) Pin0  of  PORTC  ADC0 (ADC Input Channel 0)

24 PC1 (ADC1) Pin1  of  PORTC ADC1 (ADC Input Channel 1)

37
25 PC2 (ADC2) Pin2  of  PORTC  ADC2 (ADC Input Channel 2)

26 PC3 (ADC3) Pin3  of  PORTC  ADC3 (ADC Input Channel 3)

27 PC4 Pin4  of  PORTC ADC4 (ADC Input Channel 4)

(ADC4/SDA) SDA (Two-wire Serial Bus Data
Input/output Line)

28 PC5 Pin5  of  PORTC ADC5 (ADC Input Channel 5)

(ADC5/SCL) SCL (Two-wire Serial Bus Clock
Line)

38
2.6.12 BULB

An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light

globe is an electric light with a wire filament heated to such a high
temperature that it glows with visible light. The filament is protected
from oxidation with a glass or fused quartz bulb that is filled with
inert gas or a vacuum. In a halogen lamp, filament evaporation is
slowed by a chemical process that redeposits metal vapor onto the
filament , thereby extending its life. The light bulb is supplied with
electric current by feed-through terminals or wires embedded in the
glass. Most bulbs are used in a socket which provides mechanical
support and electrical connections. Incandescent bulbs are
manufactured in a wide range of sizes, light output and voltage
ratings, from 1.5volts to about 300votls. They require no external
regulating equipment , have low manufacturing costs, work equally
well on either alternating current or direct current. As a result, the
39
incandescent bulb is widely used in household and commercial
lighting, for portable lighting such as table lamps, car headlamps and
flashlight for decorative and advertising lighting. Incandescent bulbs
are much less efficient than other types of electric lighting;
incandescent bulbs convert less than 5% of the energy they use into
visible light with standard light bulbs averaging about 2.2%. the
remaining energy is converted into heat. The luminous efficacy of a
typical incandescent bulb for 120V operation is 16 lumens per watt,
compared with 60lm/w for compact fluorescent bulb or 150lm/w for
some white LED lamps. Some application of the incandescent bulb
(such as heat lamps) deliberately use the heat generated by the
filament. Such applications include incubators, brooding boxes for
poultry, heat lights for reptile tanks, infrared heating for industrial
heating and drying processes, lava lamps, Easy-Bake Oven toy.
Incandescent bulbs typically have short lifetime compared with other
types of lighting; around 1000 hours for home light bulbs versus
typically 10,000 hours for compact fluorescents and 30,000 hours for
lighting LEDs. Incandescent bulbs have been replaced in many
applications by other types of electric light, such as fluorescent lamp,
compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), cold cathode fluorescent lamp
(CCFL), high0intensity discharge lamps, light-emitting diode
lamp(LED). Some jurisdiction such as the European Union, China,
Canada and United States are in the process of phasing out the use if
incandescent light bulb while others, including Colombia, Mexico,
Cuba, Argentina and Brazil.

40
2.6.13 PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD (PCB)

A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects

electronic components or electrical components using conductive tracks, pads
and other features etched from one or more sheet layers off copper laminated
onto or between sheet layers of a non-conductive substrate. Components are
generally soldered onto the PCB to both electrically connect and mechanically
fasten them to it. PCB are used in all but the simplest electronic product. They
are also used in some electrical products, such as passive switch boxes.
Alternative to PCB include wire wrap and point-to-point construction, both
once popular but now rarely used. PCB require additional design effort to lay
out the circuit, but manufacturing and assembly can be automated. Specialized
CAD software is available to do much of the work of layout. Mass-producing
circuits with PCB is cheaper and faster than with other wiring methods, as
components are mounted and wired in one operation. Large number of PCB can
be fabricated at the same time, and the layout only has to be done once. PCB

41
can also be made manually in small quantities, with reduced benefits. PCB can
be single-sided(one copper layer), double-sided(two copper layer on both sides
of one substrate layer), or multi-layer(outer and inner layers of copper,
alternating with layer of substrate). Multi-layer PCB allow for much higher
components density, because circuit traces on the inner layers would otherwise
take up surface space between components. The rise in popularity of multilayer
PCB with more than two, and especially with more than four, copper planes was
concurrent with the adoption of surface mount technology. However,
multilayer PCCB make repair, analysis and field modification of circuits much
more difficult and usually impractical. The world market for bare PCB
exceeded $60.2 billion in 2014. In 2018 the global single sided printed circuit
board market analysis report estimated that the PCB market would reach $79
billion by 2024.

