B10 A - General rules of electrical installation

B - General design - Regulations - design power

3 Installed loads -
Installed power

3 Installed power loadsCharacteristics

- Characteristics

The examination of actual values of apparent-power required by each load enables A11
AnAn examination
examination of the
of the actual
actual apparent-
apparent-power The examination ofof:actual values of apparent-power required by each load enables
the establishment
the establishment of:
demands of different loads: a necessarya
power demands of different loads: b A declared power demand which determines the contract for the supply of energy
necessary
preliminary preliminary
step step
in the design ofin
a the design c A declared power demand which determines the contract for the supply of energy
b The rating of the MV/LV transformer, where applicable (allowing for expected
LVofinstallation
a LV installation c The rating
increased of the HV/LV transformer, where applicable (allowing for expected
load)
increases load)
b Levels of load current at each distribution board.
c Levels of load current at each distribution board

3.1 Induction motors

The nominal power in kW (Pn) of a motor 3.1 Induction motors
Current demand
indicates its rated
The nominal equivalent
power in kW mechanical power
(Pn) of a motor
output.
indicates its rated equivalent mechanical The rateddemand
Current current In supplied to the motor is given by the following formulae:
The apparent
power power in kVA (Pa) supplied to the
output. b 3-phase
The motor:
full-load In =
current IaPn x 1000to/ (√3
supplied the xmotor
U x ηisxgiven
cos φ)by the following formulae:
motor
The isapparent
a function of theinoutput,
power the motor
kVA (Pa) supplied c
b 3-phase motor: IIn
1-phase motor: 1000 // (U
a = Pn x 1,000 √3xxηUxxcos
η xφ)
cos ϕ
efficiency and the
to the motor is apower factor.
function of the output, the c 1-phase motor: Ia = Pn x 1,000 / U x η x cos ϕ
where
Pamotor
= Pn /efficiency
η cos ϕ and the power factor.
In: rated current (in amps)
where
Pn
Pa = Pn: nominal
Ia: current power (in
demand (in kW)
amps)
η cosϕ
U: voltage between
Pn: nominal power (in phases
kW offor 3-phase
active power)motors and voltage between the terminals
for voltage
U: single-phase
betweenmotors
phases (in volts). A single-phase
for 3-phase motor
motors and maybetween
voltage be connected phase-
the terminals
to-neutral
for or phase-to-phase.
single-phase motors (in volts). A single-phase motor may be connected phase-to-
η: per-unit
neutral or phase-to-phase.
efficiency, i.e. output kW / input kW
η : per-unit
cos φ: power efficiency, i.e.kW
factor, i.e. output
inputkW / input
/ kVA kW
input.
cos ϕ: power factor, i.e. kW input / kVA input
Subtransient current and protection setting
Subtransient current
b Subtransient current and
peak protection
value setting
can be very high; typical value is about 12
c
to 15 times the current
Subtransient rms rated value
peak In. can
value Sometimes this value
be very high canvalue
; typical about 12In.
reachis25 times 
to 15 times the
b Schneider RMS rated
Electric circuitvalue Inm. contactors
breakers, Sometimesand thisthermal
value can reach
relays are25 times Inm.
designed
toMerlin
c withstand motor
Gerin starts
circuit with very
breakers, high subtransient
Telemecanique current
contactors (subtransient
and peak
thermal relays are
value canto
designed bewithstand
up to 19 times
motor the rmswith
starts rated highIn).
value
very subtransient current (subtransient
peak value can be
b If unexpected up to of
tripping 19the
RMS rated value
overcurrent Inm). occurs during starting, this
protection
c
means the starting
If unexpected current
tripping exceeds
of the the normal
overcurrent limits.occurs
protection As a result,
duringsome maximum
starting, this
switchgear
means withstands
the starting can exceeds
current be reached, life timelimits.
the normal can beAsreduced
a result,and even
some some
maximum
devices can withstands
switchgears be destroyed.canInbeorder to avoid
reach, life timesuch
cana be
situation,
reduceoversizing of the
and even some
switchgear
devices canmust be considered.
be destroyed. In order to avoid such a situation, oversizing of the
switchgear
b Schneidermust be considered.
Electric switchgears are designed to ensure the protection of motor
c
starters
Merlin against short-circuits.
Gerin and TelemecaniqueAccording to the risk,
switchgears tables show
are designed the combination
to ensure the
of circuit breaker,
protection of motorcontactor and thermal
starters against shortrelay to obtain
circuits. type to
According 1 or
thetype
risk,2 tables show
coordination
the combination(seeofchapter N).
circuit breaker, contactor and thermal relay to obtain type 1 or
type 2 coordination (see chapter M).
Motor starting current
Motor starting
Although current
high efficiency motors can be found on the market, in practice their
starting currents
Although are roughly
high efficiency thecan
motors same beas
findsome of standard
on the market, inmotors.
practice their starting
currents
The use are roughly the
of start-delta samestatic
starter, as some
soft of standard
start unit or motors.
variable speed drive allows
The use ofthe
to reduce start-delta
value of starter, staticcurrent
the starting soft start 4 In instead
unit or speed
(Example: of 7.5 In).allows to
drive converter
reduce
See alsothechapter
value of
N the starting currentmotors"
§5 "Asyncronous (Example : 4 Ia information
for more instead of 7.5 Ia).

Compensation
Compensation of
of reactive-power
reactive-power (kvar)
(kvar) supplied
supplied to
to induction
induction motors
motors
It
It is
is generally
generally advantageous
advantageous for for technical
technical and
and financial
financial reasons
reasons to
to reduce
reduce the
the current
supplied to induction
current supplied motors. motors.
to induction This canThis
be achieved by usingbycapacitors
can be achieved without
using capacitors
affecting the power
without affecting theoutput
powerofoutput
the motors.
of the motors.
The
The application
application of
of this
this principle
principle to
to the
the operation
operation ofof induction
induction motors
motors isis generally
generally
referred to as “power-factor improvement” or “power-factor correction”.
referred to as “power-factor improvement” or “power-factor correction”.
As
As discussed
discussed inin chapter
chapter K, the apparent
L, the apparent power
power (kVA)
(kVA) supplied
supplied toto an
an induction
induction motor
can
motorbecan
significantly reduced
be significantly by the by
reduced usethe
of use
shunt-connected capacitors.
of shunt-connected Reduction of
capacitors.
input kVA means
Reduction of inputakVA
corresponding reduction of input
means a corresponding current
reduction (sincecurrent
of input the voltage
(since the
remains constant).
voltage remains constant).
Compensation
Compensation of of reactive-power
reactive-power is
is particularly
particularly advised
advised for
for motors
motors that
that operate
operate for
for
long
long periods
periods at
at reduced
reduced power.
power.
kW input
As
As noted above cos ϕ = kVA input so
noted above so that
that a
a kVA input reduction
kVA input reduction will
in kVA input will
increase
increase (i.e. improve) the value of cos ϕ.

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 A - General rules of electrical installation design
Installed power 3 Installed power loads -
B - General design - Regulations - B11

3 Installed power loadsCharacteristics

- Characteristics

A12 (i.e. improve) the value of cos φ.

The current supplied to the motor, after power-factor correction, is given by:
The current supplied to the motor, after power-factor correction, is given by:
cos ϕ
I=Ia
cos ϕ '
where cos ϕ φ is
is the
the power
power factor
factor before
before compensation
compensation andand cos φ’’ is
cos ϕ is the
the power
power factor
factorcompensation,
after after compensation, Ia being
Ia being the original
the original current.
current.
It should be noted that speed drive converter provides reactive energy compensation.
Fig. A4B4
Figure below shows,
below in function
shows, of motor
in function rated
of motor power,
rated standard
power, motor
standard current
motor current
values for
values for several
several voltage
voltage supplies.
supplies (IEC 60947-4-1 Annex G)

kW hp 230 V 380-415 V 400 V 440 - 480 V 500 V 690 V

A A A A A A
0.18 - 1.0 - 0.6 - 0.48 0.35
kW - hp 230 V 380 - 400 V 440 - 500 V 690 V
0.25 - 0.85 - 0.68 0.49
415 V 480 V
0.37 -
A - A 1.1A - A 0.88
A A0.64
- 0.181/2 - - 1.0 1.3 - - 0.6 1.1 - -0.48 -
0.35
0.55 0.25- - 2.6 1.5 - - 1.50.85 - - 1.2
0.68 0.87
0.49
- 0.373/4 - - 1.9 1.8 - - 1.1 1.6 - -0.88 -
0.64
- - 1 1/2- - 2.3 1.3 - - 2.1 1.1 -- -
0.75 0.55- - 3.3 2.6 - - 1.91.5 - - 1.5
1.2 1.1
0.87
1.1 - - 3/44.7 - - 1.8 2.7- - 1.6 2.2
- -1.6
- - 1-1/2 1 - - 3.3 2.3 - - 3.0 2.1 - --
- 0.752 - - 3.3 4.3 - - 1.9 3.4 - -1.5 -
1.1
1.5 1.1 - - 6.3 4.7 - - 3.62.7 - - 2.2
2.9 1.6
2.1
2.2 - - 1-1/2
8.5 - - 3.3 4.9- - 3.0 -
3.9 -2.8
- - 3 2 - - 6.1 4.3 - - 4.8 3.4 -- --
3.0 1.5 - - 20 6.3 - - 3.6
11.5 - - 2.9
9.2 2.1
6.7
4 2.2 - - 15 8.5 9.7 - 8.54.9 7.6 - 3.9
6.8 2.8
4.9
- - 5 3 - - 9.7 6.1 - - 7.6 4.8 -- --
3.0 - 11.3 - 6.5 - 5.2 3.8
5.5 - 20 - 11.5 - 9.2 6.7
3.7 - - - - - - -
- 7-1/2 - 14.0 - 11.0 - -
4 - 15 9.7 8.5 7.6 6.8 4.9
- 10 - 18.0 - 14.0 - -
5.5 - 20 - 11.5 - 9.2 6.7
7.5 - 27 - 15.5 - 12.4 8.9
- 7-1/2 - 14.0 - 11.0 - -
11 - - 10 38.0 - - 18.0 22.0
- - 14.0 17.6
- -12.8
- 7.5 15 - - 27 27.0 - - 15.5 21.0- -12.4 -
8.9
- 11 20 - - 38.0 34.0 - - 22.0 27.0- -17.6 -
12.8
15 - - 15 51 - - 27.0 29 - - 21.0 23- -17
18.5 - - 20 61 - - 34.0 35 - - 27.0 28- -21
- 15 25 - - 51 44 - - 29 34 - -23 17-
22 18.5- - 72 61 - - 41 35 - - 3328 2124
- - 30 25 - - 51 44 - - 40 34 - -
- 22 40 - - 72 66 - - 41 52 - -33 24-
30 - - 30 96 - - 51 55 - - 40 44- -32
- 40 - 66 - 52 - -
37 - 115 - 66 - 53 39
- 30 50 - - 96 83 - - 55 65 - -44 32-
37 - 115 - 66 - 53 39
- 60 - 103 - 77 - -
- 50 - 83 - 65 - -
45 - 140 - 80 - 64 47
- 60 - 103 - 77 - -
55 - 169 - 97 - 78 57
45 - 140 - 80 - 64 47
- 55 75 - - 169 128 - - 97 96 - -78 57-
- - 100 75 - - 165 128 - - 12496 -- --
75 - - 100230 - - 165 132- - 124 106
- -77
90 75 - - 278 230 - - 160132 - - 128
106 7793
- 90 125 - - 278 208 - - 160 156- -128 -
93
110 - - 125340 - - 208 195- - 156 156
- -113
- 110 150 - - 340 240 - - 195 180 -156 -
113
132 - - 150400 - - 240 230- - 180 184
- -134
- 132 200 - - 400 320 - - 230 240- -184 -
134
150 - - 200- - - 320 - - - 240 -- --
160 150 - - 487 - - - 280- - - -
224 -162
185 160 - - - 487 - - - 280 - - -224 162
-
- 185 250 - - - 403 - - - 302- -- --
200 - - 250609 - - 403 350- - 302 -
280 - 203
200 - 609 - 350 - 280 203
220 - - - - - - -
220 - - - - - - -
- 300 - 482 - 361 - -
- 300 - 482 - 361 - -
250 - 748 - 430 - 344 250
250 - 748 - 430 - 344 250
280 280 - - - - - - - - - - -- --
- 350 - 560 - 414 - -
- 350 - 560 - 414 - -
- - 400 400- - 636 636 - - 474474 -- --
300 300 - - - - - - - - - - -- --
Fig. A4 Rated operational power and currents
Fig. B4 : Rated operational power and currents (continued on next page)
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Schneider Electric - Electrical installation guide 2005
A - General rules of electrical installation design
3 Installed power loads - Characteristics