42
2.6.14 LIQUID-CRYSTAL DISPLAY(LCD)

It is a flat plate display or other electronically modulated optical devices that

uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not
emit light directly, instead using a backlight or reflector to produce images in
colour or monochrome. LCDs are available to display arbitrary images ( as in
general purpose computer display) pr fixed images such as pre-set words, digits
and seven segment display as in a digital clock. They use the same basic
technology, except that arbitrary images are made up of a large number of small
pixels, while other displays have larger elements. LCD can either be normally
on ( positive) or off (negative), depending on the polarizer arrangement. For
example, a character positive LCD with a backlight will have black lettering on
a background that is the colour of the backlight and a character negative LCD
will have a backlight background with the letters being of the same colours as
the backlight. Optical filters are added to white on blue LCD to give them their
characteristic appearance.

43
2..7 SOFTWARE CODING

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
#define ON 1
#define OFF 0
const int rs = 3, en = 4, d4 = 5, d5 = 6, d6 = 7, d7 = 8;
LiquidCrystal lcd(rs, en, d4, d5, d6, d7);
int incomingByte; // a variable to read incoming ////Serial data intounsigned
long previousMillis = 0,
previousMillis_D1 = 0, previousMillis_D2 = 0; // will store last time LED was
updated// constants won't change:
const long interval = 3000; // interval at which to blink (milliseconds)
const long interval_Display = 3000; // interval at which to blink
(milliseconds)
const int Device_1 = 9;
const int Device_2 = 10;
const int Device_3 = 11;
const int Device_4 = 12;
char D1_FLAG = OFF;
char D2_FLAG = OFF
;char D3_FLAG = OFF
;char D4_FLAG = OFF
;String data;
void setup() {
// put your setup code here, to run once:
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(Device_1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(Device_2, OUTPUT);

44
pinMode(Device_3, OUTPUT);
pinMode(Device_4, OUTPUT);
// set up the LCD's number of columns and rows:
lcd.begin(16, 2);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
// Print a message to the LCD.
lcd.print("Serial LOAD");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
// Print a message to the LCD.
lcd.print("CONTROL SYSTEM");
delay(200);
initialize();
RecieveMessage();
//Serial.println("initialize");
sendsms(1);
}
void loop() {
Display_Device();
operate_device();
}
void Display_Device()
{
unsigned long currentMillis = millis(); if (currentMillis -previousMillis_D1
>= interval_Display) {
// save the last time you blinked the LED previousMillis_D1 =
currentMillis;
lcd.clear();

45
 lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
// Print a message to the LCD.
lcd.print("D1:");
if ( D1_FLAG == ON ) lcd.print("ON ");
else lcd.print("OFF");
lcd.print(" D2:");
if ( D2_FLAG == ON ) lcd.print("ON ");
else lcd.print("OFF");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
// Print a message to the LCD.
lcd.print("D3:");
if ( D3_FLAG == ON ) lcd.print("ON ");
else lcd.print("OFF");
lcd.print(" D4");
if ( D4_FLAG == ON ) lcd.print("ON ");
else lcd.print("OFF");
}
}
void operate_device()
{
if (Serial.available() > 0)
{
data = Serial.readString();
// Serial.println(data);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0 );
lcd.print(data.substring(0, 15));