kW hp 230 V 380-415 V 400 V 440 - 480 V 500 V 690 V A13

A A A A A A
315 - 940 - 540 - 432 313
- 450 - - - 515 - -
335 - - - - - - -
355 - 1061 - 610 - 488 354
- 500 - 786 - 590 - -
375 - - - - - - -
400 - 1200 - 690 - 552 400
425 - - - - - - -
450 - - - - - - -
475 - - - - - - -
500 - 1478 - 850 - 680 493
530 - - - - - - -
475 - - - - - - -
500 - 1478 - 850 - 680 493
530 - - - - - - -
560 - 1652 - 950 - 760 551
600 - - - - - - -
630 - 1844 - 1060 - 848 615
670 - - - - - - -
710 - 2070 - 1190 - 952 690
750 - - - - - - -
800 - 2340 - 1346 - 1076 780
850 - - - - - - -
900 - 2640 - 1518 - 1214 880
950 - - - - - - -
1000 - 2910 - 1673 - 1339 970

Fig. A4 Rated operational power and currents

3.2 Resistive-type heating appliances and

incandescent lamps (conventional or halogen)
See also chapter N §4 "Lighting circuits"

The current demand of a heating appliance or an incandescent lamp is easily

obtained from the nominal power Pn quoted by the manufacturer (i.e. cos φ = 1)
(see Fig. A5).

Nominal Current demand (A)

power(kW) 1-phase 1-phase 3-phase 3-phase
127 V 230 V 230 V 400 V
0.1 0.79 0.43 0.25 0.14
0.2 1.58 0.87 0.50 0.29
0.5 3.94 2.17 1.26 0.72
1 7.9 4.35 2.51 1.44
1.5 11.8 6.52 3.77 2.17
2 15.8 8.7 5.02 2.89
2.5 19.7 10.9 6.28 3.61
3 23.6 13 7.53 4.33
3.5 27.6 15.2 8.72 5.05
4 31.5 17.4 10 5.77
4.5 35.4 19.6 11.3 6.5
5 39.4 21.7 12.6 7.22
6 47.2 26.1 15.1 8.66
7 55.1 30.4 17.6 10.1
8 63 34.8 20.1 11.5
9 71 39.1 22.6 13
10 79 43.5 25.1 14.4

Fig. A5 Current demands of resistive heating and incandescent lighting (conventional

or halogen) appliances

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 A - General rules of electrical installation design
3 Installed power loads - Characteristics
B - General design - Regulations -
Installed power 3 Installed power loads - B13

Characteristics
A14 The currents are given by:

[1]
Pn
b 3-phase case: Ia =
3U
Pn (1)
c 1-phase case: I a =
U
where U is the voltage Pn
between
[1] the terminals of the equipment.
b 1-phase case: Ia =
The current demand of U a heating appliance or an incandescent lamp is easily
obtained from the nominal power Pn quoted by the manufacturer (i.e. cos ϕ = 1).
where U is the
The currents arevoltage between the terminals of the equipment.
given by:
(1)
For an incandescent Pn
c 3-phase case: I a = lamp, the use of halogen gas allows a more concentrated light
source. The light output3 Uis increased and the lifetime of the lamp is doubled.
Note: At the instant of
c 1-phase case: I a =
Pnswitching
(1)
on, the cold filament gives rise to a very brief but
intense peak of current.
U
where U is the voltage between the terminals of the equipment.

3.3
For an Fluorescent
incandescent lamp, the lamps
use of halogen gas allows a more concentrated light
source. The light output is increased and the lifetime of the lamp is doubled.
See also chapter N §4 "Lighting circuits".
Note: At the instant of switching on, the cold filament gives rise to a very brief but
intense peak of current.
Fluorescent lamps and related equipment
Fluorescent lamps and related equipment
The power Pn (watts) indicated on the tube of a fluorescent lamp does not include
Thepower
the power dissipated
Pn (watts) indicated on the tube of a fluorescent lamp does not include
in the ballast.
the power dissipated in the ballast.
The
The current
current isisgiven
givenby:by:
Pballast + Pn
Ia =
U cos ϕ
If no power-loss value is indicated for the ballast, a figure of 25% of Pn may be used.
Where U = the voltage applied to the lamp, complete with its related equipment.
IfStandard tubular
no power-loss valuefluorescent lamps
is indicated for the ballast, a figure of 25 % of Pn may be
used.
The power Pn (watts) indicated on the tube of a fluorescent lamp does not include the
power dissipated in the ballast.
Standard tubular
The current taken fluorescent
by the complete circuit is lamps
given by:
With Pballast + Pn
I a = (unless otherwise indicated):
U cos ϕ
b cos φ = 0.6 with no power factor (PF) correction[2] capacitor
where U = the voltage applied to the lamp, complete with its related equipment.
bWith φ = 0.86
cos(unless with PFindicated):
otherwise correction[2] (single or twin tubes)
c cos ϕ = 0.6 with no power
b cos φ = 0.96 for electronic factor (PF) correction(1) capacitor
ballast.
c cos ϕ = 0.86 with PF correction(1) (single or twin tubes)
If no power-loss value is indicated for the ballast, a figure of 25 % of Pn may be
c cos ϕ = 0.96 for electronic ballast.
used.
If no power-loss value is indicated for the ballast, a figure of 25% of Pn may be used.
Fig. A6B6
Figure gives these
gives thesevalues
values for differentarrangements
for different arrangements of ballast.
of ballast.

Arrangement Tube power Current (A) at 230 V Tube length

of lamps, (W) [a] Magnetic ballast Electronic Tube(cm)
Arrangement
starters and Tube power Current (A) at 230 V
of lamps, starters (W) (2) Without PF ballast
Magnetic With PF ballast
Electronic length
ballasts
and ballasts correction correction ballast (cm)
capacitor
Without PF capacitor
With PF
Single tube 18 0.20correction 0.14
correction 0.10 60
capacitor capacitor
36 0.33 0.23 0.18 120
Single tube 18 0.20 0.14 0.10 60
58 0.50 0.36 0.28 150
36 0.33 0.23 0.18 120
Twin tubes 2 x 18 58 0.50
0.28
0.36
0.18
0.28 150
60
Twin tubes 2 x 36 2 x 18 0.46
0.28 0.35
0.18 60 120
2 x 58 2 x 36 0.72
0.46 0.52
0.35 120 150
[a] Power in watts marked on tube
2 x 58 0.72 0.52 150
(2) Power in watts marked on tube
Fig. A6 Current demands and power consumption of commonly-dimensioned fluorescent
lighting
Fig. B6 tubes (at demands
: Current 230 V-50and
Hz)power consumption of commonly-dimensioned fluorescent
lighting tubes (at 230 V-50 Hz)

Compact fluorescent
Compact fluorescent lamps
lamps
Compact fluorescentlamps
Compact fluorescent lamps have
have the the same
same characteristics
characteristics of economy
of economy and longand
life
[1] Ia in amps; U in volts. Pn is in watts. If Pn is in kW, then as classical
long tubes. They
life as classical are commonly
tubes. They areused in publicused
commonly places
inwhich
publicare permanently
places which are
multiply(1)the
“Power-factor
equation bycorrection”
1000. is often referred to as illuminated (for example: corridors, hallways, bars, etc.) and can be mounted in
“compensation” in discharge-lighting-tube terminology. permanently illuminated (for example: corridors, hallways, bars, etc.) and can be
[2] “Power-factor correction”0.95is often referred toofasV and I are situations otherwise illuminated by incandescent lamps (see Fig. B7 next page).
Cos ϕ is approximately (the zero values mounted in situations otherwise illuminated by incandescent lamps (see Fig. A7).
“compensation” in discharge-lighting-tube
almost in phase) but the power factor is terminology.
0.5 due to the
Cos φ impulsive
is approximately
form of the0.95 (the the
current, zero values
peak of Voccurs
of which and I “late”
are almost in half
in each phase)
cyclebut the power factor is 0.5 due to the
impulsive form of the current, the peak of which occurs “late”Schneider Electric - Electrical installation guide 2005
in each half cycle.

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A - General rules of electrical installation design
3 Installed power loads - Characteristics

Type of lamp Lamp power (W) Current at 230 V (A) A15

Separated ballast lamp 10 0.080
18 0.110
26 0.150
Integrated ballast lamp 8 0.075
11 0.095
16 0.125
21 0.170

Fig. A7 Current demands and power consumption of compact fluorescent lamps (at 230 V-50 Hz)

3.4 Discharge lamps

The power in watts indicated on the tube
of a discharge lamp does not include
the power dissipated in the ballast.
See also chapter N §4 "Lighting circuits".
Fig. A8 gives the current taken by a complete unit, including all associated
ancillary equipment.
These lamps depend on the luminous electrical discharge through a gas or vapour
of a metallic compound, which is contained in a hermetically-sealed transparent
envelope at a pre-determined pressure. These lamps have a long start-up time,
during which the current Ia is greater than the nominal current In. Power and
current demands are given for different types of lamp (typical average values which
may differ slightly from one manufacturer to another).

Type of lamp Power demand Current In(A) Starting Luminous Average Utilization
(W) (W) PF not corrected PF corrected x In Period efficiency timelife of
at 230 V 400 V 230 V 400 V 230 V 400 V (mins) (lumens per lamp (h)
watt)
High-pressure sodium vapour lamps
50 60 0.76 0.3 1.4 to 1.6 4 to 6 80 to 120 9000 b Lighting of large halls
70 80 1 0.45 b Outdoor spaces
100 115 1.2 0.65 b Public lighting
150 168 1.8 0.85
250 274 3 1.4
400 431 4.4 2.2
1000 1055 10.45 4.9
Low-pressure sodium vapour lamps
26 34.5 0.45 0.17 1.1 to 1.3 7 to 15 100 to 200 8000 to b Lighting of motorways
36 46.5 0.22 12000 b Security lighting,
66 80.5 0.39 railway platforms
91 105.5 0.49 b Platform, storage areas
131 154 0.69
Mercury vapour + metal halide (also called metal-iodide)
70 80.5 1 0.40 1.7 3 to 5 70 to 90 6000 b Lighting of very large
150 172 1.80 0.88 6000 areas by projectors (for
250 276 2.10 1.35 6000 example: sport stadiums,
400 425 3.40 2.15 6000 etc.)
1000 1046 8.25 5.30 6000
2000 2092 2052 16.5 8.60 10.50 6 2000
Mercury vapour + fluorescent substance (fluorescent bulb)
50 57 0.6 0.30 1.7 to 2 3 to 6 40 to 60 8000 to b Workshops with
80 90 0.8 0.45 12000 very high ceilings
125 141 1.15 0.70 (halls,hangars)
250 268 2.15 1.35 b Outdoor lighting
400 421 3.25 2.15 b Low light output [a]
700 731 5.4 3.85
1000 1046 8.25 5.30
2000 2140 2080 15 11 6.1
[a] Replaced by sodium vapour lamps.
Note: these lamps are sensitive to voltage dips. They extinguish if the voltage falls to less than 50 % of their nominal voltage, and will not re-ignite before cooling
for approximately 4 minutes.
Note: Sodium vapour low-pressure lamps have a light-output efficiency which is superior to that of all other sources. However, use of these lamps is restricted by
the fact that the yellow-orange colour emitted makes colour recognition practically impossible.