46
lcd.setCursor(0, 1 );
lcd.print(data.substring(15));
int Secrete_char = data.indexOf('*');
delay(2000);
char val_op = data.charAt(Secrete_char + 1);
if (Secrete_char != -1)
{
switch (val_op)
{
case '1': {
digitalWrite(Device_1, HIGH);
D1_FLAG = ON;
} break;
case'2': {
digitalWrite(Device_1, LOW);
D1_FLAG = OFF;
} break;
case '3': {
digitalWrite(Device_2, HIGH);
D2_FLAG = ON;
} break;
case'4': {
digitalWrite(Device_2, LOW);
D2_FLAG = OFF;
} break;
case '5': {
digitalWrite(Device_3, HIGH);

47
 D3_FLAG = ON;
} break;
case'6': {
digitalWrite(Device_3, LOW);
D3_FLAG = OFF;
} break;
case '7': {
digitalWrite(Device_4, HIGH);
D4_FLAG = ON;
} break;
case'8': {
digitalWrite(Device_4, LOW);
D4_FLAG = OFF;
} break;

default : 0;
}
sendsms(1);
}
}
}
void RecieveMessage()
{
int ok_pos;
Serial.println("AT+CMGF=1"); // AT Command to recieve a live SMS data =
Serial.readString();
lcd.clear();

48
 lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(data);
ok_pos = data.indexOf("OK");
if (ok_pos != -1)
{
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("Success");
}
delay(1000);
ok_pos = -1;
Serial.println("AT+CNMI=2,2,0,0,0"); // AT Command to recieve a live SMS
data = Serial.readString();
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(data);
ok_pos = data.indexOf("OK");
if (ok_pos != -1)
{
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("Success");
}
delay(1000);
}
void initialize()
{
int reg = 0, SIM = 0;
String subdata;
delay(4000);

49
Serial.println("AT+CFUN?");
delay(100);
data = Serial.readString();
//////Serial.println(data);
subdata = data.substring(18, 20);
//////Serial.println("subdata = " + subdata);
while (SIM == 0)
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
Serial.println("AT+CPIN?");
delay(100);
data = Serial.readString();
////Serial.println(data);
int simRegstat = data.indexOf("READY");
lcd.print(data.substring(0, 15));
lcd.setCursor(0, 1 );
lcd.print(data.substring(15));
////Serial.println(" INSERT SIM");
delay(1000);
////Serial.println("subdata = " + subdata);
if (simRegstat != -1) {
lcd.print("Sim Ready");
////Serial.println(" sim Ready");
SIM = 1;
delay(2000);
}

50
 else {
lcd.print("INSERT SIM");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1 );
lcd.print("RESTART System");
////Serial.println(" INSERT SIM");
delay(1000);
}
}
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("Registering.");
while (reg != 1)
{
Serial.println("AT+CREG?");
delay(100);
data = Serial.readString();
////Serial.println(data);
int simNetstat = data.indexOf("1");
subdata = data.substring(20, 21);
////Serial.println("subdata = " + subdata);
if (simNetstat != -1)
reg = 1;
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("Registering.");
}
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

51
 lcd.print(" SIM registered");
delay(2000);
}
void sendsms(int state)
{
Serial.println("AT+CMGF=1"); //Sets the GSM Module in Text Mode
delay(1000); // Delay of 1000 milli seconds or 1 second
Serial.print("AT+CMGS=");
Serial.print('"');
Serial.print("70574312980");//
GSM.println("ATD+917798162899;");
//GSM.print("9604173624 ");
Serial.print('"');
Serial.println("\r"); // Replace x with mobile number
delay(100);
delay(1000);
if (state == 1) {
Serial.print("D1: ");
if ( D1_FLAG == ON ) Serial.print("ON ");
else Serial.print("OFF");
Serial.print("\n D2: ");
if ( D2_FLAG == ON ) Serial.print("ON ");
else Serial.print("OFF");
// Serial.setCursor(0, 1);
// Print a message to the LCD.
Serial.print("\n D3:");
if ( D3_FLAG == ON ) Serial.print("ON ");
else Serial.print("OFF");

52
 Serial.print("\n D4");
if ( D4_FLAG == ON ) Serial.print("ON ");
else Serial.print("OFF");
}
if (state == 2) Serial.println("System Initialize "); // The SMS text you want to
send
delay(100);
Serial.println((char)26);// ASCII code of CTRL+Z
}

53
2.8 ADVANTAGES

• System is small in size of circuit.

• System is portable.
• System is energy efficient.
• Required low power consumption.
• It brings about flexibility in controlling home devices even when one
forgets to switch off appliances.
• It is easy to operate and easy to use.
• GSM covers virtually all parts of the world, this makes the device more
universally beneficial.

2.9 DISADVATAGES

 Weak signal or lack of GSM network signal coverage is of notable

limitation of this controlling system.
 4G jio sim is not applicable for this project .

54
2.10 APPLICATIONS

• It is used in industrial motor drives.

• It is used in medical science to control medical devices.
• This technology very useful for handicap people.
• It will also help to control device while attending to other work.
• User can control device in case of forgetting to do so while leaving for
some other place.
• It is used for irrigation purpose.

55
 CHAPTER THREE
RESULT & DISCUSSION

The project “Load Control using GSM” has been successfully designed and
tested for providing a smart and efficient way to control our home appliances
with the help of modern communication technology. With the combination of
ICs and GSM this project is not only a modern approach to next generation
home but also a very friendly and easy to use system. Integrating features of all
the hardware components used have developed it. Presence of every module has
been reasoned out and placed carefully thus contributing to the best working of
the unit. Secondly, using highly advanced IC’s and with the help of growing
technology the project has been successfully implemented. In this era when the
number of mobile phone users growing at a high rate, this system makes use of
the mobile networks to provide the users with a simple and cheap load control
system . GSM and IC Based systems are emerging as a technology with high
potential. In the past decades. Microprocessor based embedded system ruled the
market. The last decade witnessed the revolution of microcontroller base
embedded system.

56
This figure shows the result of the project , when we SMS from cell phone to
GSM module. The GSM module send this to microcontroller and after
happening of all process we got result on LCD display and feedback on cell
phone.

57
 CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION & REFERENCE

4.1 CONCLUSION

The objectives of this project work have been achieved. Remote Control of
Electrical Load Using GSM module have been fabricated and tested for
validation. This can be improve for further commercial purpose and mass
produce for the people to use

FUTURE SCOPE

58
4.2 REFERENCE

[1] Ouitrakul, S., & Watanasophon, S. (2014). Wireless Load Control Devices Using GSM Module,”.
In 3rd International Conference on Informatics, Environment and Applications. IACSIT Press (Vol.
66, pp. 117-128).

R.C. Luo, T.M. Chen, and C.C. Yih. Intelligent Autonomous Mobile Robot Control through the
Internet. IEEE International Symposium ISIE. 2000, 1: 6-11.

[2] X. Liu and W. Wang. Indoor

Intelligent Lighting Control System Based on Power Line Carrier Design. 2010 Second WRI Global
Congress on Intelligent Systems (GCIS), 2010, 1: 408-411.

[3] R. V. P. Yerra et al. WSN based power monitoring in smart grids. Seventh International
Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing (ISSNIP), 2011,
401-406.

[4] V. Bhatia and P. Whig. Modelling and Simulation of Electrical Load Control System using RF
Technology. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Science and Engineering, 2013, 4(9): 44-47.

[5] V. Bhatia and P. Whig. A Secured Dual Tone Multi Frequency based Smart Elevator Control
System. International Journal of Research in Engineering & Advanced Technology. 2013, 1(4): 1-5.

[6] R. Makwana et al. Wireless Based Load Control and Power Monitoring System. International
Conference on Energy Efficient Technologies for Sustainability (ICEETS), 2013, 1207 – 1211.

 http://www.ipcbee.com
 https://books.google.com.ng/books?isbn=9380578091
 https://de.scribd.com/document/43478507/GSM-Based-Control-system-
New
 International journal of Engineering trends and technology July to Aug
issue 2011
 https://www.microchip.com
 https://microcontrollerslab.com/gsm-based-home-devices-control-system
 https://www.researchgate.net

59