Fig. A8 Current demands of discharge lamps

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 A - General rules of electrical installation design
3 Installed power loads - Characteristics

A16 3.5 LED lamps & fixtures

See also chapter N §4 "Lighting circuits"
A lamp or luminaire with LED technology is powered by a driver:
b can be integrated into the bulb (tube or lamp for retrofit) : in this case refer to the
power indicated on the lamp
b if separated : in that case it is necessary to take into account the power
dissipated in the driver and the power indicated for one or several associated LED
modules.
This technology has a very short start-up time. On the other hand, the inrush
current at the powering is generally much higher than for fluorescent lamp with
electronic ballast.

Note: The power in Watts indicated on the LED module with a separated driver
doesn’t include the power dissipated in the driver.

Power demand Power factor Starting Luminous Average timelife Utilization

(W) at 230 V Inrush Inrush current Full Time efficiency (h)
current Ip/In time to start (lumens/watt)

3 to 400 W > 0.9 Up to 250 < 250 µs < 0.5 to 1 sec 100 to 140 20000 to 50000 b All lighting applications in all
domains (housing, commercial
andindustrial building,
infrastructure)

Fig. A9 Main characteristics of LED lamps & fixtures

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 A - General rules of electrical installation design
4 Power loading of an installation
4 Power loading of an installation
B - General design - Regulations -
Installed power
B15

B - General design - Regulations -

Installed power 4 Power loading of an installation B15

In order to design an installation, the actual maximum load demand likely A17
to be imposed on the power-supply system must be assessed.
To base the
In order designan
to design simply on the the
installation, arithmetic sum of all the
actual maximum loadloads existing
demand likelyintothe
be
installation
imposed onwould be extravagantly
the power-supply uneconomical,
system and bad engineering practice.
must be assessed.
To base
The aim ofthethis
design simply
chapter is toon the arithmetic
show how somesum of all
factors the loads
taking existingthe
into account in the
installation
diversity (nonwould be extravagantly
simultaneous operation uneconomical, and bad
of all appliances of a engineering
given group)practice.
and
In
The order
aim to
utilization design
of(e.g.
thisan an installation,
electric
chapter ismotor
to show is the
not
how actual
somemaximum
generally operated
factors load
at itsdemand
taking full-load
into likely
account to diversity
be etc.)
capability,
the
imposed
of on the
all existing
(nonsimultaneous andpower-supply
projected ofsystem
operationloads all can must beofassessed.
be assessed.
appliances a given group) and utilization (e.g.
an electric
To base themotor is not
design generally
simply on theoperated
arithmeticatsum
its full-load
of all thecapability, etc.) of
loads existing in all
the
The values given are based on experience and on records taken from actual
existing andwould
installation projected loads can beuneconomical,
be extravagantly assessed. Theand values
bad given are based
engineering on
practice.
installations. In addition to providing basic installation-design data on individual
experience andchapter
on records taken from actual installations. Ininto
addition to providing
circuits, the results will provide a global value for the installation, from which diversity
The aim of this is to show how some factors taking account the the
basic installation-design
(nonsimultaneous dataofon
operation allindividual
appliances circuits, the results
of a given will
andprovide
group)transformer, a global
utilization
requirements of a supply system (distribution network, MV/LV or (e.g.
value for the
an electric motor installation,
is not from which the requirements of a supply system
generally operated at its full-load capability, etc.) of all
generating set) can be specified.
(distribution
existing and network,
projectedHV/LV
loads transformer,
can be assessed. or generating
The values set)given
can be arespecified.
based on
experience and on records taken from actual installations. In addition to providing
basic installation-design data on individual circuits, the results will provide a global
4.1
4.1 Installed
value for
Installed power
the installation, (kW)
from which
power (kW)the requirements of a supply system
Most electrical appliances and equipmentsorare
(distribution network, HV/LV transformer, generating set)
marked to can betheir
indicate specified.
nominal
The installed power is the sum of the power rating (Pn).
Most electrical appliances and equipments are marked to indicate their nominal
The installed
nominal powerofis all
powers thepower
sum ofconsuming
the nominal
The
powerinstalled power is the sum of the nominal powers of all power-consuming
rating (Pn).
powers of all powerconsuming
installation. devices in the
devices
installation.
in the 4.1
devices Installed
in thepower
The installed ispower
installation.the This
sum is of(kW)
not
the the powerpowers
nominal to be actually supplied in practice.
of all power-consuming
This is not the power to be actually This is the
devices caseinstallation.
in the for electricThis motors,is notwhere the power
the power to berating
actually refers to theinoutput
supplied practice.
This is not the
supplied power to be actually supplied in
in practice. power at itscase
This iselectrical
the driving
for shaft.
electric The input
motors, power
where consumption
the willindicate
evidently benominal
greater.
The installed power is the sum of the nominal Most appliances and equipments arepower
marked rating
to refers to the
their output
practice. power
power at its driving
rating (Pn). shaft. The input power consumption will evidently be greater
powers of all powerconsuming devices in the Fluorescent and discharge lamps associated with stabilizing ballasts, are other
Fluorescent
The installed and discharge
power
cases in which the nominal is the sum lamps
power associated
of the nominal
indicated onwith
thestabilizing
powerslampof is
allless ballasts, arepower
power-consuming
than the other
installation. cases ininwhich
devices the thelamp
nominal
installation. power indicated on the lamp is lesssupplied
than theinpower
consumed by the andThisits is not
ballast. the power to be actually practice.
This is not the power to be actually supplied in consumed
This by theforlamp
is the case and motors,
electric its ballast. where the power rating refers to the output
practice. Methods
power at of
its assessing
driving shaft. the The
actual inputpower
powerconsumption
consumption of motors and lighting
will evidently be greater
Methods of assessing the actual power consumption of motors and lighting
appliances are given in Section 3 of this Chapter.
Fluorescent
appliances are andgiven
discharge
in Sectionlamps associated
3 of with stabilizing ballasts, are other
this Chapter.
The
The power
cases in which
power demand (kW)
(kW) is
the nominal
demand is necessary
power
necessary to
to choose
indicated on the
choose the rated
lamp
the ratedis power of
of aathe
less than
power generating
power set
generating
set or battery,
consumed
or battery, and
by the
and where
lamp
where the the
and itsrequirements
ballast. of aofprime
requirements a prime mover
mover have have to considered.
to be be
considered.
Methods of assessing thea actual power consumption of through
motors and lighting
For a power supply from LV public-supply network, or a HV/LV transformer,
appliances
For
the a are
power supply
significant given in Section
fromisathe
quantity 3
LV apparent of this
public-supply Chapter.
network,
power in kVA. or through a MV/LV transformer,
the
Thesignificant
power demand quantity (kW) is the apparent power
is necessary in kVA.
to choose the rated power of a generating set
or battery, and where the requirements of a prime mover have to be considered.
For a power supply from a LV public-supply network, or through a HV/LV transformer,
4.2 Installed apparent power (kVA)
the significant quantity is the apparent power in kVA.
4.2 Installed apparent power (kVA)
The installed apparent power is commonly The installed
The installed apparent
apparent power
power isis commonly
commonly assumed
assumed toto be
be the
the arithmetical
arithmetical sum
sum of
The installed apparent power is commonly thethe
of kVAkVAof of
individual
individualloads.
loads.The
Themaximum
maximumestimated
estimatedkVA
kVAtotobebesupplied
suppliedhowever
howeveris
assumed to be the arithmetical sum of the kVA
of assumed
individual to be the
loads. Thearithmetical sum of
maximum estimated
4.2
notnot
is Installed
equal to to
equal thethe
total apparent
installed
total installed kVA.power (kVA)
kVA.
thetokVA of individual loads. Theequal
maximum The apparent-power demand of a load (which might be a single appliance) is
kVA be supplied however is not to the The apparent-power demand of arating
load (corrected
(which might be a single appliance) is for
The installed apparent obtained
The fromapparent
installed its nominal powerpoweris commonly assumed if necessary,
to be as noted above
the arithmetical sum of
estimated
total kVA.to be power
installedkVA is commonly
supplied however is obtained
motors,
the from
kVA etc.)
of its nominal
and the loads.
individual power
application rating
of the (corrected
The maximum following if necessary,
kVA to beas
coefficients:
estimated noted above
supplied however is
assumed
not equalto be the total
to the arithmetical
installedsum
kVA.of the kVA for motors,toetc.) and the application of the following coefficients:
not
η = equal
the per-unit the efficiency
total installed kVA. kW
= output / input kW
of individual loads. The maximum estimated ηThe = the per-unit efficiency = output kW /(which
input kW
cos ϕ apparent-power
= the power factor demand= kWof/ kVA
a load might be a single appliance) is
kVA to be supplied however is not equal to the cos φ = the power factor =power
kW / kVA
obtained from its nominal rating (corrected if necessary, as noted above for
total installed kVA. The apparent-power
The
motors,
apparent-power kVA kVA demand
etc.) and the application
demand of of the
of the
the load
load
following coefficients:
Pa =
Pa = Pn
Pn /(η
/(η xx cos
cos φ)ϕ)
η = the per-unit efficiency = output kW / input kW
From this value,
From value, thethe full-load current IIaa (A)
full-load current (1) taken by the load will be:
(A)[1]
cos ϕ this = the power factor = kW / kVA taken by the load will be:

The Pa x 103
bc I aapparent-power
= kVA demand of the load
Pa = Pn /(ηVx cos ϕ)
for single phase-to-neutral connected load (1)
From
for this phase-to-neutral
single value, the full-load current Iaload
connected (A) taken by the load will be:
Pa x 1033
c I a = Pa x 10
bc Ia = 3 x U
3xU
for three-phase balanced load where:
for single phase-to-neutral connected load
for
V =three-phase
phase-to-neutral balanced load(volts)
voltage where:
VU == Pa x 103
c I aphase-to-neutral
phase-to-phase
= voltage (volts)
voltage (volts)
UIt may be 3noted
= phase-to-phasex U that,voltage (volts)
strictly speaking, the total kVA of apparent power is not the
Itfor three-phase
arithmetical
may sumbalanced
be noted of the
that, load
calculated
strictly where:
speaking,kVA the ratings
totalofkVA
individual loadspower
of apparent (unless all loads
is not the
are= at
V
arithmetical the samesumpower
phase-to-neutral of the factor).
voltage (volts)
calculated kVA ratings of individual loads (unless all loads
are
It is
U = at the same
common
phase-to-phase power
practice factor).
however,
voltage to make a simple arithmetical summation, the result
(volts)
ofis
ItIt which
may bewill
common give
noted a kVA
that,
practice value
strictly
however, that
speaking, exceeds
to make the the kVA
total
a simple true value by an
of apparent
arithmetical acceptable
power is not
summation, the“design
the
result
[1] For greater precision, account must be taken of the factor margin”.
arithmetical
of which will sum give of the calculated
a kVA kVA ratings
value that exceeds theof individual
true value byloads (unless all “design
an acceptable loads
of maximum utilization as explained below in 4.3. When
are some
at the or all
same of thefactor).
power load characteristics are not known, the values shown in
margin”.
Figure
It is common B9 next page may
practice be used
however, to give
to make a very approximate
a simple estimate of the
arithmetical summation, VA result
Electrical installation guide 2018 demands
of which will (individual
give a kVA loads are that
value generally
exceeds toothesmall
truetovalue
be expressed in kVA or“design
by an acceptable kW).
© Schneider Electric - all rights reserved The estimates for lighting loads are based on floor areas of 500 m2.
margin”.
(1) For greater precision, account must be taken of the factor
of maximum utilization as explained below in 4.3 When some or all of the load characteristics are not known, the values shown in
 A - General rules of electrical installation design
4 Power loading of an installation

A18 When some or all of the load characteristics are not known, the values shown
in Fig. A10 may be used to give a very approximate estimate of VA demands
(individual loads are generally too small to be expressed in kVA or kW).
The estimates for lighting loads are based on floor areas of 500 m2.

Fluorescent lighting (corrected to cos φ = 0.86)

Type of application Estimated (VA/m2) Average lighting level
fluorescent tube with (lux = lm/m2)
industrial reflector [a]
Roads and highways storage areas, 7 150
intermittent work
Heavy-duty works: fabrication 14 300
and assembly of very large work
pieces
Day-to-day work: office work 24 500
Fine work: drawing offices high- 41 800
precision assembly workshops
Power circuits
Type of application Estimated (VA/m2)
Pumping station compressed air 3 to 6
Ventilation of premises 23
Electrical convection heaters: private 115 to 146
houses flats and apartments 90
Offices 25
Dispatching workshop 50
Assembly workshop 70
Machine shop 300
Painting workshop 350
Heat-treatment plant 700
[a] example: 65 W tube (ballast not included), flux 5,100 lumens (Im), luminous efficiency of the
tube = 78.5 Im / W.
Fig. A10 Estimation of installed apparent power

4.3 Estimation of actual maximum kVA demand

All individual loads are not necessarily operating at full rated nominal power
nor necessarily at the same time. Factors ku and ks allow the determination
of the maximum power and apparent-power demands actually required to
dimension the installation.

Factor of maximum utilization (ku)

In normal operating conditions the power consumption of a load is sometimes
less than that indicated as its nominal power rating, a fairly common occurrence
that justifies the application of an utilization factor (ku) in the estimation of realistic
values.
This factor must be applied to each individual load, with particular attention
to electric motors, which are very rarely operated at full load.
In an industrial installation this factor may be estimated on an average at 0.75
for motors.
For incandescent-lighting loads, the factor always equals 1.
For socket-outlet circuits, the factors depend entirely on the type of appliances
being supplied from the sockets concerned.
For Electric Vehicle the utilization factor will be systematically estimated to 1, as it
takes a long time to load completely the batteries (several hours) and a dedicated
circuit feeding the charging station or wall box will be required by standards.

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 A - General rules of electrical installation design
4 Power loading of an installation

Diversity factor - Coincidence factor (ks) A19

The determination of ks factors is the
responsibility of the designer, since it
requires a detailed knowledge of the
installation and the conditions in which
the individual circuits are to be exploited.
For this reason, it is not possible to give
precise values for general application.
It is a matter of common experience that the simultaneous operation of all installed
loads of a given installation never occurs in practice, i.e. there is always some
degree of diversity and this fact is taken into account for estimating purposes by
the use of a factor (ks).
This factor is defined in IEC 60050 - International Electrotechnical Vocabulary,
as follows:
b Coincidence factor: the ratio, expressed as a numerical value or as a
percentage, of the simultaneous maximum demand of a group of electrical
appliances or consumers within a specified period, to the sum of their individual
maximum demands within the same period. As per this definition, the value is
always y 1 and can be expressed as a percentage
b Diversity factor: the reciprocal of the coincidence factor. It means it will
always be u 1.
Note: In practice, the most commonly used term is the diversity factor, but it is
used in replacement of the coincidence factor, thus will be always y 1.
The term "simultaneity factor" is another alternative that is sometimes used.
The factor ks is applied to each group of loads (e.g. being supplied from a
distribution or sub-distribution board).
The following tables are coming from local standards or guides, not from
international standards. They should only be used as examples of determination
of such factors.

Diversity factor for an apartment block

Some typical values for this case are given in Fig. A11, and are applicable to
domestic consumers without electrical heating, and supplied at 230/400 V (3-phase
4-wires). In the case of consumers using electrical heat-storage units for space

Number of downstream consumers Diversity factor (ks)

2 to 4 1
5 to 9 0.78
10 to 14 0.63
15 to 19 0.53
20 to 24 0.49
25 to 29 0.46
30 to 34 0.44
35 to 39 0.42
40 to 49 0.41
50 and more 0.38
DB422002_EN.eps

Fig. A11 Example of diversity factors for an apartment block as defined in French standard
4th 6 consumers
floor 0.78 NFC14-100, and applicable for apartments without electrical heating
36 kVA

heating, a factor of 0.8 is recommended, regardless of the number of consumers.

3 rd 4 consumers 0.63
Example (see Fig. A12):
floor 24 kVA 5 storeys apartment building with 25 consumers, each having 6 kVA of installed
load.
The total installed load for the building is: 36 + 24 + 30 + 36 + 24 = 150 kVA
2 nd 5 consumers 0.53
floor 30 kVA The apparent-power supply required for the building is: 150 x 0.46 = 69 kVA
From Fig. A12, it is possible to determine the magnitude of currents in different
sections of the common main feeder supplying all floors. For vertical rising mains
1st 6 consumers fed at ground level, the cross-sectional area of the conductors can evidently be
floor 0.49
36 kVA progressively reduced from the lower floors towards the upper floors.
These changes of conductor size are conventionally spaced by at least 3-floor
intervals.
ground 4 consumers
floor 24 kVA 0.46 In the example, the current entering the rising main at ground level is:
150 x 0.46 x 103
= 100 A
400 3
the current entering the third floor is:

Fig. A12 Application of the diversity factor (ks) to an apartment (36 + 24) x 0.63 x 103
= 55 A
block of 5 storeys 400 3

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 A - General rules of electrical installation design
4 Installed power loads - Characteristics

A20 Rated Diversity Factor for distribution switchboards

The standards IEC61439-1 and 2 define in a similar way the Rated Diversity Factor
for distribution switchboards (in this case, always y 1).
IEC61439-2 also states that, in the absence of an agreement between the
assembly manufacturer (panel builder) and user concerning the actual load
currents (diversity factors), the assumed loading of the outgoing circuits of the
assembly or group of outgoing circuits may be based on the values in Fig. A13.
If the circuits are mainly for lighting loads, it is prudent to adopt ks values close to
unity.

Type of load Assumed loading factor

Distribution - 2 and 3 circuits 0.9
Distribution - 4 and 5 circuits 0.8
Distribution - 6 to 9 circuits 0.7
Distribution - 10 or more circuits 0.6
Electric actuator 0.2
Motors y 100 kW 0.8
Motors > 100 kW 1.0

Fig. A13 Rated diversity factor for distribution boards (cf IEC61439-2 table 101)

Diversity factor according to circuit function

ks factors which may be used for circuits supplying commonly-occurring loads, are
shown in Fig. A14. It is provided in French practical guide UTE C 15-105.

Circuit function Diversity factor (ks)

Lighting 1
Heating and air conditioning 1
Socket-outlets 0.1 to 0.2 [a]
Lifts and catering hoist [b] b For the most powerful motor 1
b For the second most 0.75
powerful motor
b For all motors 0.60
[a] In certain cases, notably in industrial installations, this factor can be higher.
[b] The current to take into consideration is equal to the nominal current of the motor,
increased by a third of its starting current.
Fig. A14 Diversity factor according to circuit function (see UTE C 15-105 table AC)

Electrical installation guide 2018

© Schneider Electric - all rights reserved
 motor 1
c For the second most
powerful motor 0.75
c For all motors
A - General rules of electrical installation design 0.60
(1) In certain cases, notably in industrial installations, this factor can be higher.

4 Installed power loads - Characteristics

(2) The current to take into consideration is equal to the nominal current of the motor,
oncreased by a third of its starting current.

Fig. B13 : Factor of simultaneity according to circuit function

4.4 Example of application of factors ku and ks

4.4 Example of application of factors ku and ks A21
An example
An example in in the
the estimation
estimation of
of actual
actual maximum
maximum kVA
kVA demands
demands at at all
all levels
levels of
of an
an
installation, from
installation, from each
each load
load position
position to
to the
the point
point of
of supply
supply is
(see Fig.Fig.
given B14A15. opposite
page).
In this example, the total installed apparent power is 126.6 kVA, which corresponds
In this example, the total installed apparent power is 126.6 kVA, which corresponds
to an actual (estimated) maximum value at the LV terminals of the MV/LV
to an actual (estimated) maximum value at the LV terminals of the HV/LV transformer
transformer of 65 kVA only.
of 65 kVA only.
Note: in order to select cable sizes for the distribution circuits of an installation, the
Note: in order to select cable sizes for the distribution circuits of an installation,
current I (in amps) through a circuit is determined from the equation:
the current I (in amps) through a circuit is determined from the equation:
kVA x 103
I=
U 3
where kVA
where kVA isis the
the actual
actual maximum
maximum 3-phase
3-phase apparent-power
apparent-power value
value shown
shown on on the
the
diagram for
diagram for the
the circuit
circuit concerned,
concerned, and
and U
U is
is the
the phase
phaseto-
to- phase
phase voltage
voltage (in
(in volts).
volts).

Level
4.5 Diversity 1
factor Level 2 Level 3
DB422003_EN.eps

Utilization Apparent Utilization Apparent Diversity Apparent Diversity Apparent Diversity Apparent
power factor power factor factor,
The term diversity power
as definedfactor power is identical
in IEC standards, factor to thepower
factor of
(Pa) max. demand
simultaneity (ks) used indemand
this guide, as describeddemand demand
in 4.3. In some English-speaking
kVa max. kVA however (at the
countries kVA kVAfactor is the inverse ofkVA
time of writing) diversity ks i.e. it is
always u 1.
Workshop A Lathe no. 1 5 0.8 4 Distribution
Schneider Electric - Electrical
box installation guide 2005
no. 2 5 0.8 4
no. 3 5 0.8 4 Power
circuit
0.75 14.4 Workshop A
no. 4 5 0.8 4 distribution
Pedestal -
box
drill no. 1 2 0.8 1.6
18.9 Main
no. 2 2 0.8 1.6 0.9 general
5 so cket- Socket-
oulets distribution
outlets 10/16 A 18 1 18 0.2 3.6 Lighting board
circuit MGDB
30 fluorescent 3 1 3 1 3
lamps
Power
circuit Workshop B
Workshop B Compressor 15 0.8 12 1 12 Socket- LV / MV
oulets distribution
3 so cket- 10.6 1 10.6 0.4 4.3 box 15.6 65
outlets 10/16 A Lighting 0.9
10 fluorescent 1 1 1 1 1 circuit 0.9
lamps
Workshop C Ventilatio n no. 1 2.5 1 2.5 Distribution Workshop C
box distribution
no. 2 2. 5 1 2.5 Powver
1 circuit box
35
Oven no. 1 15 1 15
0.9 37.8
no. 2 15 1 15
5 so cket- Socket-
oulets
outlets 10/16 A 18 1 18 0.28 5 Lighting
circuit
20 fluorescent 2 1 2 1 2
lamps

Fig. A15 An example in estimating the maximum predicted loading of an installation (the factor values used are for demonstration purposes only)

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